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Sun M, Xue W, Meng H, Sun X, Lu T, Yue W, Wang L, Zhang D, Li J. Dentate Gyrus Morphogenesis is Regulated by an Autism Risk Gene Trio Function in Granule Cells. Neurosci Bull 2024:10.1007/s12264-024-01241-y. [PMID: 38907786 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-024-01241-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) are reported as a group of neurodevelopmental disorders. The structural changes of brain regions including the hippocampus were widely reported in autistic patients and mouse models with dysfunction of ASD risk genes, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we report that deletion of Trio, a high-susceptibility gene of ASDs, causes a postnatal dentate gyrus (DG) hypoplasia with a zigzagged suprapyramidal blade, and the Trio-deficient mice display autism-like behaviors. The impaired morphogenesis of DG is mainly caused by disturbing the postnatal distribution of postmitotic granule cells (GCs), which further results in a migration deficit of neural progenitors. Furthermore, we reveal that Trio plays different roles in various excitatory neural cells by spatial transcriptomic sequencing, especially the role of regulating the migration of postmitotic GCs. In summary, our findings provide evidence of cellular mechanisms that Trio is involved in postnatal DG morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengwen Sun
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Key laboratory of Mental Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | | | - Hu Meng
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Key laboratory of Mental Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Sun
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Key laboratory of Mental Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Tianlan Lu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Key laboratory of Mental Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Weihua Yue
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Key laboratory of Mental Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Lifang Wang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Key laboratory of Mental Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Dai Zhang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Key laboratory of Mental Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation (IBRR), Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, 102299, China
| | - Jun Li
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Key laboratory of Mental Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China.
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, 102299, China.
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2
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Jimenez-Cyrus D, Adusumilli VS, Stempel MH, Maday S, Ming GL, Song H, Bond AM. Molecular cascade reveals sequential milestones underlying hippocampal neural stem cell development into an adult state. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114339. [PMID: 38852158 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Quiescent adult neural stem cells (NSCs) in the mammalian brain arise from proliferating NSCs during development. Beyond acquisition of quiescence, an adult NSC hallmark, little is known about the process, milestones, and mechanisms underlying the transition of developmental NSCs to an adult NSC state. Here, we performed targeted single-cell RNA-seq analysis to reveal the molecular cascade underlying NSC development in the early postnatal mouse dentate gyrus. We identified two sequential steps, first a transition to quiescence followed by further maturation, each of which involved distinct changes in metabolic gene expression. Direct metabolic analysis uncovered distinct milestones, including an autophagy burst before NSC quiescence acquisition and cellular reactive oxygen species level elevation along NSC maturation. Functionally, autophagy is important for the NSC transition to quiescence during early postnatal development. Together, our study reveals a multi-step process with defined milestones underlying establishment of the adult NSC pool in the mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennisse Jimenez-Cyrus
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Vijay S Adusumilli
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Max H Stempel
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sandra Maday
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Allison M Bond
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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3
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Pastor-Alonso O, Syeda Zahra A, Kaske B, García-Moreno F, Tetzlaff F, Bockelmann E, Grunwald V, Martín-Suárez S, Riecken K, Witte OW, Encinas JM, Urbach A. Generation of adult hippocampal neural stem cells occurs in the early postnatal dentate gyrus and depends on cyclin D2. EMBO J 2024; 43:317-338. [PMID: 38177500 PMCID: PMC10897295 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-023-00011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Lifelong hippocampal neurogenesis is maintained by a pool of multipotent adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) residing in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus (DG). The mechanisms guiding transition of NSCs from the developmental to the adult state remain unclear. We show here, by using nestin-based reporter mice deficient for cyclin D2, that the aNSC pool is established through cyclin D2-dependent proliferation during the first two weeks of life. The absence of cyclin D2 does not affect normal development of the dentate gyrus until birth but prevents postnatal formation of radial glia-like aNSCs. Furthermore, retroviral fate mapping reveals that aNSCs are born on-site from precursors located in the dentate gyrus shortly after birth. Taken together, our data identify the critical time window and the spatial location of the precursor divisions that generate the persistent population of aNSCs and demonstrate the central role of cyclin D2 in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oier Pastor-Alonso
- Laboratory of Neural Stem Cells and Neurogenesis, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Scientific Park, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Anum Syeda Zahra
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Bente Kaske
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Fernando García-Moreno
- Laboratory of Neural Stem Cells and Neurogenesis, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Scientific Park, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, The Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009, Bilbo, Bizkaia, Spain
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Scientific Park, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Felix Tetzlaff
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Enno Bockelmann
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Vanessa Grunwald
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Soraya Martín-Suárez
- Laboratory of Neural Stem Cells and Neurogenesis, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Scientific Park, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Kristoffer Riecken
- Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Otto Wilhelm Witte
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany
- Jena Centre for Healthy Aging, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Juan Manuel Encinas
- Laboratory of Neural Stem Cells and Neurogenesis, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Scientific Park, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.
- IKERBASQUE, The Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009, Bilbo, Bizkaia, Spain.
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Scientific Park, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - Anja Urbach
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany.
- Jena Centre for Healthy Aging, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany.
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4
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Schneider J, Weigel J, Wittmann MT, Svehla P, Ehrt S, Zheng F, Elmzzahi T, Karpf J, Paniagua-Herranz L, Basak O, Ekici A, Reis A, Alzheimer C, Ortega de la O F, Liebscher S, Beckervordersandforth R. Astrogenesis in the murine dentate gyrus is a life-long and dynamic process. EMBO J 2022; 41:e110409. [PMID: 35451150 PMCID: PMC9156974 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021110409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are highly abundant in the mammalian brain, and their functions are of vital importance for all aspects of development, adaption, and aging of the central nervous system (CNS). Mounting evidence indicates the important contributions of astrocytes to a wide range of neuropathies. Still, our understanding of astrocyte development significantly lags behind that of other CNS cells. We here combine immunohistochemical approaches with genetic fate-mapping, behavioral paradigms, single-cell transcriptomics, and in vivo two-photon imaging, to comprehensively assess the generation and the proliferation of astrocytes in the dentate gyrus (DG) across the life span of a mouse. Astrogenesis in the DG is initiated by radial glia-like neural stem cells giving rise to locally dividing astrocytes that enlarge the astrocyte compartment in an outside-in-pattern. Also in the adult DG, the vast majority of astrogenesis is mediated through the proliferation of local astrocytes. Interestingly, locally dividing astrocytes were able to adapt their proliferation to environmental and behavioral stimuli revealing an unexpected plasticity. Our study establishes astrocytes as enduring plastic elements in DG circuits, implicating a vital contribution of astrocyte dynamics to hippocampal plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Schneider
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Weigel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marie-Theres Wittmann
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Pavel Svehla
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Medical Faculty, BioMedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ehrt
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Medical Faculty, BioMedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fang Zheng
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tarek Elmzzahi
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Molecular Immunology in Neurodegeneration, German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Julian Karpf
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lucía Paniagua-Herranz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Spain
| | - Onur Basak
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Arif Ekici
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andre Reis
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Alzheimer
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Felipe Ortega de la O
- Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Spain
| | - Sabine Liebscher
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Medical Faculty, BioMedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
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5
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Engels M, Kalia M, Rahmati S, Petersilie L, Kovermann P, van Putten MJAM, Rose CR, Meijer HGE, Gensch T, Fahlke C. Glial Chloride Homeostasis Under Transient Ischemic Stress. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:735300. [PMID: 34602981 PMCID: PMC8481871 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.735300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
High water permeabilities permit rapid adjustments of glial volume upon changes in external and internal osmolarity, and pathologically altered intracellular chloride concentrations ([Cl–]int) and glial cell swelling are often assumed to represent early events in ischemia, infections, or traumatic brain injury. Experimental data for glial [Cl–]int are lacking for most brain regions, under normal as well as under pathological conditions. We measured [Cl–]int in hippocampal and neocortical astrocytes and in hippocampal radial glia-like (RGL) cells in acute murine brain slices using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy with the chloride-sensitive dye MQAE at room temperature. We observed substantial heterogeneity in baseline [Cl–]int, ranging from 14.0 ± 2.0 mM in neocortical astrocytes to 28.4 ± 3.0 mM in dentate gyrus astrocytes. Chloride accumulation by the Na+-K+-2Cl– cotransporter (NKCC1) and chloride outward transport (efflux) through K+-Cl– cotransporters (KCC1 and KCC3) or excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT) anion channels control [Cl–]int to variable extent in distinct brain regions. In hippocampal astrocytes, blocking NKCC1 decreased [Cl–]int, whereas KCC or EAAT anion channel inhibition had little effect. In contrast, neocortical astrocytic or RGL [Cl–]int was very sensitive to block of chloride outward transport, but not to NKCC1 inhibition. Mathematical modeling demonstrated that higher numbers of NKCC1 and KCC transporters can account for lower [Cl–]int in neocortical than in hippocampal astrocytes. Energy depletion mimicking ischemia for up to 10 min did not result in pronounced changes in [Cl–]int in any of the tested glial cell types. However, [Cl–]int changes occurred under ischemic conditions after blocking selected anion transporters. We conclude that stimulated chloride accumulation and chloride efflux compensate for each other and prevent glial swelling under transient energy deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Engels
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Molekular-und Zellphysiologie (IBI-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Manu Kalia
- Applied Analysis, Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands.,Institute of Neurobiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sarah Rahmati
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Molekular-und Zellphysiologie (IBI-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Laura Petersilie
- Institute of Neurobiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Kovermann
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Molekular-und Zellphysiologie (IBI-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | | | - Christine R Rose
- Institute of Neurobiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hil G E Meijer
- Applied Analysis, Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Gensch
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Molekular-und Zellphysiologie (IBI-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Christoph Fahlke
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Molekular-und Zellphysiologie (IBI-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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6
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Pahle J, Muhia M, Wagener RJ, Tippmann A, Bock HH, Graw J, Herz J, Staiger JF, Drakew A, Kneussel M, Rune GM, Frotscher M, Brunne B. Selective Inactivation of Reelin in Inhibitory Interneurons Leads to Subtle Changes in the Dentate Gyrus But Leaves Cortical Layering and Behavior Unaffected. Cereb Cortex 2021; 30:1688-1707. [PMID: 31667489 PMCID: PMC7132935 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Reelin is an extracellular matrix protein, known for its dual role in neuronal migration during brain development and in synaptic plasticity at adult stages. During the perinatal phase, Reelin expression switches from Cajal-Retzius (CR) cells, its main source before birth, to inhibitory interneurons (IN), the main source of Reelin in the adult forebrain. IN-derived Reelin has been associated with schizophrenia and temporal lobe epilepsy; however, the functional role of Reelin from INs is presently unclear. In this study, we used conditional knockout mice, which lack Reelin expression specifically in inhibitory INs, leading to a substantial reduction in total Reelin expression in the neocortex and dentate gyrus. Our results show that IN-specific Reelin knockout mice exhibit normal neuronal layering and normal behavior, including spatial reference memory. Although INs are the major source of Reelin within the adult stem cell niche, Reelin from INs does not contribute substantially to normal adult neurogenesis. While a closer look at the dentate gyrus revealed some unexpected alterations at the cellular level, including an increase in the number of Reelin expressing CR cells, overall our data suggest that Reelin derived from INs is less critical for cortex development and function than Reelin expressed by CR cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Pahle
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mary Muhia
- Institute of Molecular Neurogenetics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robin J Wagener
- Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anja Tippmann
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Systems Neuroscience, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hans H Bock
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Janice Graw
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Drakew
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Matthias Kneussel
- Institute of Molecular Neurogenetics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gabriele M Rune
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Frotscher
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bianka Brunne
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
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7
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van Weperen VYH, Littman RJ, Arneson DV, Contreras J, Yang X, Ajijola OA. Single-cell transcriptomic profiling of satellite glial cells in stellate ganglia reveals developmental and functional axial dynamics. Glia 2021; 69:1281-1291. [PMID: 33432730 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Stellate ganglion neurons, important mediators of cardiopulmonary neurotransmission, are surrounded by satellite glial cells (SGCs), which are essential for the function, maintenance, and development of neurons. However, it remains unknown whether SGCs in adult sympathetic ganglia exhibit any functional diversity, and what role this plays in modulating neurotransmission. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing of mouse stellate ganglia (n = 8 animals), focusing on SGCs (n = 11,595 cells). SGCs were identified by high expression of glial-specific transcripts, S100b and Fabp7. Microglia and Schwann cells were identified by expression of C1qa/C1qb/C1qc and Ncmap/Drp2, respectively, and excluded from further analysis. Dimensionality reduction and clustering of SGCs revealed six distinct transcriptomic subtypes, one of which was characterized the expression of pro-inflammatory markers and excluded from further analyses. The transcriptomic profiles and corresponding biochemical pathways of the remaining subtypes were analyzed and compared with published astrocytic transcriptomes. This revealed gradual shifts of developmental and functional pathways across the subtypes, originating from an immature and pluripotent subpopulation into two mature populations of SGCs, characterized by upregulated functional pathways such as cholesterol metabolism. As SGCs aged, these functional pathways were downregulated while genes and pathways associated with cellular stress responses were upregulated. These findings were confirmed and furthered by an unbiased pseudo-time analysis, which revealed two distinct trajectories involving the five subtypes that were studied. These findings demonstrate that SGCs in mouse stellate ganglia exhibit transcriptomic heterogeneity along maturation or differentiation axes. These subpopulations and their unique biochemical properties suggest dynamic physiological adaptations that modulate neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Y H van Weperen
- UCLA Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence, Los Angeles, California, USA.,UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Russell J Littman
- UCLA Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, Los Angeles, California, USA.,UCLA Integrative Biology and Physiology, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Douglas V Arneson
- UCLA Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, Los Angeles, California, USA.,UCLA Integrative Biology and Physiology, Los Angeles, California, USA.,UCSF Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jaime Contreras
- UCLA Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence, Los Angeles, California, USA.,UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Xia Yang
- UCLA Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, Los Angeles, California, USA.,UCLA Integrative Biology and Physiology, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Olujimi A Ajijola
- UCLA Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence, Los Angeles, California, USA.,UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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8
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Caramello A, Galichet C, Rizzoti K, Lovell-Badge R. Dentate gyrus development requires a cortical hem-derived astrocytic scaffold. eLife 2021; 10:63904. [PMID: 33393905 PMCID: PMC7806271 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development, radial glial cells give rise to neurons, then to astrocytes following the gliogenic switch. Timely regulation of the switch, operated by several transcription factors, is fundamental for allowing coordinated interactions between neurons and glia. We deleted the gene for one such factor, SOX9, early during mouse brain development and observed a significantly compromised dentate gyrus (DG). We dissected the origin of the defect, targeting embryonic Sox9 deletion to either the DG neuronal progenitor domain or the adjacent cortical hem (CH). We identified in the latter previously uncharacterized ALDH1L1+ astrocytic progenitors, which form a fimbrial-specific glial scaffold necessary for neuronal progenitor migration toward the developing DG. Our results highlight an early crucial role of SOX9 for DG development through regulation of astroglial potential acquisition in the CH. Moreover, we illustrate how formation of a local network, amidst astrocytic and neuronal progenitors originating from adjacent domains, underlays brain morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Caramello
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Genetics, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christophe Galichet
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Genetics, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karine Rizzoti
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Genetics, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin Lovell-Badge
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Genetics, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
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9
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Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) persist into adulthood in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus and in the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) of the lateral ventricles, where they generate new neurons and glia cells that contribute to neural plasticity. A better understanding of the developmental process that enables NSCs to persist beyond development will provide insight into factors that determine the size and properties of the adult NSC pool and thus the capacity for life-long neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain. We review current knowledge regarding the developmental origins of adult NSCs and the developmental process by which embryonic NSCs transition into their adult form. We also discuss potential mechanisms that might regulate proper establishment of the adult NSC pool, and propose future directions of research that will be key to unraveling how NSCs transform to establish the adult NSC pool in the mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Bond
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; The Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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10
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Bond AM, Berg DA, Lee S, Garcia-Epelboim AS, Adusumilli VS, Ming GL, Song H. Differential Timing and Coordination of Neurogenesis and Astrogenesis in Developing Mouse Hippocampal Subregions. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10120909. [PMID: 33255945 PMCID: PMC7760658 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10120909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neocortical development has been extensively studied and therefore is the basis of our understanding of mammalian brain development. One fundamental principle of neocortical development is that neurogenesis and gliogenesis are temporally segregated processes. However, it is unclear how neurogenesis and gliogenesis are coordinated in non-neocortical regions of the cerebral cortex, such as the hippocampus, also known as the archicortex. Here, we show that the timing of neurogenesis and astrogenesis in the Cornu Ammonis (CA) 1 and CA3 regions of mouse hippocampus mirrors that of the neocortex; neurogenesis occurs embryonically, followed by astrogenesis during early postnatal development. In contrast, we find that neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus begins embryonically but is a protracted process which peaks neonatally and continues at low levels postnatally. As a result, astrogenesis, which occurs during early postnatal development, overlaps with the process of neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus. During all stages, neurogenesis overwhelms astrogenesis in the dentate gyrus. In addition, we find that the timing of peak astrogenesis varies by hippocampal subregion. Together, our results show differential timing and coordination of neurogenesis and astrogenesis in developing mouse hippocampal subregions and suggest that neurogenesis and gliogenesis occur simultaneously during dentate gyrus development, challenging the conventional principle that neurogenesis and gliogenesis are temporally separated processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M. Bond
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (A.M.B.); (D.A.B.); (S.L.); (A.S.G.-E.); (V.S.A.); (G.-l.M.)
| | - Daniel A. Berg
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (A.M.B.); (D.A.B.); (S.L.); (A.S.G.-E.); (V.S.A.); (G.-l.M.)
| | - Stephanie Lee
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (A.M.B.); (D.A.B.); (S.L.); (A.S.G.-E.); (V.S.A.); (G.-l.M.)
| | - Alan S. Garcia-Epelboim
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (A.M.B.); (D.A.B.); (S.L.); (A.S.G.-E.); (V.S.A.); (G.-l.M.)
| | - Vijay S. Adusumilli
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (A.M.B.); (D.A.B.); (S.L.); (A.S.G.-E.); (V.S.A.); (G.-l.M.)
| | - Guo-li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (A.M.B.); (D.A.B.); (S.L.); (A.S.G.-E.); (V.S.A.); (G.-l.M.)
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (A.M.B.); (D.A.B.); (S.L.); (A.S.G.-E.); (V.S.A.); (G.-l.M.)
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- The Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Correspondence:
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11
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Reelin Mediates Hippocampal Cajal-Retzius Cell Positioning and Infrapyramidal Blade Morphogenesis. J Dev Biol 2020; 8:jdb8030020. [PMID: 32962021 PMCID: PMC7558149 DOI: 10.3390/jdb8030020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously described hypomorphic reelin (Reln) mutant mice, RelnCTRdel, in which the morphology of the dentate gyrus is distinct from that seen in reeler mice. In the RelnCTRdel mutant, the infrapyramidal blade of the dentate gyrus fails to extend, while the suprapyramidal blade forms with a relatively compact granule neuron layer. Underlying this defect, we now report several developmental anomalies in the RelnCTRdel dentate gyrus. Most strikingly, the distribution of Cajal-Retzius cells was aberrant; Cajal-Retzius neurons were increased in the suprapyramidal blade, but were greatly reduced along the subpial surface of the prospective infrapyramidal blade. We also observed multiple abnormalities of the fimbriodentate junction. Firstly, progenitor cells were distributed abnormally; the “neurogenic cluster” at the fimbriodentate junction was absent, lacking the normal accumulation of Tbr2-positive intermediate progenitors. However, the number of dividing cells in the dentate gyrus was not generally decreased. Secondly, a defect of secondary glial scaffold formation, limited to the infrapyramidal blade, was observed. The densely radiating glial fibers characteristic of the normal fimbriodentate junction were absent in mutants. These fibers might be required for migration of progenitors, which may account for the failure of neurogenic cluster formation. These findings suggest the importance of the secondary scaffold and neurogenic cluster of the fimbriodentate junction in morphogenesis of the mammalian dentate gyrus. Our study provides direct genetic evidence showing that normal RELN function is required for Cajal-Retzius cell positioning in the dentate gyrus, and for formation of the fimbriodentate junction to promote infrapyramidal blade extension.
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12
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Chai X, Zhang W, Li L, Wu Y, Zhu X, Zhao S. Profile of MIF in Developing Hippocampus: Association With Cell Proliferation and Neurite Outgrowth. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:147. [PMID: 32903462 PMCID: PMC7434973 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a multifunctional cytokine and has been found involved in many neurological diseases such as Alzheimer disease (AD), epilepsy, and multiple sclerosis. Previous studies have shown that MIF is expressed in neocortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, cerebellum, and spinal cord in adult mice. It is expressed by astrocytes and activates microglias in neuroinflammation. Further studies have shown that MIF is detected in moss fibers of dentate granule cells and in apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons in adult hippocampus. Only NeuroD-positive immature granule neurons but not NeuN-positive mature neurons express MIF. These findings led us eager to know the exact role of MIF in the development of hippocampus. Therefore, we systematically checked the spatial and temporal expression pattern of MIF and characterized MIF-positive cells in hippocampus from mice aged from postnatal day 0 (P0) to 3 months. Our results showed that the lowest level of MIF protein occurred at P7 and mif mRNA increased from P0, reached a peak at P7, and stably expressed until P30 before declining dramatically at 3 months. MIF was localized in fibers of GFAP- and BLBP-positive radial glial precursor cells in dentate gyrus (DG). DCX-expressing newly generated neurons were MIF-negative. Inhibition of MIF by MIF antagonist S, R-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4, 5-dihydro-5-isoxazole acetic acid methyl ester (ISO-1) reduced BrdU-positive cells. Interestingly, MIF was expressed by NeuN-positive GABAergic interneurons including parvalbumin-and Reelin-expressing cells in the DG. Neither NeuN-positive granule cells nor NeuN-positive pyramidal neurons expressed MIF. In transgenic mice, POMC-EGFP–positive immature dentate granule cells and Thy1-EGFP–positive mature granule cells were MIF-negative. Treatment of neuronal cultures with ISO-1 inhibited neurite outgrowth. Therefore, we conclude that MIF might be important for feature maintenance of neural stem cells and neurite outgrowth during hippocampal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Chai
- College of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Lingling Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yongji Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Shanting Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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13
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Nelson BR, Hodge RD, Daza RA, Tripathi PP, Arnold SJ, Millen KJ, Hevner RF. Intermediate progenitors support migration of neural stem cells into dentate gyrus outer neurogenic niches. eLife 2020; 9:53777. [PMID: 32238264 PMCID: PMC7159924 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) is a unique brain region maintaining neural stem cells (NCSs) and neurogenesis into adulthood. We used multiphoton imaging to visualize genetically defined progenitor subpopulations in live slices across key stages of mouse DG development, testing decades old static models of DG formation with molecular identification, genetic-lineage tracing, and mutant analyses. We found novel progenitor migrations, timings, dynamic cell-cell interactions, signaling activities, and routes underlie mosaic DG formation. Intermediate progenitors (IPs, Tbr2+) pioneered migrations, supporting and guiding later emigrating NSCs (Sox9+) through multiple transient zones prior to converging at the nascent outer adult niche in a dynamic settling process, generating all prenatal and postnatal granule neurons in defined spatiotemporal order. IPs (Dll1+) extensively targeted contacts to mitotic NSCs (Notch active), revealing a substrate for cell-cell contact support during migrations, a developmental feature maintained in adults. Mouse DG formation shares conserved features of human neocortical expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branden R Nelson
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Rebecca D Hodge
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States
| | - Ray Am Daza
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States
| | - Prem Prakash Tripathi
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States
| | - Sebastian J Arnold
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freiburg, Germany.,Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kathleen J Millen
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Robert F Hevner
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
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14
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Bekiari C, Grivas I, Tsingotjidou A, Papadopoulos GC. Adult neurogenesis and gliogenesis in the dorsal and ventral canine hippocampus. J Comp Neurol 2019; 528:1216-1230. [PMID: 31743444 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dentate gyrus (DG) of the mammalian hippocampus gives rise to new neurons and astrocytes all through adulthood. Canine hippocampus presents many similarities in fetal development, anatomy, and physiology with human hippocampus, establishing canines as excellent animal models for the study of adult neurogenesis. In the present study, BrdU-dated cells of the structurally and functionally dissociated dorsal (dDG) and ventral (vDG) adult canine DG were comparatively examined over a period of 30 days. Each part's neurogenic potential, radial glia-like neural stem cells (NSCs) proliferation and differentiation, migration, and maturation of their progenies were evaluated at 2, 5, 14, and 30 days post BrdU administration, with the use of selected markers (glial fibrillary acidic protein, doublecortin, calretinin and calbindin). Co-staining of BrdU+ cells with NeuN or S100B permitted the parallel study of the ongoing neurogenesis and gliogenesis. Our findings reveal the comparatively higher populations of residing granule cells, proliferating NSCs and BrdU+ neurons in the dDG, whereas newborn neurons of the vDG showed a prolonged differentiation, migration, and maturation. Newborn astrocytes were found all along the dorso-ventral axis, counting however for only 11% of newborn cell population. Comparative evaluation of adult canine and rat neurogenesis revealed significant differences in the distribution of resident and newborn granule cells along the dorso-ventral axis, division pattern of adult NSCs, maturation time plan of newborn neurons, and ongoing gliogenesis. Concluding, spatial and temporal features of adult canine neurogenesis are similar to that of other gyrencephalic species, including humans, and justify the comparative examination of adult neurogenesis across mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chryssa Bekiari
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Grivas
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia Tsingotjidou
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios C Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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15
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Zhang L, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Xu N, Wang J, Zhu Y, Xia C. Brn4 promotes the differentiation of radial glial cells into neurons by inhibiting CtBP2. Life Sci 2019; 254:116866. [PMID: 31518606 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are pluripotent cells that are capable of differentiating into neurons and considered as the most promising cell source for cell replacement therapy. However, the difficulty in inducing neuronal differentiation and maturation from NSCs is a major challenge for their clinical application. Clarifying the molecular mechanisms underlying the neuronal differentiation of NSCs can provide a basis for expanding their uses. Brain 4 (Brn4) is a member of the POU domain family of transcription factors and can induce the neuronal differentiation of NSCs, but its precise function in NSCs is unclear. To address this question, in this study we isolated and expanded radial glial cells (RGCs), a type of NSC, from the cerebral cortex of 14-day embryonic rats and used lentivirus carrying the human Brn4 gene to overexpress Brn4 in these cells. This induced the differentiation of RGCs into neurons and inhibited the expression of C-terminal binding protein 2 (CtBP2), a transcriptional co-repressor. CtBP2 overexpression in RGCs suppressed their differentiation into neurons, whereas CtBP2 knockdown had the opposite effect. These results indicated that Brn4 promoted the neuronal differentiation of NSCs via inhibition of CtBP2 and is a potential tool for generating neurons in cell replacement therapy of neurodegenerative diseases and brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Cytoneurobiology Unit, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China; Department of Human Anatomy, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Xinhua Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Cytoneurobiology Unit, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Naijuan Xu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Chunlin Xia
- Department of Anatomy and Cytoneurobiology Unit, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
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16
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Savchenko E, Teku GN, Boza-Serrano A, Russ K, Berns M, Deierborg T, Lamas NJ, Wichterle H, Rothstein J, Henderson CE, Vihinen M, Roybon L. FGF family members differentially regulate maturation and proliferation of stem cell-derived astrocytes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9610. [PMID: 31270389 PMCID: PMC6610107 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46110-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1) is upregulated during astrocyte development and maturation in vivo and is vital for astrocyte function. Yet it is expressed at low levels by most cultured astrocytes. We previously showed that maturation of human and mouse stem cell-derived astrocytes – including functional glutamate uptake – could be enhanced by fibroblast growth factor (FGF)1 or FGF2. Here, we examined the specificity and mechanism of action of FGF2 and other FGF family members, as well as neurotrophic and differentiation factors, on mouse embryonic stem cell-derived astrocytes. We found that some FGFs – including FGF2, strongly increased GLT1 expression and enhanced astrocyte proliferation, while others (FGF16 and FGF18) mainly affected maturation. Interestingly, BMP4 increased astrocytic GFAP expression, and BMP4-treated astrocytes failed to promote the survival of motor neurons in vitro. Whole transcriptome analysis showed that FGF2 treatment regulated multiple genes linked to cell division, and that the mRNA encoding GLT1 was one of the most strongly upregulated of all astrocyte canonical markers. Since GLT1 is expressed at reduced levels in many neurodegenerative diseases, activation of this pathway is of potential therapeutic interest. Furthermore, treatment with FGFs provides a robust means for expansion of functionally mature stem cell-derived astrocytes for preclinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Savchenko
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC D10, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, SE-22184, Lund, Sweden.,MultiPark and Lund Stem Cell Center, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, SE-22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gabriel N Teku
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, BMC B13, Lund University, SE-22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Antonio Boza-Serrano
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, BMC B11, Lund University, SE-22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kaspar Russ
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC D10, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, SE-22184, Lund, Sweden.,MultiPark and Lund Stem Cell Center, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, SE-22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Manon Berns
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC D10, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, SE-22184, Lund, Sweden.,MultiPark and Lund Stem Cell Center, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, SE-22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, BMC B11, Lund University, SE-22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nuno J Lamas
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal, and ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Anatomic Pathology Service, Pathology Department, Hospital and University Center of Porto, Largo Professor Abel Salazar, 4099-001, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hynek Wichterle
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Neurology, and Neuroscience, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Project A.L.S./Jenifer Estess Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Jeffrey Rothstein
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Christopher E Henderson
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Neurology, and Neuroscience, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Project A.L.S./Jenifer Estess Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Target ALS Foundation, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Mauno Vihinen
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, BMC B13, Lund University, SE-22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Laurent Roybon
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC D10, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, SE-22184, Lund, Sweden. .,MultiPark and Lund Stem Cell Center, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, SE-22184, Lund, Sweden.
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17
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Meyer G, González-Arnay E, Moll U, Nemajerova A, Tissir F, González-Gómez M. Cajal-Retzius neurons are required for the development of the human hippocampal fissure. J Anat 2019; 235:569-589. [PMID: 30861578 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cajal-Retzius neurons (CRN) are the main source of Reelin in the marginal zone of the developing neocortex and hippocampus (HC). They also express the transcription factor p73 and are complemented by later-appearing GABAergic Reelin+ interneurons. The human dorsal HC forms at gestational week 10 (GW10), when it develops a rudimentary Ammonic plate and incipient dentate migration, although the dorsal hippocampal fissure (HF) remains shallow and contains few CRN. The dorsal HC transforms into the indusium griseum (IG), concurrently with the rostro-caudal appearance of the corpus callosum, by GW14-17. Dorsal and ventral HC merge at the site of the former caudal hem, which is located at the level of the future atrium of the lateral ventricle and closely connected with the choroid plexus. The ventral HC forms at GW11 in the temporal lobe. The ventral HF is wide open at GW14-16 and densely populated by large numbers of CRNs. These are in intimate contact with the meninges and meningeal blood vessels, suggesting signalling through diverse pathways. At GW17, the fissure deepens and begins to fuse, although it is still marked by p73/Reelin+ CRNs. The p73KO mouse illustrates the importance of p73 in CRN for HF formation. In the mutant, Tbr1/Reelin+ CRNs are born in the hem but do not leave it and subsequently disappear, so that the mutant cortex and HC lack CRN from the onset of corticogenesis. The HF is absent, which leads to profound architectonic alterations of the HC. To determine which p73 isoform is important for HF formation, isoform-specific TAp73- and DeltaNp73-deficient embryonic and early postnatal mice were examined. In both mutants, the number of CRNs was reduced, but each of their phenotypes was much milder than in the global p73KO mutant missing both isoforms. In the TAp73KO mice, the HF of the dorsal HC failed to form, but was present in the ventral HC. In the DeltaNp73KO mice, the HC had a mild patterning defect along with a shorter HF. Complex interactions between both isoforms in CRNs may contribute to their crucial activity in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gundela Meyer
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
| | | | - Ute Moll
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Alice Nemajerova
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Fadel Tissir
- Developmental Neurobiology Group, Institute of NeuroScience, UCL Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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18
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Hatami M, Conrad S, Naghsh P, Alvarez-Bolado G, Skutella T. Cell-Biological Requirements for the Generation of Dentate Gyrus Granule Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:402. [PMID: 30483057 PMCID: PMC6240695 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The dentate gyrus (DG) receives highly processed information from the associative cortices functionally integrated in the trisynaptic hippocampal circuit, which contributes to the formation of new episodic memories and the spontaneous exploration of novel environments. Remarkably, the DG is the only brain region currently known to have high rates of neurogenesis in adults (Andersen et al., 1966, 1971). The DG is involved in several neurodegenerative disorders, including clinical dementia, schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder and temporal lobe epilepsy. The principal neurons of the DG are the granule cells. DG granule cells generated in culture would be an ideal model to investigate their normal development and the causes of the pathologies in which they are involved and as well as possible therapies. Essential to establish such in vitro models is the precise definition of the most important cell-biological requirements for the differentiation of DG granule cells. This requires a deeper understanding of the precise molecular and functional attributes of the DG granule cells in vivo as well as the DG cells derived in vitro. In this review we outline the neuroanatomical, molecular and cell-biological components of the granule cell differentiation pathway, including some growth- and transcription factors essential for their development. We summarize the functional characteristics of DG granule neurons, including the electrophysiological features of immature and mature granule cells and the axonal pathfinding characteristics of DG neurons. Additionally, we discuss landmark studies on the generation of dorsal telencephalic precursors from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) as well as DG neuron differentiation in culture. Finally, we provide an outlook and comment critical aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hatami
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Pooyan Naghsh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Thomas Skutella
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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19
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Aoyagi Y, Hibi T, Kimori Y, Sawada M, Kawakami R, Sawamoto K, Nemoto T. Heterogeneous distribution of doublecortin-expressing cells surrounding the rostral migratory stream in the juvenile mouse. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:2631-2646. [PMID: 30136724 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the postnatal mammalian brain, neural stem cells of the ventricular-subventricular zone continue to generate doublecortin (Dcx)-expressing immature neurons. Throughout life, these immature neurons migrate to the olfactory bulb through the rostral migratory stream (RMS). In this study, we investigated the distribution of these putative immature neurons using enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) expression in the area surrounding the RMS of the juvenile Dcx-EGFP mice. Through the combined use of an optical clearing reagent (a 2,2'-thiodiethanol solution) and two-photon microscopy, we visualized three-dimensionally the EGFP-positive cells in the entire RMS and its surroundings. The resulting wide-field and high-definition images along with computational image processing methods developed in this study were used to comprehensively determine the position of the EGFP-positive cells. Our findings revealed that the EGFP-positive cells were heterogeneously distributed in the area surrounding the RMS. In addition, the orientation patterns of the leading process of these cells, which displayed the morphology of migrating immature neurons, differed depending on their location. These novel results provide highly precise morphological information for immature neurons and suggest that a portion of immature neurons may be detached from the RMS and migrate in various directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Aoyagi
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Terumasa Hibi
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Kimori
- Imaging Science Division, Center for Novel Science Initiatives, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masato Sawada
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kawakami
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Sawamoto
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.,Division of Neural Development and Regeneration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tomomi Nemoto
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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20
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Liver X receptor β regulates the development of the dentate gyrus and autistic-like behavior in the mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E2725-E2733. [PMID: 29507213 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1800184115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus is a laminated brain region in which neurogenesis begins during early embryonic development and continues until adulthood. Recent studies have implicated that defects in the neurogenesis of the DG seem to be involved in the genesis of autism spectrum disorders (ASD)-like behaviors. Liver X receptor β (LXRβ) has recently emerged as an important transcription factor involved in the development of laminated CNS structures, but little is known about its role in the development of the DG. Here, we show that deletion of the LXRβ in mice causes hypoplasia in the DG, including abnormalities in the formation of progenitor cells and granule cell differentiation. We also found that expression of Notch1, a central mediator of progenitor cell self-renewal, is reduced in LXRβ-null mice. In addition, LXRβ deletion in mice results in autistic-like behaviors, including abnormal social interaction and repetitive behavior. These data reveal a central role for LXRβ in orchestrating the timely differentiation of neural progenitor cells within the DG, thereby providing a likely explanation for its association with the genesis of autism-related behaviors in LXRβ-deficient mice.
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21
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Xu M, Han X, Liu R, Li Y, Qi C, Yang Z, Zhao C, Gao J. PDK1 Deficit Impairs the Development of the Dentate Gyrus in Mice. Cereb Cortex 2018; 29:1185-1198. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Min Xu
- Department of Neurobiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoning Han
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, MOE, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Nanjing, China
| | - Cui Qi
- Department of Neurobiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongzhou Yang
- Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunjie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, MOE, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Center of Depression, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Department of Neurobiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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22
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Quantitative Analysis of Kynurenine Aminotransferase II in the Adult Rat Brain Reveals High Expression in Proliferative Zones and Corpus Callosum. Neuroscience 2017; 369:1-14. [PMID: 29126954 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Kynurenic acid, a metabolite of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan degradation, acts as an endogenous antagonist of alpha7 nicotinic and NMDA receptors and is implicated in a number of neurophysiological and neuropathological processes including cognition and neurodegenerative events. Therefore, kynurenine aminotransferase II (KAT II/AADAT), the enzyme responsible for the formation of the majority of neuroactive kynurenic acid in the brain, has prompted significant interest. Using immunohistochemistry, this enzyme was localized primarily in astrocytes throughout the adult rat brain, but detailed neuroanatomical studies are lacking. Here, we employed quantitative in situ hybridization to analyze the relative expression of KAT II mRNA in the brain of rats under normal conditions and 6 h after the administration of lipopolysaccharides (LPSs). Specific hybridization signals for KAT II were detected, with the highest expression in the subventricular zone (SVZ), the rostral migratory stream and the floor of the third ventricle followed by the corpus callosum and the hippocampus. This pattern of mRNA expression was paralleled by differential protein expression, determined by serial dilutions of antibodies (up to 1:1 million), and was confirmed to be primarily astrocytic in nature. The mRNA signal in the SVZ and the hippocampus was substantially increased by the LPS treatment without detectable changes elsewhere. These results demonstrate that KAT II is expressed in the rat brain in a region-specific manner and that gene expression is sensitive to inflammatory processes. This suggests an unrecognized role for kynurenic acid in the brain's germinal zones.
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23
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Da Fonte DF, Martyniuk CJ, Xing L, Pelin A, Corradi N, Hu W, Trudeau VL. Secretoneurin A regulates neurogenic and inflammatory transcriptional networks in goldfish (Carassius auratus) radial glia. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14930. [PMID: 29097753 PMCID: PMC5668316 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14930-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Radial glial cells (RGCs) are the most abundant macroglia in the teleost brain and have established roles in neurogenesis and neurosteroidogenesis; however, their transcriptome remains uncharacterized, which limits functional understanding of this important cell type. Using cultured goldfish RGCs, RNA sequencing and de novo transcriptome assembly were performed, generating the first reference transcriptome for fish RGCs with 17,620 unique genes identified. These data revealed that RGCs express a diverse repertoire of receptors and signaling molecules, suggesting that RGCs may respond to and synthesize an array of hormones, peptides, cytokines, and growth factors. Building upon neuroanatomical data and studies investigating direct neuronal regulation of RGC physiology, differential gene expression analysis was conducted to identify transcriptional networks that are responsive to the conserved secretogranin II-derived neuropeptide secretoneurin A (SNa). Pathway analysis of the transcriptome indicated that cellular processes related to the central nervous system (e.g., neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, glial cell development) and immune functions (e.g., immune system activation, leukocyte function, macrophage response) were preferentially modulated by SNa. These data reveal an array of new functions that are proposed to be critical to neuronal-glial interactions through the mediator SNa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon F Da Fonte
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Lei Xing
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada.,Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Adrian Pelin
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Nicolas Corradi
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Vance L Trudeau
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada.
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24
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Thompson RE, Lake A, Kenny P, Saunders MN, Sakers K, Iyer NR, Dougherty JD, Sakiyama-Elbert SE. Different Mixed Astrocyte Populations Derived from Embryonic Stem Cells Have Variable Neuronal Growth Support Capacities. Stem Cells Dev 2017; 26:1597-1611. [PMID: 28851266 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system injury often leads to functional impairment due, in part, to the formation of an inhibitory glial scar following injury that contributes to poor regeneration. Astrocytes are the major cellular components of the glial scar, which has led to the belief that they are primarily inhibitory following injury. Recent work has challenged this by demonstrating that some astrocytes are required for spinal cord regeneration and astrocytic roles in recovery depend on their phenotype. In this work, two mixed populations containing primarily either fibrous or protoplasmic astrocytes were derived from mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Motoneuron and V2a interneuron growth on live cultures, freeze-lysed cultures, or decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM) from astrocytes were assessed. Both neuronal populations were found to extend significantly longer neurites on protoplasmic-derived substrates than fibrous-derived substrates. Interestingly, neurons extended longer neurites on protoplasmic-derived ECM than fibrous-derived ECM. ECM proteins were compared with in vivo astrocyte expression profiles, and it was found that the ESC-derived ECMs were enriched for astrocyte-specific proteins. Further characterization revealed that protoplasmic ECM had significantly higher levels of axon growth promoting proteins, while fibrous ECM had significantly higher levels of proteins that inhibit axon growth. Supporting this observation, knockdown of spondin-1 improved neurite growth on fibrous ECM, while laminin α5 and γ1 knockdown decreased neurite growth on protoplasmic ECM. These methods allow for scalable production of specific astrocyte subtype-containing populations with different neuronal growth support capacities, and can be used for further studies of the functional importance of astrocyte heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell E Thompson
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri.,2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas
| | - Allison Lake
- 3 Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri.,4 Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Peter Kenny
- 2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas
| | - Michael N Saunders
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri.,2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas
| | - Kristina Sakers
- 3 Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri.,4 Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Nisha R Iyer
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Joseph D Dougherty
- 3 Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri.,4 Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Shelly E Sakiyama-Elbert
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri.,2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas
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25
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Matsue K, Minakawa S, Kashiwagi T, Toda K, Sato T, Shioda S, Seki T. Dentate granule progenitor cell properties are rapidly altered soon after birth. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 223:357-369. [PMID: 28836044 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1499-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis occurs during the embryonic period and ceases soon after birth in the neocortex, but continues to occur in the hippocampus even in the adult. The embryonic neocortex has radial glia or progenitor cells expressing brain lipid-binding protein (BLBP), whereas the adult hippocampus has radial granule progenitor cells expressing BLBP and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the subgranular zone. We previously found that embryonic hippocampal granule progenitor cells express GFAP, but not BLBP, indicating that these cells are different from both embryonic neocortical and adult granule progenitor cells. In the present study, as the first step towards understanding the mechanism of persistent hippocampal neurogenesis, we aimed to determine the stage at which embryonic-type granule progenitors become adult-type progenitors using mouse Gfap-GFP transgenic mice. During the embryonic stages, Gfap-GFP-positive (Gfap-GFP+) cells were distributed in the entire developing dentate gyrus (DG), whereas BLBP-positive (BLBP+) cells were mainly present in the fimbria and subpial region, and to some extent in the DG. Up to postnatal day 0 (P0), double-positive cells were scarcely detected. However, at P1, one-third of the Gfap-GFP+ cells in the DG suddenly began to weakly express BLBP. Thereafter, Gfap-GFP+/BLBP+ cells rapidly increased in number, and extended their radial processes in the inner granular cell layer. At P14 and in the adult, two-thirds of the Gfap-GFP+ cells in the subgranular zone showed BLBP immunoreactivity. These results suggest that the properties of hippocampal granule progenitor cells are rapidly altered from an embryonic to adult type soon after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Matsue
- Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan
| | - Shiori Minakawa
- Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan
| | - Taichi Kashiwagi
- Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan
| | - Keiko Toda
- Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan
| | - Toru Sato
- Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan
| | - Seiji Shioda
- Institute for Advanced Bioscience Research, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Seki
- Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan.
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26
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DNA Methyltransferase 1 Is Indispensable for Development of the Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus. J Neurosci 2017; 36:6050-68. [PMID: 27251626 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0512-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Development of the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) in the mammalian brain is achieved through multiple processes during late embryonic and postnatal stages, with each developmental step being strictly governed by extracellular cues and intracellular mechanisms. Here, we show that the maintenance DNA methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1) is critical for development of the DG in the mouse. Deletion of Dnmt1 in neural stem cells (NSCs) at the beginning of DG development led to a smaller size of the granule cell layer in the DG. NSCs lacking Dnmt1 failed to establish proper radial processes or to migrate into the subgranular zone, resulting in aberrant neuronal production in the molecular layer of the DG and a reduction of integrated neurons in the granule cell layer. Interestingly, prenatal deletion of Dnmt1 in NSCs affected not only the developmental progression of the DG but also the properties of NSCs maintained into adulthood: Dnmt1-deficient NSCs displayed impaired neurogenic ability and proliferation. We also found that Dnmt1 deficiency in NSCs decreased the expression of Reelin signaling components in the developing DG and increased that of the cell cycle inhibitors p21 and p57 in the adult DG. Together, these findings led us to propose that Dnmt1 functions as a key regulator to ensure the proper development of the DG, as well as the proper status of NSCs maintained into adulthood, by modulating extracellular signaling and intracellular mechanisms. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Here, we provide evidence that Dnmt1 is required for the proper development of the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). Deletion of Dnmt1 in neural stem cells (NSCs) at an early stage of DG development impaired the ability of NSCs to establish secondary radial glial scaffolds and to migrate into the subgranular zone of the DG, leading to aberrant neuronal production in the molecular layer, increased cell death, and decreased granule neuron production. Prenatal deletion of Dnmt1 in NSCs also induced defects in the proliferation and neurogenic ability of adult NSCs. Furthermore, we found that Dnmt1 regulates the expression of key extracellular signaling components during developmental stages while modulating intracellular mechanisms for proliferation and neuronal production of NSCs in the adult.
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27
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Parisot J, Flore G, Bertacchi M, Studer M. COUP-TFI mitotically regulates production and migration of dentate granule cells and modulates hippocampal Cxcr4 expression. Development 2017; 144:2045-2058. [PMID: 28506990 DOI: 10.1242/dev.139949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Development of the dentate gyrus (DG), the primary gateway for hippocampal inputs, spans embryonic and postnatal stages, and involves complex morphogenetic events. We have previously identified the nuclear receptor COUP-TFI as a novel transcriptional regulator in the postnatal organization and function of the hippocampus. Here, we dissect its role in DG morphogenesis by inactivating it in either granule cell progenitors or granule neurons. Loss of COUP-TFI function in progenitors leads to decreased granule cell proliferative activity, precocious differentiation and increased apoptosis, resulting in a severe DG growth defect in adult mice. COUP-TFI-deficient cells express high levels of the chemokine receptor Cxcr4 and migrate abnormally, forming heterotopic clusters of differentiated granule cells along their paths. Conversely, high COUP-TFI expression levels downregulate Cxcr4 expression, whereas increased Cxcr4 expression in wild-type hippocampal cells affects cell migration. Finally, loss of COUP-TFI in postmitotic cells leads to only minor and transient abnormalities, and to normal Cxcr4 expression. Together, our results indicate that COUP-TFI is required predominantly in DG progenitors for modulating expression of the Cxcr4 receptor during granule cell neurogenesis and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gemma Flore
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, CNR, Naples 80131 Italy
| | | | - Michèle Studer
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, Nice 06100, France
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28
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Zang J, Liu Y, Li W, Xiao D, Zhang Y, Luo Y, Liang W, Liu F, Wei W. Voluntary exercise increases adult hippocampal neurogenesis by increasing GSK-3β activity in mice. Neuroscience 2017; 354:122-135. [PMID: 28456716 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exercise has been proven to promote learning and memory, and is closely related to increased adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus. In our study, the β subunit of Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3β) can be significantly regulated by exercise, and the modulation of GSK3β activity can enhance adult neurogenesis and memory. To explore the mechanism by which exercise can improve cognitive function and adult neurogenesis, and the role GSK3β plays in this process, we established a mouse model of voluntary exercise to examine the expression and activity of GSK3β, and its associated signaling pathways, in the hippocampus dentate gyrus. The results showed an obvious increase in adult neurogenesis and cognitive functions, and the up-regulation of GSK3β, after exercise. The activity of the insulin pathway, which negatively regulates GSK3β, was also increased. Moreover, our results showed that the dopamine D1 receptor (DARP D1) pathway and adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) were also activated, which indicates a relationship between GSK3β and neurogenesis. Overall, our findings demonstrated that voluntary exercise promotes cognition and neurogenesis in the adult mouse dentate gyrus by the regulation of GSK3β expression and activity, which may be implemented through the DARP D1 receptor-signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiankun Zang
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Institute of Brain Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Yinghua Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Institute of Brain Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Di Xiao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Yingcheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Institute of Brain Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Yuxiang Luo
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Institute of Brain Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Wanying Liang
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Institute of Brain Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Neurochemistry, Inge-Grundke Iqbal Research Floor, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
| | - Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Institute of Brain Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.
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29
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Theofilas P, Steinhäuser C, Theis M, Derouiche A. Morphological study of a connexin 43-GFP reporter mouse highlights glial heterogeneity, amacrine cells, and olfactory ensheathing cells. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:2182-2194. [PMID: 28370142 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Connexin 43 (Cx43) is the main astrocytic connexin and forms the basis of the glial syncytium. The morphology of connexin-expressing cells can be best studied in transgenic mouse lines expressing cytoplasmic fluorescent reporters, since immunolabeling the plaques can obscure the shapes of the individual cells. The Cx43kiECFP mouse generated by Degen et al. (FASEBJ 26:4576, 2012) expresses cytosolic ECFP and has previously been used to establish that Cx43 may not be expressed by all astrocytes within a population, and this can vary in a region-dependent way. To establish this mouse line as a tool for future astrocyte and connexin research, we sought to consolidate reporter authenticity, studying cell types and within-region population heterogeneity. Applying anti-GFP, all cell types related to astroglia were positive-namely, protoplasmic astrocytes in the hippocampus, cortex, thalamus, spinal cord, olfactory bulb, cerebellum with Bergmann glia and astrocytes also in the molecular layer, and retinal Müller cells and astrocytes. Labeled cell types further comprise white matter astrocytes, olfactory ensheathing cells, radial glia-like stem cells, retinal pigment epithelium cells, ependymal cells, and meningeal cells. We furthermore describe a retinal Cx43-expressing amacrine cell morphologically reminiscent of ON-OFF wide-field amacrine cells, representing the first example of a mammalian CNS neuron-expressing Cx43 protein. In double staining with cell type-specific markers (GFAP, S100ß, glutamine synthetase), Cx43 reporter expression in the hippocampus and cortex was restricted to GFAP+ astrocytes. Altogether, this mouse line is a highly reliable tool for studies of Cx43-expressing CNS cells and astroglial cell morphology. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panos Theofilas
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Christian Steinhäuser
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Theis
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Amin Derouiche
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Dr. Senckenbergische Anatomie, Institute for Anatomy II, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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30
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Moreno N, González A. Pattern of Neurogenesis and Identification of Neuronal Progenitor Subtypes during Pallial Development in Xenopus laevis. Front Neuroanat 2017; 11:24. [PMID: 28396626 PMCID: PMC5366753 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity of the pallium during evolution has increased dramatically in many different respects. The highest level of complexity is found in mammals, where most of the pallium (cortex) shows a layered organization and neurons are generated during development following an inside-out order, a sequence not observed in other amniotes (birds and reptiles). Species-differences may be related to major neurogenetic events, from the neural progenitors that divide and produce all pallial cells. In mammals, two main types of precursors have been described, primary precursor cells in the ventricular zone (vz; also called radial glial cells or apical progenitors) and secondary precursor cells (called basal or intermediate progenitors) separated from the ventricle surface. Previous studies suggested that pallial neurogenetic cells, and especially the intermediate progenitors, evolved independently in mammalian and sauropsid lineages. In the present study, we examined pallial neurogenesis in the amphibian Xenopus laevis, a representative species of the only group of tetrapods that are anamniotes. The pattern of pallial proliferation during embryonic and larval development was studied, together with a multiple immunohistochemical analysis of putative progenitor cells. We found that there are two phases of progenitor divisions in the developing pallium that, following the radial unit concept from the ventricle to the mantle, finally result in an outside-in order of mature neurons, what seems to be the primitive condition of vertebrates. Gene expressions of key transcription factors that characterize radial glial cells in the vz were demonstrated in Xenopus. In addition, although mitotic cells were corroborated outside the vz, the expression pattern of markers for intermediate progenitors differed from mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Moreno
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín González
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid Madrid, Spain
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Pons-Espinal M, de Luca E, Marzi MJ, Beckervordersandforth R, Armirotti A, Nicassio F, Fabel K, Kempermann G, De Pietri Tonelli D. Synergic Functions of miRNAs Determine Neuronal Fate of Adult Neural Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 8:1046-1061. [PMID: 28330621 PMCID: PMC5390108 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis requires the precise control of neuronal versus astrocyte lineage determination in neural stem cells. While microRNAs (miRNAs) are critically involved in this step during development, their actions in adult hippocampal neural stem cells (aNSCs) has been unclear. As entry point to address that question we chose DICER, an endoribonuclease essential for miRNA biogenesis and other RNAi-related processes. By specific ablation of Dicer in aNSCs in vivo and in vitro, we demonstrate that miRNAs are required for the generation of new neurons, but not astrocytes, in the adult murine hippocampus. Moreover, we identify 11 miRNAs, of which 9 have not been previously characterized in neurogenesis, that determine neurogenic lineage fate choice of aNSCs at the expense of astrogliogenesis. Finally, we propose that the 11 miRNAs sustain adult hippocampal neurogenesis through synergistic modulation of 26 putative targets from different pathways. Dicer depletion in aNSCs impairs neurogenesis and stimulates astrogliogenesis Synergy of 11 miRNAs sustains neuronal fate of aNSCs miRNA converge on multiple targets in different pathways to induce neurogenesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Pons-Espinal
- Neurobiology of miRNA Lab, Neuroscience and Brain Technologies Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Emanuela de Luca
- Neurobiology of miRNA Lab, Neuroscience and Brain Technologies Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Matteo Jacopo Marzi
- Center for Genomic Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, IFOM-IEO CAMPUS, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Ruth Beckervordersandforth
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andrea Armirotti
- D3 PharmaChemistry, Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesco Nicassio
- Center for Genomic Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, IFOM-IEO CAMPUS, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Klaus Fabel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Arnoldstraße 18/18b, 01307 Dresden, Germany; CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gerd Kempermann
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Arnoldstraße 18/18b, 01307 Dresden, Germany; CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Davide De Pietri Tonelli
- Neurobiology of miRNA Lab, Neuroscience and Brain Technologies Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy.
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VEGF preconditioning leads to stem cell remodeling and attenuates age-related decay of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E7828-E7836. [PMID: 27849577 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1609592113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Several factors are known to enhance adult hippocampal neurogenesis but a factor capable of inducing a long-lasting neurogenic enhancement that attenuates age-related neurogenic decay has not been described. Here, we studied hippocampal neurogenesis following conditional VEGF induction in the adult brain and showed that a short episode of VEGF exposure withdrawn shortly after the generation of durable new vessels (but not under conditions where newly made vessels failed to persist) is sufficient for neurogenesis to proceed at a markedly elevated level for many months later. Continual neurogenic increase over several months was not accompanied by accelerated exhaustion of the neuronal stem cell (NSC) reserve, thereby allowing neurogenesis to proceed at a markedly elevated rate also in old mice. Neurogenic enhancement by VEGF preconditioning was, in part, attributed to rescue of age-related NSC quiescence. Remarkably, VEGF caused extensive NSC remodelling manifested in transition of the enigmatic NSC terminal arbor onto long cytoplasmic processes engaging with and spreading over even remote blood vessels, a configuration reminiscent of early postnatal "juvenile" NSCs. Together, these findings suggest that VEGF preconditioning might be harnessed for long-term neurogenic enhancement despite continued exposure to an "aged" systemic milieu.
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Fine processes of Nestin-GFP-positive radial glia-like stem cells in the adult dentate gyrus ensheathe local synapses and vasculature. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E2536-45. [PMID: 27091993 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1514652113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis relies on the activation of neural stem cells in the dentate gyrus, their division, and differentiation of their progeny into mature granule neurons. The complex morphology of radial glia-like (RGL) stem cells suggests that these cells establish numerous contacts with the cellular components of the neurogenic niche that may play a crucial role in the regulation of RGL stem cell activity. However, the morphology of RGL stem cells remains poorly described. Here, we used light microscopy and electron microscopy to examine Nestin-GFP transgenic mice and provide a detailed ultrastructural reconstruction analysis of Nestin-GFP-positive RGL cells of the dentate gyrus. We show that their primary processes follow a tortuous path from the subgranular zone through the granule cell layer and ensheathe local synapses and vasculature in the inner molecular layer. They share the ensheathing of synapses and vasculature with astrocytic processes and adhere to the adjacent processes of astrocytes. This extensive interaction of processes with their local environment could allow them to be uniquely receptive to signals from local neurons, glia, and vasculature, which may regulate their fate.
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Jourdon A, Gresset A, Spassky N, Charnay P, Topilko P, Santos R. Prss56, a novel marker of adult neurogenesis in the mouse brain. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:4411-4427. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-1171-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Tallafuss A, Kelly M, Gay L, Gibson D, Batzel P, Karfilis KV, Eisen J, Stankunas K, Postlethwait JH, Washbourne P. Transcriptomes of post-mitotic neurons identify the usage of alternative pathways during adult and embryonic neuronal differentiation. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:1100. [PMID: 26699284 PMCID: PMC4690400 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2215-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the mechanisms by which neurons are generated and specified, and how they integrate into functional circuits is key to being able to treat disorders of the nervous system and acute brain trauma. Much of what we know about neuronal differentiation has been studied in developing embryos, but differentiation steps may be very different during adult neurogenesis. For this reason, we compared the transcriptomes of newly differentiated neurons in zebrafish embryos and adults. Results Using a 4tU RNA labeling method, we isolated and sequenced mRNA specifically from cells of one day old embryos and adults expressing the transgene HA-uprt-mcherry under control of the neuronal marker elavl3. By categorizing transcript products into different protein classes, we identified similarities and differences of gene usage between adult and embryonic neuronal differentiation. We found that neurons in the adult brain and in the nervous system of one day old embryos commonly use transcription factors - some of them identical - during the differentiation process. When we directly compared adult differentiating neurons to embryonic differentiating neurons, however, we found that during adult neuronal differentiation, the expression of neuropeptides and neurotransmitter pathway genes is more common, whereas classical developmental signaling through secreted molecules like Hedgehog or Wnt are less enriched, as compared to embryonic stages. Conclusions We conclude that both adult and embryonic differentiating neurons show enriched use of transcription factors compared to surrounding cells. However, adult and embryonic developing neurons use alternative pathways to differentiate. Our study provides evidence that adult neuronal differentiation is distinct from the better characterized embryonic neuronal differentiation process. This important insight and the lists of enriched genes we have identified will now help pave the way to a better understanding of the mechanisms of embryonic and adult neuronal differentiation and how to manipulate these processes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-2215-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meghan Kelly
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.
| | - Leslie Gay
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.
| | - Dan Gibson
- Current address: Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Peter Batzel
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.
| | - Kate V Karfilis
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.
| | - Judith Eisen
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.
| | - Kryn Stankunas
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.
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Xing L, McDonald H, Da Fonte DF, Gutierrez-Villagomez JM, Trudeau VL. Dopamine D1 receptor activation regulates the expression of the estrogen synthesis gene aromatase B in radial glial cells. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:310. [PMID: 26388722 PMCID: PMC4557113 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Radial glial cells (RGCs) are abundant stem-like non-neuronal progenitors that are important for adult neurogenesis and brain repair, yet little is known about their regulation by neurotransmitters. Here we provide evidence for neuronal-glial interactions via a novel role for dopamine to stimulate RGC function. Goldfish were chosen as the model organism due to the abundance of RGCs and regenerative abilities of the adult central nervous system. A close anatomical relationship was observed between tyrosine hydroxylase-positive catecholaminergic cell bodies and axons and dopamine-D1 receptor expressing RGCs along the ventricular surface of telencephalon, a site of active neurogenesis. A primary cell culture model was established and immunofluorescence analysis indicates that in vitro RGCs from female goldfish retain their major characteristics in vivo, including expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein and brain lipid binding protein. The estrogen synthesis enzyme aromatase B is exclusively found in RGCs, but this is lost as cells differentiate to neurons and other glial types in adult teleost brain. Pharmacological experiments using the cultured RGCs established that specific activation of dopamine D1 receptors up-regulates aromatase B mRNA through a cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent molecular mechanism. These data indicate that dopamine enhances the steroidogenic function of this neuronal progenitor cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xing
- Department of Biology, Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Heather McDonald
- Department of Biology, Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Dillon F Da Fonte
- Department of Biology, Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Juan M Gutierrez-Villagomez
- Department of Biology, Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Vance L Trudeau
- Department of Biology, Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Molecular Biomarkers for Embryonic and Adult Neural Stem Cell and Neurogenesis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:727542. [PMID: 26421301 PMCID: PMC4569757 DOI: 10.1155/2015/727542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The procedure of neurogenesis has made numerous achievements in the past decades, during which various molecular biomarkers have been emerging and have been broadly utilized for the investigation of embryonic and adult neural stem cell (NSC). Nevertheless, there is not a consistent and systematic illustration to depict the functional characteristics of the specific markers expressed in distinct cell types during the different stages of neurogenesis. Here we gathered and generalized a series of NSC biomarkers emerging during the procedures of embryonic and adult neural stem cell, which may be used to identify the subpopulation cells with distinguishing characters in different timeframes of neurogenesis. The identifications of cell patterns will provide applications to the detailed investigations of diverse developmental cell stages and the extents of cell differentiation, which will facilitate the tracing of cell time-course and fate determination of specific cell types and promote the further and literal discoveries of embryonic and adult neurogenesis. Meanwhile, via the utilization of comprehensive applications under the aiding of the systematic knowledge framework, researchers may broaden their insights into the derivation and establishment of novel technologies to analyze the more detailed process of embryogenesis and adult neurogenesis.
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38
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Hevner RF. Evolution of the mammalian dentate gyrus. J Comp Neurol 2015; 524:578-94. [PMID: 26179319 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The dentate gyrus (DG), a part of the hippocampal formation, has important functions in learning, memory, and adult neurogenesis. Compared with homologous areas in sauropsids (birds and reptiles), the mammalian DG is larger and exhibits qualitatively different phenotypes: 1) folded (C- or V-shaped) granule neuron layer, concave toward the hilus and delimited by a hippocampal fissure; 2) nonperiventricular adult neurogenesis; and 3) prolonged ontogeny, involving extensive abventricular (basal) migration and proliferation of neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs). Although gaps remain, available data indicate that these DG traits are present in all orders of mammals, including monotremes and marsupials. The exception is Cetacea (whales, dolphins, and porpoises), in which DG size, convolution, and adult neurogenesis have undergone evolutionary regression. Parsimony suggests that increased growth and convolution of the DG arose in stem mammals concurrently with nonperiventricular adult hippocampal neurogenesis and basal migration of NSPCs during development. These traits could all result from an evolutionary change that enhanced radial migration of NSPCs out of the periventricular zones, possibly by epithelial-mesenchymal transition, to colonize and maintain nonperiventricular proliferative niches. In turn, increased NSPC migration and clonal expansion might be a consequence of growth in the cortical hem (medial patterning center), which produces morphogens such as Wnt3a, generates Cajal-Retzius neurons, and is regulated by Lhx2. Finally, correlations between DG convolution and neocortical gyrification (or capacity for gyrification) suggest that enhanced abventricular migration and proliferation of NSPCs played a transformative role in growth and folding of neocortex as well as archicortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Hevner
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, 98101
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98104
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Nicola Z, Fabel K, Kempermann G. Development of the adult neurogenic niche in the hippocampus of mice. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:53. [PMID: 25999820 PMCID: PMC4423450 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
When does adult hippocampal neurogenesis begin? We describe the development of the neurogenic niche in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus. We did so from the perspective of the situation in the adult. Ontogeny of the dentate gyrus is complex and results in an ectopic neurogenic niche that lifelong generates new granule cells. Neurogenesis during the fetal and early postnatal periods builds the dentate gyrus and gives way to activity-dependent "adult" neurogenesis. We used markers most relevant to adult neurogenesis research to describe this transition: Nestin, Sox2, BLBP, GFAP, Tbr2, Doublecortin (DCX), NeuroD1 and Prox1. We found that massive changes and a local condensation of proliferating precursor cells occurs between postnatal day 7 (P7), near the peak in proliferation, and P14. Before and around P7, the spatial distribution of cells and the co-localization of markers were distinct from the situation in the adult. Unlike the adult SGZ, the marker pair Nestin/Sox2 and the radial glial marker BLBP were not overlapping during embryonic development, presumably indicating different types of radial glia-like cells. Before P7 GFAP-positive cells in the hilus lacked the radial orientation that is characteristic of the adult type-1 cells. DCX, which is concentrated in type-2b and type-3 progenitor cells and early postmitotic neurons in the adult, showed diffuse expression before P7. Intermediate progenitor cell marker Tbr2 became restricted to the SGZ but was found in the granule cell layer (GCL) and hilus before. Lineage markers NeuroD1 and Prox1 confirmed this pattern. We conclude that the neurogenic niche of adult neurogenesis is in place well before true adulthood. This might indicate that consistent with the hypothesized function of adult neurogenesis in activity-dependent plasticity, the early transition from postnatal neurogenesis to adult neurogenesis coincides with the time, when the young mice start to become active themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeina Nicola
- Genomics of Regeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, and CRTD DFG Research Center for Regenerative Therapy, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Fabel
- Genomics of Regeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, and CRTD DFG Research Center for Regenerative Therapy, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
| | - Gerd Kempermann
- Genomics of Regeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, and CRTD DFG Research Center for Regenerative Therapy, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
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Protective effects of resveratrol on the inhibition of hippocampal neurogenesis induced by ethanol during early postnatal life. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:1298-310. [PMID: 25817400 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol (EtOH) exposure during early postnatal life triggers obvious neurotoxic effects on the developing hippocampus and results in long-term effects on hippocampal neurogenesis. Resveratrol (RSV) has been demonstrated to exert potential neuroprotective effects by promoting hippocampal neurogenesis. However, the effects of RSV on the EtOH-mediated impairment of hippocampal neurogenesis remain undetermined. Thus, mice were pretreated with RSV and were later exposed to EtOH to evaluate its protective effects on EtOH-mediated toxicity during hippocampal development. The results indicated that a brief exposure of EtOH on postnatal day 7 resulted in a significant impairment in hippocampal neurogenesis and a depletion of hippocampal neural precursor cells (NPCs). This effect was attenuated by pretreatment with RSV. Furthermore, EtOH exposure resulted in a reduction in spine density on the granular neurons of the dentate gyrus (DG), and the spines exhibited a less mature morphological phenotype characterized by a higher proportion of stubby spines and a lower proportion of mushroom spines. However, RSV treatment effectively reversed these responses. We further confirmed that RSV treatment reversed the EtOH-induced down-regulation of hippocampal pERK and Hes1 protein levels, which may be related to the proliferation and maintenance of NPCs. Furthermore, EtOH exposure in the C17.2 NPCs also diminished cell proliferation and activated apoptosis, which could be reversed by pretreatment of RSV. Overall, our results suggest that RSV pretreatment protects against EtOH-induced defects in neurogenesis in postnatal mice and may thus play a critical role in preventing EtOH-mediated toxicity in the developing hippocampus.
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41
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Xie YJ, Zhou L, Jiang N, Zhang N, Zou N, Zhou L, Wang Y, Cowell JK, Shen Y. Essential roles of leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 in the development of embryonic and postnatal cerebellum. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7827. [PMID: 25591666 PMCID: PMC4296302 DOI: 10.1038/srep07827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 (LGI1) is a secreted protein that interacts with ADAM transmembrane proteins, and its mutations are linked to human epilepsy. The function of LGI1 in CNS development remains undefined. Here, we report novel functions of LGI1 in the generation of cerebellar granule precursors (CGPs) and differentiation of radial glial cells (RGCs) in the cerebellum. A reduction in external granule layer thickness and defects in foliation were seen in embryonic and new-born LGI1 knockout (KO) mice. BrdU staining showed an inhibited proliferation of CGPs in KO embryos, which might be explained by the reduced Sonic hedgehog in embryos. In addition, the differentiation of RGCs into Bergmann glias was suppressed in KO mice. Enhanced Jagged1-Notch1 signaling in KO mice via reduced β-secretase proteolysis suggests that altered phenotype of RGCs is due to abnormal Notch1 signaling. Together, our results demonstrate that LGI1 is an essential player in the cerebellar development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jun Xie
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nanwei Jiang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Na Zou
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - John K Cowell
- Georgia Regents University, Cancer Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Aimone JB, Li Y, Lee SW, Clemenson GD, Deng W, Gage FH. Regulation and function of adult neurogenesis: from genes to cognition. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:991-1026. [PMID: 25287858 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00004.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 419] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus is a notable process due not only to its uniqueness and potential impact on cognition but also to its localized vertical integration of different scales of neuroscience, ranging from molecular and cellular biology to behavior. This review summarizes the recent research regarding the process of adult neurogenesis from these different perspectives, with particular emphasis on the differentiation and development of new neurons, the regulation of the process by extrinsic and intrinsic factors, and their ultimate function in the hippocampus circuit. Arising from a local neural stem cell population, new neurons progress through several stages of maturation, ultimately integrating into the adult dentate gyrus network. The increased appreciation of the full neurogenesis process, from genes and cells to behavior and cognition, makes neurogenesis both a unique case study for how scales in neuroscience can link together and suggests neurogenesis as a potential target for therapeutic intervention for a number of disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Aimone
- Cognitive Modeling Group, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico; and Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California
| | - Yan Li
- Cognitive Modeling Group, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico; and Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California
| | - Star W Lee
- Cognitive Modeling Group, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico; and Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California
| | - Gregory D Clemenson
- Cognitive Modeling Group, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico; and Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California
| | - Wei Deng
- Cognitive Modeling Group, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico; and Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California
| | - Fred H Gage
- Cognitive Modeling Group, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico; and Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California
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Linqing Z, Guohua J, Haoming L, Xuelei T, Jianbing Q, Meiling T. Runx1t1 regulates the neuronal differentiation of radial glial cells from the rat hippocampus. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 4:110-6. [PMID: 25473084 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain has the highest Runx1t1 level relative to the levels in other organs. Runx1t1 might have a regulatory function as a transcriptional corepressor in the differentiation/development of the nervous system. Neurogenesis requires factors that regulate the proliferation of progenitors and activate the neuronal differentiation process. However, the precise role of Runx1t1 in hippocampal neurogenesis is unclear. We knocked down Runx1t1 in hippocampal radial glial cells (RGCs) with Runx1t1-RNA interference using lentiviral vectors. We also used LV-Runx1t1 to induce Runx1t1 overexpression in vitro. We have provided experimental evidence that decreased Runx1t1 expression reduced the neuronal differentiation of RGCs, and increased Runx1t1 expression caused a greater number of RGCs to differentiate into neurons. We have concluded that Runx1t1 could be involved in the process through which RGCs differentiate into neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zou Linqing
- Department of Human Anatomy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Guohua
- Department of Human Anatomy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Haoming
- Department of Human Anatomy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Xuelei
- Department of Human Anatomy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Jianbing
- Department of Human Anatomy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Meiling
- Department of Human Anatomy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
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Bekiari C, Giannakopoulou A, Siskos N, Grivas I, Tsingotjidou A, Michaloudi H, Papadopoulos GC. Neurogenesis in the septal and temporal part of the adult rat dentate gyrus. Hippocampus 2014; 25:511-23. [PMID: 25394554 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Structural and functional dissociation between the septal and the temporal part of the dentate gyrus predispose for possible differentiations in the ongoing neurogenesis process of the adult hippocampus. In this study, BrdU-dated subpopulations of the rat septal and temporal dentate gyrus (coexpressing GFAP, DCX, NeuN, calretinin, calbindin, S100, caspase-3 or fractin) were quantified comparatively at 2, 5, 7, 14, 21, and 30 days after BrdU administration in order to examine the successive time-frames of the neurogenesis process, the glial or neuronal commitment of newborn cells and the occurring apoptotic cell death. Newborn neurons' migration from the neurogenic subgranular zone to the inner granular cell layer and expression of glutamate NMDA and AMPA receptors were also studied. BrdU immunocytochemistry revealed comparatively higher numbers of BrdU(+) cells in the septal part, but stereological analysis of newborn and total granule cells showed an identical ratio in the two parts, indicating an equivalent neurogenic ability, and a common topographical pattern along each part's longitudinal and transverse axis. Similarly, both parts exhibited extremely low levels of newborn glial and apoptotic cells. However, despite the initially equal division rate and pattern of the septal and temporal proliferating cells, their later proliferative profile diverged in the two parts. Dynamic differences in the differentiation, migration and maturation process of the two BrdU-incorporating subpopulations of newborn neurons were also detected, along with differences in their survival pattern. Therefore, we propose that various factors, including developmental date birth, local DG microenvironment and distinct functionality of the two parts may be the critical regulators of the ongoing neurogenesis process, leading the septal part to a continuous, rapid, and less-disciplined genesis rate, whereas the quiescent temporal microenvironment preserves a quite steady, less-demanding neurogenesis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chryssa Bekiari
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Department of Structure and Function of Living Organisms, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Seki T, Sato T, Toda K, Osumi N, Imura T, Shioda S. Distinctive population of Gfap-expressing neural progenitors arising around the dentate notch migrate and form the granule cell layer in the developing hippocampus. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:261-83. [PMID: 23983092 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In the adult hippocampus, granule cells continue to be generated from astrocyte-like progenitors expressing glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) that differ from embryonic neocortical progenitors. However, during the embryonic period, dentate granule neurons and neocortical pyramidal neurons are derived from the ventricular zone (VZ) of the pallium. Our question is when do GFAP+ progenitors of granule neurons appear in the developing hippocampus during the embryonic period, and how do they form the granule cell layer. The present analysis using Gfap-GFP transgenic mice shows that the GFP+ distinct cell population first appears in the VZ of the medial pallium at the dorsal edge of the fimbria on embryonic day 13.5. During the perinatal period, they form a migratory stream from the VZ to the developing dentate gyrus, and establish the germinal zones in the migratory stream, and the marginal and hilar regions in the developing dentate gyrus. GFP+ cells in these regions were positive for Sox2 and Ki67, but negative for BLBP. GFP+ cells with Neurogenin2 expression were largely distributed in the VZ, whereas GFP+ cells with Tbr2 and NeuroD expressions were seen in the migratory stream and developing dentate gyrus. Prox1-expressing GFP+ cells were restricted to the developing dentate gyrus. These results suggest that distinctive Gfap-expressing progenitors arising around the dentate notch form germinal regions in the migratory stream and the developing dentate gyrus where they differentiate into granule neurons, indicating that distinct astrocyte-like neural progenitors continue to generate granule neurons, from the beginning of dentate development and throughout life. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:261-283, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsunori Seki
- Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan
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46
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Salouci M, Antoine N, Shikh Al Sook MK, Piret J, Mignon Y, Kirschvink N, Gabriel A. Developmental profiles of GFAP-positive astrocytes in sheep cerebellum. Vet Res Commun 2014; 38:279-85. [PMID: 25113608 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-014-9614-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Astroglial account for the largest glial population in the brain and play a variety of vital functions in the development of the central nervous system (CNS). An immunohistochemical study was performed in 19 ovine foetuses ranging from 2 to 5 months of gestation, one newborn lamb and three adult sheep. Using the anit-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) marker, several variations were found in the degree of GFAP positive (GFAP+) astrocyte distribution between the different zones in the cerebellum of sheep during brain development. Our study indicates that the first appearance of astrocytes from restricted zones in the cerebellum occurs around the eighth week of gestation. Bergmann cells were found to be present from around the 15th week of gestation onwards. Our findings suggest that the maturation of astrocytes begins in the caudal parts of the cerebellum, developing from their initial ventral regions to spread first to dorsal regions radially within the white matter, then followed by the more rostral parts of the cerebellum. Astrocytes were also found to proliferate in the vermis before appearing in the cerebellar hemispheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustafa Salouci
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, University of Liège, Boulevard de Colonster 20, 4000, Liège, Sart Tilman, Belgium,
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Schreiner AE, Durry S, Aida T, Stock MC, Rüther U, Tanaka K, Rose CR, Kafitz KW. Laminar and subcellular heterogeneity of GLAST and GLT-1 immunoreactivity in the developing postnatal mouse hippocampus. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:204-24. [PMID: 23939750 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes express two sodium-coupled transporters, glutamate-aspartate transporter (GLAST) and glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1), which are essential for the maintenance of low extracellular glutamate levels. We performed a comparative analysis of the laminar and subcellular expression profile of GLAST and GLT-1 in the developing postnatal mouse hippocampus by using immunohistochemistry and western blotting and employing high-resolution fluorescence microscopy. Astrocytes were identified by costaining with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) or S100β. In CA1, the density of GFAP-positive cells and GFAP expression rose during the first 2 weeks after birth, paralleled by a steady increase in GLAST immunoreactivity and protein content. Upregulation of GLT-1 was completed only at postnatal days (P) P20-25 and was thus delayed by about 10 days. GLAST staining was highest along the stratum pyramidale and was especially prominent in astrocytes at P3-5. GLAST immunoreactivity indicated no preferential localization to a specific cellular compartment. GLT-1 exhibited a laminar expression pattern from P10-15 on, with the highest immunoreactivity in the stratum lacunosum-moleculare. At the cellular level, GLT-1 immunoreactivity did not entirely cover astrocyte somata and exhibited clusters at processes. In neonatal and juvenile animals, discrete clusters of GLT-1 were also detected at perivascular endfeet. From these results, we conclude there is a remarkable subcellular heterogeneity of GLAST and GLT-1 expression in the developing hippocampus. The clustering of GLT-1 at astrocyte endfeet indicates that it might serve a specialized functional role at the blood-brain barrier during formation of the hippocampal network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra E Schreiner
- Institute of Neurobiology, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
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Xing L, Goswami M, Trudeau VL. Radial glial cell: critical functions and new perspective as a steroid synthetic cell. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 203:181-5. [PMID: 24675515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The radial glial cell (RGC) is a glial cell type in the central nervous system of all vertebrates. Adult teleost fish have abundant RGCs in the brain in contrast to mammals. Adult fish RGCs have many important functions, including forming a structural scaffold to guide neuronal migration and serving as the progenitor cells in the brain to generate neurons. The role of the RGC in adult neurogenesis explains the high regenerative capacity of adult fish brain. There is increasing evidence from several species that some glial cells produce or metabolize steroids. It is now well-known that teleost RGCs express aromatase and produce estrogens from androgen precursors, which may be important for local neuroendocrine functions and regulation of neurogenesis. The question of whether RGCs are capable of de novo steroid synthesis from cholesterol remains unanswered. However, the expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, and the key enzyme cytochrome P450 17alpha-hydroxylase in primary cultures of goldfish RGCs indicate the potential to produce 17α-hydroxy-pregnenolone and thus other steroid intermediates. The possibility of synthesizing additional non-estrogenic steroids may indicate new functions for the RGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Xing
- Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Goswami
- National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Dilkusha, Lucknow, India
| | - V L Trudeau
- Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Radial Glia, the Keystone of the Development of the Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:131-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8692-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Guo L, Xu P, Tang X, Wu Q, Xing Y, Gustafsson JA, Xu H, Fan X. Liver X receptor β delays transformation of radial glial cells into astrocytes during mouse cerebral cortical development. Neurochem Int 2014; 71:8-16. [PMID: 24662373 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Radial glial (RG) cells serve as stem cells to produce new born neurons and scaffolds for neuronal migration during corticogenesis. After neurogenesis and migration are completed, most RG cells transform into astrocytes. However, the mechanisms that determine how RG cells are transformed into astrocytes are not well understood. Using nestin as a specific marker for both RG cells and astrocytes, we found that loss of LXRβ caused a reduction in the level of RG fibers and increase in the astrocytes. At the same time, we showed that the level of brain lipid-binding protein (BLBP), a RG-specific protein, was lower in the LXRβ knockout (LXRβ(-/-)) mice than in the wild type (WT) littermates from E18.5 to P14, a time period when most of RG cells are transformed into astrocytes. However, loss of LXRβ induced significant increase in the number of GFAP labeled astrocytes in the cerebral cortex. An increase of the transformation of RG cells into astrocytes in LXRβ(-/-) mice was further confirmed by the increased percentage of BLBP and GFAP double stained cells in the total BLBP positive cells of the Layer I and Layers V-VI. TGF-β1 and Smad4 are thought to be involved in the transformation of RG cells into astrocytes. The expression levels of TGF-β1mRNA and Smad4 mRNA were significantly higher in the cerebral cortex of LXRβ(-/-) mice than that in the WT littermates at P2 and P7, but by P10 and P14, mRNA levels had normalized and no differences were observed between WT and LXRβ(-/-) mice. Taken together, our findings suggest that loss of LXRβ accelerates the transformation of RG cells into astrocytes and that this acceleration may be correlated to higher levels TGF-β1 and Smad4 in the cerebral cortex between P2 and P7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Guo
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Pei Xu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Xiaotong Tang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Qiao Wu
- Department of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Yan Xing
- Department of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Jan-Ake Gustafsson
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, TX 77054, United States; Division of Medical Nutrition, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Novum 141 86, Sweden
| | - Haiwei Xu
- Southwest Eye Hospital, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China.
| | - Xiaotang Fan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China.
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