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Ogonczyk-Makowska D, Brun P, Vacher C, Chupin C, Droillard C, Carbonneau J, Laurent E, Dulière V, Traversier A, Terrier O, Julien T, Galloux M, Paul S, Eléouët JF, Fouret J, Hamelin ME, Pizzorno A, Boivin G, Rosa-Calatrava M, Dubois J. Mucosal bivalent live attenuated vaccine protects against human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus in mice. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:111. [PMID: 38898106 PMCID: PMC11187144 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00899-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Live-Attenuated Vaccines (LAVs) stimulate robust mucosal and cellular responses and have the potential to protect against Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV), the main etiologic agents of viral bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children. We inserted the RSV-F gene into an HMPV-based LAV (Metavac®) we previously validated for the protection of mice against HMPV challenge, and rescued a replicative recombinant virus (Metavac®-RSV), exposing both RSV- and HMPV-F proteins at the virion surface and expressing them in reconstructed human airway epithelium models. When administered to BALB/c mice by the intranasal route, bivalent Metavac®-RSV demonstrated its capacity to replicate with reduced lung inflammatory score and to protect against both RSV and lethal HMPV challenges in vaccinated mice while inducing strong IgG and broad RSV and HMPV neutralizing antibody responses. Altogether, our results showed the versatility of the Metavac® platform and suggested that Metavac®-RSV is a promising mucosal bivalent LAV candidate to prevent pneumovirus-induced diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ogonczyk-Makowska
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
- International Research Laboratory RESPIVIR France - Canada, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, 69008, Lyon, France, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, QC G1V 4G2, Québec, Canada
| | - Pauline Brun
- International Research Laboratory RESPIVIR France - Canada, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, 69008, Lyon, France, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, QC G1V 4G2, Québec, Canada
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VirPath, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Virnext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Clémence Vacher
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
- International Research Laboratory RESPIVIR France - Canada, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, 69008, Lyon, France, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, QC G1V 4G2, Québec, Canada
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VirPath, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Caroline Chupin
- International Research Laboratory RESPIVIR France - Canada, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, 69008, Lyon, France, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, QC G1V 4G2, Québec, Canada
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VirPath, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Vaxxel, 43 Boulevard du onze novembre 1918, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Clément Droillard
- International Research Laboratory RESPIVIR France - Canada, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, 69008, Lyon, France, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, QC G1V 4G2, Québec, Canada
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VirPath, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Virnext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Julie Carbonneau
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
- International Research Laboratory RESPIVIR France - Canada, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, 69008, Lyon, France, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, QC G1V 4G2, Québec, Canada
| | - Emilie Laurent
- International Research Laboratory RESPIVIR France - Canada, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, 69008, Lyon, France, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, QC G1V 4G2, Québec, Canada
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VirPath, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Virnext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Victoria Dulière
- International Research Laboratory RESPIVIR France - Canada, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, 69008, Lyon, France, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, QC G1V 4G2, Québec, Canada
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VirPath, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Virnext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Aurélien Traversier
- International Research Laboratory RESPIVIR France - Canada, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, 69008, Lyon, France, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, QC G1V 4G2, Québec, Canada
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VirPath, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Virnext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Terrier
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VirPath, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Julien
- International Research Laboratory RESPIVIR France - Canada, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, 69008, Lyon, France, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, QC G1V 4G2, Québec, Canada
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VirPath, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Virnext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Marie Galloux
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Stéphane Paul
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | | | - Julien Fouret
- International Research Laboratory RESPIVIR France - Canada, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, 69008, Lyon, France, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, QC G1V 4G2, Québec, Canada
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VirPath, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Nexomis, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Marie-Eve Hamelin
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
- International Research Laboratory RESPIVIR France - Canada, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, 69008, Lyon, France, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, QC G1V 4G2, Québec, Canada
| | - Andrés Pizzorno
- International Research Laboratory RESPIVIR France - Canada, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, 69008, Lyon, France, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, QC G1V 4G2, Québec, Canada
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VirPath, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Virnext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Guy Boivin
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
- International Research Laboratory RESPIVIR France - Canada, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, 69008, Lyon, France, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, QC G1V 4G2, Québec, Canada
| | - Manuel Rosa-Calatrava
- International Research Laboratory RESPIVIR France - Canada, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, 69008, Lyon, France, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, QC G1V 4G2, Québec, Canada
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VirPath, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Virnext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Julia Dubois
- International Research Laboratory RESPIVIR France - Canada, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, 69008, Lyon, France, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, QC G1V 4G2, Québec, Canada.
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VirPath, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.
- Virnext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008, Lyon, France.
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2
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Kapten K, Orczyk K, Smolewska E. Application of Interferon-γ Release Assay in the Assessment of T-Cell Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 Antigens in the Cohort of Pediatric Patients with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:736. [PMID: 38929315 PMCID: PMC11201484 DOI: 10.3390/children11060736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Background: an accurate assessment of the immunity against SARS-CoV-2 can facilitate a better understanding and management of not only the recent coronavirus but similar pathogens as well. Objective: the aim of this study was to evaluate T-cell immunity with reference to antibody titers in a group of pediatric patients with autoimmune arthritides utilizing the widely known Interferon-γ Release Assay (IGRA). Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in the cohort of 55 children suffering from Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA). This research analyzed the SARS-CoV-2 T-cell response measured by a specific quantitative IGRA, followed by a serological ELISA test measuring the presence and quantity of IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies in serum. Results: The cellular response to SARS-CoV-2 measured by the IGRA test significantly correlated with the antibody titers, IgA (p < 0.00003, R = 0.537), IgG (p < 0.0001, R = 0.668), and IgG nucleocapsid protein (NCP) (p < 0.003, R = 0.0399), with no correlation with IgM levels. The antibody levels in patients receiving biological agents were significantly lower compared to the rest of the cohort (p = 0.0369), while traditional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs had no such effect. Limitations: the main limitation of the research is the small sample size, mostly due to the specific cohort of patients and the lack of a healthy control. Conclusions: IGRA appears to be a viable tool in the accurate evaluation of T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2, and serodiagnostics alone is not always sufficient in the assessment of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kapten
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Rheumatology, Medical University of Lodz, 91-738 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Orczyk
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, 91-347 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Elzbieta Smolewska
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Rheumatology, Medical University of Lodz, 91-738 Lodz, Poland;
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3
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Sarnelli G, Del Re A, Palenca I, Franzin SB, Lu J, Seguella L, Zilli A, Pesce M, Rurgo S, Esposito G, Sanseverino W, Esposito G. Intranasal administration of Escherichia coli Nissle expressing the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 induces long-term immunization and prevents spike protein-mediated lung injury in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116441. [PMID: 38518597 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
While current anti-Spike protein (SP) vaccines have been pivotal in managing the pandemic, their limitations in delivery, storage, and the inability to provide mucosal immunization (preventing infections) highlight the ongoing necessity for research and innovation. To tackle these constraints, our research group developed a bacterial-based vaccine using a non-pathogenic E. coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) strain genetically modified to express the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein on its surface (EcN-pAIDA1-SP). We intranasally delivered the EcN-pAIDA1-SP in two doses and checked specific IgG/IgA production as well as the key immune mediators involved in the process. Moreover, following the initial and booster vaccine doses, we exposed both immunized and non-immunized mice to intranasal delivery of SARS-CoV-2 SP to assess the effectiveness of EcN-pAIDA1-SP in protecting lung tissue from the inflammation damage. We observed detectable levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG in serum samples and IgA in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid two weeks after the initial treatment, with peak concentrations in the respective samples on the 35th day. Moreover, immunoglobulins displayed a progressively enhanced avidity index, suggesting a selective binding to the spike protein. Finally, the pre-immunized group displayed a decrease in proinflammatory markers (TLR4, NLRP3, ILs) following SP challenge, compared to the non-immunized groups, along with better preservation of tissue morphology. Our probiotic-based technology provides an effective immunobiotic tool to protect individuals against disease and control infection spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Sarnelli
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Section of Gastroenterology, University Federico II, Naples 80138, Italy; Nextbiomics S.R.L. (Società a Responsabilità Limitata), Naples 80100, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Del Re
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy.
| | - Irene Palenca
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy.
| | - Silvia Basili Franzin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy.
| | - Jie Lu
- Nextbiomics S.R.L. (Società a Responsabilità Limitata), Naples 80100, Italy; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Luisa Seguella
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy.
| | - Aurora Zilli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy.
| | - Marcella Pesce
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Section of Gastroenterology, University Federico II, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Sara Rurgo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Section of Gastroenterology, University Federico II, Naples 80138, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Esposito
- Nextbiomics S.R.L. (Società a Responsabilità Limitata), Naples 80100, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, Centro Ingegneria Genetica-Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.a rl, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Walter Sanseverino
- Nextbiomics S.R.L. (Società a Responsabilità Limitata), Naples 80100, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Esposito
- Nextbiomics S.R.L. (Società a Responsabilità Limitata), Naples 80100, Italy; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy.
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4
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Poniedziałek B, Sikora D, Hallmann E, Brydak L, Rzymski P. Influenza vaccination as a prognostic factor of humoral IgA responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cent Eur J Immunol 2024; 49:11-18. [PMID: 38812601 PMCID: PMC11130984 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2024.135462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
There is evidence that influenza vaccination may provide additional benefits by inducing training of innate immunity and increasing humoral responses to heterologous challenges. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies dominate the early phase of the adaptive response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, but whether their production may be associated with previous influenza vaccination has not been a subject of any study. This study compared serum SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA responses, measured with Microblot-Array assay, in individuals who experienced COVID-19 (N = 1318) and differed in the status of the seasonal influenza vaccine, age, sex, and disease severity. Influenza-vaccinated individuals had a higher seroprevalence of IgA antibodies against nucleocapsid (anti-NP; by 10.1%), receptor-binding domain of spike protein (anti-RBD; by 11.8%) and the S2 subunit of spike protein (anti-S2; by 6.8%). Multivariate analysis, including age, sex, and COVID-19 severity, confirmed that receiving the influenza vaccine was associated with higher odds of being seropositive for anti-NP (OR, 95% CI = 1.57, 1.2-2.0), anti-RBD (OR, 95% CI = 1.6, 1.3-2.0), and anti-S2 (OR, 95% CI = 1.9, 1.4-2.7), as well as being seropositive for at least one anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA antibody (OR, 95% CI = 1.7, 1.3-2.1) and all three of them (OR, 95% CI = 2.6, 1.7-4.0). Age ≥ 50 years was an additional factor predicting better IgA responses. However, the concentration of particular antibodies in seropositive subjects did not differ in relation to the influenza vaccination status. The study evidenced that influenza vaccination was associated with improved serum IgA levels produced in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Further studies are necessary to assess whether trained immunity is involved in the observed phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Poniedziałek
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Dominika Sikora
- Doctoral School, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Ewelina Hallmann
- Laboratory of Influenza Viruses and Respiratory Infection Viruses, Department of Virology at the National Institute of Public Health NIH – National Research Institute in Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lidia Brydak
- Laboratory of Influenza Viruses and Respiratory Infection Viruses, Department of Virology at the National Institute of Public Health NIH – National Research Institute in Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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5
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Pérez-Alós L, Hansen CB, Almagro Armenteros JJ, Madsen JR, Heftdal LD, Hasselbalch RB, Pries-Heje MM, Bayarri-Olmos R, Jarlhelt I, Hamm SR, Møller DL, Sørensen E, Ostrowski SR, Frikke-Schmidt R, Hilsted LM, Bundgaard H, Nielsen SD, Iversen KK, Garred P. Previous immunity shapes immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccination and Omicron breakthrough infection risk. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5624. [PMID: 37699890 PMCID: PMC10497567 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41342-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneity of the SARS-CoV-2 immune responses has become considerably more complex over time and diverse immune imprinting is observed in vaccinated individuals. Despite vaccination, following the emergence of the Omicron variant, some individuals appear more susceptible to primary infections and reinfections than others, underscoring the need to elucidate how immune responses are influenced by previous infections and vaccination. IgG, IgA, neutralizing antibodies and T-cell immune responses in 1,325 individuals (955 of which were infection-naive) were investigated before and after three doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine, examining their relation to breakthrough infections and immune imprinting in the context of Omicron. Our study shows that both humoral and cellular responses following vaccination were generally higher after SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to infection-naive. Notably, viral exposure before vaccination was crucial to achieving a robust IgA response. Individuals with lower IgG, IgA, and neutralizing antibody responses postvaccination had a significantly higher risk of reinfection and future Omicron infections. This was not observed for T-cell responses. A primary infection before Omicron and subsequent reinfection with Omicron dampened the humoral and cellular responses compared to a primary Omicron infection, consistent with immune imprinting. These results underscore the significant impact of hybrid immunity for immune responses in general, particularly for IgA responses even after revaccination, and the importance of robust humoral responses in preventing future infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pérez-Alós
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Cecilie Bo Hansen
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Johannes Roth Madsen
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Line Dam Heftdal
- Viro-immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Section 8632, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Haematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Bo Hasselbalch
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev and Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev and Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mia Marie Pries-Heje
- The Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rafael Bayarri-Olmos
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Recombinant Protein and Antibody Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida Jarlhelt
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sebastian Rask Hamm
- Viro-immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Section 8632, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dina Leth Møller
- Viro-immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Section 8632, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 2034, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sisse Rye Ostrowski
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 2034, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ruth Frikke-Schmidt
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Linda Maria Hilsted
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henning Bundgaard
- The Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanne Dam Nielsen
- Viro-immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Section 8632, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper Karmark Iversen
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev and Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev and Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Garred
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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6
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Liu H, Aviszus K, Zelarney P, Liao SY, Gerber AN, Make B, Wechsler ME, Marrack P, Reinhardt RL. Vaccine-elicited B- and T-cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is impaired in chronic lung disease patients. ERJ Open Res 2023; 9:00400-2023. [PMID: 37583809 PMCID: PMC10423317 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00400-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background While vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) provides significant protection from coronavirus disease 2019, the protection afforded to individuals with chronic lung disease is less well established. This study seeks to understand how chronic lung disease impacts SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-elicited immunity. Methods Deep immune phenotyping of humoral and cell-mediated responses to the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine was performed in patients with asthma, COPD and interstitial lung disease (ILD) compared to healthy controls. Results 48% of vaccinated patients with chronic lung diseases had reduced antibody titres to the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine antigen relative to healthy controls. Vaccine antibody titres were significantly reduced among asthma (p<0.035), COPD (p<0.022) and a subset of ILD patients as early as 3-4 months after vaccination, correlating with decreased vaccine-specific memory B-cells in circulation. Vaccine-specific memory T-cells were significantly reduced in patients with asthma (CD8+ p<0.004; CD4+ p<0.023) and COPD (CD8+ p<0.008) compared to healthy controls. Impaired T-cell responsiveness was also observed in a subset of ILD patients (CD8+ 21.4%; CD4+ 42.9%). Additional heterogeneity between healthy and disease cohorts was observed among bulk and vaccine-specific follicular T-helper cells. Conclusions Deep immune phenotyping of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine response revealed the complex nature of vaccine-elicited immunity and highlights the need for more personalised vaccination schemes in patients with underlying lung conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haolin Liu
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Katja Aviszus
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | | | - Shu-Yi Liao
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Anthony N. Gerber
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Barry Make
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Michael E. Wechsler
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Philippa Marrack
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - R. Lee Reinhardt
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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7
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Hertz T, Levy S, Ostrovsky D, Oppenheimer H, Zismanov S, Kuzmina A, Friedman LM, Trifkovic S, Brice D, Chun-Yang L, Cohen-Lavi L, Shemer-Avni Y, Cohen-Lahav M, Amichay D, Keren-Naus A, Voloshin O, Weber G, Najjar-Debbiny R, Chazan B, McGargill MA, Webby R, Chowers M, Novack L, Novack V, Taube R, Nesher L, Weinstein O. Correlates of protection for booster doses of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine BNT162b2. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4575. [PMID: 37516771 PMCID: PMC10387073 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39816-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination, especially with multiple doses, provides substantial population-level protection against COVID-19, but emerging variants of concern (VOC) and waning immunity represent significant risks at the individual level. Here we identify correlates of protection (COP) in a multicenter prospective study following 607 healthy individuals who received three doses of the Pfizer-BNT162b2 vaccine approximately six months prior to enrollment. We compared 242 individuals who received a fourth dose to 365 who did not. Within 90 days of enrollment, 239 individuals contracted COVID-19, 45% of the 3-dose group and 30% of the four-dose group. The fourth dose elicited a significant rise in antibody binding and neutralizing titers against multiple VOCs reducing the risk of symptomatic infection by 37% [95%CI, 15%-54%]. However, a group of individuals, characterized by low baseline titers of binding antibodies, remained susceptible to infection despite significantly increased neutralizing antibody titers upon boosting. A combination of reduced IgG levels to RBD mutants and reduced VOC-recognizing IgA antibodies represented the strongest COP in both the 3-dose group (HR = 6.34, p = 0.008) and four-dose group (HR = 8.14, p = 0.018). We validated our findings in an independent second cohort. In summary combination IgA and IgG baseline binding antibody levels may identify individuals most at risk from future infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Hertz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
- National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA.
| | - Shlomia Levy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Daniel Ostrovsky
- Clinical Research Center, Soroka University Medical Center, and the faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Hanna Oppenheimer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Shosh Zismanov
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Alona Kuzmina
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Lilach M Friedman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Sanja Trifkovic
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - David Brice
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Lin Chun-Yang
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Liel Cohen-Lavi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Yonat Shemer-Avni
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Laboratory of Virology, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Merav Cohen-Lahav
- Laboratory of Management, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Doron Amichay
- Central Laboratory, Clalit Health Services & Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheba, Israel
| | - Ayelet Keren-Naus
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Laboratory of Virology, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Olga Voloshin
- Laboratory of Virology, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Gabriel Weber
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ronza Najjar-Debbiny
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Bibiana Chazan
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Maureen A McGargill
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Richard Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Michal Chowers
- School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Lena Novack
- Clinical Research Center, Soroka University Medical Center, and the faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Victor Novack
- Clinical Research Center, Soroka University Medical Center, and the faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ran Taube
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
| | - Lior Nesher
- Infectious Disease Institute, Soroka University Medical Center, and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheba, Israel.
| | - Orly Weinstein
- Dept. of Health systems management, faculty of health sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- Hospital division, Clalit Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
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8
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Walker MR, Idorn M, Bennett A, Søgaard M, Salanti A, Ditlev SB, Barfod L. Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 humoral immune response in a subject with unique sampling: A case report. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e910. [PMID: 37382252 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of vaccine candidates for COVID-19, and the administration of booster vaccines, has meant a significant reduction in COVID-19 related deaths world-wide and the easing of global restrictions. However, new variants of SARS-CoV-2 have emerged with less susceptibility to vaccine induced immunity leading to breakthrough infections among vaccinated people. It is generally acknowledged that immunoglobulins play the major role in immune-protection, primarily through binding to the SARS-COV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) and thereby inhibiting viral binding to the ACE2 receptor. However, there are limited investigations of anti-RBD isotypes (IgM, IgG, IgA) and IgG subclasses (IgG1-4) over the course of vaccination and breakthrough infection. METHOD In this study, SARS-CoV-2 humoral immunity is examined in a single subject with unique longitudinal sampling. Over a two year period, the subject received three doses of vaccine, had two active breakthrough infections and 22 blood samples collected. Serological testing included anti-nucleocapsid total antibodies, anti-RBD total antibodies, IgG, IgA, IgM and IgG subclasses, neutralization and ACE2 inhibition against the wildtype (WT), Delta and Omicron variants. RESULTS Vaccination and breakthrough infections induced IgG, specifically IgG1 and IgG4 as well as IgM and IgA. IgG1 and IgG4 responses were cross reactive and associated with broad inhibition. CONCLUSION The findings here provide novel insights into humoral immune response characteristics associated with SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie R Walker
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Centre for Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Manja Idorn
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anja Bennett
- Department of Mammalian Expression, Global Research Technologies, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Max Søgaard
- Expres2ion Biotechnologies, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Ali Salanti
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Centre for Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sisse B Ditlev
- Copenhagen Center for Translational Research, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lea Barfod
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Centre for Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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9
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Kok TW, Izzo AA, Costabile M. Intracellular immunoglobulin A (icIgA) in protective immunity and vaccines. Scand J Immunol 2023; 97:e13253. [PMID: 36597220 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Virus neutralization at respiratory mucosal surfaces is important in the prevention of infection. Mucosal immunity is mediated mainly by extracellular secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and its role has been well studied. However, the protective role of intracellular specific IgA (icIgA) is less well defined. Initially, in vitro studies using epithelial cell lines with surface expressed polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) in transwell culture chambers have shown that icIgA can neutralize influenza, parainfluenza, HIV, rotavirus and measles viruses. This effect appears to involve an interaction between polymeric immunoglobulin A (pIgA) and viral particles within an intracellular compartment, since IgA is transported across the polarized cell. Co-localization of specific icIgA with influenza virus in patients' (virus culture positive) respiratory epithelial cells using well-characterized antisera was initially reported in 2018. This review provides a summary of in vitro studies with icIgA on colocalization and neutralization of the above five viruses. Two other highly significant respiratory infectious agents with severe global impacts viz. SARS-2 virus (CoViD pandemic) and the intracellular bacterium-Mycobacterium tuberculosis-are discussed. Further studies will provide more detailed understanding of the mechanisms and kinetics of icIgA neutralization in relation to viral entry and early replication steps with a specific focus on mucosal infections. This will inform the design of more effective vaccines against infectious agents transmitted via the mucosal route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuck-Weng Kok
- University of Adelaide, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences and School of Biological Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Angelo A Izzo
- University of Sydney, Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Maurizio Costabile
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences and Centre for Cancer Biology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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10
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Morens DM, Taubenberger JK, Fauci AS. Rethinking next-generation vaccines for coronaviruses, influenzaviruses, and other respiratory viruses. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:146-157. [PMID: 36634620 PMCID: PMC9832587 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Viruses that replicate in the human respiratory mucosa without infecting systemically, including influenza A, SARS-CoV-2, endemic coronaviruses, RSV, and many other "common cold" viruses, cause significant mortality and morbidity and are important public health concerns. Because these viruses generally do not elicit complete and durable protective immunity by themselves, they have not to date been effectively controlled by licensed or experimental vaccines. In this review, we examine challenges that have impeded development of effective mucosal respiratory vaccines, emphasizing that all of these viruses replicate extremely rapidly in the surface epithelium and are quickly transmitted to other hosts, within a narrow window of time before adaptive immune responses are fully marshaled. We discuss possible approaches to developing next-generation vaccines against these viruses, in consideration of several variables such as vaccine antigen configuration, dose and adjuventation, route and timing of vaccination, vaccine boosting, adjunctive therapies, and options for public health vaccination polices.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Morens
- Office of the Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jeffery K. Taubenberger
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA,Corresponding author
| | - Anthony S. Fauci
- Office of the Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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11
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Abou-Saleh H, Abo-Halawa BY, Younes S, Younes N, Al-Sadeq DW, Shurrab FM, Liu N, Qotba H, Al-Dewik N, Ismail A, Yassine HM, Abu-Raddad LJ, Nasrallah GK. Neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 are higher but decline faster in mRNA vaccinees compared to individuals with natural infection. J Travel Med 2022; 29:6808421. [PMID: 36342115 PMCID: PMC9793397 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taac130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Waning protection against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants by pre-existing antibodies elicited because of current vaccination or natural infection is a global concern. Whether this is due to the waning of immunity to SARS-COV-2 remains unclear. AIM We aimed to investigate the dynamics of antibody isotype responses amongst vaccinated naïve (VN) and naturally infected (NI) individuals. METHODS We followed up antibody levels in COVID-19 messenger RNA (mRNA)-vaccinated subjects without prior infection (VN, n = 100) in two phases: phase-I (P-I) at ~ 1.4 and phase-II (P-II) at ~ 5.3 months. Antibody levels were compared with those of unvaccinated and naturally infected subjects (NI, n = 40) at ~ 1.7 (P-1) and 5.2 (P-II) months post-infection. Neutralizing antibodies (NTAb), anti-S-RBD-IgG, -IgM and anti-S-IgA isotypes were measured. RESULTS The VN group elicited significantly greater antibody responses (P < 0.001) than the NI group at P-I, except for IgM. In the VN group, a significant waning in antibody response was observed in all isotypes. There was about an ~ 4-fold decline in NTAb levels (P < 0.001), anti-S-RBD-IgG (~5-fold, P < 0.001), anti-S-RBD-IgM (~6-fold, P < 0.001) and anti-S1-IgA (2-fold, P < 0.001). In the NI group, a significant but less steady decline was notable in S-RBD-IgM (~2-fold, P < 0.001), and a much smaller but significant difference in NTAb (<2-fold, P < 0.001) anti-S-RBD IgG (<2-fold, P = 0.005). Unlike the VN group, the NI group mounted a lasting anti-S1-IgA response with no significant decline. Anti-S1-IgA, which were ~ 3-fold higher in VN subjects compared with NI in P-1 (P < 0.001), dropped to almost the same levels, with no significant difference observed between the two groups in P-II. CONCLUSION Whereas double-dose mRNA vaccination boosted antibody levels, vaccinated individuals' 'boost' was relatively short-lived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haissam Abou-Saleh
- Biological Science Program, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Science, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Bushra Y Abo-Halawa
- Biological Science Program, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Science, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Salma Younes
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nadin Younes
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Duaa W Al-Sadeq
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,College of Medicine, Q.U. Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Na Liu
- Shenzhen Mindray Bio-Medical Electronics Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hamda Qotba
- Department of Clinical Research, Primary Health Care Centers, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nader Al-Dewik
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmed Ismail
- Laboratory Section, Medical Commission Department, Ministry of Public Health, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hadi M Yassine
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Laith J Abu-Raddad
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine - Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation - Education City, Doha, Qatar.,World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis, Weill Cornell Medicine - Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation - Education City, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, USA
| | - Gheyath K Nasrallah
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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12
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Sajadi MM, Myers A, Logue J, Saadat S, Shokatpour N, Quinn J, Newman M, Deming M, Rikhtegaran Tehrani Z, Magder LS, Karimi M, Abbasi A, Shlyak M, Baracco L, Frieman MB, Crotty S, Harris AD. Mucosal and Systemic Responses to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Vaccination Determined by Severity of Primary Infection. mSphere 2022; 7:e0027922. [PMID: 36321826 PMCID: PMC9769618 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00279-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
With much of the world infected with or vaccinated against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (commonly abbreviated SARS-CoV-2; abbreviated here SARS2), understanding the immune responses to the SARS2 spike (S) protein in different situations is crucial to controlling the pandemic. We studied the clinical, systemic, mucosal, and cellular responses to two doses of SARS2 mRNA vaccines in 62 individuals with and without prior SARS2 infection that were divided into three groups based on antibody serostatus prior to vaccination and/or degree of disease symptoms among those with prior SARS2 infection: antibody negative (naive), low symptomatic, and symptomatic. Antibody negative were subjects who were antibody negative (i.e., those with no prior infection). Low symptomatic subjects were those who were antibody negative and had minimal or no symptoms at time of SARS2 infection. Symptomatic subjects were those who were antibody positive and symptomatic at time of SARS2 infection. All three groups were then studied when they received their SARS2 mRNA vaccines. In the previously SARS2-infected (based on antibody test) low symptomatic and symptomatic groups, reactogenic symptoms related to a recall response were elicited after the first vaccination. Anti-S trimer IgA and IgG titers, and neutralizing antibody titers, peaked after the 1st vaccination in the previously SARS2-infected groups and were significantly higher than for the SARS2 antibody-negative group in the plasma and nasal samples at most time points. Nasal and plasma IgA antibody responses were significantly higher in the low symptomatic group than in the symptomatic group at most time points. After the first vaccination, differences in cellular immunity were not evident between groups, but the activation-induced cell marker (AIM+) CD4+ cell response correlated with durability of IgG humoral immunity against the SARS2 S protein. In those SARS2-infected subjects, severity of infection dictated plasma and nasal IgA responses in primary infection as well as response to vaccination (peak responses and durability), which could have implications for continued protection against reinfection. Lingering differences between the SARS2-infected and SARS2-naive up to 10 months postvaccination could explain the decreased reinfection rates in the SARS2-infected vaccinees recently reported and suggests that additional strategies (such as boosting of the SARS2-naive vaccinees) are needed to narrow the differences observed between these groups. IMPORTANCE This study on SARS2 vaccination in those with and without previous exposure to the virus demonstrates that severity of infection dictates IgA responses in primary infection as well as response to vaccination (peak responses and durability), which could have implications for continued protection against reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M. Sajadi
- Baltimore VA Medical Center, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Amber Myers
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - James Logue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Saman Saadat
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Narjes Shokatpour
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James Quinn
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Michelle Newman
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Meagan Deming
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Laurence S. Magder
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Maryam Karimi
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Abdolrahim Abbasi
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mike Shlyak
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lauren Baracco
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew B. Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Anthony D. Harris
- Baltimore VA Medical Center, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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13
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Improving Nasal Protection for Preventing SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112966. [PMID: 36428534 PMCID: PMC9687306 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Airborne pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2, are mainly contracted within the airway pathways, especially in the nasal epithelia, where inhaled air is mostly filtered in resting conditions. Mucosal immunity developing after SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination in this part of the body represents one of the most efficient deterrents for preventing viral infection. Nonetheless, the complete lack of such protection in SARS-CoV-2 naïve or seronegative subjects, the limited capacity of neutralizing new and highly mutated lineages, along with the progressive waning of mucosal immunity over time, lead the way to considering alternative strategies for constructing new walls that could stop or entrap the virus at the nasal mucosa surface, which is the area primarily colonized by the new SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sublineages. Among various infection preventive strategies, those based on generating physical barriers within the nose, aimed at impeding host cell penetration (i.e., using compounds with mucoadhesive properties, which act by hindering, entrapping or adsorbing the virus), or those preventing the association of SARS-CoV-2 with its cellular receptors (i.e., administering anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies or agents that inhibit priming or binding of the spike protein) could be considered appealing perspectives. Provided that these agents are proven safe, comfortable, and compatible with daily life, we suggest prioritizing their usage in subjects at enhanced risk of contagion, during high-risk activities, as well as in patients more likely to develop severe forms of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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The rs1883832 Polymorphism (CD40-1C>T) Affects the Intensity of IgA Responses after BNT162b2 Vaccination. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214056. [PMID: 36430533 PMCID: PMC9697403 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination strategies is affected by several factors, including the genetic background of the host. In our study, we evaluated the contribution of the functional polymorphism rs1883832 affecting the Kozak sequence of the TNFSF5 gene (c.-1C>T), encoding CD40, to humoral immune responses after vaccination with the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. The rs1883832 polymorphism was analyzed by PCR-RFLP in 476 individuals (male/female: 216/260, median age: 55.0 years, range: 20−105) of whom 342 received the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine and 134 received the adenovirus-based vector vaccines (67 on ChAdOx1-nCoV-19 vaccine, 67 on Ad.26.COV2.S vaccine). The IgG and IgA responses were evaluated with chemiluminescent microparticle and ELISA assays on days 21, 42, and 90 after the first dose. The T allele of the rs1883832 polymorphism (allele frequency: 32.8%) was significantly associated with lower IgA levels and represented, as revealed by multivariable analysis, an independent risk factor for reduced anti-spike protein IgA levels on days 42 and 90 following BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination. Similar to serum anti-spike IgA levels, a trend of lower anti-spike IgA concentrations in saliva was found in individuals with the T allele of rs1883832. Finally, the intensity of IgA and IgG responses on day 42 significantly affected the prevalence of COVID-19 after vaccination. The rs1883832 polymorphism may be used as a molecular predictor of the intensity of anti-spike IgA responses after BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination.
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Costa Silva RCM, Bandeira-Melo C, Paula Neto HA, Vale AM, Travassos LH. COVID-19 diverse outcomes: Aggravated reinfection, type I interferons and antibodies. Med Hypotheses 2022; 167:110943. [PMID: 36105250 PMCID: PMC9461281 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2022.110943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection intrigued medicine with diverse outcomes ranging from asymptomatic to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and death. After more than two years of pandemic, reports of reinfection concern researchers and physicists. Here, we will discuss potential mechanisms that can explain reinfections, including the aggravated ones. The major topics of this hypothesis paper are the disbalance between interferon and antibodies responses, HLA heterogeneity among the affected population, and increased proportion of cytotoxic CD4+ T cells polarization in relation to T follicular cells (Tfh) subtypes. These features affect antibody levels and hamper the humoral immunity necessary to prevent or minimize the viral burden in the case of reinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Cardoso Maciel Costa Silva
- Laboratório de Imunoreceptores e Sinalização, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Christianne Bandeira-Melo
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Heitor Afonso Paula Neto
- Laboratório de Alvos Moleculares, Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André Macedo Vale
- Laboratório de Biologia de Linfócitos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Holanda Travassos
- Laboratório de Imunoreceptores e Sinalização, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Goldblatt D, Alter G, Crotty S, Plotkin SA. Correlates of protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease. Immunol Rev 2022; 310:6-26. [PMID: 35661178 PMCID: PMC9348242 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies against epitopes in S1 give the most accurate CoP against infection by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Measurement of those antibodies by neutralization or binding assays both have predictive value, with binding antibody titers giving the highest statistical correlation. However, the protective functions of antibodies are multiple. Antibodies with multiple functions other than neutralization influence efficacy. The role of cellular responses can be discerned with respect to CD4+ T cells and their augmentation of antibodies, and with respect to CD8+ cells with regard to control of viral replication, particularly in the presence of insufficient antibody. More information is needed on mucosal responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Goldblatt
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Galit Alter
- Massachusetts General HospitalRagon Institute of MGH, MIT and HarvardCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine ResearchLa Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI)La JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public HealthUniversity of California San Diego (UCSD)La JollaCaliforniaUSA
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