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Di Ciaula A, Calamita G, Shanmugam H, Khalil M, Bonfrate L, Wang DQH, Baffy G, Portincasa P. Mitochondria Matter: Systemic Aspects of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and Diagnostic Assessment of Liver Function by Stable Isotope Dynamic Breath Tests. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7702. [PMID: 34299321 PMCID: PMC8305940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver plays a key role in systemic metabolic processes, which include detoxification, synthesis, storage, and export of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. The raising trends of obesity and metabolic disorders worldwide is often associated with the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which has become the most frequent type of chronic liver disorder with risk of progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver mitochondria play a key role in degrading the pathways of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and xenobiotics, and to provide energy for the body cells. The morphological and functional integrity of mitochondria guarantee the proper functioning of β-oxidation of free fatty acids and of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Evaluation of the liver in clinical medicine needs to be accurate in NAFLD patients and includes history, physical exam, imaging, and laboratory assays. Evaluation of mitochondrial function in chronic liver disease and NAFLD is now possible by novel diagnostic tools. "Dynamic" liver function tests include the breath test (BT) based on the use of substrates marked with the non-radioactive, naturally occurring stable isotope 13C. Hepatocellular metabolization of the substrate will generate 13CO2, which is excreted in breath and measured by mass spectrometry or infrared spectroscopy. Breath levels of 13CO2 are biomarkers of specific metabolic processes occurring in the hepatocyte cytosol, microsomes, and mitochondria. 13C-BTs explore distinct chronic liver diseases including simple liver steatosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, drug, and alcohol effects. In NAFLD, 13C-BT use substrates such as α-ketoisocaproic acid, methionine, and octanoic acid to assess mitochondrial oxidation capacity which can be impaired at an early stage of disease. 13C-BTs represent an indirect, cost-effective, and easy method to evaluate dynamic liver function. Further applications are expected in clinical medicine. In this review, we discuss the involvement of liver mitochondria in the progression of NAFLD, together with the role of 13C-BT in assessing mitochondrial function and its potential use in the prevention and management of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostino Di Ciaula
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.C.); (H.S.); (M.K.); (L.B.)
| | - Giuseppe Calamita
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70100 Bari, Italy;
| | - Harshitha Shanmugam
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.C.); (H.S.); (M.K.); (L.B.)
| | - Mohamad Khalil
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.C.); (H.S.); (M.K.); (L.B.)
| | - Leonilde Bonfrate
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.C.); (H.S.); (M.K.); (L.B.)
| | - David Q.-H. Wang
- Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Department of Medicine and Genetics, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
| | - Gyorgy Baffy
- Department of Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare System and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02130, USA;
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.C.); (H.S.); (M.K.); (L.B.)
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Masuo Y, Satou T, Takemoto H, Koike K. Smell and Stress Response in the Brain: Review of the Connection between Chemistry and Neuropharmacology. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092571. [PMID: 33924992 PMCID: PMC8124235 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The stress response in the brain is not fully understood, although stress is one of the risk factors for developing mental disorders. On the other hand, the stimulation of the olfactory system can influence stress levels, and a certain smell has been empirically known to have a stress-suppressing effect, indeed. In this review, we first outline what stress is and previous studies on stress-responsive biomarkers (stress markers) in the brain. Subsequently, we confirm the olfactory system and review previous studies on the relationship between smell and stress response by species, such as humans, rats, and mice. Numerous studies demonstrated the stress-suppressing effects of aroma. There are also investigations showing the effects of odor that induce stress in experimental animals. In addition, we introduce recent studies on the effects of aroma of coffee beans and essential oils, such as lavender, cypress, α-pinene, and thyme linalool on the behavior and the expression of stress marker candidates in the brain. The transfer of volatile components into the brain is also discussed while using the results of thyme linalool as an example. These studies may provide a good opportunity to connect chemical research at the molecular level with neuropharmacological approaches in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Masuo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-47-472-5257
| | - Tadaaki Satou
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Ohtawara, Tochigi 324-8501, Japan;
| | - Hiroaki Takemoto
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan; (H.T.); (K.K.)
| | - Kazuo Koike
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan; (H.T.); (K.K.)
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3
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Exploring Liver Mitochondrial Function by 13C-Stable Isotope Breath Tests: Implications in Clinical Biochemistry. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2310:179-199. [PMID: 34096004 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1433-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The liver is at the crossroad of key metabolic processes, which include detoxification, glycolipidic storage and export, and protein synthesis. The gut-liver axis, moreover, provides hepatocytes with a series of bacterial products and metabolites, which contribute to maintain liver function in health and disease. Breath tests (BTs) are developed as diagnostic tools for indirect, rapid, noninvasive assessment of several metabolic processes in the liver. BTs monitor the appearance of CO2 in breath as a marker of a specific substrate metabolized in the liver, typically within microsomes, cytosol, or mitochondria. The noninvasiveness of BTs originates from the use of the, nonradioactive, naturally occurring stable isotope 13C marking a specific substrate which is metabolized in the liver, leading to the appearance of 13CO2 in expired air. Some substrates (ketoisocaproic acid, methionine, and octanoic acid) provide information about dynamic liver mitochondrial function in health and disease. In humans, the application of 13C-breath tests ranges from nonalcoholic and alcoholic liver diseases to liver cirrhosis, hepatocarcinoma, preoperative and postoperative assessment of liver function, and drug-induced liver damage. 13C-BTs are an indirect, cost-effective, and easy method to evaluate dynamic liver function and gastric kinetics in health and disease, with ongoing studies focusing on further applications in clinical medicine.
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Locci E, Bazzano G, Chighine A, Locco F, Ferraro E, Demontis R, d'Aloja E. Forensic NMR metabolomics: one more arrow in the quiver. Metabolomics 2020; 16:118. [PMID: 33159593 PMCID: PMC7648736 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-020-01743-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION NMR metabolomics is increasingly used in forensics, due to the possibility of investigating both endogenous metabolic profiles and exogenous molecules that may help to describe metabolic patterns and their modifications associated to specific conditions of forensic interest. OBJECTIVES The aim of this work was to review the recent literature and depict the information provided by NMR metabolomics. Attention has been devoted to the identification of peculiar metabolic signatures and specific ante-mortem and post-mortem profiles or biomarkers related to different conditions of forensic concern, such as the identification of biological traces, the estimation of the time since death, and the exposure to drugs of abuse. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The results of the described studies highlight how forensics can benefit from NMR metabolomics by gaining additional information that may help to shed light in several forensic issues that still deserve to be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Locci
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Section of Legal Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Legal Medicine Section, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Bazzano
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Section of Legal Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alberto Chighine
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Section of Legal Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesco Locco
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Section of Legal Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ernesto Ferraro
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Section of Legal Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Roberto Demontis
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Section of Legal Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ernesto d'Aloja
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Section of Legal Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Deda O, Virgiliou C, Armitage EG, Orfanidis A, Taitzoglou I, Wilson ID, Loftus N, Gika HG. Metabolic Phenotyping Study of Mouse Brains Following Acute or Chronic Exposures to Ethanol. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:4071-4081. [PMID: 32786683 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The chronic and acute effect of ethanol administration on the metabolic phenotype of mouse brain was studied in a C57BL/6 mouse model of ethanol abuse using both untargeted and targeted ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Two experiments based on either chronic (8 week) exposure to ethanol of both male and female mice or acute exposure of male mice for 11 days, plus 2 oral gavage doses of 25% ethanol, were undertaken. Marked differences were found in amino acids, nucleotides, nucleosides, and related metabolites as well as a number of different lipids. Using untargeted metabolite profiling, acute ethanol exposure found significant decreases in several metabolites including nucleosides, fatty acids, glycerophosphocholine, and a number of phospholipids, while chronic exposure resulted in increases in several amino acids with notable decreases in adenosine, acetylcarnitine, and galactosylceramides. Similarly, targeted metabolite analysis, focusing on the hydrophilic fraction of the brain tissue extract, identified significant decreases in the metabolism of amino acids and derivatives, as well as purine degradation especially after chronic exposure to ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Deda
- Laboratory of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.,Biomic_Auth, Bioanalysis and Omics Lab, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Innovation Area of Thessaloniki, Thermi 57001, Greece
| | - Christina Virgiliou
- Biomic_Auth, Bioanalysis and Omics Lab, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Innovation Area of Thessaloniki, Thermi 57001, Greece.,Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | | | - Amvrosios Orfanidis
- Laboratory of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Ioannis Taitzoglou
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Ian D Wilson
- Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Neil Loftus
- Shimadzu Corporation, Manchester M17 1GP, U.K
| | - Helen G Gika
- Laboratory of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.,Biomic_Auth, Bioanalysis and Omics Lab, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Innovation Area of Thessaloniki, Thermi 57001, Greece
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Sharma J, Krupenko SA. Folate pathways mediating the effects of ethanol in tumorigenesis. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 324:109091. [PMID: 32283069 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Folate and alcohol are dietary factors affecting the risk of cancer development in humans. The interaction between folate status and alcohol consumption in carcinogenesis involves multiple mechanisms. Alcoholism is typically associated with folate deficiency due to reduced dietary folate intake. Heavy alcohol consumption also decreases folate absorption, enhances urinary folate excretion and inhibits enzymes pivotal for one-carbon metabolism. While folate metabolism is involved in several key biochemical pathways, aberrant DNA methylation, due to the deficiency of methyl donors, is considered as a common downstream target of the folate-mediated effects of ethanol. The negative effects of low intakes of nutrients that provide dietary methyl groups, with high intakes of alcohol are additive in general. For example, low methionine, low-folate diets coupled with alcohol consumption could increase the risk for colorectal cancer in men. To counteract the negative effects of alcohol consumption, increased intake of nutrients, such as folate, providing dietary methyl groups is generally recommended. Here mechanisms involving dietary folate and folate metabolism in cancer disease, as well as links between these mechanisms and alcohol effects, are discussed. These mechanisms include direct effects on folate pathways and indirect mediation by oxidative stress, hypoxia, and microRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Sharma
- Nutrition Research Institute and Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Sergey A Krupenko
- Nutrition Research Institute and Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA; Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA.
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Qiu S, Zhang AH, Guan Y, Sun H, Zhang TL, Han Y, Yan GL, Wang XJ. Functional metabolomics using UPLC-Q/TOF-MS combined with ingenuity pathway analysis as a promising strategy for evaluating the efficacy and discovering amino acid metabolism as a potential therapeutic mechanism-related target for geniposide against alcoholic liver disease. RSC Adv 2020; 10:2677-2690. [PMID: 35496090 PMCID: PMC9048633 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09305b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics has been used as a strategy to evaluate the efficacy of and potential targets for natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Qiu
- National Chinmedomics Research Center
- Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry
- Metabolomics Laboratory
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
| | - Ai-hua Zhang
- National Chinmedomics Research Center
- Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry
- Metabolomics Laboratory
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
| | - Yu Guan
- National Chinmedomics Research Center
- Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry
- Metabolomics Laboratory
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
| | - Hui Sun
- National Chinmedomics Research Center
- Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry
- Metabolomics Laboratory
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
| | - Tian-lei Zhang
- National Chinmedomics Research Center
- Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry
- Metabolomics Laboratory
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
| | - Ying Han
- National Chinmedomics Research Center
- Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry
- Metabolomics Laboratory
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
| | - Guang-li Yan
- National Chinmedomics Research Center
- Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry
- Metabolomics Laboratory
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
| | - Xi-jun Wang
- National Chinmedomics Research Center
- Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry
- Metabolomics Laboratory
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
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Irwin C, van Reenen M, Mason S, Mienie LJ, Wevers RA, Westerhuis JA, Reinecke CJ. The 1H-NMR-based metabolite profile of acute alcohol consumption: A metabolomics intervention study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196850. [PMID: 29746531 PMCID: PMC5944960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics studies of disease conditions related to chronic alcohol consumption provide compelling evidence of several perturbed metabolic pathways underlying the pathophysiology of alcoholism. The objective of the present study was to utilize proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy metabolomics to study the holistic metabolic consequences of acute alcohol consumption in humans. The experimental design was a cross-over intervention study which included a number of substances to be consumed-alcohol, a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) supplement, and a benzoic acid-containing flavoured water vehicle. The experimental subjects-24 healthy, moderate-drinking young men-each provided six hourly-collected urine samples for analysis. Complete data sets were obtained from 20 of the subjects and used for data generation, analysis and interpretation. The results from the NMR approach produced complex spectral data, which could be resolved sufficiently through the application of a combination of univariate and multivariate methods of statistical analysis. The metabolite profiles resulting from acute alcohol consumption indicated that alcohol-induced NAD+ depletion, and the production of an excessive amount of reducing equivalents, greatly perturbed the hepatocyte redox homeostasis, resulting in essentially three major metabolic disturbances-up-regulated lactic acid metabolism, down-regulated purine catabolism and osmoregulation. Of these, the urinary excretion of the osmolyte sorbitol proved to be novel, and suggests hepatocyte swelling due to ethanol influx following acute alcohol consumption. Time-dependent metabolomics investigations, using designed interventions, provide a way of interpreting the variation induced by the different factors of a designed experiment, thereby also giving methodological significance to this study. The outcomes of this approach have the potential to significantly advance our understanding of the serious impact of the pathophysiological perturbations which arise from the consumption of a single, large dose of alcohol-a simulation of a widespread, and mostly naive, social practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Irwin
- Centre for Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Agriculture, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Mari van Reenen
- Centre for Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Agriculture, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Agriculture, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Shayne Mason
- Centre for Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Agriculture, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Lodewyk J. Mienie
- Centre for Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Agriculture, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Ron A. Wevers
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan A. Westerhuis
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Agriculture, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa
- Biosystems Data Analysis, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carolus J. Reinecke
- Centre for Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Agriculture, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa
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9
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Ren JL, Zhang AH, Kong L, Wang XJ. Advances in mass spectrometry-based metabolomics for investigation of metabolites. RSC Adv 2018; 8:22335-22350. [PMID: 35539746 PMCID: PMC9081429 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra01574k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics is the systematic study of all the metabolites present within a biological system, which consists of a mass of molecules, having a variety of physical and chemical properties and existing over an extensive dynamic range in biological samples. Diverse analytical techniques are needed to achieve higher coverage of metabolites. The application of mass spectrometry (MS) in metabolomics has increased exponentially since the discovery and development of electrospray ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization techniques. Significant advances have also occurred in separation-based MS techniques (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry, and ion mobility-mass spectrometry), as well as separation-free MS techniques (direct infusion-mass spectrometry, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry, mass spectrometry imaging, and direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry) in the past decades. This review presents a brief overview of the recent advanced MS techniques and their latest applications in metabolomics. The software/websites for MS result analyses are also reviewed. Metabolomics is the systematic study of all the metabolites present within a biological system, supply functional information and has received extensive attention in the field of life sciences.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ling Ren
- Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry
- Chinmedomics Research Center of State Administration of TCM
- Laboratory of Metabolomics
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
| | - Ai-Hua Zhang
- Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry
- Chinmedomics Research Center of State Administration of TCM
- Laboratory of Metabolomics
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
| | - Ling Kong
- Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry
- Chinmedomics Research Center of State Administration of TCM
- Laboratory of Metabolomics
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
| | - Xi-Jun Wang
- Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry
- Chinmedomics Research Center of State Administration of TCM
- Laboratory of Metabolomics
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
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Beale DJ, Jones OAH, Karpe AV, Dayalan S, Oh DY, Kouremenos KA, Ahmed W, Palombo EA. A Review of Analytical Techniques and Their Application in Disease Diagnosis in Breathomics and Salivaomics Research. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 18:E24. [PMID: 28025547 PMCID: PMC5297659 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of metabolomics to biological samples has been a key focus in systems biology research, which is aimed at the development of rapid diagnostic methods and the creation of personalized medicine. More recently, there has been a strong focus towards this approach applied to non-invasively acquired samples, such as saliva and exhaled breath. The analysis of these biological samples, in conjunction with other sample types and traditional diagnostic tests, has resulted in faster and more reliable characterization of a range of health disorders and diseases. As the sampling process involved in collecting exhaled breath and saliva is non-intrusive as well as comparatively low-cost and uses a series of widely accepted methods, it provides researchers with easy access to the metabolites secreted by the human body. Owing to its accuracy and rapid nature, metabolomic analysis of saliva and breath (known as salivaomics and breathomics, respectively) is a rapidly growing field and has shown potential to be effective in detecting and diagnosing the early stages of numerous diseases and infections in preclinical studies. This review discusses the various collection and analyses methods currently applied in two of the least used non-invasive sample types in metabolomics, specifically their application in salivaomics and breathomics research. Some of the salient research completed in this field to date is also assessed and discussed in order to provide a basis to advocate their use and possible future scientific directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Beale
- Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Land & Water, P.O. Box 2583, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
| | - Oliver A H Jones
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Science, RMIT University, P.O. Box 2547, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia.
| | - Avinash V Karpe
- Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Land & Water, P.O. Box 2583, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, P.O. Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia.
| | - Saravanan Dayalan
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Ding Yuan Oh
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza (VIDRL), Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
- School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, VIC 3350, Australia.
| | - Konstantinos A Kouremenos
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Warish Ahmed
- Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Land & Water, P.O. Box 2583, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
| | - Enzo A Palombo
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, P.O. Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia.
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Nakajima T, Vares G, Wang B, Nenoi M. Chronic Intake of Japanese Sake Mediates Radiation-Induced Metabolic Alterations in Mouse Liver. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146730. [PMID: 26752639 PMCID: PMC4713437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sake is a traditional Japanese alcoholic beverage that is gaining popularity worldwide. Although sake is reported to have beneficial health effects, it is not known whether chronic sake consumption modulates health risks due to radiation exposure or other factors. Here, the effects of chronic administration of sake on radiation-induced metabolic alterations in the livers of mice were evaluated. Sake (junmai-shu) was administered daily to female mice (C3H/He) for one month, and the mice were exposed to fractionated doses of X-rays (0.75 Gy/day) for the last four days of the sake administration period. For comparative analysis, a group of mice were administered 15% (v/v) ethanol in water instead of sake. Metabolites in the liver were analyzed by capillary electrophoresis-time-of-flight mass spectrometry one day following the last exposure to radiation. The metabolite profiles of mice chronically administered sake in combination with radiation showed marked changes in purine, pyrimidine, and glutathione (GSH) metabolism, which were only partially altered by radiation or sake administration alone. Notably, the changes in GSH metabolism were not observed in mice treated with radiation following chronic administration of 15% ethanol in water. Changes in several metabolites, including methionine and valine, were induced by radiation alone, but were not detected in the livers of mice who received chronic administration of sake. In addition, the chronic administration of sake increased the level of serum triglycerides, although radiation exposure suppressed this increase. Taken together, the present findings suggest that chronic sake consumption promotes GSH metabolism and anti-oxidative activities in the liver, and thereby may contribute to minimizing the adverse effects associated with radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Nakajima
- Research Center for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Guillaume Vares
- Research Center for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Bing Wang
- Research Center for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Nenoi
- Research Center for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
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12
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Matiasek K, Pumarola I Batlle M, Rosati M, Fernández-Flores F, Fischer A, Wagner E, Berendt M, Bhatti SFM, De Risio L, Farquhar RG, Long S, Muñana K, Patterson EE, Pakozdy A, Penderis J, Platt S, Podell M, Potschka H, Rusbridge C, Stein VM, Tipold A, Volk HA. International veterinary epilepsy task force recommendations for systematic sampling and processing of brains from epileptic dogs and cats. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:216. [PMID: 26324339 PMCID: PMC4595046 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0467-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, histological investigations of the epileptic brain are required to identify epileptogenic brain lesions, to evaluate the impact of seizure activity, to search for mechanisms of drug-resistance and to look for comorbidities. For many instances, however, neuropathological studies fail to add substantial data on patients with complete clinical work-up. This may be due to sparse training in epilepsy pathology and or due to lack of neuropathological guidelines for companion animals.The protocols introduced herein shall facilitate systematic sampling and processing of epileptic brains and therefore increase the efficacy, reliability and reproducibility of morphological studies in animals suffering from seizures.Brain dissection protocols of two neuropathological centres with research focus in epilepsy have been optimised with regards to their diagnostic yield and accuracy, their practicability and their feasibility concerning clinical research requirements.The recommended guidelines allow for easy, standardised and ubiquitous collection of brain regions, relevant for seizure generation. Tissues harvested the prescribed way will increase the diagnostic efficacy and provide reliable material for scientific investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaspar Matiasek
- Section of Clinical and Comparative Neuropathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - Martí Pumarola I Batlle
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marco Rosati
- Section of Clinical and Comparative Neuropathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - Francisco Fernández-Flores
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Andrea Fischer
- Department of Animal and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Eva Wagner
- Section of Clinical and Comparative Neuropathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - Mette Berendt
- Department of Animal and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Sofie F M Bhatti
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium.
| | - Luisa De Risio
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, CB8 7UU, Suffolk, UK.
| | - Robyn G Farquhar
- Fernside Veterinary Centre, 205 Shenley Road, Borehamwood, SG9 0TH, Hertfordshire, UK.
| | - Sam Long
- University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Weibee, 3015, VIC, Australia.
| | - Karen Muñana
- North Carolina State University, 1052 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.
| | - Edward E Patterson
- University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, D426 Veterinary Medical Center, 1352 Boyd Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
| | - Akos Pakozdy
- Clinical Unit of Internal Medicine Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Jacques Penderis
- Vet Extra Neurology, Broadleys Veterinary Hospital, Craig Leith Road, Stirling, FK7 7LE, Stirlingshire, UK.
| | - Simon Platt
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Michael Podell
- Chicago Veterinary Neurology and Neurosurgery, 3123 N. Clybourn Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60618, USA.
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximillians-University, Königinstr. 16, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - Clare Rusbridge
- Fitzpatrick Referrals, Halfway Lane, Eashing, Godalming, GU7 2QQ, Surrey, UK. .,School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7TE, Surrey, UK.
| | - Veronika M Stein
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Andrea Tipold
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Holger A Volk
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, Hertfordshire, UK.
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Exploring liver mitochondrial function by ¹³C-stable isotope breath tests: implications in clinical biochemistry. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1241:137-52. [PMID: 25308494 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1875-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The liver plays a pivotal role in a myriad of metabolic processes, including detoxification, glycolipidic storage and export, and protein synthesis. Breath tests employing (13)C as stable isotope have been introduced to explore such energy-dependent pathways involving mitochondrial function in the liver. Specific substrates are ketoisocaproic acid, methionine, and octanoic acid. In humans, the application of (13)C-breath tests ranges from nonalcoholic and alcoholic liver diseases to liver cirrhosis, hepatocarcinoma, preoperative and postoperative assessment of liver function, and drug-induced liver damage. Studying liver mitochondrial function by (13)C-breath tests represents a complementary tool to monitor complex metabolic processes in health and disease.
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The neurometabolic fingerprint of excessive alcohol drinking. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:1259-68. [PMID: 25418809 PMCID: PMC4367471 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
'Omics' techniques are widely used to identify novel mechanisms underlying brain function and pathology. Here we applied a novel metabolomics approach to further ascertain the role of frontostriatal brain regions for the expression of addiction-like behaviors in rat models of alcoholism. Rats were made alcohol dependent via chronic intermittent alcohol vapor exposure. Following a 3-week abstinence period, rats had continuous access to alcohol in a two-bottle, free-choice paradigm for 7 weeks. Nontargeted flow injection time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used to assess global metabolic profiles of two cortical (prelimbic and infralimbic) and two striatal (accumbens core and shell) brain regions. Alcohol consumption produces pronounced global effects on neurometabolomic profiles leading to a clear separation of metabolic phenotypes between treatment groups, particularly. Further comparisons of regional tissue levels of various metabolites, most notably dopamine and Met-enkephalin, allow the extrapolation of alcohol consumption history. Finally, a high-drinking metabolic fingerprint was identified indicating a distinct alteration of central energy metabolism in the accumbens shell of excessively drinking rats that could indicate a so far unrecognized pathophysiological mechanism in alcohol addiction. In conclusion, global metabolic profiling from distinct brain regions by mass spectrometry identifies profiles reflective of an animal's drinking history and provides a versatile tool to further investigate pathophysiological mechanisms in alcohol dependence.
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15
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Global metabolic profiling for the study of alcohol-related disorders. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:59-77. [PMID: 24341495 DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol-related disorders are multifaceted since ethanol can induce profound metabolic perturbations when taken in excess. Global metabolic profiling strategies may aid the understanding of ethanol-related effects by shedding light on these metabolic changes and potentially revealing unknown mechanisms of ethanol toxicity. Here an overview of studies designed to explore the effects of alcohol (ethanol) consumption using holistic metabolite profiling approaches (metabonomics/metabolomics) is presented, demonstrating the potential of this methodology. The analytical technologies used (NMR, GC-MS and LC-MS), have been applied to the profiling of serum, plasma, urine and tissues, obtained from animal models or humans, after exposure to alcohol. From the metabolic profiling data of a range of biological samples, a number of endogenous metabolites have been proposed as potential ethanol consumption-related biomarkers. The biomarkers suggested by these studies, and the biochemical insights that they provide for understanding the effects of ethanol mechanisms of toxicity, are discussed.
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16
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Osada J. The use of transcriptomics to unveil the role of nutrients in Mammalian liver. ISRN NUTRITION 2013; 2013:403792. [PMID: 24967258 PMCID: PMC4045299 DOI: 10.5402/2013/403792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Liver is the organ primarily responding to diet, and it is crucial in determining plasma carbohydrate, protein, and lipid levels. In addition, it is mainly responsible for transformation of xenobiotics. For these reasons, it has been a target of transcriptomic analyses. In this review, we have covered the works dealing with the response of mammalian liver to different nutritional stimuli such as fasting/feeding, caloric restriction, dietary carbohydrate, cholesterol, fat, protein, bile acid, salt, vitamin, and oligoelement contents. Quality of fats or proteins has been equally addressed, and has the influence of minor dietary components. Other compounds, not purely nutritional as those represented by alcohol and food additives, have been included due to their relevance in processed food. The influence has been studied not only on mRNA but also on miRNA. The wide scope of the technology clearly reflects that any simple intervention has profound changes in many metabolic parameters and that there is a synergy in response when more compounds are included in the intervention. Standardized arrays to systematically test the same genes in all studies and analyzing data to establish patterns of response are required, particularly for RNA sequencing. Moreover, RNA is a valuable, easy-screening ally but always requires further confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Osada
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain ; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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17
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Metabolomics in plants and humans: applications in the prevention and diagnosis of diseases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:792527. [PMID: 23986911 PMCID: PMC3748395 DOI: 10.1155/2013/792527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the recent years, there has been an increase in the number of metabolomic approaches used, in parallel with proteomic and functional genomic studies. The wide variety of chemical types of metabolites available has also accelerated the use of different techniques in the investigation of the metabolome. At present, metabolomics is applied to investigate several human diseases, to improve their diagnosis and prevention, and to design better therapeutic strategies. In addition, metabolomic studies are also being carried out in areas such as toxicology and pharmacology, crop breeding, and plant biotechnology. In this review, we emphasize the use and application of metabolomics in human diseases and plant research to improve human health.
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18
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Craft GE, Chen A, Nairn AC. Recent advances in quantitative neuroproteomics. Methods 2013; 61:186-218. [PMID: 23623823 PMCID: PMC3891841 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of proteomics is undergoing rapid development in a number of different areas including improvements in mass spectrometric platforms, peptide identification algorithms and bioinformatics. In particular, new and/or improved approaches have established robust methods that not only allow for in-depth and accurate peptide and protein identification and modification, but also allow for sensitive measurement of relative or absolute quantitation. These methods are beginning to be applied to the area of neuroproteomics, but the central nervous system poses many specific challenges in terms of quantitative proteomics, given the large number of different neuronal cell types that are intermixed and that exhibit distinct patterns of gene and protein expression. This review highlights the recent advances that have been made in quantitative neuroproteomics, with a focus on work published over the last five years that applies emerging methods to normal brain function as well as to various neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia and drug addiction as well as of neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. While older methods such as two-dimensional polyacrylamide electrophoresis continued to be used, a variety of more in-depth MS-based approaches including both label (ICAT, iTRAQ, TMT, SILAC, SILAM), label-free (label-free, MRM, SWATH) and absolute quantification methods, are rapidly being applied to neurobiological investigations of normal and diseased brain tissue as well as of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). While the biological implications of many of these studies remain to be clearly established, that there is a clear need for standardization of experimental design and data analysis, and that the analysis of protein changes in specific neuronal cell types in the central nervous system remains a serious challenge, it appears that the quality and depth of the more recent quantitative proteomics studies is beginning to shed light on a number of aspects of neuroscience that relates to normal brain function as well as of the changes in protein expression and regulation that occurs in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E Craft
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06508
| | - Anshu Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06508
| | - Angus C Nairn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06508
- Yale/NIDA Neuroproteomics Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06508
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19
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Grattagliano I, de Bari O, Bernardo TC, Oliveira PJ, Wang DQH, Portincasa P. Role of mitochondria in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease--from origin to propagation. Clin Biochem 2012; 45:610-8. [PMID: 22484459 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mitochondria play a major role in cell energy-generating processes and integrate several signalling pathways to control cellular life and death. DESIGN AND METHODS Several liver diseases are characterized by mitochondrial alterations which are directly or indirectly dependent on the activation of intracellular stress cascades or receptor-mediated pathways. This article examines the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in critical initiating or propagating events in fatty liver infiltration and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Genetic variants and the role of drug-induced toxicity have been considered. RESULTS Key alterations of mitochondrial physiology associated with hepatocyte fatty changes are described. The value of novel non-invasive diagnostic methods to detect mitochondrial metabolic alterations is also discussed. CONCLUSIONS Mitochondrial metabolic remodeling is a predominant factor in the appearance and perpetuation of hepatocyte fat accumulation. Non-invasive techniques to identify mitochondrial dysfunction and proper mitochondria protection are two necessary clinical steps for an efficient management of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignazio Grattagliano
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Clinica Medica A. Murri, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy.
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20
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Ma Y, Zhang P, Yang Y, Wang F, Qin H. Metabolomics in the fields of oncology: a review of recent research. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:7505-11. [PMID: 22350159 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1584-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The study of all endogenously produced metabolites, known as metabolomics, is the youngest of the "omics" sciences. It is becoming increasingly clear that, of all of the "omics" techniques, metabolomic approaches will become increasingly useful in disease diagnosis and have potential power to improve our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of cancer. The primary aim of the review is to discuss the relationship between metabolomics and tumors are elucidated in detail. Then the review is also to introduce the technologies of metabolomics, especially emphasizing the application of metabolomics in the fields of oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlei Ma
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, PR China.
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Shi X, Yao D, Chen C. Identification of N-acetyltaurine as a novel metabolite of ethanol through metabolomics-guided biochemical analysis. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:6336-49. [PMID: 22228769 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.312199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of ethanol on the small molecule metabolome and the role of CYP2E1 in ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity were investigated using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based metabolomics platform and Cyp2e1-null mouse model. Histological and biochemical examinations of ethanol-exposed mice indicated that the Cyp2e1-null mice were more resistant to ethanol-induced hepatic steatosis and transaminase leakage than the wild-type mice, suggesting CYP2E1 contributes to ethanol-induced toxicity. Metabolomic analysis of urinary metabolites revealed time- and dose-dependent changes in the chemical composition of urine. Along with ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate, N-acetyltaurine (NAT) was identified as a urinary metabolite that is highly responsive to ethanol exposure and is correlated with the presence of CYP2E1. Subsequent stable isotope labeling analysis using deuterated ethanol determined that NAT is a novel metabolite of ethanol. Among three possible substrates of NAT biosynthesis (taurine, acetyl-CoA, and acetate), the level of taurine was significantly reduced, whereas the levels of acetyl-CoA and acetate were dramatically increased after ethanol exposure. In vitro incubation assays suggested that acetate is the main precursor of NAT, which was further confirmed by the stable isotope labeling analysis using deuterated acetate. The incubations of tissues and cellular fractions with taurine and acetate indicated that the kidney has the highest NAT synthase activity among the tested organs, whereas the cytosol is the main site of NAT biosynthesis inside the cell. Overall, the combination of biochemical and metabolomic analysis revealed NAT is a novel metabolite of ethanol and a potential biomarker of hyperacetatemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Shi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
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Ethanol-induced changes in the expression of proteins related to neurotransmission and metabolism in different regions of the rat brain. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 99:428-36. [PMID: 21397625 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite extensive description of the damaging effects of chronic alcohol exposure on brain structure, mechanistic explanations for the observed changes are just emerging. To investigate regional brain changes in protein expression levels following chronic ethanol treatment, one rat per sibling pair of male Wistar rats was exposed to intermittent (14 h/day) vaporized ethanol, the other to air for 26 weeks. At the end of 24 weeks of vapor exposure, the ethanol group had blood ethanol levels averaging 450 mg%, had not experienced a protracted (> 16 h) withdrawal from ethanol, and revealed only mild evidence of hepatic steatosis. Extracted brains were micro-dissected to isolate the prefrontal cortex (PFC), dorsal striatum (STR), corpus callosum genu (CCg), CC body (CCb), anterior vermis (AV), and anterior dorsal lateral cerebellum (ADLC) for protein analysis with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Expression levels for 54 protein spots were significantly different between the ethanol- and air-treated groups. Of these 54 proteins, tandem mass spectroscopy successfully identified 39 unique proteins, the levels of which were modified by ethanol treatment: 13 in the PFC, 7 in the STR, 2 in the CCg, 7 in the CCb, 7 in the AV, and 5 in the ADLC. The functions of the proteins altered by chronic ethanol exposure were predominantly associated with neurotransmitter systems in the PFC and cell metabolism in the STR. Stress response proteins were elevated only in the PFC, AV, and ADLC perhaps supporting a role for frontocerebellar circuitry disruption in alcoholism. Of the remaining proteins, some had functions associated with cytoskeletal physiology (e.g., in the CCb) and others with transcription/translation (e.g., in the ADLC). Considered collectively, all but 4 of the 39 proteins identified in the present study have been previously identified in ethanol gene- and/or protein-expression studies lending support for their role in ethanol-related brain alterations.
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Masuo Y, Ishido M. Neurotoxicity of endocrine disruptors: possible involvement in brain development and neurodegeneration. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2011; 14:346-369. [PMID: 21790316 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2011.578557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Environmental chemicals that act as endocrine disruptors do not appear to pose a risk to human reproduction; however, their effects on the central nervous systems are less well understood. Animal studies suggested that maternal exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC) produced changes in rearing behavior, locomotion, anxiety, and learning/memory in offspring, as well as neuronal abnormalities. Some investigations suggested that EDC exert effects on central monoaminergic neurons, especially dopaminergic neurons. Our data demonstrated that EDC attenuate the development of dopaminergic neurons, which might be involved in developmental disorders. Perinatal exposure to EDC might affect neuronal plasticity in the hippocampus, thereby potentially modulating neuronal development, leading to impaired cognitive and memory functions. Endocrine disruptors also attenuate gender differences in brain development. For example, the locus ceruleus is larger in female rats than in males, but treatments with bisphenol-A (BPA) enlarge this region in males. Some reports indicated that EDC induce hypothyroidism, which might be evidenced as abnormal brain development. Endocrine disruptors might also affect mature neurons, resulting in neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease. The current review focused on alterations in the brain induced by EDC, specifically on the possible involvement of EDC in brain development and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Masuo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Chiba, Japan.
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Grattagliano I, Lauterburg BH, Palasciano G, Portincasa P. 13C-breath tests for clinical investigation of liver mitochondrial function. Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 40:843-50. [PMID: 20597965 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2010.02331.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondria play a major role in cell energetic metabolism; therefore, mitochondrial dysfunction inevitably participates in or even determines the onset and progression of chronic liver diseases. The assessment of mitochondrial function in vivo, by providing more insight into the pathogenesis of liver diseases, would be a helpful tool to study specific hepatic functions and to develop rational diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic strategies. DESIGN This review focuses on the utility of breath tests to assess mitochondrial function in humans and experimental animals. RESULTS The introduction in the clinical setting of specific breath tests may allow elegantly and noninvasively overcoming the difficulties caused by previous complex techniques and might provide clinically relevant information, i.e the effects of drugs on mitochondria. Substrates meeting this requirement are alpha-keto-isocaproic acid and methionine that are both decarboxylated by mitochondria. Long-and medium-chain fatty acids that are metabolized through the Krebs cycle, and benzoic acid which undergoes glycine conjugation, may also reflect the function of mitochondria. CONCLUSIONS Breath tests to assess in vivo mitochondrial function in humans represent a potentially useful diagnostic and prognostic tool in clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignazio Grattagliano
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Internal Medicine, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
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