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Chen Z, Ding H, Zhu H, Huang S, Yan C, Chen ZY. Additional mechanism for selective absorption of cholesterol and phytosterols. Food Chem 2024; 458:140300. [PMID: 38964108 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Phytosterols are structurally similar to cholesterol but they are much less absorbed (<2%) than cholesterol (>50%) in the intestine. We hypothesize that phytosterols are poor substrates of intestinal acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase 2 (ACAT2), and thus minimal phytosterol esters are formed and packed into chylomicrons, leading to their low absorption. Two isotope tracing models, including a radioactive hamster microsomal ACAT2 reaction model and a differentiated Caco-2 cell model, were established to examine the specificity of ACAT2 to various sterols, including cholesterol, sitosterol, stigmasterol, and campesterol. Both models consistently demonstrated that only cholesterol but not phytosterols could be efficiently esterified by ACAT2 in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Molecular docking further suggested that unfavorable interactions existed between ACAT2 and phytosterols. In conclusion, phytosterols are poor substrates of ACAT2 and thus minimally absorbed. This work provides a theoretical basis for the use of phytosterol-based supplements in treating dyslipidemia and preventing heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixing Chen
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China..
| | - Huafang Ding
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China..
| | - Hanyue Zhu
- School of Food Science and Engineering / Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Food Manufacturing, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Shouhe Huang
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China..
| | - Chi Yan
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China..
| | - Zhen-Yu Chen
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China..
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Cheng M, Tao Y, Wang C, Li A. Chitosan-coated soybean protein isolate/lecithin nanoparticles for enhancing the stability and bioaccessibility of phytosterol. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:4242-4250. [PMID: 38288644 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytosterols (PS) have various beneficial effects on human health, especially the property of reducing blood cholesterol. However, the low solubility and bioaccessibility of PS have greatly limited their application in functional food ingredients. RESULTS To improve the bioaccessibility and stability of PS, chitosan-coated PS nanoparticles (CS-PNP) were successfully prepared by self-assembly. The properties of CS-PNP, including size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency (EE) and loading amount (LA) were characterised. The optimisation of CS concentration (0.4 mg mL-1) and pH (3.5) resulted in the formation of CS-PNP with an EE of over 90% and a particle size of 187.7 nm. Due to the special properties of CS chitosan, the interaction between CS and soybean protein isolate (SPI)/lecithin (SL) led to the formation of a soluble complex. CS-PNP exhibited good stability to temperature variations but was more sensitive to salt ions. During in vitro digestion, CS efficiently maintained the stability of nanoparticles against the hydrolysis of SPI by pepsin under acidic conditions. However, these nanoparticles tended to aggregate in a neutral intestinal environment. After 3 h of in vitro digestion, the bioaccessibility of PS increased from 18.2% of free PS to 63.5% of CS-PNP. CONCLUSION Overall, these results highlight the potential of chitosan-coated nanoparticles as effective carriers for the oral administration of PS. This multilayer construction may serve as a promising for applications in food products as delivery vehicles for nutraceuticals. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Cheng
- Department of Food Science and Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ye Tao
- Department of Food Science and Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunwei Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ao Li
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
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Grant JK, Dangl M, Ndumele CE, Michos ED, Martin SS. A historical, evidence-based, and narrative review on commonly used dietary supplements in lipid-lowering. J Lipid Res 2024; 65:100493. [PMID: 38145747 PMCID: PMC10844731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary supplements augment the nutritional value of everyday food intake and originate from the historical practices of ancient Egyptian (Ebers papyrus), Chinese (Pen Ts'ao by Shen Nung), Indian (Ayurveda), Greek (Hippocrates), and Arabic herbalists. In modern-day medicine, the use of dietary supplements continues to increase in popularity with greater than 50% of the US population reporting taking supplements. To further compound this trend, many patients believe that dietary supplements are equally or more effective than evidence-based therapies for lipoprotein and lipid-lowering. Supplements such as red yeast rice, omega-3 fatty acids, garlic, cinnamon, plant sterols, and turmeric are marketed to and believed by consumers to promote "cholesterol health." However, these supplements are not subjected to the same manufacturing scrutiny by the Food and Drug Administration as pharmaceutical drugs and as such, the exact contents and level of ingredients in each of these may vary. Furthermore, supplements do not have to demonstrate efficacy or safety before being marketed. The holistic approach to lowering atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk makes dietary supplements an attractive option to many patients; however, their use should not come at the expense of established therapies with proven benefits. In this narrative review, we provide a historical and evidence-based approach to the use of some dietary supplements in lipoprotein and lipid-lowering and provide a framework for managing patient expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelani K Grant
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael Dangl
- Internal Medicine Department, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine/ Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Chiadi E Ndumele
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Erin D Michos
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Seth S Martin
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Bi H, Yang J, Jiang H, Fan F. Preparation, characterization, and release properties of Rosa roxburghii Tratt seed oil and β-carotene-coloaded proliposomes. J Food Sci 2024; 89:982-997. [PMID: 38161276 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Rosa roxburghii Tratt seed oil (RSO) and β-carotene (βC) were chosen to prepare proliposomes by the thin-film dispersion method. The characteristics of unloaded proliposome, RSO proliposome (L-R), βC proliposome (L-β), and RSO/βC proliposome (L-R-β) were analyzed, and their antioxidant activity, storage stability, and release properties were investigated. The proliposomes had an encapsulation efficiency (RSO, βC) higher than 83.10%, nanometer size, smooth surface, and irregular structure. L-R-β showed better dispersibility, stability, and antioxidant activity than L-R and L-β. Simultaneous encapsulation of RSO and βC reduced the phospholipid oxidation of proliposomes and improved the retention rate of RSO in storage environments of 4, 25, and 40°C. Moreover, the RSO and βC release kinetics of proliposomes in the simulated saliva fluid and gastric fluid phases can be described by the first-order model, and the Korsmeyr-Peppas method was applied to describe their release mechanism in the simulated intestinal fluid phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Bi
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilisation in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, and College of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianqiu Yang
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilisation in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, and College of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Houwei Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilisation in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, and College of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangyu Fan
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilisation in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, and College of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
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Deng C, Pan J, Zhu H, Chen ZY. Effect of Gut Microbiota on Blood Cholesterol: A Review on Mechanisms. Foods 2023; 12:4308. [PMID: 38231771 DOI: 10.3390/foods12234308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota serves as a pivotal mediator between diet and human health. Emerging evidence has shown that the gut microbiota may play an important role in cholesterol metabolism. In this review, we delve into five possible mechanisms by which the gut microbiota may influence cholesterol metabolism: (1) the gut microbiota changes the ratio of free bile acids to conjugated bile acids, with the former being eliminated into feces and the latter being reabsorbed back into the liver; (2) the gut microbiota can ferment dietary fiber to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) which are absorbed and reach the liver where SCFAs inhibit cholesterol synthesis; (3) the gut microbiota can regulate the expression of some genes related to cholesterol metabolism through their metabolites; (4) the gut microbiota can convert cholesterol to coprostanol, with the latter having a very low absorption rate; and (5) the gut microbiota could reduce blood cholesterol by inhibiting the production of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which increases cholesterol synthesis and raises blood cholesterol. In addition, this review will explore the natural constituents in foods with potential roles in cholesterol regulation, mainly through their interactions with the gut microbiota. These include polysaccharides, polyphenolic entities, polyunsaturated fatty acids, phytosterols, and dicaffeoylquinic acid. These findings will provide a scientific foundation for targeting hypercholesterolemia and cardiovascular diseases through the modulation of the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanling Deng
- School of Food Science and Engineering/National Technical Center (Foshan) for Quality Control of Famous and Special Agricultural Products (CAQS-GAP-KZZX043), Foshan University, Foshan 528011, China
| | - Jingjin Pan
- School of Food Science and Engineering/National Technical Center (Foshan) for Quality Control of Famous and Special Agricultural Products (CAQS-GAP-KZZX043), Foshan University, Foshan 528011, China
| | - Hanyue Zhu
- School of Food Science and Engineering/National Technical Center (Foshan) for Quality Control of Famous and Special Agricultural Products (CAQS-GAP-KZZX043), Foshan University, Foshan 528011, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Chen
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
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Esperança ES, Bonatto MS, Silva KCG, Shimamoto GG, Tubino M, Costa MC, Rodrigues CEC, Meirelles AJA, Sato ACK, Maximo GJ. Phytosterols and γ-Oryzanol as Cholesterol Solid Phase Modifiers during Digestion. Foods 2022; 11:3629. [PMID: 36429220 PMCID: PMC9689245 DOI: 10.3390/foods11223629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Literature reports that ingestion of phytosterols and γ-oryzanol contributes to cholesterol lowering. Despite in vivo observations, thermodynamic phase equilibria could explain phenomena occurring during digestion leading to such effects. To advance the observations made by previous literature, this study was aimed at describing the complete solid-liquid phase equilibrium diagrams of cholesterol + phytosterol and γ-oryzanol systems by DSC, evaluating them by powder X-ray, microscopy, and thermodynamic modeling. Additionally, this study evaluated the phenomena observed by an in vitro digestibility method. Results confirmed the formation of solid solution in the cholesterol + phytosterols system at any concentration and that cholesterol + γ-oryzanol mixtures formed stable liquid crystalline phases with a significant melting temperature depression. The in vitro protocol supported the idea that the same phenomena can occur during digestion in which mechanochemical forces were probably the mechanisms promoting cholesterol solid phase changes in the presence of such phytocompounds. In this case, these changes could alter cholesterol solubility and possibly its absorption in the gastrointestinal lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariane S. Bonatto
- School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Karen C. G. Silva
- School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
| | | | - Matthieu Tubino
- Chemical Institute, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Mariana C. Costa
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-852, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ana C. K. Sato
- School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
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Althwab SA, Alamro SA, Al Abdulmonem W, Allemailem KS, Alarifi SA, Hamad EM. Fermented camel milk enriched with plant sterols improves lipid profile and atherogenic index in rats fed high -fat and -cholesterol diets. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10871. [PMID: 36237975 PMCID: PMC9552119 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study was designed to explore the effect of fermented camel milk, plant sterols and their combination on the blood levels of sd-LDL and atherogenicity in rats fed on high-fat-cholesterol diets (HFC). Forty male Wistar rats were distributed into five groups: Normal control (NC), Positive control (PC, HFC), plant sterol (PS, HFC containing 1% (w/w) β-sitosterol:Stigmasterols; 9:1), FM (HFC containing 4% (w/w) lyophilized fermented camel milk), and PSFM (HFC containing 1% (w/w) plant sterols +4% (w/w) lyophilized fermented camel milk). Antioxidant activity showed that β-sitosterol had the highest radical scavenging activity, followed by fermented camel milk and stigmasterol (p < 0.05). Feeding rats on HFC for 8 weeks resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) increase in blood lipids of PC group compared with NC group. Administration of PS, FM, and PSFM resulted in a significant reduction in atherogenic index (50, 24.5, and 41.5 %, p < 0.05), and sd-LDL levels (73, 45, and 59%, p < 0.05), respectively. Only the FM group showed a significant reduction in triglycerides levels of rats. Administration of PS, FM and PSFM decreased serum MDA levels significantly by 58.7, 45.4, and 69% (p < 0.05), and increased total antioxidant capacity by 35.9, 84.8, and 38.3% (p < 0.05), respectively. This is the first report to the best of our knowledge that shows fermented camel milk enriched with plant sterol could reduce atherogenesis and cardiovascular diseases activity via inhibition of the status of small dense LDL and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami A. Althwab
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, 51452 Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samar A. Alamro
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, 51452 Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Al Abdulmonem
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, P.O. Box 6655, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled S. Allemailem
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraidah 6699, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saud A. Alarifi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Essam M. Hamad
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, 51452 Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Dairy Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt
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Boyd AP, Acevedo NC, Talbert JN. Evaluation of Pure Bile Salts in Place of Bile Extract in the Standardized INFOGEST Digestion Protocol for Quantification of Sterol Bioaccessibility. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:11554-11559. [PMID: 36070527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Improving standardized in vitro digestion protocols for phytosterols (PSs) is critical for understanding their bioaccessibility (BA) in food products and supplements. In this study, in vitro BA of phytosterol esters (PSEs) and free cholesterol (Ch) was compared under modified digestion conditions. The addition of Ch esterase (CE) to the INFOGEST model containing bovine bile resulted in a 70% increase in PS BA and an 18.5% reduction in Ch micellarization. Relative to the standardized INFOGEST model, substitution of pure bile salts (PBSs) did not significantly change PS BA or Ch micellarization. In the presence of CE, the substitution resulted in a 49.9% reduction in PS BA and a 13% increase in Ch micellarization. The differing results may be due to inhibitory effects of PBSs on the activity of intestinal enzymes, including CE. These results suggest that the INFOGEST model should include Ch esterase and the continued use of bile extract to evaluate PS BA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail P Boyd
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, 536 Farm House Ln, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Nuria C Acevedo
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, 536 Farm House Ln, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Joey N Talbert
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, 536 Farm House Ln, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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Xie T, Liu W, Chen Y, Zhou Y. An evaluation of graded levels of beta-sitosterol supplementation on growth performance, antioxidant status, and intestinal permeability-related parameters and morphology in broiler chickens at an early age. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102108. [PMID: 36099659 PMCID: PMC9472065 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to examine the effects of different levels of beta-sitosterol (BS) supplementation on growth performance, serum biochemical indices, redox status, and intestinal permeability-related parameters and morphology of young broilers. Two hundred and forty male Arbor Acres broiler chicks were allocated into 5 groups of 6 replicates with 8 birds each, and fed a basal diet supplemented with 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/kg BS for 21-d, respectively. The BS quadratically decreased feed conversion ratio during 1 to 14 d and 1 to 21 d, with its effect being more prominent at 25 or 50 mg/kg (P < 0.05). The BS linearly and quadratically reduced 14-d plasma diamine oxidase activity and D-lactate level, and this effect was more pronounced when its supplemental level was 25 or 50 mg/kg (P < 0.05). The BS linearly increased duodenal villus height (VH) and quadratically increased jejunal VH and ratio of VH and crypt depth (CD) at 14 d, and these effects in 25 mg/kg group were more remarkable (P < 0.05). Similarly, BS linearly or quadratically increased VH and ratio of VH and CD, but decreased CD in the jejunum and ileum at 21 d, with these effects being more pronounced at 50 mg/kg (P < 0.05). The BS supplementation especially at 50 or 75 mg/kg linearly or quadratically reduced 14-d serum and 21-d hepatic malondialdehyde concentration, and increased serum glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities at 14 and 21 d (P < 0.05). Moreover, the BS administration linearly and/or quadratically increased glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activities and glutathione level, and reduced malondialdehyde accumulation in the intestinal mucosa at 14 and/or 21 d, and these consequences were more significant in 50 to 100 mg/kg BS-supplemented groups (P < 0.05). The results demonstrated that BS administration could improve growth performance, intestinal barrier function, and antioxidant status of broilers at an early age, with these effects being more pronounced at a level of 50 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueping Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanmin Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
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Bijla L, Aissa R, Laknifli A, Bouyahya A, Harhar H, Gharby S. Spent coffee grounds: A sustainable approach toward novel perspectives of valorization. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14190. [PMID: 35553079 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Coffee is one of the most popular and preferred drinks in the world, being consumed for its refreshing and energizing properties. As a result, the consumption of coffee generates millions of tons of waste, in particular, spent coffee grounds (SCG). On the contrary, food waste recovery is an incredibly sustainable and convenient solution to the growing need for materials, fuels, and chemicals. SCG has been developed as a precious resource of several high value-added products (oil, proteins, minerals, fatty acids, sterols….). Thus, a transformative pathway to a circular economy that involves the valorization of coffee wastes and by-products is currently attracting the attention of researchers worldwide. The potential growth of scientific papers and publications promotes a comprehensive review to determine the research hotspots, knowledge structure, and to consider future avenues and challenges. Therefore, in this paper, we conducted a systematic review based on 275 indexed papers on the composition and valorization of SCG as a prospective environmental source. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: SCG can be applied in agro-food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Bijla
- Laboratory Biotechnology, Materials and Environment Team, LBME, Faculty Polydisciplinary of Taroudant, University Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Rabha Aissa
- Bioprocesses and Environment Team, LASIME, Ecole Supérieure de Technologie d'Agadir, Ibnou Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Abdellatif Laknifli
- Laboratory Biotechnology, Materials and Environment Team, LBME, Faculty Polydisciplinary of Taroudant, University Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratoire de Materiaux, Nanotechnologie et Environnement LMNE, Faculte des Sciences, Universite Mohammed V de rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Hicham Harhar
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Said Gharby
- Laboratory Biotechnology, Materials and Environment Team, LBME, Faculty Polydisciplinary of Taroudant, University Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
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In Vitro Antilipidic and Antithrombotic Activities of Plectranthus glandulosus (Lamiaceae) Leaves Extracts and Fractions. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:4145659. [PMID: 35178447 PMCID: PMC8844437 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4145659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective The present study investigated the effect of the leaves extracts and fractions of Plectranthus glandulosus on the inhibition of pancreatic lipase, cholesterol esterase, adipocytes lipid uptake, and antithrombotic activity which may be important in atherosclerosis development. Methods Aqueous, ethanolic, and hydroethanolic extracts of Plactranthus glandulosus were prepared by maceration. The hydroethanolic extract was fractionated into n-hexane, ethylacetate, and n-butanol fractions and their inhibition of pancreatic lipase, cholesterol esterase, adipocytes lipid uptake, and antithrombotic activities measured. Liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) analysis was carried out to determine phytochemical constituents present in the extracts. Results The standard orlistat exhibited a higher inhibitory activity on pancreatic lipase and cholesterol esterase (16.31 μg/mL and 15.75 μg/mL, respectively) compared to ethyl acetate fraction (IC50, 17.70 μg/mL and IC50, 24.8 μg/mL, respectively). Among crude extract, hydroethanolic extract showed a better inhibition against pancreatic lipase (IC50, 21.06 μg/mL) and cholesterol esterase (IC50, 25.14 μg/mL) though not comparable to the effect of orlistat. The best lipid uptake inhibition was observed in the hydroethanolic extract (IC50, 45.42 μg/mL) followed by the ethyl acetate fraction (IC50, 47.77 μg/mL). A better antithrombolytic activity was exhibited by the ethyl acetate fraction at all concentrations (50-800 μ/mL), while hydroethanolic extract exhibited the best activity among crude extract. However, these were not comparable to the standard aspirin. The LC-HRMS analysis revealed the presence of 7-O-methyl luteolin 5-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, chrysoeriol 5-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, 5,7-dihydroxy-3,2′,4′-trimethoxyflavone, and plectranmicin as major compounds in both hydroethanolic extract and ethyl acetate fraction. Conclusion Thus, our finding supports the traditional use of this plant, which might provide a potential source for future antiatherosclerotic drug discovery.
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Behl T, Sehgal A, Grover M, Singh S, Sharma N, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Aleya L, Bungau S. Uncurtaining the pivotal role of ABC transporters in diabetes mellitus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:41533-41551. [PMID: 34085197 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14675-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic disorders are the edge points for the initiation of various diseases. These disorders comprised of several diseases including diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular complications. Worldwide, the prevalence of these disorders is increasing day by day. The world's population is at higher threat of developing metabolic disease, especially diabetes. Therefore, there is an impregnable necessity of searching for a newer therapeutic target to reduce the burden of these disorders. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is marked with the dysregulated insulin secretion and resistance. The lipid and glucose transporters portray a pivotal role in the metabolism and transport of both of these. The excess production of lipid and glucose and decreased clearance of these leads to the emergence of DM. The ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABCT) are important for the metabolism of glucose and lipid. Various studies suggest the key involvement of ABCT in the pathologic process of different diseases. In addition, the involvement of other pathways, including IGF signaling, P13-Akt/PKC/MAPK signaling, and GLP-1 via regulation of ABCT, may help develop new treatment strategies to cope with insulin resistance dysregulated glucose metabolism, key features in DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Madhuri Grover
- BS Anangpuria Institute of Pharmacy, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Gurugram, Haryana, India
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environment Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6249, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, Besançon, France
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
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Methanolic Extract of Piper sarmentosum Attenuates Obesity and Hyperlipidemia in Fructose-Induced Metabolic Syndrome Rats. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26133985. [PMID: 34210097 PMCID: PMC8271521 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and hyperlipidemia are metabolic dysregulations that arise from poor lifestyle and unhealthy dietary intakes. These co-morbidity conditions are risk factors for vascular diseases. Piper sarmentosum (PS) is a nutritious plant that has been shown to pose various phytochemicals and pharmacological actions. This study aimed to investigate the effect of PS on obesity and hyperlipidemia in an animal model. Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five experimental groups. The groups were as follows: UG-Untreated group; CTRL-control; FDW-olive oil + 20% fructose; FDW-PS-PS (125 mg/kg) + 20% fructose; FDW-NGN-naringin (100 mg/kg) + 20% fructose. Fructose drinking water was administered daily for 12 weeks ad libitum to induce metabolic abnormality. Treatment was administered at week 8 for four weeks via oral gavage. The rats were sacrificed with anesthesia at the end of the experimental period. Blood, liver, and visceral fat were collected for further analysis. The consumption of 20% fructose water by Wistar rats for eight weeks displayed a tremendous increment in body weight, fat mass, percentage fat, LDL, TG, TC, HMG-CoA reductase, leptin, and reduced the levels of HDL and adiponectin as well as adipocyte hypertrophy. Following the treatment period, FDW-PS and FDW-NGN showed a significant reduction in body weight, fat mass, percentage fat, LDL, TG, TC, HMG-CoA reductase, and leptin with an increment in the levels of HDL and adiponectin compared to the FDW group. FDW-PS and FDW-NGN also showed adipocyte hypotrophy compared to the FDW group. In conclusion, oral administration of 125 mg/kg PS methanolic extract to fructose-induced obese rats led to significant amelioration of obesity and hyperlipidemia through suppressing the adipocytes and inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase. PS has the potential to be used as an alternative or adjunct therapy for obesity and hyperlipidemia.
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Vezza T, Canet F, de Marañón AM, Bañuls C, Rocha M, Víctor VM. Phytosterols: Nutritional Health Players in the Management of Obesity and Its Related Disorders. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9121266. [PMID: 33322742 PMCID: PMC7763348 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and its related disorders, such as diabetes and cardiovascular risk, represent an emerging global health issue. Even though genetic factors seem to be the primary actors in the development and progression of these diseases, dietary choices also appear to be of crucial importance. A healthy diet combined with physical activity have been shown to ameliorate glycaemic levels and insulin sensitivity, reduce body weight and the risk of chronic diseases, and contribute to an overall improvement in quality of life. Among nutrients, phytosterols have become the focus of growing attention as novel functional foods in the management of metabolic disorders. Phytosterols are natural plant compounds belonging to the triterpene family and are structurally similar to cholesterol. They are known for their cholesterol-lowering effects, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, and the benefits they offer to the immune system. The present review aims to provide an overview of these bioactive compounds and their therapeutic potential in the fields of obesity and metabolic disorders, with special attention given to oxidative stress, inflammatory status, and gut dysbiosis, all common features of the aforementioned diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Vezza
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), 46017 Valencia, Spain; (T.V.); (F.C.); (A.M.d.M.)
| | - Francisco Canet
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), 46017 Valencia, Spain; (T.V.); (F.C.); (A.M.d.M.)
| | - Aranzazu M. de Marañón
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), 46017 Valencia, Spain; (T.V.); (F.C.); (A.M.d.M.)
| | - Celia Bañuls
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), 46017 Valencia, Spain; (T.V.); (F.C.); (A.M.d.M.)
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (M.R.); (V.M.V.); Tel.: +34-963-189-132 (V.M.V.); Fax: +34-961-622-492 (V.M.V.)
| | - Milagros Rocha
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), 46017 Valencia, Spain; (T.V.); (F.C.); (A.M.d.M.)
- CIBERehd, Department of Pharmacology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (M.R.); (V.M.V.); Tel.: +34-963-189-132 (V.M.V.); Fax: +34-961-622-492 (V.M.V.)
| | - Víctor Manuel Víctor
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), 46017 Valencia, Spain; (T.V.); (F.C.); (A.M.d.M.)
- CIBERehd, Department of Pharmacology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (M.R.); (V.M.V.); Tel.: +34-963-189-132 (V.M.V.); Fax: +34-961-622-492 (V.M.V.)
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15
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Fidalgo Rodríguez JL, Dynarowicz-Latka P, Miñones Conde J. How unsaturated fatty acids and plant stanols affect sterols plasma level and cellular membranes? Review on model studies involving the Langmuir monolayer technique. Chem Phys Lipids 2020; 232:104968. [PMID: 32896519 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2020.104968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Langmuir monolayer technique has long been known for its usefulness to study the interaction between molecules and mimic cellular membranes to understand the mechanism of action of biologically relevant molecules. In this review we summarize the results that provided insight into the potential mechanism for lowering the plasma level of cholesterol by hypocholesterolemic substances (unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) and phytocompounds) - in the aspect of prevention of atherosclerosis - and their effects on model biomembranes. The results on UFAs/cholesterol (oxysterols) interactions indicate that these systems are miscible and strongly interacting, contrary to immiscible systems containing saturated fatty acids. Lowering of cholesterol plasma level by UFAs was attributed to the strong affinity between UFAs and sterols, resulting in the formation of high stability complexes, in which sterols were bound and eliminated from the body. Studies on the effect of UFAs and plant sterols/stanols on simplified biomembranes (modeled as cholesterol/DPPC system) indicated that the studied hypocholesterolemic substances modify the biophysical properties of model membrane, affecting its fluidity and interactions between membrane components. Both UFAs and plant sterols/stanols were found to loosen interactions between DPPC and cholesterol and decrease membrane rigidity caused by the excess cholesterol in biomembrane, thus compensating strong condensing effect of cholesterol and restoring proper membrane fluidity, which is of utmost importance for normal cells functioning. The agreement between model - in vitro - studies and biological results prove the usefulness of the Langmuir monolayer technique, which helps in understanding the mode of action of biologically relevant substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Fidalgo Rodríguez
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - P Dynarowicz-Latka
- Department of General Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - J Miñones Conde
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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16
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Palmeiro-Silva YK, Aravena RI, Ossio L, Parro Fluxa J. Effects of Daily Consumption of an Aqueous Dispersion of Free-Phytosterols Nanoparticles on Individuals with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082392. [PMID: 32785036 PMCID: PMC7468816 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) affects up to 40% of the population and is associated with heart failure, stroke and diabetes. Phytosterols (PS) could help to manage one or more MS criteria. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of daily supplementation of an aqueous dispersion of 2 g of free-phytosterols nanoparticles in individuals with MS over six months of intervention, compared with placebo. This double-blind study included 202 participants with MS randomly assigned into phytosterol (n = 102) and placebo (n = 100) groups. Participants were assessed at baseline, 4, 12 and 24 weeks. General health questions, anthropometric measurements and blood parameters were analysed. At week 24, the proportion of participants with high triglycerides (≥150 mg/dL) in the phytosterol group was 15.65% lower than in the placebo group (p-value = 0.023). Similarly, half of the participants in the phytosterol group decreased their waist circumference up to 4 cm compared with 0 cm in the placebo group (p-value = 0.0001). We reported no adverse effects (diarrhoea or vitamin D reduction); nonetheless, almost 70% of participants in the phytosterol group self-reported an improvement in bowel habits. Daily intake of free-PS nanoparticles improved some MS criteria; therefore, it might be a promising adjuvant therapy for individuals with MS (NCT02969720).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasna K. Palmeiro-Silva
- School of Nursing, Universidad de los Andes, Las Condes 7550000, Chile; (L.O.); (J.P.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +56-2-226181332
| | - Raúl I. Aravena
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, UK;
| | - Lisette Ossio
- School of Nursing, Universidad de los Andes, Las Condes 7550000, Chile; (L.O.); (J.P.F.)
| | - Javiera Parro Fluxa
- School of Nursing, Universidad de los Andes, Las Condes 7550000, Chile; (L.O.); (J.P.F.)
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17
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Aydar EF, Tutuncu S, Ozcelik B. Plant-based milk substitutes: Bioactive compounds, conventional and novel processes, bioavailability studies, and health effects. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.103975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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18
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Prados IM, Plaza M, Marina ML, García MC. Evaluation of the relationship between the peptide profiles and the lipid-lowering properties of olive seed hydrolysates as a tool for tuning hypocholesterolemic functionality. Food Funct 2020; 11:4973-4981. [PMID: 32510528 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00576b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Olive processing generates large amounts of stones with high protein contents. Previous studies have demonstrated that Manzanilla variety olive seed proteins release peptides with lipid-lowering capacity. However, no work has demonstrated their roles in the overall hypolipidemic activity. Moreover, further studies using different olive varieties are required to propose a solid method for the exploitation of olive seeds. Twenty different olive varieties were employed in this work. Proteins were extracted using high-intensity focused ultrasound and digested with Alcalase. The released peptides were identified using proteomic techniques, and their capabilities to reduce the absorption of dietary cholesterol (by inhibiting cholesterol esterase enzyme, binding bile acids, and reducing micellar cholesterol solubility) or the biosynthesis of endogenous cholesterol were evaluated. Peptides with different lipid lowering capacities were obtained from all varieties although the genotype significantly affected the hypolipidemic characteristics. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses showed strong correlations, positive and negative, between the presence of certain peptides in the hydrolysates and their capacity to reduce exogenous cholesterol absorption and endogenous cholesterol synthesis. Therefore, the selection of the olive seed genotype can direct its lipid-lowering properties, e.g., by promoting the reduction of dietary cholesterol absorption or the inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M Prados
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain.
| | - Merichel Plaza
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain. and Instituto de Investigación Química "Andrés M. del Rio" (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - M Luisa Marina
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain. and Instituto de Investigación Química "Andrés M. del Rio" (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - M Concepción García
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain. and Instituto de Investigación Química "Andrés M. del Rio" (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
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Feng S, Belwal T, Li L, Limwachiranon J, Liu X, Luo Z. Phytosterols and their derivatives: Potential health‐promoting uses against lipid metabolism and associated diseases, mechanism, and safety issues. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:1243-1267. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simin Feng
- College of Food Science and TechnologyZhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic of China
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agro‐Products Postharvest Handling Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri‐Food Processing, National‐Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and EquipmentZhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Food Macromolecular Resources Processing Technology Research, China National Light IndustryZhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic of China
| | - Tarun Belwal
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agro‐Products Postharvest Handling Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri‐Food Processing, National‐Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and EquipmentZhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agro‐Products Postharvest Handling Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri‐Food Processing, National‐Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and EquipmentZhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 People's Republic of China
| | - Jarukitt Limwachiranon
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agro‐Products Postharvest Handling Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri‐Food Processing, National‐Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and EquipmentZhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 People's Republic of China
| | - Xingquan Liu
- School of Agriculture and Food SciencesZhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University Hangzhou 311300 People's Republic of China
| | - Zisheng Luo
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agro‐Products Postharvest Handling Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri‐Food Processing, National‐Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and EquipmentZhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 People's Republic of China
- Ningbo Research InstituteZhejiang University Ningbo 315100 People's Republic of China
- Fuli Institute of Food ScienceZhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 People's Republic of China
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20
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Ahmad R, Almubayedh H, Ahmad N, Naqvi AA, Riaz M. Ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, biological activities and toxicity of Pistacia chinensis subsp. integerrima: A comprehensive review. Phytother Res 2020; 34:2793-2819. [PMID: 32496629 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pistacia chinensis subsp. integerrima (J. L. Stewart ex Brandis) Rech. F. is a valuable medicinal plant used in south Asian communities for the treatment of asthma, diarrhea, diabetes, liver diseases, fever, pain and inflammation. This review critically evaluates the available information on P. integerrima's ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology. Electronic databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Springer Link, and so forth, books and theses were used to find relevant information about P. integerrima using keywords such as "Pistacia integerrima," "P. integerrima," "Ethnopharmacology," "Phytochemistry," "Traditional uses". A number of in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activities have been reported; however, the most promising and attractive activity observed was its role in Alzheimer, diabetes, convulsions, cancer, asthma, diabetes, diarrhea and as an immunomodulatory, analgesic and antiinflammatory. In addition, Pistagremic acid exerted anti-Alzheimer's activity based on a hitherto unknown mechanism through interference with the amyloidogenic pathway. Most of the pharmacological activities were linked with traditional uses. A range of compounds have been reported from P. integerrima extracts including triterpenes, volatile oils, flavonoids, fatty acids, phenolic, phytosterols, tannins and oligosaccharides as well as unknown triterpenes and flavonoids. Pistagremic acid, a novel triterpene, was attributed to most of the activities. in vivo toxicological studies in animal suggested a toxic dose of 1,500 mg kg-1 , for its methanolic extract. All reported pharmacological activities were carried out in vitro and a gap in research, that is, preclinical and clinical investigation exists. Its outstanding activity as an antiglycating agent is the most promising and a so far unique activity and needs further evaluation. In-depth research and clinical trials on human subjects in order to investigate P. integerrima pharmacological activity, clinical efficacy and safety are crucial next steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Ahmad
- Natural Products and Alternative Medicines, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanine Almubayedh
- College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Niyaz Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atta Abbas Naqvi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal Dir (U), Pakistan
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21
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Granato D, Barba FJ, Bursać Kovačević D, Lorenzo JM, Cruz AG, Putnik P. Functional Foods: Product Development, Technological Trends, Efficacy Testing, and Safety. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2020; 11:93-118. [PMID: 31905019 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-032519-051708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Functional foods is a very popular term in the social and scientific media; consequently, food producers have invested resources in the development of processed foods that may provide added functional benefits to consumers' well-being. Because of intrinsic regulation and end-of-use purposes in different countries, worldwide meanings and definitions of this term are still unclear. Hence, here we standardize this definition and propose a guideline to attest that some ingredients or foods truly deserve this special designation. Furthermore, focus is directed at the most recent studies and practical guidelines that can be used to develop and test the efficacy of potentially functional foods and ingredients. The most widespread functional ingredients, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), probiotics/prebiotics/synbiotics, and antioxidants, and their technological means of delivery in food products are described. The review discusses the steps that food companies should take to ensure that their developed food product is truly functional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Granato
- Innovative Food System, Production Systems Unit, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-0250 Espoo, Finland;
| | - Francisco J Barba
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Sciences, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
| | | | - José M Lorenzo
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, San Cibrao das Vinas, 32900 Ourense, Spain
| | - Adriano G Cruz
- Department of Food, Federal Institute of Science, Education and Technology of Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), 20260-100 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Predrag Putnik
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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22
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Zhu H, Chen J, He Z, Hao W, Liu J, Kwek E, Ma KY, Bi Y. Plasma Cholesterol-Lowering Activity of Soybean Germ Phytosterols. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112784. [PMID: 31731675 PMCID: PMC6893772 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean germ phytosterols (SGP) largely exist in soybean germ oil. Our previous study demonstrated that soybean germ oil was effective in reducing plasma cholesterol. However, it remains unknown if its phytosterols are the active ingredients responsible for the plasma cholesterol-lowering activity. The present study aimed to test the effect of SGP on plasma cholesterol and to investigate its associated underlying mechanisms using hamsters as animal model. Male hamsters (n = 40) were randomly divided into five groups (n = 8/group) and fed one of the five diets: a non-cholesterol diet (NCD), a high cholesterol diet (HCD), a HCD diet containing 0.5% cholestyramine (PC), and two HCD diets containing 0.1% (LP) and 0.2% (HP) SGP, respectively, for six weeks. Results showed that SPG reduced plasma cholesterol level in a dose-dependent manner, whereas it dose-dependently increased the excretion of both fecal neutral and acidic sterols. SGP was also effective in displacing cholesterol from micelles. It was concluded that SGP possessed hypocholesterolemic activity, likely by inhibiting cholesterol absorption in the intestine and promoting fecal sterol excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyue Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong 999077, China; (H.Z.); (Z.H.); (W.H.); (J.L.); (E.K.); (K.Y.M.)
| | - Jingnan Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450000, China;
- Correspondence: ; Fax: +86-371-6775-8022
| | - Zouyan He
- School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong 999077, China; (H.Z.); (Z.H.); (W.H.); (J.L.); (E.K.); (K.Y.M.)
| | - Wangjun Hao
- School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong 999077, China; (H.Z.); (Z.H.); (W.H.); (J.L.); (E.K.); (K.Y.M.)
| | - Jianhui Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong 999077, China; (H.Z.); (Z.H.); (W.H.); (J.L.); (E.K.); (K.Y.M.)
| | - Erika Kwek
- School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong 999077, China; (H.Z.); (Z.H.); (W.H.); (J.L.); (E.K.); (K.Y.M.)
| | - Ka Ying Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong 999077, China; (H.Z.); (Z.H.); (W.H.); (J.L.); (E.K.); (K.Y.M.)
| | - Yanlan Bi
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450000, China;
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Scholz B, Stiegler V, Eisenreich W, Engel KH. Strategies for UHPLC-MS/MS-Based Analysis of Different Classes of Acyl Chain Oxidation Products Resulting from Thermo-Oxidation of Sitostanyl Oleate. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:12072-12083. [PMID: 31577433 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Phytostanyl fatty acid esters, which are being added to a variety of foods owing to their cholesterol-lowering properties, are susceptible to thermally induced oxidation reactions. Using sitostanyl oleate as an example, we, in this study, aimed at developing strategies for the detection and the quantitation of acyl chain oxidation products (ACOPs). The elaborated ultra high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry MS/MS-based approach involves (i) derivatizations of hydroxy and oxo groups, (ii) combined use of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and electrospray ionization as ionization techniques, and (iii) establishment of selective multireaction monitoring transitions. These strategies allow the identification of a broad spectrum of nonpolar short-chain as well as polar short- and long-chain hydroxy, epoxy, and oxo ACOPs. Semiquantitative assessments showed that sitostanyl 9,10-epoxystearate was the predominating ACOP resulting from thermo-oxidation of sitostanyl oleate at 180 °C for 30 min. The elaborated analytical approach paves the way to narrow the existing knowledge gap on the fate of phytostanyl fatty acid esters upon heat treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Scholz
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine Lebensmitteltechnologie , Technische Universität München , Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2 , D-85354 Freising , Germany
| | - Veronika Stiegler
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine Lebensmitteltechnologie , Technische Universität München , Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2 , D-85354 Freising , Germany
| | - Wolfgang Eisenreich
- Lehrstuhl für Biochemie , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , D-85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Engel
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine Lebensmitteltechnologie , Technische Universität München , Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2 , D-85354 Freising , Germany
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Ubeyitogullari A, Moreau R, Rose DJ, Ciftci ON. In Vitro Bioaccessibility of Low-Crystallinity Phytosterol Nanoparticles Generated Using Nanoporous Starch Bioaerogels. J Food Sci 2019; 84:1812-1819. [PMID: 31218690 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Phytosterols are natural health-promoting bioactive compounds; however, phytosterols have very limited bioavailability due to their crystalline lipophilic structure. With the aim of improving bioaccessibility, low-crystallinity phytosterol nanoparticles were generated by supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2 ) impregnation of phytosterols into nanoporous starch aerogels (NSAs). The in vitro bioaccessibility of the phytosterol nanoparticles (35%) was significantly higher than that of the crude phytosterols (3%) after sequential oral, gastric, and intestinal digestion. The percentages of starch hydrolysis were not different among the various NSA preparations and reached to 64% after sequential digestion. The zeta potential of the phytosterol nanoparticles was higher compared to that of crude phytosterols in the micellar phase; indicating higher stability. The findings of this study support the use of NSA to produce nanoparticles of reduced crystallinity to improve the bioaccessibility of the lipophilic bioactive compounds. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This novel process can decrease the size and crystallinity of phytosterols and thus improve phytosterols' bioavailability. It is a blueprint to apply to other water insoluble food bioactives. This novel approach may (i) improve the health benefits of water-insoluble bioactives; (ii) enable food manufacturers to add water-insoluble bioactives into low- and high-fat foods to produce health-promoting foods; and (iii) enhance the cost-benefit ratio of water insoluble bioactives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ubeyitogullari
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Univ. of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588-6205, U.S.A
| | - Régis Moreau
- Dept. of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Univ. of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0806, U.S.A
| | - Devin J Rose
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Univ. of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588-6205, U.S.A
| | - Ozan N Ciftci
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Univ. of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588-6205, U.S.A
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25
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LDL-Cholesterol Lowering of Plant Sterols and Stanols-Which Factors Influence Their Efficacy? Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10091262. [PMID: 30205492 PMCID: PMC6163911 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering effect of plant sterols/stanols (PSS) is summarized in several meta-analyses showing a dose-response relationship with intakes of 1.5 to 3 g/day lowering LDL-C by 7.5% to 12%. This review summarizes evidence for the impact of various factors potentially influencing the LDL-C-lowering efficacy of PSS. PSS are efficacious in all food formats and in food supplements. Some factors related to food format, e.g., solid vs. liquid foods, seem to impact efficacy, while there is no difference between free PSS and esters. Compared to multiple daily intakes, once-a-day intake of PSS, especially in the morning with light breakfast, leads to a sub-optimal LDL-C lowering. However, intake frequency seems influenced by intake occasion, i.e., with or without a meal, and time of day. Meal intake is a critical factor for an optimal LDL-C lowering efficacy of PSS. While age has no impact, gender is suggested to influence the LDL-C lowering effect of PSS with greater reductions reported for men than women; but overall evidence is inconclusive and larger studies show no gender by treatment interaction. In conclusion, PSS are efficacious in all foods and food supplements; for optimal efficacy they should be consumed with a (main) meal and twice daily.
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26
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Esperança EDS, Bonatto MS, Shimamoto GG, Tubino M, Costa MC, Meirelles AJDA, Maximo GJ. Phase behavior of cholesterol in mixtures with hypo- and hypercholesterolemic lipids. Food Funct 2018; 9:3447-3455. [PMID: 29877525 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00370j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Some lipidic bioactives are largely reported to present hypocholesterolemic effects, for example, oleic acid, α-tocopherol, and octacosanol, found in rice-bran, olive, and sunflower oils. In contrast, some saturated and trans-unsaturated lipids found in animal fats or partially hydrogenated oils have been associated with the opposite effect. However, the mechanisms in which these lipids act for lowering or increasing cholesterol are not fully understood. In this context, this work was aimed at a fundamental physicochemical comprehension of how cholesterol phase behavior is affected in mixtures with these compounds. The complete solid-liquid equilibrium (SLE) phase diagrams of these mixtures were depicted by differential scanning calorimetry and microscopy, and also evaluated by the SLE thermodynamic theory. The minimal melting temperature (eutectic points) of the mixtures followed the order: α-tocopherol < oleic acid < elaidic acid < stearic acid < octacosanol. Among all biocompounds, stearic and trans-oleic acids promoted few changes in the normal thermodynamic behavior of cholesterol when in a mixture. In contrast, α-tocopherol induced a significant temperature depression in the system. Furthermore, at high concentrations of cholesterol (>90% molar fraction), the formation of solid solution was observed in all other systems, to a higher degree for oleic acid. The higher interactions of these beneficial compounds and the formation of solid solution that literature associates with the alteration of cholesterol enteric absorption probably correlates with their hypocholesterolemic effects.
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27
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CYP7A1-rs3808607: a single nucleotide polymorphism associated with cholesterol response to functional foods. Curr Opin Food Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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28
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Mapelli-Brahm P, Hernanz-Vila D, Stinco CM, Heredia FJ, Meléndez-Martínez AJ. Isoprenoids composition and colour to differentiate virgin olive oils from a specific mill. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2017.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Ubeyitogullari A, Moreau R, Rose DJ, Zhang J, Ciftci ON. Enhancing the Bioaccessibility of Phytosterols Using Nanoporous Corn and Wheat Starch Bioaerogels. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201700229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ubeyitogullari
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNE 68588‐6205USA
| | - Régis Moreau
- Department of Nutrition and Health SciencesUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNE 68583‐0806USA
| | - Devin J. Rose
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNE 68588‐6205USA
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNE 68588USA
| | - Ozan N. Ciftci
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNE 68588‐6205USA
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30
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Gil-Ramírez A, Morales D, Soler-Rivas C. Molecular actions of hypocholesterolaemic compounds from edible mushrooms. Food Funct 2018; 9:53-69. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fo00835j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Edible mushrooms contain bioactive compounds able to modulate the expression of genes related to absorption, biosynthesis and transport of cholesterol and regulation of its homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Gil-Ramírez
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods
- CIAL – Research Institute in Food Science (UAM+CSIC)
- C/Nicolas Cabrera 9
- Campus de Cantoblanco
- Universidad Autonoma de Madrid
| | - Diego Morales
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods
- CIAL – Research Institute in Food Science (UAM+CSIC)
- C/Nicolas Cabrera 9
- Campus de Cantoblanco
- Universidad Autonoma de Madrid
| | - Cristina Soler-Rivas
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods
- CIAL – Research Institute in Food Science (UAM+CSIC)
- C/Nicolas Cabrera 9
- Campus de Cantoblanco
- Universidad Autonoma de Madrid
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31
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Plant-Based Beverages as Good Sources of Free and Glycosidic Plant Sterols. Nutrients 2017; 10:nu10010021. [PMID: 29286348 PMCID: PMC5793249 DOI: 10.3390/nu10010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To address the ever-growing group of health-conscious consumers, more and more nutritional and health claims are being used on food products. Nevertheless, only very few food constituents, including plant sterols, have been appointed an approved health claim (European Commission and Food and Drugs Administration). Plant sterols are part of those limited lists of approved compounds for their cholesterol-lowering properties but have been praised for their anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic properties as well. Despite this indisputable reputation, direct quantitative data is still lacking for naturally present (conjugated) plant sterols in beverages. This study aimed to fill this gap by applying a validated extraction and UPLC-MS/MS detection method to a diverse range of everyday plant-based beverages. β-sitosterol-β-d-glucoside (BSSG) showed to be by far the most abundant sterol in all beverages studied, with concentrations up to 60-90 mg per 100 mL in plant-based milk alternatives and fresh fruit juices. Ergosterol (provitamin D₂) could be found in beers (0.8-6.1 µg per 100 mL, from the yeast) and occasionally in juices (17-29 µg per 100 mL). Overall, the results demonstrated that the concentrations of water-soluble sterol conjugates have been underestimated significantly and that specific plant-based beverages can be good, low-fat sources of these plant sterols.
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32
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Ras RT, Trautwein EA. Consumer purchase behaviour of foods with added phytosterols in six European countries: Data from a post-launch monitoring survey. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 110:42-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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33
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Kim Y, Keogh JB, Clifton PM. Benefits of Nut Consumption on Insulin Resistance and Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Multiple Potential Mechanisms of Actions. Nutrients 2017; 9:E1271. [PMID: 29165404 PMCID: PMC5707743 DOI: 10.3390/nu9111271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and clinical studies have indicated that nut consumption could be a healthy dietary strategy to prevent and treat type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and related cardiovascular disease (CVD). The objective of this review is to examine the potential mechanisms of action of nuts addressing effects on glycemic control, weight management, energy balance, appetite, gut microbiota modification, lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation, endothelial function and blood pressure with a focus on data from both animal and human studies. The favourable effects of nuts could be explained by the unique nutrient composition and bioactive compounds in nuts. Unsaturated fatty acids (monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids) present in nuts may play a role in glucose control and appetite suppression. Fiber and polyphenols in nuts may also have an anti-diabetic effect by altering gut microbiota. Nuts lower serum cholesterol by reduced cholesterol absorption, inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase and increased bile acid production by stimulation of 7-α hydroxylase. Arginine and magnesium improve inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial function and blood pressure. In conclusion, nuts contain compounds that favourably influence glucose homeostasis, weight control and vascular health. Further investigations are required to identify the most important mechanisms by which nuts decrease the risk of T2DM and CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoona Kim
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, General Post Office Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Jennifer B Keogh
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, General Post Office Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Peter M Clifton
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, General Post Office Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
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34
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Scholz B, Weiherer R, Engel KH. Impact of thermooxidation of phytosteryl and phytostanyl fatty acid esters on cholesterol micellarization in vitro. Steroids 2017; 125:81-92. [PMID: 28673668 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The effects of thermooxidation of a phytosteryl/-stanyl and a phytostanyl fatty acid ester mixture on cholesterol micellarization were investigated using an in vitro digestion model simulating enzymatic hydrolysis by cholesterol esterase and subsequent competition of the liberated phytosterols/-stanols with cholesterol for incorporation into mixed micelles. As a first step, relationships between different doses of the ester mixtures and the resulting micellarized cholesterol were established. Subsequent subjection of the thermooxidized ester mixtures to the in vitro digestion model resulted in three principal observations: (i) thermal treatment of the ester mixtures led to substantial decreases of the intact esters, (ii) in vitro digestion of cholesterol in the presence of the thermooxidized ester mixtures resulted in significant increases of cholesterol micellarization, and (iii) the extents of the observed effects on cholesterol micellarization were strongly associated to the remaining contents of intact esters. The loss of efficacy to inhibit cholesterol micellarization due to thermally induced losses of intact esters corresponded to a loss of efficacy that would have been induced by an actual removal of these amounts of esters prior to the in vitro digestion. The obtained results suggest that in particular oxidative modifications of the fatty acid moieties might be responsible for the observed increases of cholesterol micellarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Scholz
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine Lebensmitteltechnologie, Technische Universität München, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, D-85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Renate Weiherer
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine Lebensmitteltechnologie, Technische Universität München, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Engel
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine Lebensmitteltechnologie, Technische Universität München, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, D-85354 Freising, Germany
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35
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Modulating the physical state and functionality of phytosterols by emulsification and organogel formation: Application in a model yogurt system. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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36
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Euston SR. Molecular simulation of biosurfactants with relevance to food systems. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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37
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Lin Y, Knol D, Valk I, van Andel V, Friedrichs S, Lütjohann D, Hrncirik K, Trautwein EA. Thermal stability of plant sterols and formation of their oxidation products in vegetable oils and margarines upon controlled heating. Chem Phys Lipids 2017; 207:99-107. [PMID: 28163064 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Fat-based products like vegetable oils and margarines are commonly used for cooking, which may enhance oxidation of plant sterols (PS) present therein, leading to the formation of PS oxidation products (POP). The present study aims to assess the kinetics of POP formation in six different fat-based products. Vegetable oils and margarines without and with added PS (7.5-7.6% w/w) in esterified form were heated in a Petri-dish at temperatures of 150, 180 and 210°C for 8, 12 and 16min. PS and POP were analysed using GC-FID and GC-MS-SIM, respectively. Increasing PS content, temperature and heating time led to higher POP formation in all tested fat-based products. PS (either naturally occurring or added) in margarines were less susceptible to oxidation as compared to PS in vegetable oils. The susceptibility of sitosterol to oxidation was about 20% lower than that of campesterol under all the applied experimental conditions. During heating, the relative abundance of 7-keto-PS (expressed as% of total POP) decreased in all the fat-based products regardless of their PS contents, which was accompanied by an increase in the relative abundance of 7-OH-PS and 5,6-epoxy-PS, while PS-triols were fairly unchanged. In conclusion, heating time, temperature, initial PS content and the matrix of the fat-based products (vegetable oil vs. margarine) showed distinct effects on POP formation and composition of individual POP formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuguang Lin
- Unilever Research & Development Vlaardingen, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands.
| | - Diny Knol
- Unilever Research & Development Vlaardingen, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| | - Iris Valk
- Unilever Research & Development Vlaardingen, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent van Andel
- Unilever Research & Development Vlaardingen, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| | - Silvia Friedrichs
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Clinics Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Clinics Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Karel Hrncirik
- Unilever Research & Development Vlaardingen, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| | - Elke A Trautwein
- Unilever Research & Development Vlaardingen, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
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Wang W, Sun C, Mao L, Ma P, Liu F, Yang J, Gao Y. The biological activities, chemical stability, metabolism and delivery systems of quercetin: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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40
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Moghadasian MH, Alsaif M, Le K, Gangadaran S, Masisi K, Beta T, Shen GX. Combination effects of wild rice and phytosterols on prevention of atherosclerosis in LDL receptor knockout mice. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 33:128-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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41
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Yi J, Knudsen TA, Nielsen AL, Duelund L, Christensen M, Hervella P, Needham D, Mouritsen OG. Inhibition of cholesterol transport in an intestine cell model by pine-derived phytosterols. Chem Phys Lipids 2016; 200:62-73. [PMID: 27372052 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We have quantified the inhibition of intestinal cholesterol transport by pine-derived phytosterols using an HT29-MTX intestine cell model that forms a mucus layer similar to that in the intestine. An artificial intestinal fluid consisting of digested fat, bile salt, cholesterol, and phytosterols was formulated in order to mimic the conditions in the intestine. The apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) of the positive control, i.e., 0.1mM of cholesterol solubilized in the artificial intestine fluid, was found to be 0.33 (±0.17)×10-6cm/s. When 0.1mM β-sitosterol was solubilized alongside, Papp was effectively zero, corresponding to a total inhibition of cholesterol transport. A similar strong inhibition was found when commercial pine-derived phytosterols, PinVita™ FSP DuPont, were co-solubilized with cholesterol in the dietary model micelles, leading to Papp=0.06 (±0.06)×10-6cm/s, i.e., 5.5 times lower than the cholesterol positive control. Additionally, the effect of potential oral administration formulations generated by the pine-derived phytosterols was also characterized. The formulations were produced as a liquid formulation of the cholesterol-containing artificial intestine fluid. Six liquid formulations were tested of which four displayed a Papp in the range of 0-0.09×10-6cm/s. The remaining two formulations did not show any inhibition effect on cholesterol transport and even enhanced cholesterol transport. It was furthermore observed that the phytosterols were found in the collected intestine cells but not transported to the basolateral region in the intestinal cell model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsoo Yi
- MEMPHYS/SPSE, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Tine A Knudsen
- DuPont Nutritional Biosciences ApS, Edwin Rahrs Vej 38, DK-8220 Brabrand, Denmark
| | | | - Lars Duelund
- MEMPHYS/SPSE, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Morten Christensen
- MEMPHYS/SPSE, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Pablo Hervella
- MEMPHYS/SPSE, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - David Needham
- MEMPHYS/SPSE, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Ole G Mouritsen
- MEMPHYS/SPSE, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
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42
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Mapping the structure-activity relationship of β-sitosteryl fatty acid esters in condensing phospholipid monolayers. Front Chem Sci Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-015-1502-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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43
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Coreta-Gomes FM, Vaz WLC, Wasielewski E, Geraldes CFG, Moreno MJ. Quantification of Cholesterol Solubilized in Dietary Micelles: Dependence on Human Bile Salt Variability and the Presence of Dietary Food Ingredients. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:4564-4574. [PMID: 27079626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The solubility of cholesterol in bile salt (BS) micelles is important to understand the availability of cholesterol for absorption in the intestinal epithelium and to develop strategies to decrease cholesterol intake from the intestinal lumen. This has been the subject of intense investigation, due to the established relation between the development of diseases such as atherosclerosis and high levels of cholesterol in the blood. In this work we quantify the effect of BS variability on the amount of cholesterol solubilized. The effect of some known hypocholesterolemic agents usually found in the diet is also evaluated, as well as some insight regarding the mechanisms involved. The results show that, depending on the bile salt composition, the average value of sterol per micelle is equal to or lower than 1. The amount of cholesterol solubilized in the BS micelles is essentially equal to its total concentration until the solubility limit is reached. Altogether, this indicates that the maximum cholesterol solubility in the BS micellar solution is the result of saturation of the aqueous phase and depends on the partition coefficient of cholesterol between the aqueous phase and the micellar pseudophase. The effect on cholesterol maximum solubility for several food ingredients usually encountered in the diet was characterized using methodology developed recently by us. This method allows the simultaneous quantification of both cholesterol and food ingredient solubilized in the BS micelles even in the presence of larger aggregates, therefore avoiding their physical separation with possible impacts on the overall equilibrium. The phytosterols stigmasterol and stigmastanol significantly decreased cholesterol solubility with a concomitant reduction in the total amount of sterol solubilized, most pronounced for stigmasterol. Those results point toward coprecipitation being the major cause for the decrease in cholesterol solubilization by the BS micelles. The presence of tocopherol and oleic acid leads to a small decrease in the amount of cholesterol solubilized while palmitic acid slightly increases the solubility of cholesterol. Those dietary food ingredients are completely solubilized by the BS micelles, indicating that the effects on cholesterol solubility are due to changes in the properties of the mixed micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe M Coreta-Gomes
- Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra Rua Larga , Largo D. Dinis, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Chemistry Center, CQC, Rua Larga, University of Coimbra , 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Winchil L C Vaz
- Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra Rua Larga , Largo D. Dinis, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa , Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Emeric Wasielewski
- Coimbra Chemistry Center, CQC, Rua Larga, University of Coimbra , 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos F G Geraldes
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra 3000-393 Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Chemistry Center, CQC, Rua Larga, University of Coimbra , 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria João Moreno
- Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra Rua Larga , Largo D. Dinis, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Chemistry Center, CQC, Rua Larga, University of Coimbra , 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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Zhao D. Challenges associated with elucidating the mechanisms of the hypocholesterolaemic activity of saponins. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Ras RT, Koppenol WP, Garczarek U, Otten-Hofman A, Fuchs D, Wagner F, Trautwein EA. Increases in plasma plant sterols stabilize within four weeks of plant sterol intake and are independent of cholesterol metabolism. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2016; 26:302-309. [PMID: 26806045 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plant sterols (PS) lower plasma LDL-cholesterol through partial inhibition of intestinal cholesterol absorption. Although PS themselves are poorly absorbed, increased intakes of PS result in elevated plasma concentrations. In this paper, we report time curves of changes in plasma PS during 12 weeks of PS intake. Furthermore, the impact of cholesterol synthesis and absorption on changes in plasma PS is explored. METHODS AND RESULTS The study was a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study with the main aim to investigate the effects of PS on vascular function (clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01803178). Hypercholesterolemic but otherwise healthy men and women (n = 240) consumed low-fat spreads without or with added PS (3 g/d) for 12 weeks after a 4-week run-in period. Blood sampling was performed at week 0, 4, 8 and 12. Basal cholesterol-standardized concentrations of lathosterol and sitosterol + campesterol were used as markers of cholesterol synthesis and absorption, respectively. In the PS group, plasma sitosterol and campesterol concentrations increased within the first 4 weeks of intervention by 69% (95%CI: 58; 82) starting at 7.2 μmol/L and by 28% (95%CI: 19; 39) starting at 11.4 μmol/L, respectively, and remained stable during the following 8 weeks. Placebo-corrected increases in plasma PS were not significantly different between high and low cholesterol synthesizers (P-values >0.05). Between high and low cholesterol absorbers, no significant differences were observed, except for the cholesterol-standardized sum of four major plasma PS (sitosterol, campesterol, brassicasterol and stigmasterol) showing larger increases in low absorbers (78.3% (95%CI: 51.7; 109.5)) compared to high absorbers (40.8% (95%CI: 19.9; 65.5)). CONCLUSIONS Increases in plasma PS stabilize within 4 weeks of PS intake and do not seem impacted by basal cholesterol synthesis or absorption efficiency. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01803178).
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Ras
- Unilever Research and Development Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, the Netherlands.
| | - W P Koppenol
- Unilever Research and Development Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, the Netherlands
| | - U Garczarek
- Unilever Research and Development Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, the Netherlands
| | - A Otten-Hofman
- Unilever Research and Development Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, the Netherlands
| | - D Fuchs
- Unilever Research and Development Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, the Netherlands
| | - F Wagner
- Charité Research Organisation, Berlin, Germany
| | - E A Trautwein
- Unilever Research and Development Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, the Netherlands
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Andrade I, Santos L, Ramos F. Cholesterol absorption and synthesis markers in Portuguese hypercholesterolemic adults: A cross-sectional study. Eur J Intern Med 2016; 28:85-90. [PMID: 26577223 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The dynamics of cholesterol homeostasis and the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) are complex and multifactorial, to which adds individual variability in the proportion of cholesterol from exogenous versus endogenous sources. The aim of this study was to undertake the first characterization of cholesterol absorption and synthesis profiles in Portuguese hypercholesterolemic adults through the quantification of surrogate markers, and the analysis of the predictive value of age and sex on the cholesterol homeostasis biomarkers. METHODS Serum samples for the measurement of lipid profiles and cholesterol homeostasis markers were obtained for 100 men and 112 women, aged 30-65, with TC ≥ 5.2 mmol/L (~200mg/dL) and/or LDL-C ≥ 2.6 mmol/L (~100mg/dL), none of whom were on any lipid-lowering therapy. RESULTS Overall, sex-specific significant differences were observed in the cholesterol homeostasis markers and lipid profiles; women had lower cholesterol synthesis marker concentrations (P<0.01 for lathosterol) and lipid parameters (except for HDL-C concentrations). Age-related significant differences were also found, including higher concentrations of cholesterol absorption markers in association with increasing age. CONCLUSION In our study, the predictors of higher levels of cholesterol absorption markers were higher age and female gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Andrade
- Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, ESTESC-Coimbra Health School, Ciências Complementares, Rua 5 Outubro, S. Martinho do Bispo, Apartado 7006, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal; CEF-Center for Pharmaceutical Studies, Health Sciences Campus, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lèlita Santos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Coimbra University Hospitals, Medicine Faculty, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fernando Ramos
- CEF-Center for Pharmaceutical Studies, Health Sciences Campus, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Rosin S, Ojansivu I, Kopu A, Keto-Tokoi M, Gylling H. Optimal Use of Plant Stanol Ester in the Management of Hypercholesterolemia. CHOLESTEROL 2015; 2015:706970. [PMID: 26543642 PMCID: PMC4620290 DOI: 10.1155/2015/706970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plant stanol ester is a natural compound which is used as a cholesterol-lowering ingredient in functional foods and food supplements. The safety and efficacy of plant stanol ester have been confirmed in more than 70 published clinical studies and the ingredient is a well-established and widely recommended dietary measure to reduce serum cholesterol. Daily intake of 2 g plant stanols as plant stanol ester lowers LDL-cholesterol by 10%, on average. In Europe, foods with added plant stanol ester have been on the market for 20 years, and today such products are also available in many Asian and American countries. Despite the well-documented efficacy, the full potential in cholesterol reduction may not be reached if plant stanol ester is not used according to recommendations. This review therefore concentrates on the optimal use of plant stanol ester as part of dietary management of hypercholesterolemia. For optimal cholesterol lowering aiming at a lower risk of cardiovascular disease, plant stanol ester should be used daily, in sufficient amounts, with a meal and in combination with other recommended dietary changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Rosin
- Raisio Group, Benecol Unit, P.O. Box 101, FI-21201 Raisio, Finland
| | - Ilkka Ojansivu
- Raisio Group, Benecol Unit, P.O. Box 101, FI-21201 Raisio, Finland
| | - Aino Kopu
- Raisio Group, Benecol Unit, P.O. Box 101, FI-21201 Raisio, Finland
| | - Malin Keto-Tokoi
- Raisio Group, Benecol Unit, P.O. Box 101, FI-21201 Raisio, Finland
| | - Helena Gylling
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Internal Medicine, P.O. Box 700, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
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Borrell‐Pages M, Carolina Romero J, Badimon L. LRP5 and plasma cholesterol levels modulate the canonical Wnt pathway in peripheral blood leukocytes. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 93:653-61. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Borrell‐Pages
- Cardiovascular Research Center, CSIC‐ICCC, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB‐Sant Pau Barcelona Spain
- Cardiovascular Research Chair, UAB Barcelona Spain
| | - July Carolina Romero
- Cardiovascular Research Center, CSIC‐ICCC, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB‐Sant Pau Barcelona Spain
- Cardiovascular Research Chair, UAB Barcelona Spain
| | - Lina Badimon
- Cardiovascular Research Center, CSIC‐ICCC, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB‐Sant Pau Barcelona Spain
- Cardiovascular Research Chair, UAB Barcelona Spain
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Serum cholesterol reduction efficacy of biscuits with added plant stanol ester. CHOLESTEROL 2015; 2015:353164. [PMID: 25861469 PMCID: PMC4377436 DOI: 10.1155/2015/353164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This study's aim was to test the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol- (LDL-c-) lowering efficacy of biscuits containing 2 g of plant stanols, which corresponded to 3.4 g of plant stanol esters. The biscuit is a new food format that can be consumed as a snack. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel design study, 119 mildly to moderately hypercholesterolemic volunteers were randomized to plant stanol or control groups. Subjects were comparable in age, gender, lipid profiles, and body mass index. They consumed a control biscuit once a day for a two-week period, followed by a four-week intervention period that either had a plant stanol ester biscuit or a control. During the habitual diet, one biscuit per day was consumed at any time that subjects wished. Serum lipid profiles were measured at the first day of run-in, at baseline, and at the study's end. Compared to the control, the total cholesterol (TC), LDL-c, and the LDL-to-high-density lipoprotein (LDL/HDL) ratio had serum reductions of 4.9%, 6.1%, and 4.3%, respectively, and were observed after 4 weeks of biscuit consumption with added plant stanols (P < 0.05). A significantly higher reduction in LDL-c (8.9%) and LDL/HDL ratio (11.4%) was measured in those taking a plant stanol biscuit with a meal compared to those who consumed a plant stanol biscuit without other food. In conclusion, incorporating plant stanols into a biscuit is an attractive, convenient, and acceptable way to modestly lower elevated cholesterol concentrations. For optimal efficacy, biscuits should be consumed with a meal as part of a healthy diet.
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