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Zhen Y, Li X, Huang S, Wang R, Yang L, Huang Y, Yan J, Ju J, Wen H, Sun Q. LncRNA lnc-SPRR2G-2 contributes to keratinocyte hyperproliferation and inflammation in psoriasis by activating the STAT3 pathway and downregulating KHSRP. Mol Cell Probes 2024; 76:101967. [PMID: 38942130 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2024.101967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by increased keratinocyte proliferation and local inflammation. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important regulatory roles in many immune-mediated diseases, including psoriasis. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role and mechanism of lnc-SPRR2G-2 (SPRR2G) in M5-treated psoriatic keratinocytes. Fluorescence in situ hybridization and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) showed that lnc-SPRR2G-2 was significantly upregulated in psoriasis tissues and psoriatic keratinocytes. In psoriatic keratinocytes, functional and molecular experiment analyses demonstrated that SPRR2G regulated proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis, and induced the expression of S100 calcium binding protein A7 (S100A7), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8 and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10). The function of SPRR2G in psoriasis is related to the STAT3 signaling pathway and can be inhibited by a STAT3 inhibitor. Moreover, KH-type splicing regulatory protein (KHSRP) was proved to be regulated by lnc-SPRR2G-2 and to control the mRNA decay of psoriasis-related cytokines (p < 0.05). In summary, we reported the functions of lnc-SPRR2G-2 and KHSRP in psoriasis. Our findings provide new insights for the further exploration of the pathogenesis and treatment of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyue Zhen
- Department of Dermatology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China; Laboratory of Basic Medical Science, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Xueqing Li
- Department of Dermatology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China; Laboratory of Basic Medical Science, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Shan Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China; Laboratory of Basic Medical Science, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Ruijie Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China; Laboratory of Basic Medical Science, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Luan Yang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Yingjian Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China; Laboratory of Basic Medical Science, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Jianjun Yan
- Department of Dermatology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Jiaoying Ju
- Department of Dermatology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China; Laboratory of Basic Medical Science, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - He Wen
- Department of Dermatology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
| | - Qing Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
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Bolduan V, Palzer KA, Hieber C, Schunke J, Fichter M, Schneider P, Grabbe S, Pautz A, Bros M. The mRNA-Binding Protein KSRP Limits the Inflammatory Response of Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3884. [PMID: 38612694 PMCID: PMC11011855 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
KH-type splicing regulatory protein (KSRP) is a single-stranded nucleic acid-binding protein with multiple functions. It is known to bind AU-rich motifs within the 3'-untranslated region of mRNA species, which in many cases encode dynamically regulated proteins like cytokines. In the present study, we investigated the role of KSRP for the immunophenotype of macrophages using bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) from wild-type (WT) and KSRP-/- mice. RNA sequencing revealed that KSRP-/- BMDM displayed significantly higher mRNA expression levels of genes involved in inflammatory and immune responses, particularly type I interferon responses, following LPS stimulation. In line, time kinetics studies revealed increased levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 mRNA in KSRP-/- macrophages after 6 h subsequent to LPS stimulation as compared to WT cultures. At the protein level, KSRP-/- BMDM displayed higher levels of these cytokines after overnight stimulation. Matching results were observed for primary peritoneal macrophages of KSRP-/- mice. These showed higher IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), C-X-C motif chemokine 1 (CXCL1) and CC-chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) protein levels in response to LPS stimulation than the WT controls. As macrophages play a key role in sepsis, the in vivo relevance of KSRP deficiency for cytokine/chemokine production was analyzed in an acute inflammation model. In agreement with our in vitro findings, KSRP-deficient animals showed higher cytokine production upon LPS administration in comparison to WT mice. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that KSRP constitutes an important negative regulator of cytokine expression in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Bolduan
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kim-Alicia Palzer
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medical Center, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany (A.P.)
| | - Christoph Hieber
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jenny Schunke
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Fichter
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Paul Schneider
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stephan Grabbe
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Andrea Pautz
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medical Center, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany (A.P.)
| | - Matthias Bros
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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3
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Xu Z, Wen C, Wang W. Role of MAPK and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways in cuprizone-induced demyelination and cognitive impairment in mice. Behav Brain Res 2024; 458:114755. [PMID: 37949321 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to find the genes and signaling pathways underlying cuprizone-induced demyelination and cognitive impairments in mice. We used the cuprizone-exposed mice as an animal model of schizophrenia and assessed cognitive function in mice. Total RNA was extracted from mouse brain tissues for RNA sequencing. The DESeq2 R package was utilized to analyze the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Functional and pathway enrichment analyses were performed simultaneously. We also constructed a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network to screen potential hub genes, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was employed to validate the screened genes. After 6 weeks of cuprizone treatment, the cognitive function of mice was impaired. Compared to the controls, the cuprizone-exposed mice contained 351 DEGs, including 167 upregulated and 184 downregulated genes. Enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were enriched in some biological processes involved in demyelination, including the MAPK pathway. Functional pathway analysis revealed that the DEGs were significantly enriched in the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, which may be associated with cognitive impairments. MBP, IGF1, GFAP, PTPRC, CD14, CD68, ITGB2, LYN, TLR2, TLR4, VAV1, and PLEK were considered as potential hub genes. Except for MBP, all genes were upregulated in the cuprizone models, as verified by qRT-PCR. We suggest that the MAPK and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways may be associated with demyelination and cognitive impairments, respectively. GFAP and IGF-1 expression levels increased in cuprizone-exposed mice, suggesting that astrocytes may play a role in protecting the myelin sheath following treatment with cuprizone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizhong Xu
- Xiamen Xianyue Hospital, Xianyue Hospital Affiliated with Xiamen Medical College, Fujian Psychiatric Center, Fujian Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Xiamen, Fujian 361012, China.
| | - Chunyan Wen
- Xiamen Xianyue Hospital, Xianyue Hospital Affiliated with Xiamen Medical College, Fujian Psychiatric Center, Fujian Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Xiamen, Fujian 361012, China
| | - Wenqiang Wang
- Xiamen Xianyue Hospital, Xianyue Hospital Affiliated with Xiamen Medical College, Fujian Psychiatric Center, Fujian Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Xiamen, Fujian 361012, China
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Leavenworth JD, Yusuf N, Hassan Q. K-Homology Type Splicing Regulatory Protein: Mechanism of Action in Cancer and Immune Disorders. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 2024; 34:75-87. [PMID: 37824394 PMCID: PMC11003564 DOI: 10.1615/critreveukaryotgeneexpr.2023048085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
K homology-type splicing regulatory protein (KSRP) is emerging as a key player in cancer biology, and immunology. As a single-strand nucleic acid binding protein it functions in both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation, while facilitating multiple stages of RNA metabolism to affect proliferation and control cell fate. However, it must interact with other proteins to determine the fate of its bound substrate. Here we provide an minireview of this important regulatory protein and describe its complex subcellular functions to affect RNA metabolism, stability, miRNA biogenesis and maturation, stress granule function, metastasis, and inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Leavenworth
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Nabiha Yusuf
- Department of Dermatology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Quamarul Hassan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Guha A, Husain MA, Si Y, Nabors LB, Filippova N, Promer G, Smith R, King PH. RNA regulation of inflammatory responses in glia and its potential as a therapeutic target in central nervous system disorders. Glia 2023; 71:485-508. [PMID: 36380708 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A major hallmark of neuroinflammation is the activation of microglia and astrocytes with the induction of inflammatory mediators such as IL-1β, TNF-α, iNOS, and IL-6. Neuroinflammation contributes to disease progression in a plethora of neurological disorders ranging from acute CNS trauma to chronic neurodegenerative disease. Posttranscriptional pathways of mRNA stability and translational efficiency are major drivers for the expression of these inflammatory mediators. A common element in this level of regulation centers around the adenine- and uridine-rich element (ARE) which is present in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of the mRNAs encoding these inflammatory mediators. (ARE)-binding proteins (AUBPs) such as Human antigen R (HuR), Tristetraprolin (TTP) and KH- type splicing regulatory protein (KSRP) are key nodes for directing these posttranscriptional pathways and either promote (HuR) or suppress (TTP and KSRP) glial production of inflammatory mediators. This review will discuss basic concepts of ARE-mediated RNA regulation and its impact on glial-driven neuroinflammatory diseases. We will discuss strategies to target this novel level of gene regulation for therapeutic effect and review exciting preliminary studies that underscore its potential for treating neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Guha
- Department Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Mohammed Amir Husain
- Department Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Ying Si
- Department Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Department Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - L Burt Nabors
- Department Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Natalia Filippova
- Department Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Grace Promer
- Department Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Reed Smith
- Department Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Peter H King
- Department Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Department Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Birmingham Department of Veterans Health Care System, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
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6
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Singh S, Shaikh IA, More SS, Mahnashi MH, Almohaimeed HM, El-Sherbiny M, Ghoneim MM, Umar A, Soni HK, Agrawal H, Mannasaheb BA, Khan AA, Muddapur UM, Iqubal SMS. Blockage of KHSRP-NLRP3 by MCC950 Can Reverse the Effect of Manganese-Induced Neuroinflammation in N2a Cells and Rat Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13224. [PMID: 36362011 PMCID: PMC9658363 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Manganese neurotoxicity has been reported to cause a neurodegenerative disease known as parkinsonism. Previous reports have shown that the expression of the KH-type splicing regulatory protein (KHSRP), a nucleic acid-binding protein, and NLRP3 is increased upon Mn exposure. However, the relation between these two during Mn toxicity has not been fully deduced. The mouse neuroblastoma (N2a) and SD rats are treated with LPS and MnCl2 to evaluate the expression of KHSRP and NLRP3. Further, the effect of the NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950 is checked on the expression of NLRP3, KHSRP and pro-inflammatory markers (TNFα, IL-18 and IL-1β) as well as the caspase-1 enzyme. Our results demonstrated an increment in NLRP3 and KHSRP expression post-MnCl2 exposure in N2a cells and rat brain, while on the other hand with LPS exposure only NLRP3 expression levels were elevated and KHSRP was found to be unaffected. An increased expression of KHSRP, NLRP3, pro-inflammatory markers and the caspase-1 enzyme was observed to be inhibited with MCC950 treatment in MnCl2-exposed cells and rats. Manganese exposure induces NLRP3 and KHSRP expression to induce neuroinflammation, suggesting a correlation between both which functions in toxicity-related pathways. Furthermore, MCC950 treatment reversed the role of KHSRP from anti-inflammatory to pro-inflammatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharad Singh
- School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, Bangalore 560111, Karnataka, India
| | - Ibrahim Ahmed Shaikh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, P.O. Box 1988, Najran 66462, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sunil S. More
- School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, Bangalore 560111, Karnataka, India
| | - Mater H. Mahnashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, P.O. Box 1988, Najran 66462, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hailah M. Almohaimeed
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed El-Sherbiny
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, P.O. Box 71666, Riyadh 11597, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohammed M. Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Dariyah, P.O. Box 71666, Riyadh 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Umar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Najran University, P.O. Box 1988, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
- Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Najran University, P.O. Box 1988, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Harshit Kumar Soni
- Department of Zoology, Government Science College, Pandhurna 480334, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Himanshu Agrawal
- Jubilant Biosys Limited (Discovery Biology), Bangalore 560022, Karnataka, India
| | - Basheer Ahmed Mannasaheb
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Dariyah, P.O. Box 71666, Riyadh 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aejaz Abdullatif Khan
- Department of General Science, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies, P.O. Box 31906, Jeddah 21418, Saudi Arabia
| | - Uday M. Muddapur
- Department of Biotechnology, KLE Technological University, BVB Campus, Hubballi 580031, Karnataka, India
| | - S. M. Shakeel Iqubal
- Department of General Science, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies, P.O. Box 31906, Jeddah 21418, Saudi Arabia
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Xu J, Wang D, Ma H, Zhai X, Huo Y, Ren Y, Li W, Chang L, Lu D, Guo Y, Si Y, Gao Y, Wang X, Ma Y, Wang F, Yu J. KHSRP combines transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms to regulate monocytic differentiation. BLOOD SCIENCE 2022; 4:103-115. [DOI: 10.1097/bs9.0000000000000122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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8
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Patel P, Buchanan CN, Zdradzinski MD, Sahoo PK, Kar A, Lee S, Vaughn L, Urisman A, Oses-Prieto J, Dell’Orco M, Cassidy D, Costa I, Miller S, Thames E, Smith T, Burlingame A, Perrone-Bizzozero N, Twiss J. Intra-axonal translation of Khsrp mRNA slows axon regeneration by destabilizing localized mRNAs. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:5772-5792. [PMID: 35556128 PMCID: PMC9177972 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonally synthesized proteins support nerve regeneration through retrograde signaling and local growth mechanisms. RNA binding proteins (RBP) are needed for this and other aspects of post-transcriptional regulation of neuronal mRNAs, but only a limited number of axonal RBPs are known. We used targeted proteomics to profile RBPs in peripheral nerve axons. We detected 76 proteins with reported RNA binding activity in axoplasm, and levels of several change with axon injury and regeneration. RBPs with altered levels include KHSRP that decreases neurite outgrowth in developing CNS neurons. Axonal KHSRP levels rapidly increase after injury remaining elevated up to 28 days post axotomy. Khsrp mRNA localizes into axons and the rapid increase in axonal KHSRP is through local translation of Khsrp mRNA in axons. KHSRP can bind to mRNAs with 3'UTR AU-rich elements and targets those transcripts to the cytoplasmic exosome for degradation. KHSRP knockout mice show increased axonal levels of KHSRP target mRNAs, Gap43, Snap25, and Fubp1, following sciatic nerve injury and these mice show accelerated nerve regeneration in vivo. Together, our data indicate that axonal translation of the RNA binding protein Khsrp mRNA following nerve injury serves to promote decay of other axonal mRNAs and slow axon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Courtney N Buchanan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Matthew D Zdradzinski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Pabitra K Sahoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Amar N Kar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Seung Joon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Lauren S Vaughn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Anatoly Urisman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Juan Oses-Prieto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Michela Dell’Orco
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Devon E Cassidy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Irene Dalla Costa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Sharmina Miller
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Elizabeth Thames
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Terika P Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Alma L Burlingame
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Nora Perrone-Bizzozero
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Jeffery L Twiss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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Chellappan R, Guha A, Si Y, Kwan T, Nabors LB, Filippova N, Yang X, Myneni AS, Meesala S, Harms AS, King PH. SRI-42127, a novel small molecule inhibitor of the RNA regulator HuR, potently attenuates glial activation in a model of lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation. Glia 2022; 70:155-172. [PMID: 34533864 PMCID: PMC8595840 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Glial activation with the production of pro-inflammatory mediators is a major driver of disease progression in neurological processes ranging from acute traumatic injury to chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. Posttranscriptional regulation is a major gateway for glial activation as many mRNAs encoding pro-inflammatory mediators contain adenine- and uridine-rich elements (ARE) in the 3' untranslated region which govern their expression. We have previously shown that HuR, an RNA regulator that binds to AREs, plays a major positive role in regulating inflammatory cytokine production in glia. HuR is predominantly nuclear in localization but translocates to the cytoplasm to exert a positive regulatory effect on RNA stability and translational efficiency. Homodimerization of HuR is necessary for translocation and we have developed a small molecule inhibitor, SRI-42127, that blocks this process. Here we show that SRI-42127 suppressed HuR translocation in LPS-activated glia in vitro and in vivo and significantly attenuated the production of pro-inflammatory mediators including IL1β, IL-6, TNF-α, iNOS, CXCL1, and CCL2. Cytokines typically associated with anti-inflammatory effects including TGF-β1, IL-10, YM1, and Arg1 were either unaffected or minimally affected. SRI-42127 suppressed microglial activation in vivo and attenuated the recruitment/chemotaxis of neutrophils and monocytes. RNA kinetic studies and luciferase studies indicated that SRI-42127 has inhibitory effects both on mRNA stability and gene promoter activation. In summary, our findings underscore HuR's critical role in promoting glial activation and the potential for SRI-42127 and other HuR inhibitors for treating neurological diseases driven by this activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeshwari Chellappan
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294,,Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Abhishek Guha
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Ying Si
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294,,Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Thaddaeus Kwan
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - L. Burt Nabors
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Natalia Filippova
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Xiuhua Yang
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Anish S. Myneni
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Shriya Meesala
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Ashley S Harms
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Peter H. King
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294,,Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294,,Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294,Correspondence to: Dr. P.H. King; UAB Dept. of Neurology, Civitan 545C, 1530 3 Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294-0017, USA. Tel. (205) 975-8116; Fax (205) 996-7255;
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10
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Xu P, Tong W, Chen YM. FUSE binding protein FUBP3 is a potent regulator in Japanese encephalitis virus infection. Virol J 2021; 18:224. [PMID: 34794468 PMCID: PMC8600714 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01697-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The JEV genome is a positive-sense RNA with a highly structured capped 5′UTR, 3′UTR and a large open reading frame. 3′UTR is the untranslated region of flavivirus and has various important functions during viral replication, such as translation, replication and encapsidation. During viral replication, the 3′UTR interacts with viral proteins and host proteins and is required for viral RNA replication and translocation. Methods The expression level of FUBP3 was knocked down by siRNA and Flag-tagged FUBP3 overexpression plasmid was constructed for overexpression. BHK-21 cells were cultured and infected with JEV to investigate the functional role of FUBP3 in the viral infection cycle. Subcellular localization of FUBP3 and viral replication complexes was observed by dual immunofluorescence staining. Results Four host proteins were specifically associated with the 3′UTR of JEV, and FUBP3 was selected to further investigate its potential functional role in the JEV infection cycle. Knockdown of FUBP3 protein resulted in a significant decrease in JEV viral titer, whereas ectopic overexpression of FUBP3 resulted in increased JE viral infectivity. In cells stably knocked down for FUBP3 and then infected with JEV, we found almost no detectable viral NS5 protein. In contrast, when cells stably knocking-down of FUBP3 overexpressed FUBP3, we found a significant increase in viral RNA production over time compared to controls. We also demonstrated that FUBP3 re-localized in the cytoplasm after infection with JEV and co-localized with viral proteins. Exogenous overexpression of FUBP3 was also shown to be located in the JE replication complex and to assist viral replication after JEV infection. Conclusions The overall results suggest that FUBP3 regulates RNA replication of JEV and promotes subsequent viral translation and viral particle production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- Xiangyang No.1 People's HospitalHubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wei Tong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, China
| | - Young-Mao Chen
- Bachelor Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan. .,Center of Excellence for the Oceans and Matsu Marine Research Center, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan.
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11
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let-7 microRNAs: Their Role in Cerebral and Cardiovascular Diseases, Inflammation, Cancer, and Their Regulation. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9060606. [PMID: 34073513 PMCID: PMC8227213 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The let-7 family is among the first microRNAs found. Recent investigations have indicated that it is highly expressed in many systems, including cerebral and cardiovascular systems. Numerous studies have implicated the aberrant expression of let-7 members in cardiovascular diseases, such as stroke, myocardial infarction (MI), cardiac fibrosis, and atherosclerosis as well as in the inflammation related to these diseases. Furthermore, the let-7 microRNAs are involved in development and differentiation of embryonic stem cells in the cardiovascular system. Numerous genes have been identified as target genes of let-7, as well as a number of the let-7’ regulators. Further studies are necessary to identify the gene targets and signaling pathways of let-7 in cardiovascular diseases and inflammatory processes. The bulk of the let-7’ regulatory proteins are well studied in development, proliferation, differentiation, and cancer, but their roles in inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, and/or stroke are not well understood. Further knowledge on the regulation of let-7 is crucial for therapeutic advances. This review focuses on research progress regarding the roles of let-7 and their regulation in cerebral and cardiovascular diseases and associated inflammation.
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12
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Mazaré N, Oudart M, Cohen-Salmon M. Local translation in perisynaptic and perivascular astrocytic processes - a means to ensure astrocyte molecular and functional polarity? J Cell Sci 2021; 134:237323. [PMID: 33483366 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.251629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Together with the compartmentalization of mRNAs in distal regions of the cytoplasm, local translation constitutes a prominent and evolutionarily conserved mechanism mediating cellular polarization and the regulation of protein delivery in space and time. The translational regulation of gene expression enables a rapid response to stimuli or to a change in the environment, since the use of pre-existing mRNAs can bypass time-consuming nuclear control mechanisms. In the brain, the translation of distally localized mRNAs has been mainly studied in neurons, whose cytoplasmic protrusions may be more than 1000 times longer than the diameter of the cell body. Importantly, alterations in local translation in neurons have been implicated in several neurological diseases. Astrocytes, the most abundant glial cells in the brain, are voluminous, highly ramified cells that project long processes to neurons and brain vessels, and dynamically regulate distal synaptic and vascular functions. Recent research has demonstrated the presence of local translation at these astrocytic interfaces that might regulate the functional compartmentalization of astrocytes. In this Review, we summarize our current knowledge about the localization and local translation of mRNAs in the distal perisynaptic and perivascular processes of astrocytes, and discuss their possible contribution to the molecular and functional polarity of astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Mazaré
- Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 724, INSERM Unité 1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France.,École doctorale Cerveau Cognition Comportement 'ED3C' No. 158, Pierre and Marie Curie University, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Marc Oudart
- Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 724, INSERM Unité 1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France.,École doctorale Cerveau Cognition Comportement 'ED3C' No. 158, Pierre and Marie Curie University, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Martine Cohen-Salmon
- Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 724, INSERM Unité 1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France .,École doctorale Cerveau Cognition Comportement 'ED3C' No. 158, Pierre and Marie Curie University, F-75005 Paris, France
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13
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Wang C, Xu W, Chao Y, Liang M, Zhang F, Huang K. E3 Ligase FBXW2 Is a New Therapeutic Target in Obesity and Atherosclerosis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2001800. [PMID: 33101872 PMCID: PMC7578860 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Chronic low-grade inflammation orchestrated by macrophages plays a critical role in metabolic chronic diseases, like obesity and atherosclerosis. However, the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. Here, the E3 ubiquitin ligase F-box/WD Repeat-Containing Protein 2 (FBXW2), the substrate-binding subunit of E3 ubiquitin ligase SCF (a complex of FBXW2, SKP1, and cullin-1), as an inflammatory mediator in macrophages, is identified. Myeloid-specific FBXW2 gene deficiency improves both obesity-associated with insulin resistance and atherosclerosis in murine models. The beneficial effects by FBXW2 knockout are accompanied by decreased proinflammatory responses and macrophage infiltration in the microenvironment. Mechanistically, it is identified that KH-type splicing regulatory protein (KSRP) is a new bona fide ubiquitin substrate of SCFFBXW2. Inhibition of KSRP prevents FBXW2-deficient macrophages from exerting a protective effect on inflammatory reactions, insulin resistance and plaque formation. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the C-terminus (P3) of FBXW2 competitively ablates the function of FBXW2 in KSRP degradation and serves as an effective inhibitor of obesity and atherogenesis progression. Thus, the data strongly suggest that SCFFBXW2 is an important mediator in the context of metabolic diseases. The development of FBXW2 (P3)-mimicking inhibitors and small-molecular drugs specifically abrogating KSRP ubiquitination-dependent inflammatory responses are viable approaches for obesity and atherosclerosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- Clinic Center of Human Gene ResearchUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
- Department of RheumatologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
| | - Wenjing Xu
- Clinic Center of Human Gene ResearchUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
| | - Yuelin Chao
- Department of CardiologyNanjing First HospitalNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210029China
| | - Minglu Liang
- Clinic Center of Human Gene ResearchUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
| | - Fengxiao Zhang
- Clinic Center of Human Gene ResearchUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
| | - Kai Huang
- Clinic Center of Human Gene ResearchUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
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14
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Yoon JSJ, Wu MK, Zhu TH, Zhao H, Cheung ST, Chamberlain TC, Mui ALF. Interleukin-10 control of pre-miR155 maturation involves CELF2. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231639. [PMID: 32324763 PMCID: PMC7179890 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL10) is essential for attenuating inflammatory responses, which includes reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory microRNA-155 (miR155) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activated macrophages. miR155 enhances the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα and suppresses expression of anti-inflammatory molecules such as SHIP1 and SOCS1. We previously found that IL10 interfered with the maturation of pre-miR155 to miR155. To understand the mechanism by which IL10 interferes with pre-miR155 maturation we isolated proteins that associate with pre-miR155 in response to IL10 in macrophages. We identified CELF2, a member of the CUGBP, ELAV-Like Family (CELF) family of RNA binding proteins, as protein whose association with pre-miR155 increased in IL10 treated cells. CRISPR-Cas9 mediated knockdown of CELF2 impaired IL10’s ability to inhibit both miR155 expression and TNFα expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff S. J. Yoon
- Immunity and Infection Research Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Mike K. Wu
- Immunity and Infection Research Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Tian Hao Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Helen Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Sylvia T. Cheung
- Immunity and Infection Research Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Thomas C. Chamberlain
- Immunity and Infection Research Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Alice L-F. Mui
- Immunity and Infection Research Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- * E-mail:
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15
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Lourou N, Gavriilidis M, Kontoyiannis DL. Lessons from studying the AU-rich elements in chronic inflammation and autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2019; 104:102334. [PMID: 31604649 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.102334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AU-rich elements (AREs) comprise one of the most widely studied families of regulatory RNA structures met in RNAs engaged in complex immunological reactions. A multitude of genetic, molecular, holistic and functional studies have been utilized for the analyses of the AREs and their interactions to proteins that bind to them. Data stemming from these studies brought forth a world of RNA-related check-points against infection, chronic inflammation, tumor associated immunity, and autoimmunity; and the interest to capitalize the interactions of AREs for clinical management and therapy. They also provided lessons on the cellular capabilities of post-transcriptional control. Originally thought as transcript-restricted regulators of turnover and translation, ARE-binding proteins do in fact harbor great versatility and interactivity across nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments; and act as functional coordinators of immune-cellular programs. Harnessing these deterministic functions requires extensive knowledge of their synergies or antagonisms at a cell-specific level; but holds great promise since it can provide the efficacy of combinatorial therapies with single agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Lourou
- School of Biology, Department of Development, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maxim Gavriilidis
- School of Biology, Department of Development, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Division of Immunology, Alexander Fleming Biomedical Sciences Research Center, Greece
| | - Dimitris L Kontoyiannis
- School of Biology, Department of Development, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Division of Immunology, Alexander Fleming Biomedical Sciences Research Center, Greece.
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16
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The RNA-Binding Protein KSRP Modulates Cytokine Expression of CD4 + T Cells. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:4726532. [PMID: 31511826 PMCID: PMC6714327 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4726532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The KH-type splicing regulatory protein (KSRP) is a RNA-binding protein, which regulates the stability of many mRNAs encoding immune-relevant proteins. As KSRP regulates innate immune responses, for instance by the modulation of type I interferon mRNA stability, we were interested whether knockdown of the protein (KSRP−/−) interferes with T cell activation and polarization. Polyclonally stimulated KSRP−/− CD4+ T cells proliferated at a higher extent and higher frequency and expressed the activation marker CD25 more than wild-type T cells. In supernatants of stimulated KSRP−/− CD4+ T cells, levels of IL-5, IL-9, IL-10, and IL-13 were observed to be increased compared to those of the control group. KSRP−/− CD8+ T cells showed no altered proliferative capacity upon polyclonal stimulation, but supernatants contained lower levels of interferon-γ. Similar changes in the cytokine expression patterns were also detected in T cells derived from KSRP−/− mice undergoing arthritis induction indicative of a pathophysiological role of KSRP-dependent T cell polarization. We demonstrated the direct binding of KSRP to the 3′ untranslated region of IL-13, IL-10, and IFN-γ mRNA in in vitro experiments. Moreover, since IL-4 mRNA decay was reduced in KSRP−/− CD4+ T cells, we identify KSRP as a negative regulator of IL-4 expression. These data indicate that overexpression of IL-4, which constitutes the primary inducer of Th2 polarization, may cause the Th2 bias of polyclonally stimulated KSRP−/− CD4+ T cells. This is the first report demonstrating that KSRP is involved in the regulation of T cell responses. We present strong evidence that T cells derived from KSRP−/− mice favor Th2-driven immune responses.
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17
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KH-type splicing regulatory protein is regulated by nuclear factor-κB signaling to mediate innate immunity in Caco-2 cells infected by Salmonella enteritidis. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2018; 63:669-676. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-018-0606-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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18
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Inflammation-regulated mRNA stability and the progression of vascular inflammatory diseases. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:2687-2699. [PMID: 29109302 DOI: 10.1042/cs20171373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains a major medical and socioeconomic burden in developed and developing societies, and will increase with an aging and increasingly sedentary society. Vascular disease and atherosclerotic vascular syndromes are essentially inflammatory disorders, and transcriptional and post-transcriptional processes play essential roles in the ability of resident vascular and inflammatory cells to adapt to environmental stimuli. The regulation of mRNA translocation, stability, and translation are key processes of post-transcriptional regulation that permit these cells to rapidly respond to inflammatory stimuli. For the most part, these processes are controlled by elements in the 3'-UTR of labile, proinflammatory transcripts. Since proinflammatory transcripts almost exclusively contain AU-rich elements (AREs), this represents a tightly regulated and specific mechanism for initiation and maintenance of the proinflammatory phenotype. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) recognize cis elements in 3'-UTR, and regulate each of these processes, but there is little literature exploring the concept that RBPs themselves can be directly regulated by inflammatory stimuli. Conceptually, inflammation-responsive RBPs represent an attractive target of rational therapies to combat vascular inflammatory syndromes. Herein we briefly describe the cellular and molecular etiology of atherosclerosis, and summarize our current understanding of RBPs and their specific roles in regulation of inflammatory mRNA stability. We also detail RBPs as targets of current anti-inflammatory modalities and how this may translate into better treatment for vascular inflammatory diseases.
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19
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Ardelt AA, Carpenter RS, Iwuchukwu I, Zhang A, Lin W, Kosciuczuk E, Hinkson C, Rebeiz T, Reitz S, King PH. Transgenic expression of HuR increases vasogenic edema and impedes functional recovery in rodent ischemic stroke. Neurosci Lett 2017; 661:126-131. [PMID: 28982595 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Ischemic stroke produces significant morbidity and mortality, and acute interventions are limited by short therapeutic windows. Novel approaches to neuroprotection and neurorepair are necessary. HuR is an RNA-binding protein (RBP) which modulates RNA stability and translational efficiency of genes linked to ischemic stroke injury. METHODS Using a transgenic (Tg) mouse model, we examined the impact of ectopic HuR expression in astrocytes on acute injury evolution after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). RESULTS HuR transgene expression was detected in astrocytes in perilesional regions and contralaterally. HuR Tg mice did not improve neurologically 72h after injury, whereas littermate controls did. In Tg mice, increased cerebral vascular permeability and edema were observed. Infarct volume was not affected by the presence of the transgene. CONCLUSIONS Ectopic expression of HuR in astrocytes worsens outcome after transient ischemic stroke in mice in part by increasing vasogenic cerebral edema. These findings suggest that HuR could be a therapeutic target in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka A Ardelt
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC2030, Chicago, IL 60637, United States.
| | - Randall S Carpenter
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC2030, Chicago, IL 60637, United States.
| | - Ifeanyi Iwuchukwu
- Department of Neurocritical Care, Ochsner Medical Center, 1514 Jefferson Hwy., New Orleans, LA 70121, United States.
| | - An Zhang
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC2030, Chicago, IL 60637, United States.
| | - William Lin
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC2030, Chicago, IL 60637, United States.
| | - Ewa Kosciuczuk
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University, 675 North St. Clair, Chicago, IL 60611, United States.
| | - Cyrus Hinkson
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC2030, Chicago, IL 60637, United States.
| | - Tania Rebeiz
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC2030, Chicago, IL 60637, United States.
| | - Sydney Reitz
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC2030, Chicago, IL 60637, United States.
| | - Peter H King
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, United States.
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20
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Zhang H, Wang G, Liu L, Liang X, Lin Y, Lin YY, Chou CF, Liu MF, Huang H, Sun F. KH-type splicing regulatory protein is a new component of chromatoid body. Reproduction 2017; 154:723-733. [PMID: 28871057 DOI: 10.1530/rep-17-0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The chromatoid body (CB) is a specific cloud-like structure in the cytoplasm of haploid spermatids. Recent findings indicate that CB is identified as a male germ cell-specific RNA storage and processing center, but its function has remained elusive for decades. In somatic cells, KH-type splicing regulatory protein (KSRP) is involved in regulating gene expression and maturation of select microRNAs (miRNAs). However, the function of KSRP in spermatogenesis remains unclear. In this study, we showed that KSRP partly localizes in CB, as a component of CB. KSRP interacts with proteins (mouse VASA homolog (MVH), polyadenylate-binding protein 1 (PABP1) and polyadenylate-binding protein 2 (PABP2)), mRNAs (Tnp2 and Odf1) and microRNAs (microRNA-182) in mouse CB. Moreover, KSRP may regulate the integrity of CB via DDX5-miRNA-182 pathway. In addition, we found abnormal expressions of CB component in testes of Ksrp-knockout mice and of patients with hypospermatogenesis. Thus, our results provide mechanistic insight into the role of KSRP in spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Zhang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health HospitalShanghai Key laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.,Reproductive Medicine CenterThe People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Guishuan Wang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health HospitalShanghai Key laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Liu
- The Reproductive Medicine CenterThe First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaolin Liang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health HospitalShanghai Key laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Lin
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health HospitalShanghai Key laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Yu Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Chu-Fang Chou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Mo-Fang Liu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyShanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hefeng Huang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health HospitalShanghai Key laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Sun
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health HospitalShanghai Key laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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21
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KSRP suppresses cell invasion and metastasis through miR-23a-mediated EGR3 mRNA degradation in non-small cell lung cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2017; 1860:1013-1024. [PMID: 28847731 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
KH-type splicing regulatory protein (KSRP) is a single-strand RNA binding protein which regulates mRNA stability either by binding to AU-rich elements (AREs) of mRNA 3'UTR or by facilitating miRNA biogenesis to target mRNA. Unlike its well-characterized function at the molecular level in maintaining RNA homeostasis, the role of KSRP in cancer progression remains largely unknown. Here we investigate the role of KSRP in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We first examined KSRP expression by immunohistochemistry in a cohort containing 196 NSCLC patients and observed a strong positive correlation between KSRP expression and survival of NSCLC patients. Multivariate analysis further identified KSRP as an independent prognostic factor. Manipulating KSRP expression significantly affected in vitro cell mobility and in vivo metastatic ability of NSCLC cells. Microarray analysis identified an ARE-containing gene, EGR3, as a downstream effector of KSRP in NSCLC. Interestingly, we found that KSRP decreased EGR3 mRNA stability in an ARE-independent manner. By screening KSRP-regulated miRNAs in NSCLC cells, we further found that miR-23a directly binds to EGR3 3'UTR, reducing EGR3 expression and thereby inhibiting NSCLC cell mobility. Our findings implicate a targetable KSRP/miR-23a/EGR3 signaling axis in advanced tumor phenotypes.
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22
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Astrocytic expression of the RNA regulator HuR accentuates spinal cord injury in the acute phase. Neurosci Lett 2017; 651:140-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Matsye P, Zheng L, Si Y, Kim S, Luo W, Crossman DK, Bratcher PE, King PH. HuR promotes the molecular signature and phenotype of activated microglia: Implications for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other neurodegenerative diseases. Glia 2017; 65:945-963. [PMID: 28300326 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), chronic activation of microglia contributes to disease progression. Activated microglia produce cytokines, chemokines, and other factors that normally serve to clear infection or damaged tissue either directly or through the recruitment of other immune cells. The molecular program driving this phenotype is classically linked to the transcription factor NF-κB and characterized by the upregulation of proinflammatory factors such as IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6. Here, we investigated the role of HuR, an RNA-binding protein that regulates gene expression through posttranscriptional pathways, on the molecular and cellular phenotypes of activated microglia. We performed RNA sequencing of HuR-silenced microglia and found significant attenuation of lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-1β and TNF-α inflammatory pathways and other factors that promote microglial migration and invasion. RNA kinetics and luciferase reporter studies suggested that the attenuation was related to altered promoter activity rather than a change in RNA stability. HuR-silenced microglia showed reduced migration, invasion, and chemotactic properties but maintained viability. MMP-12, a target exquisitely sensitive to HuR knockdown, participates in the migration/invasion phenotype. HuR is abundantly detected in the cytoplasmic compartment of activated microglia from ALS spinal cords consistent with its increased activity. Microglia from ALS-associated mutant SOD1 mice demonstrated higher migration/invasion properties which can be blocked with HuR inhibition. These findings underscore an important role for HuR in sculpting the molecular signature and phenotype of activated microglia, and as a possible therapeutic target in ALS and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Matsye
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama.,Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama.,Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Ying Si
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama.,Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Soojin Kim
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Wenyi Luo
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - David K Crossman
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Preston E Bratcher
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Peter H King
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama.,Department of Genetics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado.,Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
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24
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Kwan T, Floyd CL, Kim S, King PH. RNA Binding Protein Human Antigen R Is Translocated in Astrocytes following Spinal Cord Injury and Promotes the Inflammatory Response. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:1249-1259. [PMID: 27852147 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays a prominent role in the events following traumatic injury to the central nervous system (CNS). The initial inflammatory response is driven by mediators such as tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 1β, which are produced by activated astrocytes and microglia at the site of injury. These factors are regulated post-transcriptionally by RNA binding proteins (RBP) that interact with adenylate and uridylate-rich elements (ARE) in the 3'-untranslated region of the messenger RNA (mRNA). Human antigen R (HuR) is one of these RBPs and generally functions as a positive regulator of ARE-containing mRNAs. Here, we hypothesized that HuR plays an important role in the induction of cytokine and chemokines in astrocytes following traumatic injury. Using a mouse model of spinal cord injury, we found HuR to be extensively translocated to the cytoplasm in astrocytes at the level of injury, consistent with its activation. In an in vitro stretch injury model of CNS trauma, we observed a similar cytoplasmic shift of HuR in astrocytes and an attenuation of cytokine induction with HuR knockdown. RNA kinetics and luciferase assays suggested that the effect was more related to transcription than RNA destabilization. A small molecule inhibitor of HuR suppressed cytokine induction of injured astrocytes and reduced chemoattraction for neutrophils and microglia. In summary, HuR is activated in astrocytes in the early stages of CNS trauma and positively regulates the molecular response of key inflammatory mediators in astrocytes. Our findings suggest that HuR may be a therapeutic target in acute CNS trauma for blunting secondary tissue injury triggered by the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaddaeus Kwan
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Alabama , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Candace L Floyd
- 2 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Alabama , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Soojin Kim
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Alabama , Birmingham, Alabama.,4 Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Peter H King
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Alabama , Birmingham, Alabama.,3 Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama , Birmingham, Alabama.,4 Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Birmingham, Alabama
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25
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Zhou W, Chung YJ, Parrilla Castellar ER, Zheng Y, Chung HJ, Bandle R, Liu J, Tessarollo L, Batchelor E, Aplan PD, Levens D. Far Upstream Element Binding Protein Plays a Crucial Role in Embryonic Development, Hematopoiesis, and Stabilizing Myc Expression Levels. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:701-15. [PMID: 26774856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor far upstream element binding protein (FBP) binds and activates the MYC promoter when far upstream element is via TFIIH helicase activity early in the transcription cycle. The fundamental biology and pathology of FBP are complex. In some tumors FBP seems pro-oncogenic, whereas in others it is a tumor suppressor. We generated an FBP knockout (Fubp1(-/-)) mouse to study FBP deficiency. FBP is embryo lethal from embryonic day 10.5 to birth. A spectrum of pathology is associated with FBP loss; besides cerebral hyperplasia and pulmonary hypoplasia, pale livers, hypoplastic spleen, thymus, and bone marrow, cardiac hypertrophy, placental distress, and small size were all indicative of anemia. Immunophenotyping of hematopoietic cells in wild-type versus knockout livers revealed irregular trilineage anemia, with deficits in colony formation. Despite normal numbers of hematopoietic stem cells, transplantation of Fubp1(-/-) hematopoietic stem cells into irradiated mice entirely failed to reconstitute hematopoiesis. In competitive transplantation assays against wild-type donor bone marrow, Fubp1(-/-) hematopoietic stem cells functioned only sporadically at a low level. Although cultures of wild-type mouse embryo fibroblasts set Myc levels precisely, Myc levels of mouse varied wildly between fibroblasts harvested from different Fubp1(-/-) embryos, suggesting that FBP contributes to Myc set point fixation. FBP helps to hold multiple physiologic processes to close tolerances, at least in part by constraining Myc expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixin Zhou
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yang Jo Chung
- Laboratory of Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Ying Zheng
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hye-Jung Chung
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Russell Bandle
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Juhong Liu
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lino Tessarollo
- Mouse Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Eric Batchelor
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Peter D Aplan
- Laboratory of Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David Levens
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
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26
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Briata P, Bordo D, Puppo M, Gorlero F, Rossi M, Perrone-Bizzozero N, Gherzi R. Diverse roles of the nucleic acid-binding protein KHSRP in cell differentiation and disease. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2015; 7:227-40. [PMID: 26708421 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The single-stranded nucleic acid-binding protein KHSRP (KH-type splicing regulatory protein) modulates RNA life and gene expression at various levels. KHSRP controls important cellular functions as different as proliferation, differentiation, metabolism, and response to infectious agents. We summarize and discuss experimental evidence providing a potential link between changes in KHSRP expression/function and human diseases including neuromuscular disorders, obesity, type II diabetes, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Briata
- Gene Expression Regulation Laboratory, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genova, Italy
| | - Domenico Bordo
- Gene Expression Regulation Laboratory, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genova, Italy
| | - Margherita Puppo
- Gene Expression Regulation Laboratory, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genova, Italy
| | - Franco Gorlero
- S.C. Ginecologia e Ostetricia Galliera Hospital, Genova, Italy.,School of Medicine, DINOGMI, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Martina Rossi
- Gene Expression Regulation Laboratory, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genova, Italy
| | - Nora Perrone-Bizzozero
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Roberto Gherzi
- Gene Expression Regulation Laboratory, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genova, Italy
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27
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Competing Interactions of RNA-Binding Proteins, MicroRNAs, and Their Targets Control Neuronal Development and Function. Biomolecules 2015; 5:2903-18. [PMID: 26512708 PMCID: PMC4693262 DOI: 10.3390/biom5042903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-transcriptional mechanisms play critical roles in the control of gene expression during neuronal development and maturation as they allow for faster responses to environmental cues and provide spatially-restricted compartments for local control of protein expression. These mechanisms depend on the interaction of cis-acting elements present in the mRNA sequence and trans-acting factors, such as RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) that bind to those cis-elements and regulate mRNA stability, subcellular localization, and translation. Recent studies have uncovered an unexpected complexity in these interactions, where coding and non-coding RNAs, termed competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs), compete for binding to miRNAs. This competition can, thereby, control a larger number of miRNA target transcripts. However, competing RNA networks also extend to competition between target mRNAs for binding to limited amounts of RBPs. In this review, we present evidence that competitions between target mRNAs for binding to RBPs also occur in neurons, where they affect transcript stability and transport into axons and dendrites as well as translation. In addition, we illustrate the complexity of these mechanisms by demonstrating that RBPs and miRNAs also compete for target binding and regulation.
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28
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King PH, Chen CY. Role of KSRP in control of type I interferon and cytokine expression. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 34:267-74. [PMID: 24697204 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2013.0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines and chemokines are key participants in pathways that drive inflammatory, immune, and other cellular responses to exogenous insults such as infection, trauma, and physiological stress. Persistent and aberrant expression of these factors has been linked to autoimmune, degenerative, and neoplastic diseases. Consequently, cytokine and chemokine expression is tightly governed at each level of gene regulation. Recent studies have demonstrated a role for KH-type splicing regulatory protein (KSRP) in curtailing cytokine and chemokine expression through transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms, including promotion of microRNA maturation. Understanding the role of KSRP in cytokine mRNA metabolism should identify promising targets for the modulation of immune and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H King
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
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29
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Vlasova-St Louis I, Bohjanen PR. Post-transcriptional regulation of cytokine signaling by AU-rich and GU-rich elements. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 34:233-41. [PMID: 24697201 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2013.0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are necessary for cell communication to enable responses to external stimuli that are imperative for the survival and maintenance of homeostasis. Dysfunction of the cytokine network has detrimental effects on intra- and extracellular environments. Thus, it is critical that the expression of cytokines and the signals transmitted by cytokines to target cells are tightly regulated at numerous levels, including transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Here, we briefly summarize the role of AU-rich elements (AREs) in the regulation of cytokine gene expression at the post-transcriptional level and describe a role for GU-rich elements (GREs) in coordinating the regulation of cytokine signaling. GREs function as post-transcriptional regulators of proteins that control cellular activation, growth, and apoptosis. GREs and AREs work in concert to coordinate cytokine signal transduction pathways. The precise regulation of cytokine signaling is particularly important, because its dysregulation can lead to human diseases.
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30
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Lu L, Zheng L, Si Y, Luo W, Dujardin G, Kwan T, Potochick NR, Thompson SR, Schneider DA, King PH. Hu antigen R (HuR) is a positive regulator of the RNA-binding proteins TDP-43 and FUS/TLS: implications for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:31792-31804. [PMID: 25239623 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.573246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttranscriptional gene regulation is governed by a network of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) that interact with regulatory elements in the mRNA to modulate multiple molecular processes, including splicing, RNA transport, RNA stability, and translation. Mounting evidence indicates that there is a hierarchy within this network whereby certain RBPs cross-regulate other RBPs to coordinate gene expression. HuR, an RNA-binding protein we linked previously to aberrant VEGF mRNA metabolism in models of SOD1-associated amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, has been identified as being high up in this hierarchy, serving as a regulator of RNA regulators. Here we investigated the role of HuR in regulating two RBPs, TDP-43 and FUS/TLS, that have been linked genetically to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We found that HuR promotes the expression of both RBPs in primary astrocytes and U251 cells under normal and stressed (hypoxic) conditions. For TDP-43, we found that HuR binds to the 3' untranslated region (UTR) and regulates its expression through translational efficiency rather than RNA stability. With HuR knockdown, there was a shift of TDP-43 and FUS mRNAs away from polysomes, consistent with translational silencing. The TDP-43 splicing function was attenuated upon HuR knockdown and could be rescued by ectopic TDP-43 lacking the 3' UTR regulatory elements. Finally, conditioned medium from astrocytes in which HuR or TDP-43 was knocked down produced significant motor neuron and cortical neuron toxicity in vitro. These findings indicate that HuR regulates TDP-43 and FUS/TLS expression and that loss of HuR-mediated RNA processing in astrocytes can alter the molecular and cellular landscape to produce a toxic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Lu
- Departments of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294; Departments of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294; Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, and.
| | - Lei Zheng
- Departments of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Ying Si
- Departments of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Wenyi Luo
- Departments of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Gwendal Dujardin
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Thaddaeus Kwan
- Departments of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Nicholas R Potochick
- Departments of Microbiology, and University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Sunnie R Thompson
- Departments of Microbiology, and University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - David A Schneider
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Peter H King
- Departments of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294; Departments of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294; Departments of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294; Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, and
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31
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Decreased GFAP expression and improved functional recovery in contused spinal cord of rats following valproic acid therapy. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:2319-33. [PMID: 25205382 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1429-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have illustrated that much of the post-traumatic degeneration of the spinal cord cells is caused by the secondary mechanism. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of the anti-inflammatory property of valproic acid (VPA) on injured spinal cords (SC). The rats with the contused SC received intraperitoneal single injection of VPA (150, 200, 300, 400 or 500 mg/kg) at 2, 6, 12 and 24 h post-injury. Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) test and H-reflex evaluated the functional outcome for 12 weeks. The SC were investigated 3 months post-injury using morphometry and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) expression. Reduction in cavitation, H/M ratio, BBB scores and GFAP expression in the treatment groups were significantly more than that of the untreated one (P < 0.05). The optimal improvement in the condition of the contused rats was in the ones treated at the acute phase of injury with 300 mg/kg of VPA at 12 h post-injury, they had the highest increase in BBB score and decrease in astrogliosis and axonal loss. We conclude that treating the contused rats with 300 mg/kg of VPA at 12 h post-injury improves the functional outcome and reduces the traumatized SC gliosis.
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32
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Gherzi R, Chen CY, Ramos A, Briata P. KSRP controls pleiotropic cellular functions. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 34:2-8. [PMID: 24845017 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The single-strand-RNA binding protein KSRP is able to negatively regulate gene expression operating with at least two distinct and integrated postranscriptional mechanisms: (i) by promoting decay of unstable mRNAs and (ii) by favoring maturation from precursors of select microRNAs (miRNAs) including the prototypical tumor suppressor let-7. Studies performed in primary and cultured cells as well as in mice proved that the ability of KSRP to integrate different levels of gene expression is required for proper immune response, lipid metabolism, cell-fate decisions, tissue regeneration, and DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Gherzi
- Gene Expression Regulation Laboratory, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Ching-Yi Chen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Andres Ramos
- Molecular Structure Division, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Paola Briata
- Gene Expression Regulation Laboratory, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST, 16132 Genova, Italy.
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33
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KSRP modulation of GAP-43 mRNA stability restricts axonal outgrowth in embryonic hippocampal neurons. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79255. [PMID: 24244461 PMCID: PMC3828348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The KH-type splicing regulatory protein (KSRP) promotes the decay of AU-rich element (ARE)-containing mRNAs. Although KSRP is expressed in the nervous system, very little is known about its role in neurons. In this study, we examined whether KSRP regulates the stability of the ARE-containing GAP-43 mRNA. We found that KSRP destabilizes this mRNA by binding to its ARE, a process that requires the presence of its fourth KH domain (KH4). Furthermore, KSRP competed with the stabilizing factor HuD for binding to these sequences. We also examined the functional consequences of KSRP overexpression and knockdown on the differentiation of primary hippocampal neurons in culture. Overexpression of full length KSRP or KSRP without its nuclear localization signal hindered axonal outgrowth in these cultures, while overexpression of a mutant protein without the KH4 domain that has less affinity for binding to GAP-43′s ARE had no effect. In contrast, depletion of KSRP led to a rise in GAP-43 mRNA levels and a dramatic increase in axonal length, both in KSRP shRNA transfected cells and neurons cultured from Ksrp+/− and Ksrp −/−embryos. Finally we found that overexpression of GAP-43 rescued the axonal outgrowth deficits seen with KSRP overexpression, but only when cells were transfected with GAP-43 constructs containing 3′ UTR sequences targeting the transport of this mRNA to axons. Together, our results suggest that KSRP is an important regulator of mRNA stability and axonal length that works in direct opposition to HuD to regulate the levels of GAP-43 and other ARE-containing neuronal mRNAs.
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34
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Bronevetsky Y, Ansel KM. Regulation of miRNA biogenesis and turnover in the immune system. Immunol Rev 2013; 253:304-16. [PMID: 23550654 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as important regulators of gene expression in diverse biological processes ranging from cell proliferation and survival to organ development and immunity. Here, we review mechanisms that regulate the expression of miRNAs themselves in the immune system. Like protein-coding genes, miRNAs can be regulated at the transcriptional level, downstream of signaling pathways and circuits that activate or inhibit transcription factors and chromatin remodeling. The resulting primary miRNAs are processed into active mature miRNAs through a series of biochemical steps, and miRNA abundance can be regulated at each step of this biogenesis pathway. Recent work has uncovered regulation of mature miRNA turnover in the immune system as well. A better understanding of these processes and their regulation by immunogenic stimuli is critical for integrating miRNAs into current models of gene expression networks that determine cell identity and immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelena Bronevetsky
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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35
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Al-Amin MM, Uddin MMN, Rahman MM, Reza HM, Rana MS. Effect of diclofenac and antidepressants on the inflammatory response in astrocyte cell culture. Inflammopharmacology 2013; 21:421-5. [PMID: 23896940 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-013-0181-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) has a completely separate immune system that communicates with the neurons by small molecules called cytokines. Cytokines are involved in many crucial processes in neuron including cell metabolism and neurotransmitter synthesis. It has been reported that cytokine imbalance is involved in the progression of many CNS diseases such as neuropsychiatric disorders (depression, schizophrenia, autism, and bipolar disorder) and neurodegenerative disorders (Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease). Here, the effects of diclofenac, different antidepressants (sertraline, venlafaxine, and fluvoxamine), and vitamin B₆ (pyridoxine) on IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) change with and without immune challenges with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were investigated in in vitro culture of astrocytes from 2-day-old Swiss-Albino mice. Diclofenac and Sertraline significantly (p < 0.05) improves anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) while suppress (p < 0.05) LPS-induced elevated level of pro-inflammatory mediators (TNF-α) in astrocyte culture. Pyridoxine was not able to reduce (p > 0.05) TNF-α in the astrocyte culture. Antidepressant (sertraline) showed positive effects (increased IL-10 and reduced TNF-α level) possibly through the suppression of Th1 lymphocytes and monocytes and stimulation of Th2 lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages. NSAID (diclofenac) showed positive immune regulation effect possibly through the inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase enzyme. Based on these findings, it may conclude that, diclofenac and antidepressants (sertraline) may positively contribute in the cytokine production in astrocyte cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mamun Al-Amin
- Department of Pharmacy, North South University, Plot-15, Block-B, Bashundhara, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh,
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36
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Briata P, Chen CY, Ramos A, Gherzi R. Functional and molecular insights into KSRP function in mRNA decay. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2012. [PMID: 23178464 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
KSRP is a single strand nucleic acid binding protein that controls gene expression at multiple levels. In this review we focus on the recent molecular, cellular, and structural insights into the mRNA decay promoting function of KSRP. We discuss also some aspects of KSRP-dependent microRNA maturation from precursors that are related to its mRNA destabilizing function. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: RNA Decay mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Briata
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino, Genova, Italy
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