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Binish F, Xiao J. Deciphering the role of sphingosine 1-phosphate in central nervous system myelination and repair. J Neurochem 2024. [PMID: 39290063 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lipid of the sphingolipid family and plays a pivotal role in the mammalian nervous system. Indeed, S1P is a therapeutic target for treating demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Being part of an interconnected sphingolipid metabolic network, the amount of S1P available for signalling is equilibrated between its synthetic (sphingosine kinases 1 and 2) and degradative (sphingosine 1-phosphate lyase) enzymes. Once produced, S1P exerts its biological roles via signalling to a family of five G protein-coupled S1P receptors 1-5 (S1PR1-5). Despite significant progress, the precise roles that S1P metabolism and downstream signalling play in regulating myelin formation and repair remain largely opaque and somewhat controversial. Genetic or pharmacological studies adopting various model systems identify that stimulating S1P-S1PR signalling protects myelin-forming oligodendrocytes after central nervous system (CNS) injury and attenuates demyelination in vivo. However, evidence to support its role in remyelination of the mammalian CNS is limited, although blocking S1P synthesis sheds light on the role of endogenous S1P in promoting CNS remyelination. This review focuses on summarising the current understanding of S1P in CNS myelin formation and repair, discussing the complexity of S1P-S1PR interaction and the underlying mechanism by which S1P biosynthesis and signalling regulates oligodendrocyte myelination in the healthy and injured mammalian CNS, raising new questions for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Binish
- Department of Health Sciences and Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Junhua Xiao
- Department of Health Sciences and Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
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2
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Magalhães DM, Stewart NA, Mampay M, Rolle SO, Hall CM, Moeendarbary E, Flint MS, Sebastião AM, Valente CA, Dymond MK, Sheridan GK. The sphingosine 1-phosphate analogue, FTY720, modulates the lipidomic signature of the mouse hippocampus. J Neurochem 2024; 168:1113-1142. [PMID: 38339785 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The small-molecule drug, FTY720 (fingolimod), is a synthetic sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) analogue currently used to treat relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis in both adults and children. FTY720 can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and, over time, accumulate in lipid-rich areas of the central nervous system (CNS) by incorporating into phospholipid membranes. FTY720 has been shown to enhance cell membrane fluidity, which can modulate the functions of glial cells and neuronal populations involved in regulating behaviour. Moreover, direct modulation of S1P receptor-mediated lipid signalling by FTY720 can impact homeostatic CNS physiology, including neurotransmitter release probability, the biophysical properties of synaptic membranes, ion channel and transmembrane receptor kinetics, and synaptic plasticity mechanisms. The aim of this study was to investigate how chronic FTY720 treatment alters the lipid composition of CNS tissue in adolescent mice at a key stage of brain maturation. We focused on the hippocampus, a brain region known to be important for learning, memory, and the processing of sensory and emotional stimuli. Using mass spectrometry-based lipidomics, we discovered that FTY720 increases the fatty acid chain length of hydroxy-phosphatidylcholine (PCOH) lipids in the mouse hippocampus. It also decreases PCOH monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and increases PCOH polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). A total of 99 lipid species were up-regulated in the mouse hippocampus following 3 weeks of oral FTY720 exposure, whereas only 3 lipid species were down-regulated. FTY720 also modulated anxiety-like behaviours in young mice but did not affect spatial learning or memory formation. Our study presents a comprehensive overview of the lipid classes and lipid species that are altered in the hippocampus following chronic FTY720 exposure and provides novel insight into cellular and molecular mechanisms that may underlie the therapeutic or adverse effects of FTY720 in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela M Magalhães
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Lisboa, Portugal
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | | | - Myrthe Mampay
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Sara O Rolle
- Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chloe M Hall
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Emad Moeendarbary
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
- 199 Biotechnologies Ltd, London, UK
| | - Melanie S Flint
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Ana M Sebastião
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cláudia A Valente
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marcus K Dymond
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
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3
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Caratis F, Opiełka M, Hausmann M, Velasco-Estevez M, Rojek B, de Vallière C, Seuwen K, Rogler G, Karaszewski B, Rutkowska A. The proton-sensing receptors TDAG8 and GPR4 are differentially expressed in human and mouse oligodendrocytes: Exploring their role in neuroinflammation and multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0283060. [PMID: 38527054 PMCID: PMC10962805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Acidosis is one of the hallmarks of demyelinating central nervous system (CNS) lesions in multiple sclerosis (MS). The response to acidic pH is primarily mediated by a family of G protein-coupled proton-sensing receptors: OGR1, GPR4 and TDAG8. These receptors are inactive at alkaline pH, reaching maximal activation at acidic pH. Genome-wide association studies have identified a locus within the TDAG8 gene associated with several autoimmune diseases, including MS. Accordingly, we here found that expression of TDAG8, as opposed to GPR4 or OGR1, is upregulated in MS plaques. This led us to investigate the expression of TDAG8 in oligodendrocytes using mouse and human in vitro and in vivo models. We observed significant upregulation of TDAG8 in human MO3.13 oligodendrocytes during maturation and in response to acidic conditions. However, its deficiency did not impact normal myelination in the mouse CNS, and its expression remained unaltered under demyelinating conditions in mouse organotypic cerebellar slices. Notably, our data revealed no expression of TDAG8 in primary mouse oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), in contrast to its expression in primary human OPCs. Our investigations have revealed substantial species differences in the expression of proton-sensing receptors in oligodendrocytes, highlighting the limitations of the employed experimental models in fully elucidating the role of TDAG8 in myelination and oligodendrocyte biology. Consequently, the study does not furnish robust evidence for the role of TDAG8 in such processes. Nonetheless, our findings tentatively point towards a potential association between TDAG8 and myelination processes in humans, hinting at a potential link between TDAG8 and the pathophysiology of MS and warrants further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fionä Caratis
- Brain Diseases Centre, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Opiełka
- Brain Diseases Centre, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Martin Hausmann
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maria Velasco-Estevez
- H12O-CNIO Hematological Malignancies Group, Clinical Research Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncologicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Bartłomiej Rojek
- Department of Adult Neurology, Medical University of Gdansk & University Clinical Centre, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Cheryl de Vallière
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Seuwen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bartosz Karaszewski
- Brain Diseases Centre, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- Department of Adult Neurology, Medical University of Gdansk & University Clinical Centre, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Rutkowska
- Brain Diseases Centre, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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4
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Fagan SG, Bechet S, Dev KK. Fingolimod Rescues Memory and Improves Pathological Hallmarks in the 3xTg-AD Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:1882-1895. [PMID: 35031916 PMCID: PMC8882098 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02613-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease (AD) have largely focused on the regulation of amyloid pathology while those targeting tau pathology, and inflammatory mechanisms are less explored. In this regard, drugs with multimodal and concurrent targeting of Aβ, tau, and inflammatory processes may offer advantages. Here, we investigate one such candidate drug in the triple transgenic 3xTg-AD mouse model of AD, namely the disease-modifying oral neuroimmunomodulatory therapeutic used in patients with multiple sclerosis, called fingolimod. In this study, administration of fingolimod was initiated after behavioral symptoms are known to emerge, at 6 months of age. Treatment continued to 12 months when behavioral tests were performed and thereafter histological and biochemical analysis was conducted on postmortem tissue. The results demonstrate that fingolimod reverses deficits in spatial working memory at 8 and 12 months of age as measured by novel object location and Morris water maze tests. Inflammation in the brain is alleviated as demonstrated by reduced Iba1-positive and CD3-positive cell number, less ramified microglial morphology, and improved cytokine profile. Finally, treatment with fingolimod was shown to reduce phosphorylated tau and APP levels in the hippocampus and cortex. These results highlight the potential of fingolimod as a multimodal therapeutic for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Fagan
- Drug Development, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Sibylle Bechet
- Drug Development, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kumlesh K Dev
- Drug Development, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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5
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Cohan SL, Benedict RHB, Cree BAC, DeLuca J, Hua LH, Chun J. The Two Sides of Siponimod: Evidence for Brain and Immune Mechanisms in Multiple Sclerosis. CNS Drugs 2022; 36:703-719. [PMID: 35725892 PMCID: PMC9259525 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-022-00927-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Siponimod is a selective sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor subtype 1 (S1P1) and 5 (S1P5) modulator approved in the United States and the European Union as an oral treatment for adults with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (RMS), including active secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS). Preclinical and clinical studies provide support for a dual mechanism of action of siponimod, targeting peripherally mediated inflammation and exerting direct central effects. As an S1P1 receptor modulator, siponimod reduces lymphocyte egress from lymph nodes, thus inhibiting their migration from the periphery to the central nervous system. As a result of its peripheral immunomodulatory effects, siponimod reduces both magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) lesion (gadolinium-enhancing and new/enlarging T2 hyperintense) and relapse activity compared with placebo. Independent of these effects, siponimod can penetrate the blood-brain barrier and, by binding to S1P1 and S1P5 receptors on a variety of brain cells, including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, neurons, and microglia, exert effects to modulate neural inflammation and neurodegeneration. Clinical data in patients with SPMS have shown that, compared with placebo, siponimod treatment is associated with reductions in levels of neurofilament light chain (a marker of neuroaxonal damage) and thalamic and cortical gray matter atrophy, with smaller reductions in MRI magnetization transfer ratio and reduced confirmed disability progression. This review examines the preclinical and clinical data supporting the dual mechanism of action of siponimod in RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley L Cohan
- Providence Multiple Sclerosis Center, Providence Brain Institute, 9135 SW Barnes Rd Suite 461, Portland, OR, 97225, USA.
| | | | - Bruce A C Cree
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Le H Hua
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Jerold Chun
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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6
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Gorter RP, Dijksman NS, Baron W, Colognato H. Investigating demyelination, efficient remyelination and remyelination failure in organotypic cerebellar slice cultures: Workflow and practical tips. Methods Cell Biol 2022; 168:103-123. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2021.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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7
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Moretti R, Giuffrè M, Merli N, Caruso P, Di Bella S, Tiribelli C, Crocè LS. Hepatitis C Virus-Related Central and Peripheral Nervous System Disorders. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1569. [PMID: 34942871 PMCID: PMC8699483 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11121569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), despite being a hepatotropic virus, is the causative agent of many systemic disorders, such as vasculitis, autoimmune diseases, lymphoproliferative disorders, and a broad spectrum of neurological and psychiatric manifestations. Although symptoms have been misdiagnosed or underdiagnosed, only recently, evidence of direct (inflammatory) or indirect (immune-mediated) HCV-dependent cerebral effects has been established. HCV infection can promote acute inflammatory response, pro-coagulative status and ischemic disorders, and neurodegeneration. These effects rely on cerebral HCV replication, possibly mediated by blood-brain barrier alterations. Further study is needed to better understand the HCV-related mechanisms of brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Moretti
- Department Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (R.M.); (P.C.); (S.D.B.); (L.S.C.)
| | - Mauro Giuffrè
- Department Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (R.M.); (P.C.); (S.D.B.); (L.S.C.)
| | - Nicola Merli
- Department Neurological Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Paola Caruso
- Department Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (R.M.); (P.C.); (S.D.B.); (L.S.C.)
| | - Stefano Di Bella
- Department Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (R.M.); (P.C.); (S.D.B.); (L.S.C.)
| | | | - Lory Saveria Crocè
- Department Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (R.M.); (P.C.); (S.D.B.); (L.S.C.)
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Chun J, Giovannoni G, Hunter SF. Sphingosine 1-phosphate Receptor Modulator Therapy for Multiple Sclerosis: Differential Downstream Receptor Signalling and Clinical Profile Effects. Drugs 2021; 81:207-231. [PMID: 33289881 PMCID: PMC7932974 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-020-01431-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Lysophospholipids are a class of bioactive lipid molecules that produce their effects through various G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is perhaps the most studied lysophospholipid and has a role in a wide range of physiological and pathophysiological events, via signalling through five distinct GPCR subtypes, S1PR1 to S1PR5. Previous and continuing investigation of the S1P pathway has led to the approval of three S1PR modulators, fingolimod, siponimod and ozanimod, as medicines for patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), as well as the identification of new S1PR modulators currently in clinical development, including ponesimod and etrasimod. S1PR modulators have complex effects on S1PRs, in some cases acting both as traditional agonists as well as agonists that produce functional antagonism. S1PR subtype specificity influences their downstream effects, including aspects of their benefit:risk profile. Some S1PR modulators are prodrugs, which require metabolic modification such as phosphorylation via sphingosine kinases, resulting in different pharmacokinetics and bioavailability, contrasting with others that are direct modulators of the receptors. The complex interplay of these characteristics dictates the clinical profile of S1PR modulators. This review focuses on the S1P pathway, the characteristics and S1PR binding profiles of S1PR modulators, the mechanisms of action of S1PR modulators with regard to immune cell trafficking and neuroprotection in MS, together with a summary of the clinical effectiveness of the S1PR modulators that are approved or in late-stage development for patients with MS. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator therapy for multiple sclerosis: differential downstream receptor signalling and clinical profile effects (MP4 65540 kb).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerold Chun
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Gavin Giovannoni
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark St, London, E1 2AT UK
| | - Samuel F. Hunter
- Advanced Neurosciences Institute, 101 Forrest Crossing Blvd STE 103, Franklin, TN 37064 USA
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Alaamery M, Albesher N, Aljawini N, Alsuwailm M, Massadeh S, Wheeler MA, Chao CC, Quintana FJ. Role of sphingolipid metabolism in neurodegeneration. J Neurochem 2020; 158:25-35. [PMID: 32402091 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are a class of lipids highly enriched in the central nervous system (CNS), which shows great diversity and complexity, and has been implicated in CNS development and function. Alterations in sphingolipid metabolism have been described in multiple diseases, including those affecting the central nervous system (CNS). In this review, we discuss the role of sphingolipid metabolism in neurodegeneration, evaluating its direct roles in neuron development and health, and also in the induction of neurotoxic activities in CNS-resident astrocytes and microglia in the context of neurologic diseases such as multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. Finally, we focus on the metabolism of gangliosides and sphingosine-1-phosphate, its contribution to the pathogenesis of neurologic diseases, and its potential as a candidate target for the therapeutic modulation of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal Alaamery
- KACST-BWH Center of Excellence for Biomedicine, Joint Centers of Excellence Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Developmental Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nour Albesher
- KACST-BWH Center of Excellence for Biomedicine, Joint Centers of Excellence Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Developmental Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nora Aljawini
- KACST-BWH Center of Excellence for Biomedicine, Joint Centers of Excellence Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Developmental Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moneera Alsuwailm
- KACST-BWH Center of Excellence for Biomedicine, Joint Centers of Excellence Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Developmental Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salam Massadeh
- KACST-BWH Center of Excellence for Biomedicine, Joint Centers of Excellence Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Developmental Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael A Wheeler
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Chun-Cheih Chao
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Fingolimod Rescues Demyelination in a Mouse Model of Krabbe's Disease. J Neurosci 2020; 40:3104-3118. [PMID: 32127495 PMCID: PMC7141882 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2346-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Krabbe's disease is an infantile neurodegenerative disease, which is affected by mutations in the lysosomal enzyme galactocerebrosidase, leading to the accumulation of its metabolite psychosine. We have shown previously that the S1P receptor agonist fingolimod (FTY720) attenuates psychosine-induced glial cell death and demyelination both in vitro and ex vivo models. Krabbe's disease is an infantile neurodegenerative disease, which is affected by mutations in the lysosomal enzyme galactocerebrosidase, leading to the accumulation of its metabolite psychosine. We have shown previously that the S1P receptor agonist fingolimod (FTY720) attenuates psychosine-induced glial cell death and demyelination both in vitro and ex vivo models. These data, together with a lack of therapies for Krabbe's disease, prompted the current preclinical study examining the effects of fingolimod in twitcher mice, a murine model of Krabbe's disease. Twitcher mice, both male and female, carrying a natural mutation in the galc gene were given fingolimod via drinking water (1 mg/kg/d). The direct impact of fingolimod administration was assessed via histochemical and biochemical analysis using markers of myelin, astrocytes, microglia, neurons, globoid cells, and immune cells. The effects of fingolimod on twitching behavior and life span were also demonstrated. Our results show that treatment of twitcher mice with fingolimod significantly rescued myelin levels compared with vehicle-treated animals and also regulated astrocyte and microglial reactivity. Furthermore, nonphosphorylated neurofilament levels were decreased, indicating neuroprotective and neurorestorative processes. These protective effects of fingolimod on twitcher mice brain pathology was reflected by an increased life span of fingolimod-treated twitcher mice. These in vivo findings corroborate initial in vitro studies and highlight the potential use of S1P receptors as drug targets for treatment of Krabbe's disease. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study demonstrates that the administration of the therapy known as fingolimod in a mouse model of Krabbe's disease (namely, the twitcher mouse model) significantly rescues myelin levels. Further, the drug fingolimod also regulates the reactivity of glial cells, astrocytes and microglia, in this mouse model. These protective effects of fingolimod result in an increased life span of twitcher mice.
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Bordet R, Camu W, De Seze J, Laplaud DA, Ouallet JC, Thouvenot E. Mechanism of action of s1p receptor modulators in multiple sclerosis: The double requirement. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2020; 176:100-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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12
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Liu Y, Given KS, Dickson EL, Owens GP, Macklin WB, Bennett JL. Concentration-dependent effects of CSF1R inhibitors on oligodendrocyte progenitor cells ex vivo and in vivo. Exp Neurol 2019; 318:32-41. [PMID: 31029597 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are the principal resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and play important roles in CNS development, maintenance and repair. The survival and development of microglia depends on colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R), a member of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) family of tyrosine kinases. Recently pharmacological CSF1R inhibition has been used to investigate the effects of microglial depletion in numerous animal models of CNS disease. However, the effects of CSF1R inhibitors on other cell types in the CNS remains incompletely characterized. In this report, we compared the effect of two commonly used CSF1R inhibitors, PLX5622 and PLX3397, on microglia and oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) numbers. In ex vivo cerebellar slices and adult mouse brain, both PLX compounds caused robust microglia loss; the kinetics of microglial depletion was more rapid with PLX5622. While high-doses of PLX5622 and PLX3397 reduced OPC number in primary cultures in vitro and ex vivo, low-doses of PLX5622 did not affect the number of OPCs or mature oligodendroglia in culture or in vivo. In adult mice, treatment with PLX5622 had no effect on OPC numbers for 7 days; however, a mild reduction was observed after 21 days in some CNS regions. In contrast, PLX3397 caused significant OPC loss after 7 days of treatment, despite only modest microglia depletion. Neither PLX compound had a remarkable effect on mature oligodendrocytes or myelin protein expression following long-term oral administration. Our results show that CSF1R inhibition with PLX5622 can selectively deplete microglia ex vivo and in vivo without affecting OPC number, demonstrating that microglia are not essential for OPC viability in ex vivo slice cultures or adult CNS tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Liu
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Katherine S Given
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Erin L Dickson
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Gregory P Owens
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Wendy B Macklin
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; Program in Neuroscience, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Bennett
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; Program in Neuroscience, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
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Gilmore JL, Xiao HY, Dhar TGM, Yang MG, Xiao Z, Xie J, Lehman-McKeeman LD, Gong L, Sun H, Lecureux L, Chen C, Wu DR, Dabros M, Yang X, Taylor TL, Zhou XD, Heimrich EM, Thomas R, McIntyre KW, Borowski V, Warrack BM, Li Y, Shi H, Levesque PC, Yang Z, Marino AM, Cornelius G, D’Arienzo CJ, Mathur A, Rampulla R, Gupta A, Pragalathan B, Shen DR, Cvijic ME, Salter-Cid LM, Carter PH, Dyckman AJ. Identification and Preclinical Pharmacology of ((1R,3S)-1-Amino-3-((S)-6-(2-methoxyphenethyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)cyclopentyl)methanol (BMS-986166): A Differentiated Sphingosine-1-phosphate Receptor 1 (S1P1) Modulator Advanced into Clinical Trials. J Med Chem 2019; 62:2265-2285. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John L. Gilmore
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Hai-Yun Xiao
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - T. G. Murali Dhar
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Michael G. Yang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Zili Xiao
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Jenny Xie
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Lois D. Lehman-McKeeman
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Lei Gong
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Huadong Sun
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Lloyd Lecureux
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Cliff Chen
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Dauh-Rurng Wu
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Marta Dabros
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Xiaoxia Yang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Tracy L. Taylor
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Xia D. Zhou
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Elizabeth M. Heimrich
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Rochelle Thomas
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Kim W. McIntyre
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Virna Borowski
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Bethanne M. Warrack
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Yuwen Li
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Hong Shi
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Paul C. Levesque
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Zheng Yang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Anthony M. Marino
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Georgia Cornelius
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Celia J. D’Arienzo
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Arvind Mathur
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Richard Rampulla
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Anuradha Gupta
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Bala Pragalathan
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Ding Ren Shen
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Mary Ellen Cvijic
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Luisa M. Salter-Cid
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Percy H. Carter
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Alaric J. Dyckman
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
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14
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Behrangi N, Fischbach F, Kipp M. Mechanism of Siponimod: Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Mode of Action. Cells 2019; 8:cells8010024. [PMID: 30621015 PMCID: PMC6356776 DOI: 10.3390/cells8010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory disorder of the central nervous system (CNS), and represents one of the main causes of disability in young adults. On the histopathological level, the disease is characterized by inflammatory demyelination and diffuse neurodegeneration. Although on the surface the development of new inflammatory CNS lesions in MS may appear consistent with a primary recruitment of peripheral immune cells, questions have been raised as to whether lymphocyte and/or monocyte invasion into the brain are really at the root of inflammatory lesion development. In this review article, we discuss a less appreciated inflammation-neurodegeneration interplay, that is: Neurodegeneration can trigger the formation of new, focal inflammatory lesions. We summarize old and recent findings suggesting that new inflammatory lesions develop at sites of focal or diffuse degenerative processes within the CNS. Such a concept is discussed in the context of the EXPAND trial, showing that siponimod exerts anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities in secondary progressive MS patients. The verification or rejection of such a concept is vital for the development of new therapeutic strategies for progressive MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Newshan Behrangi
- Department of Anatomy II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.
- Department of Anatomy, University Medical Center, 39071 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Felix Fischbach
- Department of Anatomy II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.
| | - Markus Kipp
- Department of Anatomy II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.
- Department of Anatomy, University Medical Center, 39071 Rostock, Germany.
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15
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Luo Z, Han J, Liu H, Rosenberg AJ, Chen DL, Gropler RJ, Perlmutter JS, Tu Z. Syntheses and in vitro biological evaluation of S1PR1 ligands and PET studies of four F-18 labeled radiotracers in the brain of nonhuman primates. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:9171-9184. [PMID: 30462126 PMCID: PMC6561338 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02609b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A series of seventeen hydroxyl-containing sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) ligands were designed and synthesized. Their in vitro binding potencies were determined using [32P]S1P competitive binding assays. Compounds 10a, 17a, 17b, and 24 exhibited high S1PR1 binding potencies with IC50 values ranging from 3.9 to 15.4 nM and also displayed high selectivity for S1PR1 over other S1P receptor subtypes (IC50 > 1000 nM for S1PR2-5). The most potent compounds 10a, 17a, 17b, and 24 were subsequently radiolabeled with F-18 in high yields and purities. MicroPET studies in cynomolgus macaque showed that [18F]10a, [18F]17a, and [18F]17b but not [18F]24 crossed the blood brain barrier and had high initial brain uptake. Further validation of [18F]10a, [18F]17a, and [18F]17b in preclinical models of neuroinflammation is warranted to identify a suitable PET radioligand to quantify S1PR1 expression in vivo as a metric of an inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonghua Luo
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 South Kingshighway Boulevard, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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16
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Liu Y, Given KS, Owens GP, Macklin WB, Bennett JL. Distinct patterns of glia repair and remyelination in antibody-mediated demyelination models of multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica. Glia 2018; 66:2575-2588. [PMID: 30240044 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica (NMO) are inflammatory demyelinating disorders of the central nervous system with evidence of antibody-mediated pathology. Using ex vivo organotypic mouse cerebellar slice cultures, we have demonstrated that recombinant antibodies (rAbs) cloned from cerebrospinal fluid plasmablasts of MS and NMO patients target myelin- and astrocyte-specific antigens to induce disease-specific oligodendrocyte loss and myelin degradation. In this study, we examined glial cell responses and myelin integrity during recovery from disease-specific antibody-mediated injury. Following exposure to MS rAb and human complement (HC) in cerebellar explants, myelinating oligodendrocytes repopulated the demyelinated tissue and formed new myelin sheaths along axons. Remyelination was accompanied by pronounced microglial activation. In contrast, following treatment with NMO rAb and HC, there was rapid regeneration of astrocytes and pre-myelinating oligodendrocytes but little formation of myelin sheaths on preserved axons. Deficient remyelination was associated with progressive axonal loss and the return of microglia to a resting state. Our results indicate that antibody-mediated demyelination in MS and NMO show distinct capacities for recovery associated with differential injury to adjacent axons and variable activation of microglia. Remyelination was rapid in MS rAb plus HC-induced demyelination. By contrast, oligodendrocyte maturation and remyelination failed following NMO rAb-mediated injury despite the rapid restoration of astrocytes and preservation of axons in early lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Liu
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Katherine S Given
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Gregory P Owens
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Wendy B Macklin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Program in Neuroscience, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jeffrey L Bennett
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Program in Neuroscience, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
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17
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Bruce KD, Gorkhali S, Given K, Coates AM, Boyle KE, Macklin WB, Eckel RH. Lipoprotein Lipase Is a Feature of Alternatively-Activated Microglia and May Facilitate Lipid Uptake in the CNS During Demyelination. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:57. [PMID: 29599706 PMCID: PMC5862862 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe demyelinating disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) such as multiple sclerosis (MS), can be devastating for many young lives. To date, the factors resulting in poor remyelination and repair are not well understood, and reparative therapies that benefit MS patients have yet to be developed. We have previously shown that the activity and abundance of Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL)—the rate-limiting enzyme in the hydrolysis of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins—is increased in Schwann cells and macrophages following nerve crush injury in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), suggesting that LPL may help scavenge myelin-derived lipids. We hypothesized that LPL may play a similar role in the CNS. To test this, mice were immunized with MOG35–55 peptide to induce experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). LPL activity was increased (p < 0.05) in the brain at 30 days post-injection, coinciding with partial remission of clinical symptoms. Furthermore, LPL abundance and activity was up-regulated (p < 0.05) at the transition between de- and re-myelination in lysolecithin-treated ex vivo cerebellar slices. Since microglia are the key immune effector cells of the CNS we determined the role of LPL in microglia. Lipid uptake was decreased (p < 0.001) in LPL-deficient BV-2 microglial cells compared to WT. In addition, LPL-deficient cells showed dramatically reduced expression of anti-inflammatory markers, YM1 (−22 fold, p < 0.001), and arginase 1 (Arg1; −265 fold, p < 0.001) and increased expression of pro-inflammatory markers, such as iNOS compared to WT cells (+53 fold, p < 0.001). This suggests that LPL is a feature of reparative microglia, further supported by the metabolic and inflammatory profile of LPL-deficient microglia. Taken together, our data strongly suggest that LPL expression is a novel feature of a microglial phenotype that supports remyelination and repair through the clearance of lipid debris. This mechanism may be exploited to develop future reparative therapies for MS and primary neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley D Bruce
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, & Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Sachi Gorkhali
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, & Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Katherine Given
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Alison M Coates
- School of Health Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Kristen E Boyle
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Wendy B Macklin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Robert H Eckel
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, & Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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18
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O'Sullivan SA, O'Sullivan C, Healy LM, Dev KK, Sheridan GK. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors regulate TLR4-induced CXCL5 release from astrocytes and microglia. J Neurochem 2018; 144:736-747. [PMID: 29377126 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors (S1PR) are G protein-coupled and compose a family with five subtypes, S1P1R-S1P5R. The drug Gilenya® (Novartis, Basel, Switzerland) (Fingolimod; FTY720) targets S1PRs and was the first oral therapy for patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). The phosphorylated form of FTY720 (pFTY720) binds S1PRs causing initial agonism, then subsequent receptor internalization and functional antagonism. Internalization of S1P1R attenuates sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P)-mediated egress of lymphocytes from lymph nodes, limiting aberrant immune function in MS. pFTY720 also exerts direct actions on neurons and glial cells which express S1PRs. In this study, we investigated the regulation of pro-inflammatory chemokine release by S1PRs in enriched astrocytes and microglial cultures. Astrocytes and microglia were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and increases in C-X-C motif chemokine 5 (CXCL5), also known as LIX (lipopolysaccharide-induced CXC chemokine) expression were quantified. Results showed that pFTY720 attenuated LPS-induced CXCL5 (LIX) protein release from astrocytes, as did the S1P1R selective agonist, SEW2871. In addition, pFTY720 blocked messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) transcription of the chemokines, (i) CXCL5/LIX, (ii) C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL10) also known as interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP10) and (iii) chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) also known as monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1). Interestingly, inhibition of sphingosine kinase attenuated LPS-induced increases in mRNA levels of all three chemokines, suggesting that LPS-TLR4 (Toll-like receptor 4) signalling may enhance chemokine expression via S1P-S1PR transactivation. Lastly, these observations were not limited to astrocytes since we also found that pFTY720 attenuated LPS-induced release of CXCL5 from microglia. These data highlight a role for S1PR signalling in regulating the levels of chemokines in glial cells and support the notion that pFTY720 efficacy in multiple sclerosis may involve the direct modulation of astrocytes and microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinead A O'Sullivan
- Drug Development, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Luke M Healy
- Drug Development, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Kumlesh K Dev
- Drug Development, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Graham K Sheridan
- Drug Development, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
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19
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Rutkowska A, Shimshek DR, Sailer AW, Dev KK. EBI2 regulates pro-inflammatory signalling and cytokine release in astrocytes. Neuropharmacology 2018; 133:121-128. [PMID: 29374507 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous oxysterol 7α, 25-dihydroxycholesterol (7α25HC) ligand activates the G protein-coupled receptor EBI2 to regulate T cell-dependant antibody response and B cell migration. We have demonstrated that EBI2 is expressed in human and mouse astrocytes, that 7α25HC induces intracellular signalling and astrocyte migration, and that EBI2 plays a role in the crosstalk between astrocytes and macrophages. Recently, we demonstrate that EBI2 regulates myelin development and inhibits LPC-induced demyelination. Here, we show that 7α25HC inhibits LPS- and IL17/TNF-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine release in astrocytes. We observe the following: 1. Human astrocytes treated with IL17/TNF increases the nuclear translocation of NFκB, which is attenuated by pre-treatment with 7α25HC; 2. IL17/TNF increases cell impedance in human astrocytes, which is also attenuated by pre-treatment with 7α25HC; 3. The EBI2 antagonist NIBR189 inhibits these effects of 7α25HC, supporting the role of EBI2; 4. in vivo data corroborate these in vitro findings, showing that EBI2 knock-out (KO) animals display enhanced pro-inflammatory cytokine in response to LPS challenge, in the brain. These results demonstrate a role for oxysterol/EBI2 signalling in attenuating the response of astrocytes to pro-inflammatory signals as well as limiting the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Rutkowska
- Drug Development, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Derya R Shimshek
- Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas W Sailer
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kumlesh K Dev
- Drug Development, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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20
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Rutkowska A, Sailer AW, Dev KK. EBI2 receptor regulates myelin development and inhibits LPC-induced demyelination. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:250. [PMID: 29246262 PMCID: PMC5732472 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-1025-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The G protein-coupled receptor EBI2 (Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 2) is activated by 7α, 25-dihydroxycholesterol (7α25HC) and plays a role in T cell-dependant antibody response and B cell migration. Abnormal EBI2 signaling is implicated in a range of autoimmune disorders; however, its role in the CNS remains poorly understood. METHODS Here we characterize the role of EBI2 in myelination under normal and pathophysiological conditions using organotypic cerebellar slice cultures and EBI2 knock-out (KO) animals. RESULTS We find that MBP expression in brains taken from EBI2 KO mice is delayed compared to those taken from wild type (WT) mice. In agreement with these in vivo findings, we show that antagonism of EBI2 reduces MBP expression in vitro. Importantly, we demonstrate that EBI2 activation attenuates lysolecithin (LPC)-induced demyelination in mouse organotypic slice cultures. Moreover, EBI2 activation also inhibits LPC-mediated release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL6 and IL1β in cerebellar slices. CONCLUSIONS These results, for the first time, display a role for EBI2 in myelin development and protection from demyelination under pathophysiological conditions and suggest that modulation of this receptor may be beneficial in neuroinflammatory and demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Rutkowska
- Drug Development, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland. .,Medical University of Gdańsk, M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 3a, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Andreas W Sailer
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kumlesh K Dev
- Drug Development, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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21
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Misslin C, Velasco-Estevez M, Albert M, O’Sullivan SA, Dev KK. Phospholipase A2 is involved in galactosylsphingosine-induced astrocyte toxicity, neuronal damage and demyelination. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187217. [PMID: 29095858 PMCID: PMC5667767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Krabbe disease is a fatal rare inherited lipid storage disorder affecting 1:100,000 births. This illness is caused by mutations in the galc gene encoding for the enzyme galactosylceramidase (GALC). Dysfunction of GALC has been linked to the toxic build-up of the galactolipid, galactosylsphingosine (psychosine), which induces cell death of oligodendrocytes. Previous studies show that phospholipase A2 (PLA2) may play a role in psychosine induce cell death. Here, we demonstrate that non-selective inhibition of cPLA2/sPLA2 and selective inhibition of cPLA2, but not sPLA2, also attenuates psychosine-induced cell death of human astrocytes. This study shows that extracellular calcium is required for psychosine induced cell death, but intracellular calcium release, reactive oxygen species or release of soluble factors are not involved. These findings suggest a cell autonomous effect, at least in human astrocytes. Supporting a role for PLA2 in psychosine-induced cell death of oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, the results show inhibition of PLA2 attenuates psychosine-induced decrease in the expression of astrocyte marker vimentin as well as myelin basic protein (MBP), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) and the neuronal marker SMI-32 in organotypic slice cultures. These findings provide further mechanistic details of psychosine-induced death of glia and suggest a role for PLA2 in the process. This work also supports the proposal that novel drugs for Krabbe disease may require testing on astrocytes as well as oligodendrocytes for more holistic prediction of pre-clinical and clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Misslin
- Drug Development, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Marie Albert
- Drug Development, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Kumlesh K. Dev
- Drug Development, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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22
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Peschl P, Schanda K, Zeka B, Given K, Böhm D, Ruprecht K, Saiz A, Lutterotti A, Rostásy K, Höftberger R, Berger T, Macklin W, Lassmann H, Bradl M, Bennett JL, Reindl M. Human antibodies against the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein can cause complement-dependent demyelination. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:208. [PMID: 29070051 PMCID: PMC5657084 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0984-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antibodies to the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) are associated with a subset of inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system such as acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. However, whether human MOG antibodies are pathogenic or an epiphenomenon is still not completely clear. Although MOG is highly conserved within mammals, previous findings showed that not all human MOG antibodies bind to rodent MOG. We therefore hypothesized that human MOG antibody-mediated pathology in animal models may only be evident using species-specific MOG antibodies. Methods We screened 80 human MOG antibody-positive samples for their reactivity to mouse and rat MOG using either a live cell-based assay or immunohistochemistry on murine, rat, and human brain tissue. Selected samples reactive to either human MOG or rodent MOG were subsequently tested for their ability to induce complement-mediated damage in murine organotypic brain slices or enhance demyelination in an experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) model in Lewis rats. The MOG monoclonal antibody 8-18-C5 was used as a positive control. Results Overall, we found that only a subset of human MOG antibodies are reactive to mouse (48/80, 60%) or rat (14/80, 18%) MOG. Purified serum antibodies from 10 human MOG antibody-positive patients (8/10 reactive to mouse MOG, 6/10 reactive to rat MOG), 3 human MOG-negative patients, and 3 healthy controls were tested on murine organotypic brain slices. Purified IgG from one patient with high titers of anti-human, mouse, and rat MOG antibodies and robust binding to myelin tissue produced significant, complement-mediated myelin loss in organotypic brain slices, but not in the EAE model. Monoclonal 8-18-C5 MOG antibody caused complement-mediated demyelination in both the organotypic brain slice model and in EAE. Conclusion This study shows that a subset of human MOG antibodies can induce complement-dependent pathogenic effects in a murine ex vivo animal model. Moreover, a high titer of species-specific MOG antibodies may be critical for demyelinating effects in mouse and rat animal models. Therefore, both the reactivity and titer of human MOG antibodies must be considered for future pathogenicity studies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-017-0984-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Peschl
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kathrin Schanda
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bleranda Zeka
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katherine Given
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Denise Böhm
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klemens Ruprecht
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Albert Saiz
- Service of Neurology, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreas Lutterotti
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Rostásy
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Witten/Herdecke University, Children's Hospital Datteln, Datteln, Germany
| | - Romana Höftberger
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Berger
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wendy Macklin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Hans Lassmann
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Bradl
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jeffrey L Bennett
- Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Markus Reindl
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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23
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O'Sullivan SA, Dev KK. The chemokine fractalkine (CX3CL1) attenuates H 2O 2-induced demyelination in cerebellar slices. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:159. [PMID: 28810923 PMCID: PMC5558650 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0932-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fractalkine/CX3CR1 signalling has been implicated in many neurodegenerative and neurological diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). This signalling pathway plays an important role in regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as itself being altered in conditions of oxidative stress. Here, we investigated the effects of recombinant fractalkine (rCX3CL1) in models of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced demyelination and astrocyte toxicity, within organotypic cerebellar slice cultures. Methods Organotypic cerebellar slice cultures were generated from postnatal day 10 C57BL/6J mice to assess myelination. Immunohistochemistry was used to measure the degree of myelination. Fluorescent images were obtained using a leica SP8 confocal microscope and data analysed using ImageJ software. Results We show here, for the first time, that rCX3CL1 significantly attenuated bolus H2O2-induced demyelination as measured by expression of myelin basic protein (MBP) and attenuated reduced vimentin expression. Using the GOX-CAT system to continuously generate low levels of H2O2 and induce demyelination, we observed similar protective effects of rCX3CL1 on MBP and MOG fluorescence, although in this model, the decrease in vimentin expression was not altered. Conclusions This data indicates possible protective effects of fractalkine signalling in oxidative stress-induced demyelination in the central nervous system. This opens up the possibility of fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1) modulation as a potential new target for protecting against oxidative stress-induced demyelination in both inflammatory and non-inflammatory nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinead A O'Sullivan
- Drug Development, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kumlesh K Dev
- Drug Development, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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24
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Tan GA, Furber KL, Thangaraj MP, Sobchishin L, Doucette JR, Nazarali AJ. Organotypic Cultures from the Adult CNS: A Novel Model to Study Demyelination and Remyelination Ex Vivo. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2017; 38:317-328. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-017-0529-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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25
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Abushouk AI, El-Husseny MWA, Magdy M, Ismail A, Attia A, Ahmed H, Pallanti R, Negida A. Evidence for association between hepatitis C virus and Parkinson's disease. Neurol Sci 2017; 38:1913-1920. [PMID: 28780707 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-017-3077-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a globally prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by progressive neuronal loss in the substantia nigra and formation of Lewy bodies. These pathological characteristics are clinically translated into motor symptoms, such as bradykinesia, rigidity, resting tremors, and postural instability. Emerging data from epidemiological studies suggest a possible association between PD and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, which affects up to 71 million individuals worldwide. Preclinical studies have shown that HCV can penetrate and replicate within the brain macrophages and microglial cells, increasing their production of pro-inflammatory cytokines that can directly cause neuronal toxicity. Other studies reported that interferon, previously used to treat HCV infection, can increase the risk of PD through inhibition of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic transmission or induction of neuroinflammation. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review on the possible association between HCV infection and PD and highlight recommendations for further research and practice in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelrahman Ibrahim Abushouk
- Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Ramsis St., Abbasia, Cairo, 11591, Egypt. .,NovaMed Medical Research Association, Cairo, Egypt. .,Medical Research Group of Egypt, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mostafa Wanees Ahmed El-Husseny
- NovaMed Medical Research Association, Cairo, Egypt.,Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt.,Fayoum Medical Research Association, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Mayar Magdy
- Faculty of Medicine, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Ammar Ismail
- NovaMed Medical Research Association, Cairo, Egypt.,Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Attia Attia
- Medical Research Group of Egypt, Cairo, Egypt.,Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hussien Ahmed
- Medical Research Group of Egypt, Cairo, Egypt.,Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, El-Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Ravikishore Pallanti
- Medical Research Group of Egypt, Cairo, Egypt.,Osmania College of Medicine, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ahmed Negida
- Medical Research Group of Egypt, Cairo, Egypt.,Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, El-Sharkia, Egypt
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26
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O'Sullivan SA, Velasco-Estevez M, Dev KK. Demyelination induced by oxidative stress is regulated by sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors. Glia 2017; 65:1119-1136. [PMID: 28375547 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a pathological condition defined as an imbalance between production and removal of reactive oxygen species. This process causes structural cell damage, disrupts DNA repair and induces mitochondrial dysfunction. Many in vitro studies have used direct bolus application of H2 O2 to investigate the role of oxidative stress in cell culture. In this study, using mouse organotypic cerebellar slice cultures, the effects of H2 O2 -induced oxidative stress on myelination state were examined, using bolus concentrations of H2 O2 (0.1-1 mM) and low-continuous H2 O2 (∼20 μM) generated from glucose oxidase and catalase (GOX-CAT). Using these models, the potential therapeutic effects of pFTY720, an oral therapy used in multiple sclerosis, was also examined. We found bolus treatment of H2 O2 (0.5 mM) and, for the first time, low-continuous H2 O2 (GOX-CAT) to induce demyelination in organotypic slices. Both bolus H2 O2 and GOX-CAT treatments significantly decreased vimentin expression in these slice cultures as well as increased cell death in isolated astrocyte cultures. Importantly, pre-treatment with pFTY720 significantly attenuated both bolus H2 O2 and GOX-CAT-induced demyelination and the GOX-CAT-induced decrease in vimentin in cerebellar slices, without altering levels of the proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and CX3CL1. We also observed increased SMI-32 immunoreactivity in the white matter tract induced by GOX-CAT indicating axonal damage, which was remarkably attenuated by pFTY720. Taken together, this data establishes a novel GOX-CAT model of demyelination and demonstrates that pFTY720 can act independently of inflammatory cytokines to attenuate decreases in vimentin, as well as axonal damage and demyelination induced by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinead A O'Sullivan
- Drug Development, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Kumlesh K Dev
- Drug Development, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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27
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Liu Y, Given KS, Harlow DE, Matschulat AM, Macklin WB, Bennett JL, Owens GP. Myelin-specific multiple sclerosis antibodies cause complement-dependent oligodendrocyte loss and demyelination. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2017; 5:25. [PMID: 28340598 PMCID: PMC5366134 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-017-0428-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrathecal immunoglobulin G (IgG) synthesis, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) oligoclonal IgG bands and lesional IgG deposition are seminal features of multiple sclerosis (MS) disease pathology. Both the specific targets and pathogenic effects of MS antibodies remain poorly characterized. We produced IgG1 monoclonal recombinant antibodies (rAbs) from clonally-expanded plasmablasts recovered from MS patient CSF. Among these were a subset of myelin-specific MS rAbs. We examined their immunoreactivity to mouse organotypic cerebellar slices by live binding and evaluated tissue injury in the presence and absence of human complement. Demyelination, glial and neuronal viability, and complement pathway activation were assayed by immunofluorescence microscopy and compared to the effects of an aquaporin-4 water channel (AQP4)-specific rAb derived from a neuromyelitis optica (NMO) patient. MS myelin-specific rAbs bound to discrete surface domains on oligodendrocyte processes and myelinating axons. Myelin-specific MS rAbs initiated complement-dependent cytotoxicity to oligodendrocytes and induced rapid demyelination. Demyelination was accompanied by increased microglia activation; however, the morphology and survival of astrocytes, oligodendrocyte progenitors and neurons remained unaffected. In contrast, NMO AQP4-specific rAb initiated complement-dependent astrocyte damage, followed by sequential loss of oligodendrocytes, demyelination, microglia activation and neuronal death. Myelin-specific MS antibodies cause oligodendrocyte loss and demyelination in organotypic cerebellar slices, which are distinct from AQP4-targeted pathology, and display seminal features of active MS lesions. Myelin-specific antibodies may play an active role in MS lesion formation through complement-dependent mechanisms.
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28
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Dombrowski Y, O'Hagan T, Dittmer M, Penalva R, Mayoral SR, Bankhead P, Fleville S, Eleftheriadis G, Zhao C, Naughton M, Hassan R, Moffat J, Falconer J, Boyd A, Hamilton P, Allen IV, Kissenpfennig A, Moynagh PN, Evergren E, Perbal B, Williams AC, Ingram RJ, Chan JR, Franklin RJM, Fitzgerald DC. Regulatory T cells promote myelin regeneration in the central nervous system. Nat Neurosci 2017; 20:674-680. [PMID: 28288125 PMCID: PMC5409501 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration of CNS myelin involves differentiation of oligodendrocytes from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. In multiple sclerosis, remyelination can fail despite abundant oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, suggesting impairment of oligodendrocyte differentiation. T cells infiltrate the CNS in multiple sclerosis, yet little is known about T cell functions in remyelination. We report that regulatory T cells (Treg) promote oligodendrocyte differentiation and (re)myelination. Treg-deficient mice exhibited substantially impaired remyelination and oligodendrocyte differentiation, which was rescued by adoptive transfer of Treg. In brain slice cultures, Treg accelerated developmental myelination and remyelination, even in the absence of overt inflammation. Treg directly promoted oligodendrocyte progenitor cell differentiation and myelination in vitro. We identified CCN3 as a Treg-derived mediator of oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination in vitro. These findings reveal a new regenerative function of Treg in the CNS, distinct from immunomodulation. Although the cells were originally named 'Treg' to reflect immunoregulatory roles, this also captures emerging, regenerative Treg functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Dombrowski
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Thomas O'Hagan
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Marie Dittmer
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Rosana Penalva
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Sonia R Mayoral
- Department of Neurology and Program in Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peter Bankhead
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Samara Fleville
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - George Eleftheriadis
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Chao Zhao
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Clifford Allbutt Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Michelle Naughton
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Rachel Hassan
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Jill Moffat
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - John Falconer
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Amanda Boyd
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Peter Hamilton
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Ingrid V Allen
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Adrien Kissenpfennig
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Paul N Moynagh
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.,Institute of Immunology, Department of Biology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Emma Evergren
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Bernard Perbal
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, GREDEG, Nice, France.,International CCN Society, Paris, France
| | - Anna C Williams
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rebecca J Ingram
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Jonah R Chan
- Department of Neurology and Program in Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Robin J M Franklin
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Clifford Allbutt Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Denise C Fitzgerald
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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29
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Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulation suppresses pathogenic astrocyte activation and chronic progressive CNS inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:2012-2017. [PMID: 28167760 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1615413114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS that causes disability in young adults as a result of the irreversible accumulation of neurological deficits. Although there are potent disease-modifying agents for its initial relapsing-remitting phase, these therapies show limited efficacy in secondary progressive MS (SPMS). Thus, there is an unmet clinical need for the identification of disease mechanisms and potential therapeutic approaches for SPMS. Here, we show that the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor (S1PR) modulator fingolimod (FTY720) ameliorated chronic progressive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in nonobese diabetic mice, an experimental model that resembles several aspects of SPMS, including neurodegeneration and disease progression driven by the innate immune response in the CNS. Indeed, S1PR modulation by FTY720 in murine and human astrocytes suppressed neurodegeneration-promoting mechanisms mediated by astrocytes, microglia, and CNS-infiltrating proinflammatory monocytes. Genome-wide studies showed that FTY720 suppresses transcriptional programs associated with the promotion of disease progression by astrocytes. The study of the molecular mechanisms controlling these transcriptional modules may open new avenues for the development of therapeutic strategies for progressive MS.
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30
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Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor therapies: Advances in clinical trials for CNS-related diseases. Neuropharmacology 2017; 113:597-607. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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31
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Zhang Y, Li X, Ciric B, Ma CG, Gran B, Rostami A, Zhang GX. Effect of Fingolimod on Neural Stem Cells: A Novel Mechanism and Broadened Application for Neural Repair. Mol Ther 2016; 25:401-415. [PMID: 28153091 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory demyelination and axonal damage of the CNS are hallmarks of multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Fingolimod (FTY720), the first FDA-approved oral medication for MS, suppresses acute disease but is less effective at the chronic stage, and whether it has a direct effect on neuroregeneration in MS and EAE remains unclear. Here we show that FTY720, at nanomolar concentrations, effectively protected survival of neural stem cells (NSCs) and enhanced their development into mature oligodendrocytes (OLGs) in vitro, primarily through the S1P3 and S1P5 receptors. In vivo, treatment with either FTY720 or NSCs alone had no effect on the secondary progressive stage of remitting-relapsing EAE, but a combination therapy with FTY720 and NSCs promoted significant recovery, including ameliorated clinical signs and CNS inflammatory demyelination, enhanced MBP synthesis and remyelination, inhibited axonal degeneration, and reduced astrogliosis. Moreover, FTY720 significantly improved incorporation and survival of transplanted NSCs in the CNS and drove their differentiation into more OLGs but fewer astrocytes, thus promoting remyelination and CNS repair processes in situ. Our data demonstrate a novel effect of FTY720 on NSC differentiation and remyelination, broadening its possible application to NSC-based therapy in the secondary progressive stage of MS.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/etiology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- Fingolimod Hydrochloride/pharmacology
- Humans
- Mice
- Multiple Sclerosis
- Myelin Sheath/drug effects
- Myelin Sheath/metabolism
- Nerve Regeneration
- Neural Stem Cells/cytology
- Neural Stem Cells/drug effects
- Neural Stem Cells/metabolism
- Oligodendroglia/cytology
- Oligodendroglia/drug effects
- Oligodendroglia/metabolism
- Receptors, Lysosphingolipid/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Stem Cell Transplantation
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Xing Li
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Bogoljub Ciric
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Cun-Gen Ma
- Institute of Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Shanxi Datong University Medical School, Datong 037009, China
| | - Bruno Gran
- Clinical Neurology Research Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Abdolmohamad Rostami
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Guang-Xian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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32
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Yang MG, Xiao Z, Dhar TGM, Xiao HY, Gilmore JL, Marcoux D, Xie JH, McIntyre KW, Taylor TL, Borowski V, Heimrich E, Li YW, Feng J, Fernandes A, Yang Z, Balimane P, Marino AM, Cornelius G, Warrack BM, Mathur A, Wu DR, Li P, Gupta A, Pragalathan B, Shen DR, Cvijic ME, Lehman-McKeeman LD, Salter-Cid L, Barrish JC, Carter PH, Dyckman AJ. Asymmetric Hydroboration Approach to the Scalable Synthesis of ((1R,3S)-1-Amino-3-((R)-6-hexyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)cyclopentyl)methanol (BMS-986104) as a Potent S1P1 Receptor Modulator. J Med Chem 2016; 59:11138-11147. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. Yang
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Zili Xiao
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - T. G. Murali Dhar
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Hai-Yun Xiao
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - John L. Gilmore
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - David Marcoux
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Jenny H. Xie
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Kim W. McIntyre
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Tracy L. Taylor
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Virna Borowski
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Elizabeth Heimrich
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Yu-Wen Li
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Jianlin Feng
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Alda Fernandes
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Zheng Yang
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Praveen Balimane
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Anthony M. Marino
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Georgia Cornelius
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Bethanne M. Warrack
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Arvind Mathur
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Dauh-Rurng Wu
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Peng Li
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Anuradha Gupta
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Bala Pragalathan
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Ding Ren Shen
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Mary Ellen Cvijic
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Lois D. Lehman-McKeeman
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Luisa Salter-Cid
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Joel C. Barrish
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Percy H. Carter
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Alaric J. Dyckman
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
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Liu Y, Harlow DE, Given KS, Owens GP, Macklin WB, Bennett JL. Variable sensitivity to complement-dependent cytotoxicity in murine models of neuromyelitis optica. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:301. [PMID: 27905992 PMCID: PMC5134246 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0767-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Studies of neuromyelitis optica (NMO), an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS), have demonstrated that autoantibodies against the water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) induce astrocyte damage through complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). In developing experimental models of NMO using cells, tissues or animals from mice, co-administration of AQP4-IgG and normal human serum, which serves as the source of human complement (HC), is required. The sensitivity of mouse CNS cells to HC and CDC in these models is not known. Methods We used HC and recombinant monoclonal antibodies (rAbs) against AQP4 to investigate CDC on mouse neurons, astrocytes, differentiated oligodendrocytes (OLs), and oligodendrocyte progenitors (OPCs) in the context of purified monocultures, neuroglial mixed cultures, and organotypic cerebellar slices. Results We found that murine neurons, OLs, and OPCs were sensitive to HC in monocultures. In mixed murine neuroglial cultures, HC-mediated toxicity to neurons and OLs was reduced; however, astrocyte damage induced by an AQP-specific rAb #53 and HC increased neuronal and oligodendroglial loss. OPCs were resistant to HC toxicity in neuroglial mixed cultures. In mouse cerebellar slices, damage to neurons and OLs following rAb #53-mediated CDC was further reduced, but in contrast to neuroglial mixed cultures, astrocyte damage sensitized OPCs to complement damage. Finally, we established that some injury to neurons, OLs, and OPCs in cell and slice cultures resulted from the activation of HC by anti-tissue antibodies to mouse cells. Conclusions Murine neurons and oligodendroglia demonstrate variable sensitivity to activated complement based on their differentiation and culture conditions. In organotypic cultures, the protection of neurons, OLs, and OPCs against CDC is eliminated by targeted astrocyte destruction. The activation of human complement proteins on mouse CNS cells necessitates caution when interpreting the results of mouse experimental models of NMO using HC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0767-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Liu
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Danielle E Harlow
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Katherine S Given
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Gregory P Owens
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Wendy B Macklin
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, USA.,Program in Neuroscience, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Bennett
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, USA. .,Program in Neuroscience, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, USA.
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The Activators of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 p35 and p39 Are Essential for Oligodendrocyte Maturation, Process Formation, and Myelination. J Neurosci 2016; 36:3024-37. [PMID: 26961956 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2250-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of oligodendrocyte development and myelin formation in the CNS is poorly defined. Multiple signals influence the rate and extent of CNS myelination, including the noncanonical cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) whose functions are regulated by its activators p35 and p39. Here we show that selective loss of either p35 or p39 perturbed specific aspects of oligodendrocyte development, whereas loss of both p35 and p39 completely inhibited the development of mature oligodendrocytes and myelination. In the absence of p35, oligodendrocyte differentiation was delayed, process outgrowth was truncated in vitro, and the patterning and extent of myelination were perturbed in the CNS of p35(-/-) mice. In the absence of p39, oligodendrocyte maturation was transiently affected both in vitro and in vivo. However, loss of both p35 and p39 in oligodendrocyte lineage cells completely inhibited oligodendrocyte progenitor cell differentiation and myelination both in vitro and after transplantation into shiverer slice cultures. Loss of p35 and p39 had a more profound effect on oligodendrocyte development than simply the loss of Cdk5 and could not be rescued by Cdk5 overexpression. These data suggest p35 and p39 have specific and overlapping roles in oligodendrocyte development, some of which may be independent of Cdk5 activation.
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Madill M, Fitzgerald D, O'Connell KE, Dev KK, Shen S, FitzGerald U. In vitro and ex vivo models of multiple sclerosis. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:1504-1511. [PMID: 27265771 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). Current therapies suppress a misdirected myelin-destructive immune response. To combat the progressive, neurodestructive phase of MS, the therapeutic research focus is currently on compounds that might boost the endogenous potential of the brain to remyelinate axons, thereby achieving lesion repair. Here, we describe the testing of fingolimod on cultures of oligodendrocytes (OLs) and organotypic brain slices. We detail the protocols, pros, and cons of these in vitro and ex vivo approaches, along with the potential benefit of exploiting skin-punch biopsies from patients with MS, before concluding with a summary of future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Madill
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine and School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland (NUI) Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Denise Fitzgerald
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Kara E O'Connell
- Drug Development, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kumlesh K Dev
- Drug Development, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sanbing Shen
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine and School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland (NUI) Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Una FitzGerald
- Galway Neuroscience Centre, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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O'Sullivan C, Schubart A, Mir AK, Dev KK. The dual S1PR1/S1PR5 drug BAF312 (Siponimod) attenuates demyelination in organotypic slice cultures. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:31. [PMID: 26856814 PMCID: PMC4746808 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0494-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background BAF312 (Siponimod) is a dual agonist at the sphingosine-1 phosphate receptors, S1PR1 and S1PR5. This drug is currently undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (MS). Here, we investigated the effects of BAF312 on isolated astrocyte and microglia cultures as well as in slice culture models of demyelination. Methods Mouse and human astrocytes were treated with S1PR modulators and changes in the levels of pERK, pAkt, and calcium signalling as well as S1PR1 internalization and cytokine levels was investigated using Western blotting, immunochemistry, ELISA and confocal microscopy. Organotypic slice cultures were prepared from the cerebellum of 10-day-old mice and treated with lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), psychosine and/or S1PR modulators, and changes in myelination states were measured by fluorescence of myelin basic protein and neurofilament H. Results BAF312 treatment of human and mouse astrocytes activated pERK, pAKT and Ca2+ signalling as well as inducing S1PR1 internalization. Notably, activation of S1PR1 increased pERK and pAKT in mouse astrocytes while both S1PR1 and S1PR3 equally increased pERK and pAKT in human astrocytes, suggesting that the coupling of S1PR1 and S1PR3 to pERK and pAKT differ in mouse and human astrocytes. We also observed that BAF312 moderately attenuated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- or TNFα/IL17-induced levels of IL6 in both astrocyte and microglia cell cultures. In organotypic slice cultures, BAF312 reduced LPC-induced levels of IL6 and attenuated LPC-mediated demyelination. We have shown previously that the toxic lipid metabolite psychosine induces demyelination in organotypic slice cultures, without altering the levels of cytokines, such as IL6. Importantly, psychosine-induced demyelination was also attenuated by BAF312. Conclusions Overall, this study suggests that BAF312 can modulate glial cell function and attenuate demyelination, highlighting this drug as a further potential therapy in demyelinating disorders, beyond MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Schubart
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anis K Mir
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kumlesh K Dev
- Drug Development, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
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Hunter SF, Bowen JD, Reder AT. The Direct Effects of Fingolimod in the Central Nervous System: Implications for Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis. CNS Drugs 2016; 30:135-47. [PMID: 26715391 PMCID: PMC4781895 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-015-0297-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Fingolimod, a structural analog of sphingosine derived from fungal metabolites, is a functional antagonist of the G-protein-coupled sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptors S1P(1,3,4,5). In the treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (RMS), fingolimod acts by reversibly retaining central memory T cells and naïve T cells in lymph nodes, thereby reducing the recirculation of autoreactive lymphocytes to the central nervous system (CNS). Fingolimod also has differential effects on the trafficking and function of B-cell subtypes and natural killer (NK) cells in peripheral blood and the CNS. Fingolimod also crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and accumulates in the CNS. Experimental evidence increasingly supports a direct action of fingolimod within the CNS on brain cells, providing protection against the neurodegenerative component of RMS. We review the direct influence of this compound on CNS pathogenesis in RMS, including the central effects of fingolimod in animal models of MS and on neural cell types that express S1P receptors, such as astrocytes, BBB endothelial cells, microglia, neurones, and oligodendrocytes, which are all involved in RMS pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel F Hunter
- Advanced Neurosciences Institute, 101 Forrest Crossing Blvd, Suite 103, Franklin, TN, 37064-5430, USA.
| | - James D Bowen
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Anthony T Reder
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Wu WYY, Kang KH, Chen SLS, Chiu SYH, Yen AMF, Fann JCY, Su CW, Liu HC, Lee CZ, Fu WM, Chen HH, Liou HH. Hepatitis C virus infection: a risk factor for Parkinson's disease. J Viral Hepat 2015; 22:784-91. [PMID: 25608223 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies found that hepatitis C virus (HCV) may invade the central nervous system, and both HCV and Parkinson's disease (PD) have in common the overexpression of inflammatory biomarkers. We analysed data from a community-based integrated screening programme based on a total of 62,276 subjects. We used logistic regression models to investigate association between HCV infection and PD. The neurotoxicity of HCV was evaluated in the midbrain neuron-glia coculture system in rats. The cytokine/chemokine array was performed to measure the differences of amounts of cytokines released from midbrain in the presence and absence of HCV. The crude odds ratios (ORs) for having PD were 0.62 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.48-0.81] and 1.91 (95% CI, 1.48-2.47) for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HCV. After controlling for potential confounders, the association between HCV and PD remained statistically significant (adjusted OR = 1.39; 95% CI, 1.07-1.80), but not significantly different between HBV and PD. The HCV induced 60% dopaminergic neuron death in the midbrain neuron-glia coculture system in rats, similar to that of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+) ) but not caused by HBV. This link was further supported by the finding that HCV infection may release the inflammatory cytokines, which may play a role in the pathogenesis of PD. In conclusion, our study demonstrated a significantly positive epidemiological association between HCV infection and PD and corroborated the dopaminergic toxicity of HCV similar to that of MPP(+) .
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Affiliation(s)
- W Y-Y Wu
- Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - K-H Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - S L-S Chen
- School of Oral Hygiene, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - S Y-H Chiu
- Department and Graduate Institute of Health Care Management, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - A M-F Yen
- School of Oral Hygiene, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - J C-Y Fann
- Department of Health Industry Management, School of Health Care Management, Kainan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - C-W Su
- Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - H-C Liu
- Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - C-Z Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - W-M Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - H-H Chen
- Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - H-H Liou
- Department of Neurology and Pharmacology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Healy LM, Michell-Robinson MA, Antel JP. Regulation of human glia by multiple sclerosis disease modifying therapies. Semin Immunopathol 2015; 37:639-49. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-015-0514-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Janssen S, Schlegel C, Gudi V, Prajeeth CK, Skripuletz T, Trebst C, Stangel M. Effect of FTY720-phosphate on the expression of inflammation-associated molecules in astrocytes in vitro. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:6171-7. [PMID: 26239526 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
FTY720 is a new oral immunomodulatory therapy for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). There is strong evidence that FTY720 has direct effects on brain resident cells such as astrocytes acting via sphingosine‑1‑phosphate (S1P) receptors. In the present study, the mRNA expression of S1P receptors as well as selected cytokines, chemokines and growth factors were investigated in primary murine astrocytes under inflammatory conditions in the presence or absence of the phosphorylated form of FTY720 (FTY720‑P). Following stimulation with either the pro‑inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor‑α (TNF‑α) or with bacterial lipopolysaccharide, there was an increased expression of the receptors S1P1 and S1P3, the cytokines and chemokines interleukin (IL)‑1β, chemokine (C‑C‑motif) ligand 2 (CCL‑2), CCL‑20 and chemokine (C‑X‑C‑motif) ligand 12 as well as the growth factors insulin‑like growth factor‑1, ciliary neurotrophic factor and glial cell line‑derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). FTY720‑P led to an increased expression of IL‑1β and GDNF at distinct time points following co‑stimulation with TNF‑α compared with TNF‑α treatment alone. However, the presence of FTY720‑P did not have any further significant effects on the expression of S1P receptors, cytokines or growth factors, suggesting that the regulation of these target genes in astrocytes is not likely to be a major mechanism underlying the effect of FTY720‑P in diseases such as MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Janssen
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover D‑30625, Germany
| | - Caroline Schlegel
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover D‑30625, Germany
| | - Viktoria Gudi
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover D‑30625, Germany
| | - Chittappen Kandiyil Prajeeth
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover D‑30625, Germany
| | - Thomas Skripuletz
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover D‑30625, Germany
| | - Corinna Trebst
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover D‑30625, Germany
| | - Martin Stangel
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover D‑30625, Germany
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Barateiro A, Afonso V, Santos G, Cerqueira JJ, Brites D, van Horssen J, Fernandes A. S100B as a Potential Biomarker and Therapeutic Target in Multiple Sclerosis. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:3976-3991. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9336-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Healy LM, Sheridan GK, Pritchard AJ, Rutkowska A, Mullershausen F, Dev KK. Pathway specific modulation of S1P1 receptor signalling in rat and human astrocytes. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 169:1114-29. [PMID: 23587004 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor subtype 1 (S1P1R) is modulated by phosphorylated FTY720 (pFTY720), which causes S1P1R internalization preventing lymphocyte migration thus limiting autoimmune response. Studies indicate that internalized S1P1Rs continue to signal, maintaining an inhibition of cAMP, thus raising question whether the effects of pFTY720 are due to transient initial agonism, functional antagonism and/or continued signalling. To further investigate this, the current study first determined if continued S1P1R activation is pathway specific. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using human and rat astrocyte cultures, the effects of S1P1R activation on cAMP, pERK and Ca(2+) signalling was investigated. In addition, to examine the role of S1P1R redistribution on these events, a novel biologic (MNP301) that prevented pFTY720-mediated S1P1R redistribution was engineered. KEY RESULTS The data showed that pFTY720 induced long-lasting S1P1R redistribution and continued cAMP signalling in rat astrocytes. In contrast, pFTY720 induced a transient increase of Ca(2+) in astrocytes and subsequent antagonism of Ca(2+) signalling. Notably, while leaving pFTY720-induced cAMP signalling intact, the novel MNP301 peptide attenuated S1P1R-mediated Ca(2+) and pERK signalling in cultured rat astrocytes. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These findings suggested that pFTY720 causes continued cAMP signalling that is not dependent on S1P1R redistribution and induces functional antagonism of Ca(2+) signalling after transient stimulation. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating that pFTY720 causes continued signalling in one pathway (cAMP) versus functional antagonism of another pathway (Ca(2+)) and which also suggests that redistributed S1P1Rs may have differing signalling properties from those expressed at the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke M Healy
- Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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O'Sullivan C, Dev KK. Galactosylsphingosine (psychosine) induced demyelination is attenuated by sphingosine 1-phosphate signalling. J Cell Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.169342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Globoid cell leukodystrophy (Krabbe disease, KD) is a rare infantile neurodegenerative disorder. KD is caused by deficiency in the lysosomal enzyme galactocerebrosidase (GALC) resulting in brain accumulation, in the micromolar range, of the toxic metabolite galactosylsphingosine (psychosine). Here we find psychosine induces human astrocyte cell death likely via an apoptotic process in a concentration- and time-dependent manner (EC50 ∼15 µM at 4h). We show these effects of psychosine are attenuated by pre-treatment with the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor agonist pFTY720 (Fingolimod) (IC50 ∼100nM). Psychosine (1 µM, 10 µM) also potentiates LPS-induced (EC50 ∼100ng/ml) production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in mouse astrocytes, which is also attenuated by pFTY720 (1 µM). Most notably, for the first time, we show that psychosine, at a concentration found in the brains of patients with KD (EC50 ∼100nM) directly induces demyelination in mouse organotypic cerebellar slices in a manner that is independent of proinflammatory cytokine response and that pFTY720 (0.1nM) significantly inhibits. These results support the idea that psychosine is a pathogenic agent in KD and suggest that sphingosine 1-phosphate signalling could be a potential drug target for this illness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kumlesh K. Dev
- Drug Development, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
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Blaho VA, Hla T. An update on the biology of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:1596-608. [PMID: 24459205 PMCID: PMC4109755 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r046300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a membrane-derived lysophospholipid that acts primarily as an ex-tracellular signaling molecule. Signals initiated by S1P are transduced by five G protein-coupled receptors, named S1P1-5 Cellular and temporal expression of the S1P receptors (S1PRs) determine their specific roles in various organ systems, but they are particularly critical for regulation of the cardiovascular, immune, and nervous systems, with the most well-known contributions of S1PR signaling being modulation of vascular barrier function, vascular tone, and regulation of lymphocyte trafficking. However, our knowledge of S1PR biology is rapidly increasing as they become attractive therapeutic targets in several diseases, such as chronic inflammatory pathologies, autoimmunity, and cancer. Understanding how the S1PRs regulate interactions between biological systems will allow for greater efficacy in this novel therapeutic strategy as well as characterization of complex physiological networks. Because of the rapidly expanding body of research, this review will focus on the most recent advances in S1PRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A. Blaho
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Timothy Hla
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
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Fingolimod attenuates splenocyte-induced demyelination in cerebellar slice cultures. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99444. [PMID: 24911000 PMCID: PMC4049809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The family of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors (S1PRs) is G-protein-coupled, comprised of subtypes S1PR1-S1PR5 and activated by the endogenous ligand S1P. The phosphorylated version of Fingolimod (pFTY720), an oral therapy for multiple sclerosis (MS), induces S1PR1 internalisation in T cells, subsequent insensitivity to S1P gradients and sequestering of these cells within lymphoid organs, thus limiting immune response. S1PRs are also expressed in neuronal and glial cells where pFTY720 is suggested to directly protect against lysolecithin-induced deficits in myelination state in organotypic cerebellar slices. Of note, the effect of pFTY720 on immune cells already migrated into the CNS, prior to treatment, has not been well established. We have previously found that organotypic slice cultures do contain immune cells, which, in principle, could also be regulated by pFTY720 to maintain levels of myelin. Here, a mouse organotypic cerebellar slice and splenocyte co-culture model was thus used to investigate the effects of pFTY720 on splenocyte-induced demyelination. Spleen cells isolated from myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein immunised mice (MOG-splenocytes) or from 2D2 transgenic mice (2D2-splenocytes) both induced demyelination when co-cultured with mouse organotypic cerebellar slices, to a similar extent as lysolecithin. As expected, in vivo treatment of MOG-immunised mice with FTY720 inhibited demyelination induced by MOG-splenocytes. Importantly, in vitro treatment of MOG- and 2D2-splenocytes with pFTY720 also attenuated demyelination caused by these cells. In addition, while in vitro treatment of 2D2-splenocytes with pFTY720 did not alter cell phenotype, pFTY720 inhibited the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interferon gamma (IFNγ) and interleukin 6 (IL6) from these cells. This work suggests that treatment of splenocytes by pFTY720 attenuates demyelination and reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine release, which likely contributes to enhanced myelination state induced by pFTY720 in organotypic cerebellar slices.
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Sheridan GK, Dev KK. Targeting S1P receptors in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice improves early deficits in locomotor activity and increases ultrasonic vocalisations. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5051. [PMID: 24851861 PMCID: PMC4031479 DOI: 10.1038/srep05051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fingolimod (FTY720) is an oral therapy for relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) and targets sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors (S1PRs). FTY720 also rescues animals from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. The protective effects of FTY720 in EAE are primarily scored manually by examining weight loss and limb paralysis that begins around 10-12 days after immunisation. To our knowledge, pre-clinical effects of FTY720 on animal behaviour early in EAE have not been explored. Here, we developed an automated behaviour monitoring system to examine the early effects of FTY720 on subtle pre-symptomatic behaviour of mice induced with EAE. Our automated home-cage monitoring system (AHC-MS) enabled non-contact detection of movement and ultrasonic vocalisations (USVs) of mice induced with EAE, thus allowing detection of subtle changes in mouse behaviour before paralysis occurs. Mice receiving FTY720 emit longer USVs and display higher levels of motor activity than vehicle-treated EAE mice before clinical symptoms become apparent. Importantly, this study promotes the 3Rs ethics (replacement, reduction and refinement) in the EAE animal model and may also improve pre-screening of potentially novel MS therapies. In addition, this is the first report showing the early effects of FTY720 in EAE which underscores its protective effects.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Female
- Fingolimod Hydrochloride
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Lysophospholipids/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Motor Activity/drug effects
- Motor Activity/physiology
- Propylene Glycols/pharmacology
- Receptors, Lysosphingolipid/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Lysosphingolipid/genetics
- Receptors, Lysosphingolipid/metabolism
- Sphingosine/analogs & derivatives
- Sphingosine/metabolism
- Sphingosine/pharmacology
- Vocalization, Animal/drug effects
- Vocalization, Animal/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham K. Sheridan
- Drug Development, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Current address: Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Kumlesh K. Dev
- Drug Development, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Wang X, Brieland JK, Kim JH, Chen YJ, O’Neal J, O’Neil SR, Tu TW, Trinkaus K, Song SK. Diffusion tensor imaging detects treatment effects of FTY720 in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2013; 26:1742-1750. [PMID: 23939596 PMCID: PMC3838438 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Fingolimod (FTY720) is an orally available sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor modulator reducing relapse frequency in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). In addition to immunosuppression, neuronal protection by FTY720 has also been suggested, but remains controversial. Axial and radial diffusivities derived from in vivo diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) were employed as noninvasive biomarkers of axonal injury and demyelination to assess axonal protection by FTY720 in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice. EAE was induced through active immunization of C57BL/6 mice using myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide 35-55 (MOG(35-55)). We evaluated both the prophylactic and therapeutic treatment effect of FTY720 at doses of 3 and 10 mg/kg on EAE mice by daily clinical scoring and end-point in vivo DTI. Prophylactic administration of FTY720 suppressed the disease onset and prevented axon and myelin damage when compared with EAE mice without treatment. Therapeutic treatment by FTY720 did not prevent EAE onset, but reduced disease severity, improving axial and radial diffusivity towards the control values without statistical significance. Consistent with previous findings, in vivo DTI-derived axial and radial diffusivity correlated with clinical scores in EAE mice. The results support the use of in vivo DTI as an effective outcome measure for preclinical drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Joong H. Kim
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ying-Jr Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | - Tsang-Wei Tu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kathryn Trinkaus
- Department of Biostatistics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sheng-Kwei Song
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Pritchard AJ, Dev KK. The role of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors in the treatment of demyelinating diseases. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.13.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors (S1PRs) are a family of G-protein coupled receptors composed of subtypes S1PR1–5 and activated by the endogenous ligand sphingosine 1-phosphate. S1PRs are modulated by the recently approved oral therapy for relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis, called fingolimod (FTY720). The phosphorylated version of FTY720 (pFTY720) is a pan-S1PR agonist, with the exception of S1PR2. This drug promotes the internalization of S1PR1s in T cells and is said to act as a ‘functional antagonist’ making lymphocytes ‘blind’ to sphingosine 1-phosphate gradients and limiting cell egress from lymph nodes. This immunomodulatory effect of pFTY720 is proposed to be the prime mechanism by which this compound is efficacious in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Importantly, however, S1PRs are also expressed in many other cell types, for example, cells of the cardiovascular system and the CNS. Studies have shown that pFTY720 enters the CNS and that modulation of S1PRs can alter the cellular physiology of neurons, astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes. These works are suggestive of a potential role for S1PRs expressed in brain cells as targets for pFTY720. This article reviews the role of S1PRs in oligodendrocytes. The authors start by first debating whether pFTY720-mediated internalization of S1PRs causes ‘functional antagonism’ and/or ‘pathway-specific continued signaling’. The authors then describe the signaling pathways that are modulated by S1PRs expressed in oligodendrocytes and also outline the role of S1PRs in oligodendrocyte differentiation, process extension, survival and migration. Finally, the authors discuss the in vitro studies that suggest pFTY720 promotes myelination state versus the in vivo studies that suggest pFTY720 may not alter myelination. The authors conclude by suggesting that S1PRs in the CNS may be of potential use as drug targets not only for multiple sclerosis, but possibly for a number of other demyelinating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Pritchard
- Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kumlesh K Dev
- Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Fingolimod: direct CNS effects of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor modulation and implications in multiple sclerosis therapy. J Neurol Sci 2013; 328:9-18. [PMID: 23518370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Fingolimod is the first oral disease-modifying therapy approved for relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). Following phosphorylation in vivo, the active agent, fingolimod phosphate (fingolimod-P), acts as a sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor modulator, binding with high affinity to four of the five known S1P receptors (S1P1, S1P3, S1P4 and S1P5). The mechanism of action of fingolimod in MS has primarily been considered as immunomodulatory, whereby fingolimod-P modulates S1P1 on lymphocytes, selectively retaining autoreactive lymphocytes in lymph nodes to reduce damaging infiltration into the central nervous system (CNS). However, emerging evidence indicates that fingolimod has direct effects in the CNS in MS. For example, in the MS animal model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), fingolimod is highly efficacious in both a prophylactic and therapeutic setting, yet becomes ineffective in animals selectively deficient for S1P1 on astrocytes, despite maintained normal immunologic receptor expression and functions, and S1P-mediated immune activities. Here we review S1P signaling effects relevant to MS in neural cell types expressing S1P receptors, including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, neurons, microglia and dendritic cells. The direct effects of fingolimod on these CNS cells observed in preclinical studies are discussed in view of the functional consequences of reducing neurodegenerative processes and promoting myelin preservation and repair. The therapeutic implications of S1P modulation in the CNS are considered in terms of the clinical outcomes of MS, such as reducing MS-related brain atrophy, and other CNS disorders. Additionally, we briefly outline other existing and investigational MS therapies that may also have effects in the CNS.
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Fressinaud C, Eyer J. Axoskeletal proteins prevent oligodendrocyte from toxic injury by upregulating survival, proliferation, and differentiation in vitro. Neurochem Int 2013; 62:306-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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