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Linehan K, Patangia DV, Ross RP, Stanton C. Production, Composition and Nutritional Properties of Organic Milk: A Critical Review. Foods 2024; 13:550. [PMID: 38397527 PMCID: PMC10887702 DOI: 10.3390/foods13040550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Milk is one of the most valuable products in the food industry with most milk production throughout the world being carried out using conventional management, which includes intensive and traditional systems. The intensive use of fertilizers, antibiotics, pesticides and concerns regarding animal health and the environment have given increasing importance to organic dairy and dairy products in the last two decades. This review aims to compare the production, nutritional, and compositional properties of milk produced by conventional and organic dairy management systems. We also shed light on the health benefits of milk and the worldwide scenario of the organic dairy production system. Most reports suggest milk has beneficial health effects with very few, if any, adverse effects reported. Organic milk is reported to confer additional benefits due to its lower omega-6-omega-3 ratio, which is due to the difference in feeding practices, with organic cows predominantly pasture fed. Despite the testified animal, host, and environmental benefits, organic milk production is difficult in several regions due to the cost-intensive process and geographical conditions. Finally, we offer perspectives for a better future and highlight knowledge gaps in the organic dairy management system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Linehan
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland; (K.L.); (D.V.P.)
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 Y120 Cork, Ireland;
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 XF62 Cork, Ireland
| | - Dhrati V. Patangia
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland; (K.L.); (D.V.P.)
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 Y120 Cork, Ireland;
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 XF62 Cork, Ireland
| | - Reynolds Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 Y120 Cork, Ireland;
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 XF62 Cork, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland; (K.L.); (D.V.P.)
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 Y120 Cork, Ireland;
- VistaMilk Research Centre, Teagasc Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland
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Martini M, Altomonte I, Sodi I, Vasylieva Y, Salari F. Sterol, tocopherol, and bioactive fatty acid differences between conventional, high-quality, and organic cow milk. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:8239-8248. [PMID: 37641300 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Milk contains several components that are important for human nutrition and health. To date, studies on organic and conventional milk have focused on their gross composition and fatty acid content, but little attention has been paid to the differences between other minor components, such as sterols and vitamins that may have functional actions. The aim of this study was to investigate the nutritional differences among 3 types of milk from a dairy plant: conventional, high-quality, and organic (in compliance with European regulations) milk, focusing on minor components such as sterols of animal and plant origin (phytosterols), tocopherols, and bioactive fatty acids. Cholesterol ranged from 271.37 mg/100 g of fat in conventional milk to 278.76 mg/100 g of fat in organic milk. Lanosterol was the main minor animal sterol in cow milk (ranging from 3.41 to 4.37 mg/100 g of fat), followed by desmosterol. The amount of total plant sterols in the analyzed milk ranged from 4.43 mg/100 g of fat in organic to 4.71 mg/100 g of fat in high-quality milk. Brassicasterol was the main sterol of plant origin which varied from 2.6 mg/100 g of fat in conventional and organic milk, to 2.93 mg/100 g of fat in high-quality milk. The second most present phytosterol was β-sitosterol, which ranged from 0.86 mg/100 g of fat in conventional to 0.97 mg/100 g of fat in high-quality, and organic milk. The results of the study showed no significant differences in gross and sterol composition between the 3 types of milk. However, the only significant difference found was in the fatty acid profile, with a higher n-3 content found in high-quality milk than in conventional and organic milk. These findings suggest that the investigated product categories and labels have minimal effect on the sterol and fatty acid profile of commercial cow milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Martini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, 56121 Pisa, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center, Nutrafood, Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, 56121 Pisa, Italy
| | - I Altomonte
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, 56121 Pisa, Italy.
| | - I Sodi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, 56121 Pisa, Italy
| | - Y Vasylieva
- State Biotechnological University (SBTU), 62483 Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - F Salari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, 56121 Pisa, Italy
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Chen S, Dima C, Kharazmi MS, Yin L, Liu B, Jafari SM, Li Y. The colloid and interface strategies to inhibit lipid digestion for designing low-calorie food. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 321:103011. [PMID: 37826977 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.103011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Although fat is one of the indispensable components of food flavor, excessive fat consumption could cause obesity, metabolism syndromes and an imbalance in the intestinal flora. In the pursuit of a healthy diet, designing fat reducing foods by inhibiting lipid digestion and calorie intake is a promising strategy. Altering the gastric emptying rates of lipids as well as acting on the lipase by suppressing the enzymatic activity or limiting lipase diffusion via interfacial modulation can effectively decrease lipolysis rates. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of colloid-based strategies that can be employed to retard lipid hydrolysis, including pancreatic lipase inhibitors, emulsion-based interfacial modulation and fat substitutes. Plants-/microorganisms-derived lipase inhibitors bind to catalytic active sites and change the enzymatic conformation to inhibit lipase activity. Introducing oil-in-water Pickering emulsions into the food can effectively delay lipolysis via steric hindrance of interfacial particulates. Regulating stability and physical states of emulsions can also affect the rate of hydrolysis by altering the active hydrolysis surface. 3D network structure assembled by fat substitutes with high viscosity can not only slow down the peristole and obstruct the diffusion of lipase to the oil droplets but also impede the transportation of lipolysis products to epithelial cells for adsorption. Their applications in low-calorie bakery, dairy and meat products were also discussed, emphasizing fat intake reduction, structure and flavor retention and potential health benefits. However, further application of these strategies in large-scale food production still requires more optimization on cost and lipid reducing effects. This review provides a comprehensive review on colloidal approaches, design, principles and applications of fat reducing strategies to meet the growing demand for healthier diet and offer practical insights for the low-calorie food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanan Chen
- Research Center of Food Colloids and Delivery of Functionality, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Cristian Dima
- Dunarea de Jos' University of Galati, Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, "Domnească" Str. 111, Building F, Room 107, 800201, Galati, Romania
| | | | - Lijun Yin
- Research Center of Food Colloids and Delivery of Functionality, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Seid Mahdi Jafari
- Department of Food Materials and Process Design Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
| | - Yuan Li
- Research Center of Food Colloids and Delivery of Functionality, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China.
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Di Meo MC, Giacco A, Zarrelli A, Mandrone VM, D’Angelo L, Silvestri E, De Girolamo P, Varricchio E. Effects of Olea europaea L. Polyphenols on the Animal Welfare and Milk Quality in Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3225. [PMID: 37893948 PMCID: PMC10603655 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we evaluated the effect of dietary supplementation with an Olea europaea L. extract on the animal welfare and milk quality of dairy cows. Thirty Italian Holstein-Friesian dairy cows in the mid-lactation phase (90 to 210 days) were blocked into experimental groups based on parity class (namely, primiparous (P) (n = 10), secondiparous (S) (n = 10) and pluriparous (PL) (n = 10)) and received, for 60 days, Phenofeed Dry® at 500 mg/cow/day. Milk and blood samples were collected before the start of the treatment (T0), subsequently every 15 days (T1-T4) and at 45 days after the end of treatment (T5). In the serum, glucose and triglycerides, stress, the thyroid, lactation and sex hormones were measured; in the milk, lysozyme content as well as the fatty acid profile were assessed. In the whole animal, the enriched feed helped to maintain hormonal parameters in the physiological range while producing hypoglycemic (T4 vs. T0, for P and PL p < 0.001) and hypolipidemic effects (T4 vs. T0, for P p < 0.001 and for PL p < 0.01). At the milk level, it resulted in a reduction in total fat (T5 vs. T0, for P, S and PL p < 0.001) and in the saturated fatty acids (SFAs)/monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) ratio paralleled by an increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (T5 vs. T0, for P, S and PL p < 0.001), protein content (lysozyme (T4 vs. T0, for P and PL p < 0.001)) and lactose (T5 vs. T0, for P, S and PL p < 0.001). Thus, the inclusion of natural bioactive molecules such as O. europaea L. polyphenols in the dairy cow diet may help to improve animal welfare and milk quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Di Meo
- Department of Sciences and Technologies (DST), University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, BN, Italy; (M.C.D.M.); (A.G.); (V.M.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Antonia Giacco
- Department of Sciences and Technologies (DST), University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, BN, Italy; (M.C.D.M.); (A.G.); (V.M.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Armando Zarrelli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, NA, Italy;
| | - Vittorio Maria Mandrone
- Department of Sciences and Technologies (DST), University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, BN, Italy; (M.C.D.M.); (A.G.); (V.M.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Livia D’Angelo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, NA, Italy; (L.D.); (P.D.G.)
| | - Elena Silvestri
- Department of Sciences and Technologies (DST), University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, BN, Italy; (M.C.D.M.); (A.G.); (V.M.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Paolo De Girolamo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, NA, Italy; (L.D.); (P.D.G.)
| | - Ettore Varricchio
- Department of Sciences and Technologies (DST), University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, BN, Italy; (M.C.D.M.); (A.G.); (V.M.M.); (E.S.)
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Hasanaliyeva G, Sufar EK, Wang J, Rempelos L, Volakakis N, Iversen PO, Leifert C. Effects of Agricultural Intensification on Mediterranean Diets: A Narrative Review. Foods 2023; 12:3779. [PMID: 37893672 PMCID: PMC10606286 DOI: 10.3390/foods12203779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mediterranean diets (MedDiets) are linked to substantial health benefits. However, there is also growing evidence that the intensification of food production over the last 60 years has resulted in nutritionally relevant changes in the composition of foods that may augment the health benefits of MedDiets. OBJECTIVE To synthesize, summarize, and critically evaluate the currently available evidence for changes in food composition resulting from agricultural intensification practices and their potential impact on the health benefits of MedDiets. METHODS We summarized/synthesized information from (i) systematic literature reviews/meta-analyses and more recently published articles on composition differences between conventional and organic foods, (ii) desk studies which compared food composition data from before and after agricultural intensification, (iii) recent retail and farm surveys and/or factorial field experiments that identified specific agronomic practices responsible for nutritionally relevant changes in food composition, and (iv) a recent systematic literature review and a small number of subsequently published observational and dietary intervention studies that investigated the potential health impacts of changes in food composition resulting from agricultural intensification. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION There has been growing evidence that the intensification of food production has resulted in (i) lower concentrations of nutritionally desirable compounds (e.g., phenolics, certain vitamins, mineral micronutrients including Se, Zn, and omega-3 fatty acids, α-tocopherol) and/or (ii) higher concentrations of nutritionally undesirable or toxic compounds (pesticide residues, cadmium, omega-6 fatty acids) in many of the foods (including wholegrain cereals, fruit and vegetables, olive oil, dairy products and meat from small ruminants, and fish) that are thought to contribute to the health benefits associated with MedDiets. The evidence for negative health impacts of consuming foods from intensified conventional production systems has also increased but is still limited and based primarily on evidence from observational studies. Limitations and gaps in the current evidence base are discussed. Conclusions: There is now substantial evidence that the intensification of agricultural food production has resulted in a decline in the nutritional quality of many of the foods that are recognized to contribute to the positive health impacts associated with adhering to traditional MedDiets. Further research is needed to quantify to what extent this decline augments the positive health impacts of adhering to a traditional MedDiet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gultekin Hasanaliyeva
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Brackenhurst Campus, Nottingham Trent University, Nottinghamshire NG25 0QF, UK
- Nafferton Ecological Farming Group, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (E.K.S.)
| | - Enas Khalid Sufar
- Nafferton Ecological Farming Group, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (E.K.S.)
| | - Juan Wang
- Nafferton Ecological Farming Group, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (E.K.S.)
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Leonidas Rempelos
- Nafferton Ecological Farming Group, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (E.K.S.)
- Lincoln Institute for Agri-Food Technology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN2 2LG, UK
| | - Nikolaos Volakakis
- Nafferton Ecological Farming Group, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (E.K.S.)
- Geokomi Plc, P.O. Box 21, GR70200 Sivas Festos, Greece
| | - Per Ole Iversen
- Department of Nutrition, IMB, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Haematology, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Carlo Leifert
- Department of Nutrition, IMB, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
- SCU Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Military Rd., Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
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Haddad L, Louvet I, Rizk T, Akoka S, Remaud GS, Bejjani J. Biomarkers for cheese authentication by detailed and fast gas chromatographic profiling of triacylglycerol fatty acids. Food Chem 2023; 422:136251. [PMID: 37121209 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Unsaturated fatty acid isomers and odd- and branched-chain fatty acids (OBCFAs) in milk triacylglycerols (TAGs) can be quantitated using gas chromatography (GC), providing access to biomarkers of animal species, breeds, diet, geographic origin, and environmental conditions. Such analysis requires expensive cyanopropyl siloxane or ionic liquid columns of at least 50 m in length, which increases the elution time. Aiming to use GC for cheese authentication and characterization while keeping the experiment time short and maintaining a good separation between fatty acid (FA) isomers, we considered using a 30 m polyethylene glycol-2-nitroterephthalate column. The FAs thus quantitated allowed the discovery of specific biomarkers for the origins of cheese varieties highly consumed in several countries. In addition, the simple and multivariate correlations we found between FAs in the cheese TAG matrix were alternative means for characterization and authentication purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenny Haddad
- Laboratory of Metrology and Isotopic Fractionation, Research Unit: Technologies et Valorisation Agroalimentaire, Faculty of Science, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM, UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Isabelle Louvet
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM, UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Toufic Rizk
- Laboratory of Metrology and Isotopic Fractionation, Research Unit: Technologies et Valorisation Agroalimentaire, Faculty of Science, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Serge Akoka
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM, UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Gérald S Remaud
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM, UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Joseph Bejjani
- Laboratory of Metrology and Isotopic Fractionation, Research Unit: Technologies et Valorisation Agroalimentaire, Faculty of Science, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
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Balivo A, Sacchi R, Genovese A. The Noble Method in the dairy sector as a sustainable production system to improve the nutritional composition of dairy products: A review. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Balivo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences University of Naples Federico II 80055 Portici (NA) Italy
| | - Raffaele Sacchi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences University of Naples Federico II 80055 Portici (NA) Italy
| | - Alessandro Genovese
- Department of Agricultural Sciences University of Naples Federico II 80055 Portici (NA) Italy
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Feeding Corn Silage or Grass Hay as Sole Dietary Forage Sources: Overall Mechanism of Forages Regulating Health-Promoting Fatty Acid Status in Milk of Dairy Cows. Foods 2023; 12:foods12020303. [PMID: 36673395 PMCID: PMC9857621 DOI: 10.3390/foods12020303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Different dietary forage sources regulate health-promoting fatty acids (HPFAs), such as conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), in the milk of lactating cows. However, the overall mechanism of forages regulating lipid metabolism from the gastrointestinal tract to the mammary glands (MGs) is not clear. Three isocaloric diets that contained (1) 46% corn silage (CS), (2) a mixture of 23% corn silage and 14% grass hays (MIX), and (3) 28% grass hays (GH) as the forage sources and six cannulated (rumen, proximal duodenum, and terminal ileum) lactating cows were assigned to a double 3 × 3 Latin square design. Our results show that a higher proportion of grass hay in the diets increased the relative contents of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), CLAs, and n-3 PUFAs. The lower relative content of SCFA in the milk of CS was predominantly due to the reduction in acetate production in the rumen and arteriovenous differences in the MG, indicating that the de novo synthesis pathways were inhibited. The elevated relative contents of total CLA and n-3 PUFA in the milk of GH were attributed to the increases in apparent intestinal digestion and arteriovenous differences in total CLA and n-3 PUFA, together with the higher Δ9-desaturase activity in the MG. In conclusion, this study provides an overall mechanism of dietary forages regulating HPFA status in the milk of dairy cows.
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Hansen N, Kristensen T, Johansen M, Wiking L, Poulsen N, Hellwing A, Foldager L, Jensen S, Larsen L, Weisbjerg M. Effects on feed intake, milk production, and methane emission in dairy cows fed silage or fresh grass with concentrate or fresh grass harvested at early or late maturity stage without concentrate. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:8036-8053. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-21885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Tata A, Massaro A, Riuzzi G, Lanza I, Bragolusi M, Negro A, Novelli E, Piro R, Gottardo F, Segato S. Ambient mass spectrometry for rapid authentication of milk from Alpine or lowland forage. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7360. [PMID: 35513691 PMCID: PMC9072378 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11178-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics approaches, such as direct analysis in real time-high resolution mass spectrometry (DART-HRMS), allow characterising many polar and non-polar compounds useful as authentication biomarkers of dairy chains. By using both a partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and a linear discriminant analysis (LDA), this study aimed to assess the capability of DART-HRMS, coupled with a low-level data fusion, discriminate among milk samples from lowland (silages vs. hay) and Alpine (grazing; APS) systems and identify the most informative biomarkers associated with the main dietary forage. As confirmed also by the LDA performed against the test set, DART-HRMS analysis provided an accurate discrimination of Alpine samples; meanwhile, there was a limited capacity to correctly recognise silage- vs. hay-milks. Supervised multivariate statistics followed by metabolomics hierarchical cluster analysis allowed extrapolating the most significant metabolites. Lowland milk was characterised by a pool of energetic compounds, ketoacid derivates, amines and organic acids. Seven informative DART-HRMS molecular features, mainly monoacylglycerols, could strongly explain the metabolomic variation of Alpine grazing milk and contributed to its classification. The misclassification between the two lowland groups confirmed that the intensive dairy systems would be characterised by a small variation in milk composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Tata
- Experimental Chemistry Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Andrea Massaro
- Experimental Chemistry Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Giorgia Riuzzi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Ilaria Lanza
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Marco Bragolusi
- Experimental Chemistry Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Alessandro Negro
- Experimental Chemistry Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Enrico Novelli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Roberto Piro
- Experimental Chemistry Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Flaviana Gottardo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Severino Segato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro (PD), Italy.
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Gulati SK, Thomson P, Ha W, Lee W, Lee J, Choi J, Ko K, Park S, Cox G, Scott TW. Transfer rates of Docosahexaenoic (DHA) and Eicosapentaenoic (EPA) Acids Into Cow's Milk in Pasture Based and Feed‐Lot Management Systems. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.202100106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Kumar Gulati
- School of Veterinary Science Faculty of Science University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- Naturale Ringarooma Tasmania Australia
| | - Peter Thomson
- School of Veterinary Science Institute of Agriculture University of Sydney Camden NSW 2570 Australia
| | | | - Won‐Jae Lee
- Department of Animal Bioscience (Institute of Agriculture and Life Science) Gyeongsang National University Jinju Korea
| | - Ji‐Hong Lee
- Department of Animal Bioscience (Institute of Agriculture and Life Science) Gyeongsang National University Jinju Korea
| | - Jae‐Heung Choi
- Busan Gyungnam Dairy Cooperative 362 Beon‐gil, 24, Uam‐ro Nam‐gu Busan Korea
| | - Ki‐Han Ko
- Busan Gyungnam Dairy Cooperative 362 Beon‐gil, 24, Uam‐ro Nam‐gu Busan Korea
| | - Sang‐Ik Park
- Busan Gyungnam Dairy Cooperative 362 Beon‐gil, 24, Uam‐ro Nam‐gu Busan Korea
| | - Geoff Cox
- Naturale Ringarooma Tasmania Australia
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Brito AF, Almeida KV, Oliveira AS. Production performance, nutrient use efficiency, and predicted enteric methane emissions in dairy cows under confinement or grazing management system. Transl Anim Sci 2022; 6:txac028. [PMID: 35387309 PMCID: PMC8982198 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txac028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been an intense debate regarding the economic, social, and environmental sustainability of confinement versus grazing dairy systems. Our goal was to conduct a meta-analysis to compare dry matter intake, milk yield and composition, nutrient use efficiency (i.e., feed efficiency, milk N efficiency), and predicted enteric CH4 emissions using studies that simultaneously evaluated confinement and grazing. We were able to include in the meta-analysis 8 peer-reviewed articles that met the following selection criteria: (1) publication between 1991 and 2021 in English language, (2) report either SEM or SD, (3) inclusion of at least 1 confinement [total mixed ration or fresh cut herbage fed indoors (i.e., zero-grazing)] and 1 grazing treatment in the same study, and (4) use of markers (internal or external) to estimate herbage dry matter intake. Two unpublished experiments were added to the data set resulting in a total of 10 studies for comparing confinement and grazing. The magnitude of the effect (i.e., effect size) was evaluated using weighted raw mean differences between grazing and confinement systems for a random effect model. Enteric CH4 production was predicted as follows: CH4 (g/d) = 33.2 (13.54) + 13.6 (0.33) × dry matter intake + 2.43 (0.245) × neutral detergent fiber. Dry matter intake (–9.5%), milk yield (–9.3%), milk fat yield (–5.8%), milk protein yield (–10%), and energy-corrected milk (–12%) all decreased in grazing versus confined dairy cows. In contrast, concentration of milk fat and feed efficiency (energy-corrected milk/dry matter intake) were not affected by management system. Whereas milk protein concentration increased, milk nitrogen (N) efficiency (milk N/N intake) tended to decrease in grazing compared with confinement. Predicted enteric CH4 production was 6.1% lower in grazing than confined dairy cows. However, CH4 yield (g/kg of dry matter intake) and CH4 intensity (g/kg of energy-corrected milk) did not change between confinement and grazing. In conclusion, while production performance decreased in grazing dairy cows, nutrient use efficiency and predicted enteric CH4 emissions were relatively similar in both management systems. Results of our meta-analysis should be interpreted with caution due to the small number of studies that met our inclusion criteria leading to a limited number of treatment mean comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Brito
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States of America
| | - K V Almeida
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States of America
| | - A S Oliveira
- Dairy Cattle Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Campus Sinop, Sinop, MT, Brazil
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13
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Davis H, Magistrali A, Butler G, Stergiadis S. Nutritional Benefits from Fatty Acids in Organic and Grass-Fed Beef. Foods 2022; 11:foods11050646. [PMID: 35267281 PMCID: PMC8909876 DOI: 10.3390/foods11050646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Livestock production is under increasing scrutiny as a component of the food supply chain with a large impact on greenhouse gas emissions. Amidst growing calls to reduce industrial ruminant production, there is room to consider differences in meat quality and nutritional benefits of organic and/or pasture-based management systems. Access to forage, whether fresh or conserved, is a key influencing factor for meat fatty acid profile, and there is increasing evidence that pasture access is particularly beneficial for meat’s nutritional quality. These composition differences ultimately impact nutrient supply to consumers of conventional, organic and grass-fed meat. For this review, predicted fatty acid supply from three consumption scenarios were modelled: i. average UK population National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) (<128 g/week) red meat consumption, ii. red meat consumption suggested by the UK National Health Service (NHS) (<490 g/week) and iii. red meat consumption suggested by the Eat Lancet Report (<98 g/week). The results indicate average consumers would receive more of the beneficial fatty acids for human health (especially the essential omega-3, alpha-linolenic acid) from pasture-fed beef, produced either organically or conventionally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Davis
- School of Natural and Environmental Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (A.M.); (G.B.)
- Correspondence: (H.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Amelia Magistrali
- School of Natural and Environmental Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (A.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Gillian Butler
- School of Natural and Environmental Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (A.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Sokratis Stergiadis
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6EU, UK
- Correspondence: (H.D.); (S.S.)
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14
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Lopez A, Bellagamba F, Savoini G, Moretti VM, Cattaneo D. Characterization of Fat Quality in Cow Milk from Alpine Farms as Influenced by Seasonal Variations of Diets. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12040515. [PMID: 35203223 PMCID: PMC8868097 DOI: 10.3390/ani12040515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Milk produced in Alpine farms under pasture- and-grass-based feeding systems is characterized by beneficial nutritional traits, which are linked to its high fat quality. In this study, milk samples collected in two alpine farms set in the Italian Piedmont region were analyzed together with samples of feedstuffs (pasture, fresh grass, concentrates and total mixed ration) furnished to cows during summer and winter, when the feeding strategy was modified. The results suggested a favorable fat composition of all samples analyzed, with some differences detected between the seasons and the farms. The milk obtained following a pasture- or fresh-grass-based feeding strategy (during summer) showed a higher fat quality, which was characterized by higher amounts of beneficial fatty acids. Particularly, a distinctive fat composition of milk samples coming from cows exclusively fed on pasture during the summer season was evidenced. The outcomes obtained in this study contributed toward evaluating and promoting alpine dairy products from the Alpine region as products associated with an added value, with beneficial effects for both producers and consumers. Abstract The production systems linked to mountain animal husbandry have had an environmental, social and cultural role in recent years. Zootechnical systems based on feeding strategies, such as pasture grazing and grass-fed strategies, contribute to a significant increase in the relative amounts of favorable fatty acids (FAs) in animal products, indicating their ability to improve the long-term health of consumers. In this study, we compared different feeding strategies in two small mountain farms in the Piedmont Alpine region, Italy. Particularly, during the summer season, the two farms were distinguished by the exclusive employment of Alpine pasture (farm A), assumed as the best way to improve the quality of the FA profile in milk vs. the supply of daily fresh cut mountain grass plus a reduced implementation with hay and concentrates directly in the barn (farm B). The milk fatty acid profile was analyzed using gas chromatography. The results showed the high quality of alpine milk collected in the two farms. Even with some differences, particularly evidenced when comparing the summer diets, the milk FA profiles in farm A and farm B were favorable from a nutritional point of view in both seasons. Milk samples obtained using the exclusive employment of alpine grazing during summer were represented by an FA profile of higher quality (lower saturated FAs, higher branched FAs and monounsaturated FA, favorable n6/n3 ratio). However, milk obtained using the integrated strategy (fresh grass plus concentrates in the barn farm B) resulted in a more homogenous composition during the summer season, with a higher concentration of polyunsaturated FAs. These outcomes suggested that the integrated strategy, even if related to a lower ability in improving milk FA profile, could represent a valid and cost-effective alternative for mountain farmers to obtain an overall superior quality of milk, which was not strictly linked to the grazing practice. The multivariate analysis showed that information contained in the milk FA profile may provide a valuable tool that can distinguish mountain-grass-based diet.
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15
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Multivariate modelling of milk fatty acid profile to discriminate the forages in dairy cows' ration. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23201. [PMID: 34853357 PMCID: PMC8636629 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02600-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there are many studies on the importance of fatty acids (FA) in our diet and on the influence of dairy diets on FA metabolism, only a few investigate their predictive capacity to discriminate the type, amount and conservation method of farm forages. This research quantifies differences in milk FA concentrations and, using a supervised factorial discriminant analysis, assesses potential biomarkers when replacing maize with other silages, grass/lucerne hays or fresh grass. The statistical modelling identified three main clusters of milk FA profiles associated with silages, hays and fresh grass as dominant roughages. The main implication of a dairy cow feeding system based on poliphytic forages from permanent meadows is enhancing milk’s nutritional quality due to an increase in beneficial omega-3 polyunsaturated FA, conjugated linoleic acids and odd chain FA, compared to feeding maize silage. The study also identified a small but powerful and reliable pool of milk FA that can act as biomarkers to authenticate feeding systems: C16:1 c-9, C17:0, C18:0, C18:3 c-9, c-12, c-15, C18:1 c-9, C18:1 t-11 and C20:0.
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16
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Prache S, Lebret B, Baéza E, Martin B, Gautron J, Feidt C, Médale F, Corraze G, Raulet M, Lefèvre F, Verrez-Bagnis V, Sans P. Review: Quality and authentication of organic animal products in Europe. Animal 2021; 16 Suppl 1:100405. [PMID: 34844891 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The 'organic' label guarantees a production process that avoids the use of synthetic fertilisers, pesticides and hormones and minimises the use of veterinary drugs; however, consumers are demanding guarantees regarding food quality. This article reviews the current state of knowledge on the quality of organic animal products, including the authentication of their organic origin. Quality has been considered as an integrative combination of six core attributes: commercial value, and nutritional, sensory, technological, convenience and safety attributes. The comparison of these attributes between organic and conventional animal products shows high heterogeneity due to variability in farming pratices in both organic and conventional systems. To overcome this, we pinpoint the farming practices underlying the differences observed. This enables light to be shed on the consequences of possible trajectories of organic farming, if specifications are relaxed or tightened up on commitments concerning farming practices that impact product quality. Two recent meta-analyses showed better nutritional attributes in organic milk and meat linked to their higher poly-unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content, particularly n-3 PUFAs. Regarding safety, we point to a lack of integrated studies quantifying the balance between positive and negative effects. Organic farming reduces the risk of drug residues and antibiotic resistance, but both outdoor rearing and a frequently longer rearing period increase the animals' exposition to environmental contaminants and the risk of their bioaccumulation in milk, eggs, meat and fish flesh. We highlight antagonisms between quality attributes for certain animal products (lamb, pork). In general, attributes are more variable for organic products, which can be explained by lower genetic selection (poultry), lower inputs and/or greater variability in farming conditions. However, the literature does not address the implications of this greater variability for the consumers' acceptability and the necessary adaptation of manufacturing processes. Further research is needed to document the impacts on human nutritional biomarkers and health. Methods used to authenticate organic origin are based on differences in animal diet composition between organic and conventional systems, but their reliability is hampered by the variability in farming practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Prache
- Université d'Auvergne, INRAE, Vetagro Sup, UMR Herbivores, 63122 St-Genès-Champanelle, France.
| | - B Lebret
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35590 St-Gilles, France
| | - E Baéza
- INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR BOA, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - B Martin
- Université d'Auvergne, INRAE, Vetagro Sup, UMR Herbivores, 63122 St-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - J Gautron
- INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR BOA, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - C Feidt
- Université Lorraine, Usc340, UR AFPA, INRAE, 2, av Foret Haye, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - F Médale
- INRAE, Univ Pau & Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, UMR 1419 Nutrition, Métabolisme, Aquaculture, 64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - G Corraze
- INRAE, Univ Pau & Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, UMR 1419 Nutrition, Métabolisme, Aquaculture, 64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - M Raulet
- DEPE, INRAE, 147, rue de l'Unversité, 75338 Paris Cedex 07, France
| | | | - V Verrez-Bagnis
- IFREMER, Laboratoire EM3B, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - P Sans
- ALISS UR 1303, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31076 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
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17
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Schwarz D, Rosenberg Bak M, Waaben Hansen P. Development of global fatty acid models and possible applications. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Schwarz
- FOSS Analytical A/S Nils Foss Alle 1 Hilleroed 3400Denmark
| | | | - Per Waaben Hansen
- FOSS Analytical A/S Nils Foss Alle 1 Hilleroed 3400Denmark
- Department of Food Science Faculty of Science Copenhagen University Rolighedsvej 26 Frederiksberg 1958 Denmark
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18
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Brodziak A, Wajs J, Zuba-Ciszewska M, Król J, Stobiecka M, Jańczuk A. Organic versus Conventional Raw Cow Milk as Material for Processing. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102760. [PMID: 34679781 PMCID: PMC8532914 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk, as one of the basic raw materials of animal origin, must be of adequate hygienic and physicochemical quality for processing. The aim of the article was to compare the quality of raw milk from three production systems, intensive, traditional (together referred to as conventional), and organic, as material for processing, as well as the quality of products made from it. Particular attention was focused on hygienic quality (somatic cell count and total bacterial count), physical characteristics (acidity), basic nutritional value (content of dry matter, total protein, casein, fat, and lactose), content of health-promoting substances (whey proteins, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals), and technological parameters (rennet clotting time, heat stability, and protein-to-fat ratio). Research assessing the quality of organic milk and dairy products is significantly less extensive (if available at all) than for milk from conventional production (intensive and traditional). The available reports indicate that raw milk from organic farms is more valuable, especially in terms of the content of health-promoting compounds, including vitamins, fatty acids, whey proteins, and minerals. This applies to organic dairy products as well, mainly cheese and yoghurt. This is explained by the fact that organic farming requires that animals are kept in the pasture. However, the hygienic quality of the raw milk, and often the products as well, raises some concerns; for this reason, organic milk producers should be supported in this regard, e.g., through consultancy and training in Good Hygienic Practices. Importantly, milk production in the traditional and organic systems is in line with the concept of the European Green Deal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Brodziak
- Institute of Quality Assessment and Processing of Animal Products, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (A.B.); (J.K.); (M.S.); (A.J.)
| | - Joanna Wajs
- Institute of Quality Assessment and Processing of Animal Products, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (A.B.); (J.K.); (M.S.); (A.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-814456836
| | - Maria Zuba-Ciszewska
- Institute of Economics and Finance, Faculty of Social Sciences, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Racławickie 14, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Jolanta Król
- Institute of Quality Assessment and Processing of Animal Products, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (A.B.); (J.K.); (M.S.); (A.J.)
| | - Magdalena Stobiecka
- Institute of Quality Assessment and Processing of Animal Products, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (A.B.); (J.K.); (M.S.); (A.J.)
| | - Anna Jańczuk
- Institute of Quality Assessment and Processing of Animal Products, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (A.B.); (J.K.); (M.S.); (A.J.)
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19
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Butler G, Ali AM, Oladokun S, Wang J, Davis H. Forage-fed cattle point the way forward for beef? FUTURE FOODS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fufo.2021.100012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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20
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Moscovici Joubran A, Pierce KM, Garvey N, Shalloo L, O'Callaghan TF. Invited review: A 2020 perspective on pasture-based dairy systems and products. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:7364-7382. [PMID: 33865573 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Grazing pasture is the basis for dairy production systems in regions with temperate climates, such as in Ireland, New Zealand, parts of Australia, the United States, and Europe. Milk and dairy products from cows on pasture-based farms predominantly consuming fresh grazed grass (typically classified as "grass-fed" milk) have been previously shown to possess a different nutrient profile, with potential nutritional benefits, compared with conventional milk derived from total mixed ration. Moreover, pasture-based production systems are considered more environmentally and animal welfare friendly by consumers. As such, there is significant potential for market capitalization on grass-fed dairy products. As competition in this space increases, the regulations of what constitutes as grass-fed vary between different regions of the world. With this in mind, there is a need for clear and independently accredited grass-fed standards, defining the grass-fed criteria for labeling of products as such, subsequently increasing the clarity and confidence for the consumer. This review outlines the numerous effects of pasture production systems on dairy product composition, nutritional profile, and sustainability, and highlights potential future methods for authentication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Moscovici Joubran
- Food For Health Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland; School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Karina M Pierce
- Food For Health Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland; School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Niamh Garvey
- Food For Health Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Laurence Shalloo
- Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork P61 C996, Ireland
| | - Tom F O'Callaghan
- Food For Health Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland; Teagasc Food Research, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork P61 C996, Ireland; School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland.
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21
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Mollica MP, Trinchese G, Cimmino F, Penna E, Cavaliere G, Tudisco R, Musco N, Manca C, Catapano A, Monda M, Bergamo P, Banni S, Infascelli F, Lombardi P, Crispino M. Milk Fatty Acid Profiles in Different Animal Species: Focus on the Potential Effect of Selected PUFAs on Metabolism and Brain Functions. Nutrients 2021; 13:1111. [PMID: 33800688 PMCID: PMC8066999 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk contains several important nutrients that are beneficial for human health. This review considers the nutritional qualities of essential fatty acids (FAs), especially omega-3 (ω-3) and omega-6 (ω-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) present in milk from ruminant and non-ruminant species. In particular, the impact of milk fatty acids on metabolism is discussed, including its effects on the central nervous system. In addition, we presented data indicating how animal feeding-the main way to modify milk fat composition-may have a potential impact on human health, and how rearing and feeding systems strongly affect milk quality within the same animal species. Finally, we have presented the results of in vivo studies aimed at supporting the beneficial effects of milk FA intake in animal models, and the factors limiting their transferability to humans were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P. Mollica
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.P.M.); (G.T.); (F.C.); (E.P.); (G.C.); (A.C.); (M.C.)
- BAT Center—Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, 80055 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Trinchese
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.P.M.); (G.T.); (F.C.); (E.P.); (G.C.); (A.C.); (M.C.)
- BAT Center—Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, 80055 Naples, Italy
| | - Fabiano Cimmino
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.P.M.); (G.T.); (F.C.); (E.P.); (G.C.); (A.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Eduardo Penna
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.P.M.); (G.T.); (F.C.); (E.P.); (G.C.); (A.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Gina Cavaliere
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.P.M.); (G.T.); (F.C.); (E.P.); (G.C.); (A.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Raffaella Tudisco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, 80100 Naples, Italy; (R.T.); (N.M.); (F.I.); (P.L.)
| | - Nadia Musco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, 80100 Naples, Italy; (R.T.); (N.M.); (F.I.); (P.L.)
| | - Claudia Manca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (C.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Angela Catapano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.P.M.); (G.T.); (F.C.); (E.P.); (G.C.); (A.C.); (M.C.)
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Marcellino Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Paolo Bergamo
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Banni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (C.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Federico Infascelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, 80100 Naples, Italy; (R.T.); (N.M.); (F.I.); (P.L.)
| | - Pietro Lombardi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, 80100 Naples, Italy; (R.T.); (N.M.); (F.I.); (P.L.)
| | - Marianna Crispino
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.P.M.); (G.T.); (F.C.); (E.P.); (G.C.); (A.C.); (M.C.)
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22
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Kehoe L, Walton J, McNulty BA, Nugent AP, Flynn A. Energy, Macronutrients, Dietary Fibre and Salt Intakes in Older Adults in Ireland: Key Sources and Compliance with Recommendations. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030876. [PMID: 33800312 PMCID: PMC8001736 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The global population is rapidly ageing. Adequate nutritional status can play a key role in preventing or delaying the progression of age-related diseases. The aim of this study was to estimate the usual intake of energy, macronutrients, dietary fibre and salt in order to determine compliance with recommendations and to identify the sources of these nutrients in older adults (≥65 years) in Ireland. This study is based on data from the cohort of older adults aged ≥65 years (n = 226) in the Irish National Adult Nutrition Survey (NANS) (2008-2010) which estimated food and nutrient intakes in a representative sample of adults 18-90 years using a 4 day weighed food record. This study found that while intakes of macronutrients are generally sufficient in this population group, older adults in Ireland have high intakes of total fat, saturated fat, sugar and salt and low intakes of dietary fibre. Future strategies to address the nutritional issues identified in older adults could include the promotion of healthy food choices together with improvements of the food supply including reformulation (fat, sugar and salt) to support successful ageing of our population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kehoe
- School of Food & Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland; (J.W.); (A.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +353-(0)21-490-3387
| | - Janette Walton
- School of Food & Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland; (J.W.); (A.F.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
| | - Breige A. McNulty
- UCD Institute of Food & Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland; (B.A.M.); (A.P.N.)
| | - Anne P. Nugent
- UCD Institute of Food & Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland; (B.A.M.); (A.P.N.)
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Albert Flynn
- School of Food & Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland; (J.W.); (A.F.)
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van Vliet S, Provenza FD, Kronberg SL. Health-Promoting Phytonutrients Are Higher in Grass-Fed Meat and Milk. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2020.555426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While commission reports and nutritional guidelines raise concerns about the effects of consuming red meat on human health, the impacts of how livestock are raised and finished on consumer health are generally ignored. Meat and milk, irrespective of rearing practices, provide many essential nutrients including bioavailable protein, zinc, iron, selenium, calcium, and/or B12. Emerging data indicate that when livestock are eating a diverse array of plants on pasture, additional health-promoting phytonutrients—terpenoids, phenols, carotenoids, and anti-oxidants—become concentrated in their meat and milk. Several phytochemicals found in grass-fed meat and milk are in quantities comparable to those found in plant foods known to have anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, and cardioprotective effects. As meat and milk are often not considered as sources of phytochemicals, their presence has remained largely underappreciated in discussions of nutritional differences between feedlot-fed (grain-fed) and pasture-finished (grass-fed) meat and dairy, which have predominantly centered around the ω-3 fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid. Grazing livestock on plant-species diverse pastures concentrates a wider variety and higher amounts of phytochemicals in meat and milk compared to grazing monoculture pastures, while phytochemicals are further reduced or absent in meat and milk of grain-fed animals. The co-evolution of plants and herbivores has led to plants/crops being more productive when grazed in accordance with agroecological principles. The increased phytochemical richness of productive vegetation has potential to improve the health of animals and upscale these nutrients to also benefit human health. Several studies have found increased anti-oxidant activity in meat and milk of grass-fed vs. grain-fed animals. Only a handful of studies have investigated the effects of grass-fed meat and dairy consumption on human health and show potential for anti-inflammatory effects and improved lipoprotein profiles. However, current knowledge does not allow for direct linking of livestock production practices to human health. Future research should systematically assess linkages between the phytochemical richness of livestock diets, the nutrient density of animal foods, and subsequent effects on human metabolic health. This is important given current societal concerns about red meat consumption and human health. Addressing this research gap will require greater collaborative efforts from the fields of agriculture and medicine.
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Forwood DL, Holman BWB, Hopkins DL, Smyth HE, Hoffman LC, Chaves AV, Meale SJ. Feeding unsaleable carrots to lambs increased performance and carcass characteristics while maintaining meat quality. Meat Sci 2020; 173:108402. [PMID: 33316707 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of feeding unsaleable carrots to lambs within a total-mixed ration (TMR) on performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality and sensory parameters. Thirty-six Australian Merino wether lambs were fed a control (barley-based) or carrot-based TMR for 11-weeks. Carrot-fed lambs had 2.7% higher cold dressing percentage (P = 0.03) while consuming less than control lambs. Subcutaneous fat of carrot-fed lambs contained less branch-chained, and more cis- and trans-monounsaturated fatty acids (FA; P ≤ 0.01) compared to control-fed lambs, which tended (P = 0.08) to have higher concentrations of polyunsaturated FA, despite the Longissimus lumborum (LL) muscle being unchanged by diet. Under retail display conditions, L* and hue values were lower (P ≤ 0.04) for 5 d aged LL samples from carrot-fed lambs. No differences were observed in other meat quality and sensory parameters between diets. Therefore, feeding unsaleable carrots at 45% DM in a TMR can improve lamb performance and carcass characteristics, while maintaining meat quality and FA composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Forwood
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Benjamin W B Holman
- Centre for Red Meat and Sheep Development, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Cowra, NSW 2794, Australia
| | - David L Hopkins
- Centre for Red Meat and Sheep Development, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Cowra, NSW 2794, Australia
| | - Heather E Smyth
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Louwrens C Hoffman
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - Alex V Chaves
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2006, Australia
| | - Sarah J Meale
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia.
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Davis H, Stergiadis S, Chatzidimitriou E, Sanderson R, Leifert C, Butler G. Meeting Breeding Potential in Organic and Low-Input Dairy Farming. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:544149. [PMID: 33195517 PMCID: PMC7655643 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.544149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-input (LI) dairy farming, relying heavily on grazing, is increasing in popularity for perceived sustainability, welfare, and milk nutritional quality benefits. However, there is little research into the breed suitability for these systems. The popular Holstein–Friesians are not well-suited to LI production as, to achieve their potential high yields, they require high levels of concentrate intakes and veterinary inputs. Holstein–Friesians were traditionally bred for high milk yields, which often correlate negatively with functional traits, such as fertility and health. This drives the need for alternative breed choices, and UK dairy farmers use several crossbreeding practices. Additionally, classic measures of production efficiency (kilogram feed per liter of milk) are not the sole priority in LI systems, which also aim for improved health, fertility, forage conversion, and milk quality. This study aimed to explore the effect of breeding strategy on LI and organic production in dairy systems, collecting data from 17 farms throughout England and Wales: 7 organic and 10 low-input conventional systems with both purebred and crossbred cows from different breeds. Records from 1,070 cows were collected, including background data, health, fertility, breeding, and parity. Additionally, milk was analyzed on four occasions (autumn 2011 and winter, spring, and summer 2012). Principal components analysis was used to visualize the effect of management, Farm ID, and stage of lactation on LI production. The analysis clustered cows by Farm ID, showing that individual management practice on each farm had the greatest impact on various production traits. Cows were allocated a composite score based on their yield, health records, and milk fatty acid profile, and a linear mixed-effects model indicated (p < 0.01) that crossbred New Zealand Friesian cows scored highest, whereas Dairy Shorthorn cows scored the lowest. This paper highlights weaknesses in current breeding programs for LI and organic farms in the UK, in terms of the alignment of breeds with husbandry practices. Additional research is needed to explore any gene by environment interactions to meet the true potential of individual cows and certain breeds under LI and organic management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Davis
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Sokratis Stergiadis
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni Chatzidimitriou
- French Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Regulated Products Assessment Department, Residues and Food Safety Unit, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Roy Sanderson
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Carlo Leifert
- Centre for Organics Research, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - Gillian Butler
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Lenighan YM, Nugent AP, Moloney AP, Monahan FJ, Walton J, Flynn A, Roche HM, McNulty BA. A modelling approach to investigate the impact of consumption of three different beef compositions on human dietary fat intakes. Public Health Nutr 2020; 23:2373-2383. [PMID: 31829294 PMCID: PMC11374570 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980019003471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To apply a dietary modelling approach to investigate the impact of substituting beef intakes with three types of alternative fatty acid (FA) composition of beef on population dietary fat intakes. DESIGN Cross-sectional, national food consumption survey - the National Adult Nutrition Survey (NANS). The fat content of the beef-containing food codes (n 52) and recipes (n 99) were updated with FA composition data from beef from animals receiving one of three ruminant dietary interventions: grass-fed (GRASS), grass finished on grass silage and concentrates (GSC) or concentrate-fed (CONC). Mean daily fat intakes, adherence to dietary guidelines and the impact of altering beef FA composition on dietary fat sources were characterised. SETTING Ireland. PARTICIPANTS Beef consumers (n 1044) aged 18-90 years. RESULTS Grass-based feeding practices improved dietary intakes of a number of individual FA, wherein myristic acid (C14 : 0) and palmitic acid (C16 : 0) were decreased, with an increase in conjugated linoleic acid (C18 : 2c9,t11) and trans-vaccenic acid (C18 : 1t11; P < 0·05). Improved adherence with dietary recommendations for total fat (98·5 %), SFA (57·4 %) and PUFA (98·8 %) was observed in the grass-fed beef scenario (P < 0·001). Trans-fat intakes were increased significantly in the grass-fed beef scenario (P < 0·001). CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to characterise the impact of grass-fed beef consumption at population level. The study suggests that habitual consumption of grass-fed beef may have potential as a public health strategy to improve dietary fat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne M Lenighan
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, UCD Conway Institute, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
| | - Anne P Nugent
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Aidan P Moloney
- Teagasc, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Republic of Ireland
| | - Frank J Monahan
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
| | - Janette Walton
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Republic of Ireland
| | - Albert Flynn
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
| | - Helen M Roche
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, UCD Conway Institute, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Breige A McNulty
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
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Gómez-Mascaraque LG, Kilcawley K, Hennessy D, Tobin JT, O'Callaghan TF. Raman spectroscopy: A rapid method to assess the effects of pasture feeding on the nutritional quality of butter. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:8721-8731. [PMID: 32773315 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The animal diet is a critical variable affecting the composition and functionality of dairy products. As "Grass-Fed" labeling becomes more prominent on the market, rapid and label-free methods for verification of feeding systems are required. This work proposes the use of Raman spectroscopy to study the effects of 3 different experimental cow feeding systems-perennial ryegrass pasture, perennial ryegrass with white clover pasture, and an indoor total mixed ration diet (TMR)-on the nutritional quality of sweet cream butter. The results demonstrate that Raman spectroscopy coupled with multivariate analysis is a promising approach to distinguish butter derived from pasture or conventional TMR feeding systems. A Pearson correlation analysis confirmed high positive correlations between the spectral bin at 1,657 cm-1, ascribed to the stretching vibrations of C=C bonds, and concentrations of α-linolenic acid and conjugated linolenic acid (CLA) in butter, and in general with the concentration of n-3 and n-3+CLA fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids in the samples. The yellow color indicative of the presence of carotenoids in butter, which has previously been suggested as a biomarker of pasture or "Grass-Fed" feeding, was also positively correlated with the data obtained from the Raman spectra. Raman spectroscopy could also be used to accurately predict indicators of the nutritional quality of butter, such as the thrombogenic index, which showed a strong negative correlation with the spectral bin at 3,023 cm-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Gómez-Mascaraque
- Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Teagasc Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 C996, Ireland; VistaMilk SFI Research Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 P302, Ireland.
| | - K Kilcawley
- Food Quality and Sensory Science Department, Teagasc Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 C996, Ireland
| | - D Hennessy
- VistaMilk SFI Research Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 P302, Ireland; Teagasc, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 P302, Ireland
| | - J T Tobin
- Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Teagasc Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 C996, Ireland; VistaMilk SFI Research Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 P302, Ireland
| | - T F O'Callaghan
- Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Teagasc Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 C996, Ireland; VistaMilk SFI Research Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 P302, Ireland
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Bordewijk M, Schifferstein HNJ. The specifics of food design: Insights from professional design practice. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD DESIGN 2020. [DOI: 10.1386/ijfd_00001_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
What makes food design different from other types of industrial product design? Based on over twenty years of professional design practice and food experience research, the authors present a variety of insights ‐ clustered in five overarching themes ‐ that provide an invaluable view on the specifics of the food realm for practicing designers in this field. First of all, foods are based on materials that used to be alive, which makes them highly perishable. Before the widespread introduction of mass transportations systems, foods were usually produced and consumed in the same region. But food technologists continuously try to improve the ways to preserve foods and invest in packaging that protects them in order to increase shelf life and to make them more widely available, while consumers seem to demand more and more freshness. The second challenge is presented by the need to make the food system more sustainable, addressing agricultural production and its impact on biological diversity and the quality of the living environment and also focusing on the amount of waste generated in terms of food or its packaging material. Third, the food people eat is absorbed and transformed into the building blocks of their bodies. Food fulfils a basic human need, and thus, there is a challenge to provide people access to the right amount of safe and nutritious food, in order to keep them healthy. Fourth, food is a source of sensory stimulation that enriches people’s lives. This provides a new sensory spectrum to design for ‐ including flavour and mouthfeel ‐ and it challenges designers to trigger appetite, rather than aesthetics. The fifth challenge addresses preparation practices and the associated cultural differences. Because food stuffs can be prepared in multiple ways, many different products can be created, varying from raw to highly processed, and addressing multiple consumer needs, eating occasions and market segments. These five themes provide interesting challenges for designers that should be tackled in order to provide a healthy and sustainable future for the next generations on this planet.
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O'Sullivan TA, Schmidt KA, Kratz M. Whole-Fat or Reduced-Fat Dairy Product Intake, Adiposity, and Cardiometabolic Health in Children: A Systematic Review. Adv Nutr 2020; 11:928-950. [PMID: 32119732 PMCID: PMC7360438 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary guidelines commonly recommend that children aged >2 y consume reduced-fat dairy products rather than regular- or whole-fat dairy. In adults, most studies have not found the consumption of whole-fat dairy products to be associated with increased cardiometabolic or adiposity risk. Associations in children could differ due to growth and development. We systematically reviewed the literature in indexed, peer-reviewed journals to summarize pediatric studies (children aged from 2 to 18 y) assessing associations between whole- and reduced-fat dairy intake and measures of adiposity as well as biomarkers of cardiometabolic disease risk, including the serum lipid profile, blood pressure, low-grade chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and measures of glucose homeostasis. For the purposes of this review, a "whole-fat" dairy product was defined as a product with the natural fat content, whereas a "reduced-fat" dairy product was defined as a product with some or all of the fat removed (including "low-fat" and "skim" versions). A total of 29 journal articles met our criteria for inclusion. The majority were conducted in the United States and were prospective or cross-sectional observational studies, with only 1 randomized controlled trial. Studies were consistent in reporting that whole-fat dairy products were not associated with increased measures of weight gain or adiposity. Most evidence indicated that consumption of whole-fat dairy was not associated with increased cardiometabolic risk, although a change from whole-fat to reduced-fat dairy improved outcomes for some risk factors in 1 study. Taken as a whole, the limited literature in this field is not consistent with dietary guidelines recommending that children consume preferably reduced-fat dairy products. High-quality randomized controlled trials in children that directly compare the effects of whole-fat compared with reduced-fat dairy intake on measures of adiposity or biomarkers of cardiometabolic disease risk are needed to provide better quality evidence in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese A O'Sullivan
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Kelsey A Schmidt
- Cancer Prevention Program, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Research Centre, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mario Kratz
- Cancer Prevention Program, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Research Centre, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Abstract
Researching the distinguishing factors of nutritional milk quality is key to sustainable production and addresses increasing media and scientific scrutiny regarding human health effects and ecological impacts of dairy products. Modern Western diets have high omega-6 relative to omega-3 fatty acid (FA) consumption. This ratio in milk can be manipulated by management practices; increasing forage in dairy diets raises omega-3 in milk. Whilst studies identify higher concentrations of nutritionally beneficial FAs in organic dairy, milk from 100% forage-fed cows in the UK has not been investigated. This study explores differences in FA composition between supermarket conventional and organic and Pasture for Life Association (PFLA) milk, collected in April, July and October, 2017. PFLA milk had higher concentrations of conjugated linoleic acid (+94%) and omega-3 (+92%) than conventional milk. Additionally, concentrations of palmitic acid (+11%), omega-6 (+69%) and the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 (+201%) were higher in conventional than PFLA milk. PFLA milk had higher concentrations of alpha-linolenic acid (+39%), conjugated linoleic acid (+30%) and omega-3 (+21%) and lower concentrations of omega-6 (−36%) and a lower ratio of omega-6/omega-3 (−44%) than organic milk. This supports previous studies and demonstrates the scope to improve milk FA profiles further for potential health benefits through pasture-based management.
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Unger AL, Bourne DE, Walsh H, Kraft J. Fatty Acid Content of Retail Cow's Milk in the Northeastern United States-What's in It for the Consumer? JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:4268-4276. [PMID: 32208686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The fatty acid (FA) composition and content of whole milk (3.25% fat) from organic, omega-3 (n-3) FA fortified, and conventional retail brands available in the northeastern U.S. were assessed monthly via gas chromatography. Among the retail labels, organic milk stood out as it contained a distinct and more healthful FA profile, consistently comprising a higher content of unique bioactive FAs (short-chain FAs, odd- and branched-chain FAs, vaccenic acid, and conjugated linoleic acids) per serving, particularly during the warm season. The total content of saturated FAs did not differ by retail label. While organic and n-3 fortified milk contained a similar content of total n-3 FAs, the proportion of individual n-3 FAs differed significantly (organic milk: 18:3 n-3; n-3 fortified milk: 20:6 n-3) as a result of the production system and process, respectively. Overall, per serving, the FA profile of organic milk may provide added nutritional and health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L Unger
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
| | - Dana E Bourne
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
| | - Helen Walsh
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
| | - Jana Kraft
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, The University of Vermont, Colchester, Vermont, United States
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32
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Brito AF, Silva LHP. Symposium review: Comparisons of feed and milk nitrogen efficiency and carbon emissions in organic versus conventional dairy production systems. J Dairy Sci 2019; 103:5726-5739. [PMID: 31864742 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of feed efficiency (FE; calculated as energy-corrected milk yield/dry matter intake) and milk nitrogen efficiency (MNE; calculated as milk N yield/N intake) is needed to help farmers make decisions regarding the economic and environmental sustainability of dairy farms. Our primary objective was to compare FE and MNE data obtained from studies conducted with organic versus conventional dairy cows. Specifically, 3 data sets were constructed to meet this goal: (1) the organic Jersey data set (ORG-JE) built with studies (n = 11) done at the University of New Hampshire Burley-Demeritt Organic Dairy Research Farm (Lee, NH), (2) the conventional Jersey data set (CON-JE) constructed using 19 experiments reported in the literature, and (3) the organic non-Jersey-breed (mostly Holstein, Swedish Red, and Norwegian Red) data set (ORG-NJE) created with 11 published studies. Comparisons were made between ORG-JE and CON-JE and between ORG-JE and ORG-NJE. A second objective was to compare the enteric methane (CH4) emission data set from studies using organic Jerseys (n = 5) with those using conventional Jerseys (n = 4). Cows used in the ORG-JE data set had lower FE (-16%) and MNE (-15.5%) than cows used in the CON-JE counterpart, possibly because dry matter intake increased by an average of 10.4% in organic cows. Feed efficiency and MNE computed from cows belonging to the ORG-NJE data set were intermediate between ORG-JE and CON-JE. Measured CH4 intensity (g/kg of energy-corrected milk) from cows in the ORG-JE CH4 data set increased by 71% compared with that from cows in the CON-JE CH4 data set. Estimated FE and enteric CH4 emissions revealed that Wisconsin organic dairies with the heaviest reliance on forage sources and longest grazing time during the summer were the least feed efficient and emitted the greatest amount of CH4 per kilogram of energy-corrected milk at the animal and whole-farm levels. Overall, the comparisons of FE, MNE, and enteric CH4 emissions between organic and conventional dairies and within organic systems made in this symposium review should be interpreted cautiously because they are based on study means and small data sets. Research is needed to better characterize the performance, efficiency, profitability, and carbon emissions of forage-based organic dairies in the United States, including the fast-growing "grass-fed" segment, which relies exclusively on forage diets. The effect of large organic dairies on the economic and social sustainability of small and mid-size organic dairy operations nationwide also deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Brito
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham 03824.
| | - L H P Silva
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham 03824
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33
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Ledgard SF, Falconer SJ, Abercrombie R, Philip G, Hill JP. Temporal, spatial, and management variability in the carbon footprint of New Zealand milk. J Dairy Sci 2019; 103:1031-1046. [PMID: 31759588 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The carbon footprint of milk from year-round grazed-pasture dairy systems and its variability has had limited research. The objective of this study was to determine temporal, regional, and farm system variability in the carbon footprint of milk from New Zealand (NZ) average dairy production. Farm production and input data were collected from a national database for 2010/11 to 2017/18 across regions of NZ and weighted on relative production supplied to the major dairy cooperative Fonterra to produce an NZ-average. Total greenhouse gas emissions were calculated using a life cycle assessment methodology for the cradle-to-farm gate, covering all on- and off-farm contributing sources. The NZ-average carbon footprint of milk varied from 0.81 kg of CO2 equivalent (CO2eq)/kg of fat- and protein-corrected milk (FPCM) in 2010/11 (with widespread drought) to 0.75 to 0.78 kg of CO2eq/kg of FPCM in 2013/14 to 2017/18, with a trend for a small decrease over time. Regional variation occurred with highest carbon footprint values for the Northland region due to greatest climatic and soil limitations on pasture production. Dairy cattle diet was approximately 85% from grazed pasture with up to 15% from brought-in feeds (mainly forages and by-products). The CO2 emissions from direct fuel and electricity use constituted <2% of total CO2eq emissions, whereas enteric methane was near 70% of the total. An estimate of potential contribution from direct land use change (plantation forest to pasture) was 0.13 kg of CO2eq/kg of FPCM. This was not included because nationally there has been a net increase in forest land and a decrease in pasture land over the last 20 yr. Data used were highly representative, as evident by the same estimated carbon footprint from 368 farms (in 2017/18) from the national database compared with that from a direct survey of 7,146 farms. New Zealand-specific nitrous oxide emission factors were used, based on many validated field trials and as used in the NZ greenhouse gas inventory, resulting in an 18% lower carbon footprint than if default Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change factors had been used. Evaluation of the upper and lower quartiles of farms based on per-cow milk production (6,044 vs. 3,542 kg of FPCM/cow) showed a 15% lower carbon footprint for the upper quartile of farms, illustrating the potential for further decrease in carbon footprint with improved farm management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Ledgard
- AgResearch Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand, 3214.
| | - S J Falconer
- AgResearch Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand, 3214
| | - R Abercrombie
- Fonterra Co-operative Group and Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Private Bag 11-029 Palmerston North, New Zealand, 4472
| | - G Philip
- Fonterra Co-operative Group and Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Private Bag 11-029 Palmerston North, New Zealand, 4472
| | - J P Hill
- Fonterra Co-operative Group and Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Private Bag 11-029 Palmerston North, New Zealand, 4472; Riddett Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222 Palmerston North, New Zealand, 4442
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34
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Poulsen NA, Szekeres BD, Kargo M, Larsen LB. Mineral and fatty acid composition of milk from native Jutland and Danish Red 1970 cattle breeds. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09064702.2019.1674914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. A. Poulsen
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - B. D. Szekeres
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - M. Kargo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - L. B. Larsen
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
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Vargas-Bello-Pérez E, Cancino-Padilla N, Geldsetzer-Mendoza C, Vyhmeister S, Morales MS, Leskinen H, Romero J, Garnsworthy PC, Ibáñez RA. Effect of Feeding Cows with Unsaturated Fatty Acid Sources on Milk Production, Milk Composition, Milk Fatty Acid Profile, and Physicochemical and Sensory Characteristics of Ice Cream. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9080568. [PMID: 31426475 PMCID: PMC6720294 DOI: 10.3390/ani9080568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementation of dairy cows’ diets with different fatty acid (FA) sources on milk production, milk composition, milk fatty acid profile, and physicochemical and sensory characteristics of ice cream. Supplementation (3% dry matter (DM)) of diets with soybean oil (SO) and fish oil (FO) did not have detrimental effects on milk production, milk composition, or ice cream physicochemical and sensory characteristics. From a human standpoint, SO and FO improved the FA profile of milk. Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementation of dairy cows with different fatty acid sources (soybean oil (SO) and fish oil (FO)) on milk production, milk composition, milk fatty acid profile, and physicochemical and sensory characteristics of ice cream. During 63 days, fifteen Holstein cows averaging 198 ± 35 days in milk were assigned to three groups: control diet with no added lipid (n = 5 cows); and supplemented diets with SO (n = 5 cows; unrefined SO; 30 g/kg DM) or FO (n = 5 cows; FO from unrefined salmon oil; 30 g/kg DM). Milk production, milk fat, and milk protein were not affected by treatments. Saturated fatty acids in milk fat were decreased with SO and FO compared with control. C18:2 cis-9, cis-12 was increased with SO whereas C18:2 cis-9, trans-11, C20:3n-3, C20:3n-6, C20:5n-3, and C22:6n-3 were the highest with FO. Draw temperature and firmness were higher in SO compared to control and FO ice creams. Melting resistance was higher in FO compared with control and SO ice creams. Supplementation of cow diets with SO and FO did not have detrimental effects on milk production, or ice cream physicochemical and sensory characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez
- Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla-306 Santiago, Chile.
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 3, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Nathaly Cancino-Padilla
- Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla-306 Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Geldsetzer-Mendoza
- Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla-306 Santiago, Chile
| | - Stefanie Vyhmeister
- Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla-306 Santiago, Chile
| | - María Sol Morales
- Departamento de Fomento de la Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa 11735, La Pintana, Chile
| | - Heidi Leskinen
- Milk Production, Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Jaime Romero
- Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, El Líbano 5524, Santiago, Chile
| | - Philip C Garnsworthy
- School of Biosciences, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Rodrigo A Ibáñez
- Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla-306 Santiago, Chile
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Alothman M, Hogan SA, Hennessy D, Dillon P, Kilcawley KN, O'Donovan M, Tobin J, Fenelon MA, O'Callaghan TF. The "Grass-Fed" Milk Story: Understanding the Impact of Pasture Feeding on the Composition and Quality of Bovine Milk. Foods 2019; 8:E350. [PMID: 31426489 PMCID: PMC6723057 DOI: 10.3390/foods8080350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk is a highly nutritious food that contains an array of macro and micro components, scientifically proven to be beneficial to human health. While the composition of milk is influenced by a variety of factors, such as genetics, health, lactation stage etc., the animal's diet remains a key mechanism by which its nutrition and processing characteristics can be altered. Pasture feeding has been demonstrated to have a positive impact on the nutrient profile of milk, increasing the content of some beneficial nutrients such as Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, vaccenic acid, and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), while reducing the levels of Omega-6 fatty acids and palmitic acid. These resultant alterations to the nutritional profile of "Grass-Fed" milk resonate with consumers that desire healthy, "natural", and sustainable dairy products. This review provides a comprehensive comparison of the impact that pasture and non-pasture feeding systems have on bovine milk composition from a nutritional and functional (processability) perspective, highlighting factors that will be of interest to dairy farmers, processors, and consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Alothman
- Department of Food Chemistry & Technology, Teagasc Food Research Center, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland
| | - Sean A Hogan
- Department of Food Chemistry & Technology, Teagasc Food Research Center, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland
| | - Deirdre Hennessy
- Teagasc, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland
| | - Pat Dillon
- Teagasc, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland
| | - Kieran N Kilcawley
- Department of Food Quality & Sensory Science, Teagasc Food Research Center, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland
| | - Michael O'Donovan
- Teagasc, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland
| | - John Tobin
- Department of Food Chemistry & Technology, Teagasc Food Research Center, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland
| | - Mark A Fenelon
- Department of Food Chemistry & Technology, Teagasc Food Research Center, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland
| | - Tom F O'Callaghan
- Department of Food Chemistry & Technology, Teagasc Food Research Center, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland.
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Goats' Feeding Supplementation with Acacia farnesiana Pods and Their Relationship with Milk Composition: Fatty Acids, Polyphenols, and Antioxidant Activity. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9080515. [PMID: 31374913 PMCID: PMC6720175 DOI: 10.3390/ani9080515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The study aimed to describe the fatty acids, polyphenols, and antioxidant activity of goat’s milk from five different feeding systems: Grazing; conventional diet; and conventional diet supplemented with 10, 20, and 30 percent of Acacia farnesiana pods. Conventional diet showed the highest content of polyunsaturated fatty acids while grazing showed the healthiest fatty acid profile. Similarly, grazing and A. farnesiana boosted the polyphenol content. A. farnesiana pod meal inclusion in the goats’ diets increased the selective presence of bioactive compounds and the antioxidant activity of goat’s milk while cholesterol content was reduced. Abstract Background: Research efforts have focused on the evaluation of the bioactive quality of animal products (milk, cheese, meat, and other by-products) contrasting various feeding strategies coming from different ecological zones. The study aimed to describe the fatty acids (FA), polyphenols (P), bioactive compounds (BC), and antioxidant activity (AA) of goat’s milk. Methods: Dairy goats were fed with five systems: (1) Grazing; (2) conventional diet (CD); (3) CD + 10% of Acacia farnesiana (AF) pods; (4) CD + 20% AF; and (5) CD + 30% AF. The fatty acid profile, health promoting and thrombogenic indexes were calculated. Milk extracts were evaluated by HPLC to determent phenolic compounds (gallic, caffeic, chlorogenic, and ferulic acids, catechin, epicatechin, and quercetin). Antioxidant activity of goat’s milk extract was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH•), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Results: Conventional diet showed the highest content of polyunsaturated fatty acids while grazing showed the best n-6:n-3 and the linoleic:alpha linolenic acid ratio. Similarly, grazing and AF boosted the polyphenol content. Conclusions: Acacia farnesiana inclusion in the goats’ diets increased the presence of bioactive compounds and the antioxidant activity while diminishing the cholesterol content of goat’s milk.
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Patterns of Biodynamic Milk Fatty Acid Composition Explained by A Climate-Geographical Approach. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9030111. [PMID: 30909506 PMCID: PMC6466038 DOI: 10.3390/ani9030111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biodynamic dairy production is based on a land-related animal production without the additional input of N-fertilizers. The concentrate level per cow is low. This affects the yield level of animals and product quality outcomes. METHODS We examined the milk fatty acid (FA) composition of European biodynamic farms in relation to the ecological region of production and the farm's climate conditions. Climate data were derived from existing maps describing ecological vegetation zones within Europe. Additionally, biodynamic shop milk was compared to conventional shop milk, based on a regional comparison. RESULTS The largest differences in the FA composition were between biodynamic summer and winter milk. We found increased proportions of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), alpha-linolenic acid (ALA-n3), monounsaturated FA (MUFA), and polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) in the summer milk. A principal component analysis expressed the structure that was present in the biodynamic farm milk samples, based on clusters of a single FA within four components. The components could be correlated with the season of production, the amount of precipitation, the elevation of the farm above sea level, and the length of the grazing season. Biodynamic shop milk in the summer had a lower n6/n3 PUFA ratio compared to the conventional shop milk in all regions of production. Mean values were 1.37 and 1.89, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The differentiation of biodynamic milk FA composition is consistent with the existing knowledge about the effects of fresh grass, fodder, and ratio composition on the milk's FA composition. Based on the n6/n3 PUFA ratio, the average biodynamic dairy cow had a high intake (>82%) of fresh grass and conserved roughage (hay and grass silage), especially in the summer.
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Provenza FD, Kronberg SL, Gregorini P. Is Grassfed Meat and Dairy Better for Human and Environmental Health? Front Nutr 2019; 6:26. [PMID: 30941351 PMCID: PMC6434678 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The health of livestock, humans, and environments is tied to plant diversity-and associated phytochemical richness-across landscapes. Health is enhanced when livestock forage on phytochemically rich landscapes, is reduced when livestock forage on simple mixture or monoculture pastures or consume high-grain rations in feedlots, and is greatly reduced for people who eat highly processed diets. Circumstantial evidence supports the hypothesis that phytochemical richness of herbivore diets enhances biochemical richness of meat and dairy, which is linked with human and environmental health. Among many roles they play in health, phytochemicals in herbivore diets protect meat and dairy from protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation that cause low-grade systemic inflammation implicated in heart disease and cancer in humans. Yet, epidemiological and ecological studies critical of red meat consumption do not discriminate among meats from livestock fed high-grain rations as opposed to livestock foraging on landscapes of increasing phytochemical richness. The global shift away from phytochemically and biochemically rich wholesome foods to highly processed diets enabled 2.1 billion people to become overweight or obese and increased the incidence of type II diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. Unimpeded, these trends will add to a projected substantial increase in greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) from producing food and clearing land by 2050. While agriculture contributes one quarter of GHGE, livestock can play a sizable role in climate mitigation. Of 80 ways to alleviate climate change, regenerative agriculture-managed grazing, silvopasture, tree intercropping, conservation agriculture, and farmland restoration-jointly rank number one as ways to sequester GHG. Mitigating the impacts of people in the Anthropocene can be enabled through diet to improve human and environmental health, but that will require profound changes in society. People will have to learn we are members of nature's communities. What we do to them, we do to ourselves. Only by nurturing them can we nurture ourselves.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott L. Kronberg
- Northern Great Plains Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service (USDA), Mandan, ND, United States
| | - Pablo Gregorini
- Department of Agricultural Science, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Isenberg BJ, Soder KJ, Pereira ABD, Standish R, Brito AF. Production, milk fatty acid profile, and nutrient utilization in grazing dairy cows supplemented with ground flaxseed. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:1294-1311. [PMID: 30591336 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Flaxseed has been extensively used as a supplement for dairy cows because of its high concentrations of energy and the n-3 fatty acid (FA) cis-9,cis-12,cis-15 18:3. However, limited information is available regarding the effect of ground flaxseed on dry matter intake (DMI), ruminal fermentation, and nutrient utilization in grazing dairy cows. Twenty multiparous Jersey cows averaging (mean ± standard deviation) 111 ± 49 d in milk in the beginning of the study were used in a randomized complete block design to investigate the effects of supplementing herbage (i.e., grazed forage) with ground corn-soybean meal mix (control diet = CTRL) or ground flaxseed (flaxseed diet = FLX) on animal production, milk FA, ruminal metabolism, and nutrient digestibility. The study was conducted from June to September 2013, with data and sample collection taking place on wk 4, 8, 12, and 16. Cows were fed a diet formulated to yield a 60:40 forage-to-concentrate ratio consisting of (dry matter basis): 40% cool-season perennial herbage, 50% partial total mixed ration, and 10% of ground corn-soybean meal mix or 10% ground flaxseed. However, estimated herbage DMI averaged 5.59 kg/d or 34% of the total DMI. Significant treatment by week interactions were observed for milk and blood urea N, and several milk FA (e.g., trans-10 18:1). No significant differences between treatments were observed for herbage and total DMI, milk yield, feed efficiency, concentrations and yields of milk components, and urinary excretion of purine derivatives. Total-tract digestibility of organic matter decreased, whereas that of neutral detergent fiber increased with feeding FLX versus CTRL. No treatment effects were observed for ruminal concentrations of total volatile FA and NH3-N, and ruminal proportions of acetate and propionate. Ruminal butyrate tended to decrease, and the acetate-to-propionate ratio decreased in the FLX diet. Most saturated and unsaturated FA in milk fat were changed. Specifically, milk proportion of cis-9,cis-12,cis-15 18:3, Σn-3 FA, and Σ18C FA increased, whereas that of cis-9,cis-12 18:2, Σn-6 FA, Σ odd-chain FA, Σ<16C FA, and Σ16C FA decreased with feeding FLX versus the CTRL diet. In conclusion, feeding FLX did not change yields of milk and milk components, but increased milk n-3 FA. Therefore, costs and industry adoption of premiums for n-3-enriched milk will determine the adoption of ground flaxseed in pasture-based dairy farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Isenberg
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham 03824
| | - K J Soder
- Pasture Systems and Watershed Management Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, University Park, PA 16802
| | - A B D Pereira
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham 03824
| | - R Standish
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham 03824
| | - A F Brito
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham 03824.
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Dietary fat composition: replacement of saturated fatty acids with PUFA as a public health strategy, with an emphasis on α-linolenic acid. Proc Nutr Soc 2019; 78:234-245. [PMID: 30630554 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665118002793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SFA intakes have decreased in recent years, both in Ireland and across other European countries; however a large proportion of the population are still not meeting the SFA recommendation of <10% of total energy (TE). High SFA intakes have been associated with increased CVD and type-2 diabetes (T2D) risk, due to alterations in cholesterol homoeostasis and adipose tissue inflammation. PUFA, in particular EPA and DHA, have been associated with health benefits, including anti-inflammatory effects. It is well established that dietary fat composition plays an important role in biological processes. A recent review of evidence suggests that replacement of SFA with PUFA has potential to reduce risk of CVD and T2D. The public health and molecular impact of EPA and DHA have been well-characterised, while less is known of effects of α-linolenic acid (ALA). The current dietary guideline for ALA is 0·5% TE; however evidence from supplementation trials suggests that benefit is observed at levels greater than 2 g/d (0·6-1% TE). This review highlights the gap in the evidence base relating to effects of the replacement of SFA with ALA, identifying the need for randomised controlled trials to determine the optimal dose of ALA substitution to define the efficacy of dietary fat modification with ALA.
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