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Elitt CM, Ross MM, Wang J, Fahrni CJ, Rosenberg PA. Developmental regulation of zinc homeostasis in differentiating oligodendrocytes. Neurosci Lett 2024; 831:137727. [PMID: 38467270 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2024.137727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes develop through sequential stages and understanding pathways regulating their differentiation remains an important area of investigation. Zinc is required for the function of enzymes, proteins and transcription factors, including those important in myelination and mitosis. Our previous studies using the ratiometric zinc sensor chromis-1 demonstrated a reduction in intracellular free zinc concentrations in mature MBP+ oligodendrocytes compared with earlier stages (Bourassa et al., 2018). We performed a more detailed developmental study to better understand the temporal course of zinc homeostasis across the oligodendrocyte lineage. Using chromis-1, we found a transient increase in free zinc after O4+,O1- pre-oligodendrocytes were switched from proliferation medium into terminal differentiation medium. To gather other evidence for dynamic regulation of free zinc during oligodendrocyte development, qPCR was used to evaluate mRNA expression of major zinc storage proteins metallothioneins (MTs) and metal regulatory transcription factor 1 (MTF1), which controls expression of MTs. MT1, MT2 and MTF1 mRNAs were increased several fold in mature oligodendrocytes compared to oligodendrocytes in proliferation medium. To assess the depth of the zinc buffer, we assayed zinc release from intracellular stores using the oxidizing thiol reagent 2,2'-dithiodipyridine (DTDP). Exposure to DTDP resulted in ∼ 100% increase in free zinc in pre-oligodendrocytes but, paradoxically more modest ∼ 60% increase in mature oligodendrocytes despite increased expression of MTs. These results suggest that zinc homeostasis is regulated during oligodendrocyte development, that oligodendrocytes are a useful model for studying zinc homeostasis in the central nervous system, and that regulation of zinc homeostasis may be important in oligodendrocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Elitt
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - Madeline M Ross
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Jianlin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Christoph J Fahrni
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States; Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States
| | - Paul A Rosenberg
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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Elitt CM, Ross MM, Wang J, Fahrni CJ, Rosenberg PA. Developmental regulation of zinc homeostasis in differentiating oligodendrocytes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.26.550230. [PMID: 37546881 PMCID: PMC10402100 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.26.550230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes develop through well characterized stages and understanding pathways regulating their differentiation remains an active area of investigation. Zinc is required for the function of many enzymes, proteins and transcription factors, including those important in myelination and mitosis. Our previous studies using the ratiometric zinc sensor chromis-1 demonstrated a reduction in intracellular free zinc concentrations in mature oligodendrocytes compared with earlier stages (Bourassa et al., 2018). We performed a more detailed developmental study to better understand the temporal course of zinc homeostasis across the oligodendrocyte lineage. Using chromis-1, we found a transient increase in free zinc after developing oligodendrocytes were switched into differentiation medium. To gather other evidence for dynamic regulation of free zinc during oligodendrocyte development, qPCR was used to evaluate mRNA expression of the major zinc storage proteins metallothioneins (MTs), and metal regulatory transcription factor 1 (MTF-1) which controls expression of MTs. MT-1, MT-2 and MTF1 mRNAs were all increased several fold in mature oligodendrocytes compared to developing oligodendrocytes. To assess the depth of the zinc buffer, we assayed zinc release from intracellular stores using the oxidizing thiol reagent 2,2'-dithiodipyridine (DTDP). Exposure to DTDP resulted in a ∼100% increase in free zinc in developing oligodendrocytes but, paradoxically more modest ∼60% increase in mature oligodendrocytes despite the increased expression of MTs. These results suggest that zinc homeostasis is regulated during oligodendrocyte development, that oligodendrocytes are a useful model for studying zinc homeostasis in the central nervous system, and that regulation of zinc homeostasis may be important in oligodendrocyte differentiation.
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3
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Xia Y, Tsim KWK, Wang WX. How fish cells responded to zinc challenges: Insights from bioimaging. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 875:162538. [PMID: 36898541 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Zinc ion (Zn) is an essential nutrition element and it is important to understand its regulation and distribution among different cellular organelles. Here, subcellular trafficking of Zn in rabbitfish fin cells was investigated through bioimaging, and the results showed that the toxicity and bioaccumulation of Zn were both dose- and time-dependent. Cytotoxicity of Zn only occurred when the Zn concentration reached 200-250 μM after 3 h of exposure when the cellular quota of Zn:P reached a threshold level around 0.7. Remarkably, the cells were able to maintain homeostasis at a low Zn exposure concentration or within the first 4-h exposure. Zn homeostasis was mainly regulated by the lysosomes which stored Zn within the short exposure period, during which the number and size of lysosomes as well as the lysozyme activity increased in response to incoming Zn. However, with increasing Zn concentration beyond a threshold concentration (> 200 μM) and an exposure time > 3 h, homeostasis was disrupted, leading to an Zn spillover to cytoplasm and other cellular organelles. At the same time, cell viability decreased due to the Zn damage on mitochondria which caused morphological changes (smaller and rounder dots) and over production of reactive oxygen species, indicating the dysfunction of mitochondria. By further purifying the cellular organelles, cell viability was found to be consistent with the mitochondrial Zn amount. This study suggested that the amount of mitochondrial Zn was an excellent predictor of Zn toxicity on fish cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiteng Xia
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Karl W K Tsim
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Wang
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China.
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Yan H, Yang S, Hou Y, Ali S, Escobar A, Gao K, Duan R, Kubisiak T, Wang J, Zhang Y, Xiao J, Jiang Y, Zhang T, Wu Y, Burmeister M, Wang Q, Cuajungco MP, Wang J. Functional Study of TMEM163 Gene Variants Associated with Hypomyelination Leukodystrophy. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081285. [PMID: 35455965 PMCID: PMC9031525 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypomyelinating leukodystrophies (HLDs) are a rare group of heterogeneously genetic disorders characterized by persistent deficit of myelin observed on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). To identify a new disease-associated gene of HLD, trio-based whole exome sequencing was performed for unexplained patients with HLD. Functional studies were performed to confirm the phenotypic effect of candidate protein variants. Two de novo heterozygous variants, c.227T>G p.(L76R) or c.227T>C p.(L76P) in TMEM163 were identified in two unrelated HLD patients. TMEM163 protein is a zinc efflux transporter localized within the plasma membrane, lysosomes, early endosomes, and other vesicular compartments. It has not been associated with hypomyelination. Functional zinc flux assays in HeLa cells stably-expressing TMEM163 protein variants, L76R and L76P, revealed distinct attenuation or enhancement of zinc efflux, respectively. Experiments using a zebrafish model with knockdown of tmem163a and tmem163b (morphants) showed that loss of tmem163 causes dysplasia of the larvae, locomotor disability and myelin deficit. Expression of human wild type TMEM163 mRNAs in morphants rescues the phenotype, while the TMEM163 L76P and L76R mutants aggravated the condition. Moreover, poor proliferation, elevated apoptosis of oligodendrocytes, and reduced oligodendrocytes and neurons were also observed in zebrafish morphants. Our findings suggest an unappreciated role for TMEM163 protein in myelin development and add TMEM163 to a growing list of genes associated with hypomyelination leukodystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Yan
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China; (H.Y.); (K.G.); (R.D.); (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.J.); (Y.W.)
- Joint International Research Center of Translational and Clinical Research, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis and Study on Pediatric Genetic Diseases, Beijing 100034, China
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (T.K.); (M.B.)
| | - Shuyan Yang
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China; (S.Y.); (T.Z.)
| | - Yiming Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (Y.H.); (Q.W.)
| | - Saima Ali
- Department of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA; (S.A.); (A.E.)
| | - Adrian Escobar
- Department of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA; (S.A.); (A.E.)
| | - Kai Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China; (H.Y.); (K.G.); (R.D.); (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.J.); (Y.W.)
| | - Ruoyu Duan
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China; (H.Y.); (K.G.); (R.D.); (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.J.); (Y.W.)
| | - Thomas Kubisiak
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (T.K.); (M.B.)
| | - Junyu Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China; (H.Y.); (K.G.); (R.D.); (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.J.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China; (H.Y.); (K.G.); (R.D.); (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.J.); (Y.W.)
| | - Jiangxi Xiao
- Department of Radiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China;
| | - Yuwu Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China; (H.Y.); (K.G.); (R.D.); (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.J.); (Y.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis and Study on Pediatric Genetic Diseases, Beijing 100034, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China; (S.Y.); (T.Z.)
| | - Ye Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China; (H.Y.); (K.G.); (R.D.); (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.J.); (Y.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis and Study on Pediatric Genetic Diseases, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Margit Burmeister
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (T.K.); (M.B.)
- Departments of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, Psychiatry and Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (Y.H.); (Q.W.)
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Math P. Cuajungco
- Department of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA; (S.A.); (A.E.)
- Center for Applied Biotechnology Studies, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
- Correspondence: (M.P.C.); (J.W.)
| | - Jingmin Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China; (H.Y.); (K.G.); (R.D.); (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.J.); (Y.W.)
- Joint International Research Center of Translational and Clinical Research, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis and Study on Pediatric Genetic Diseases, Beijing 100034, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Correspondence: (M.P.C.); (J.W.)
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Role of zinc in neonatal growth and brain growth: review and scoping review. Pediatr Res 2021; 89:1627-1640. [PMID: 33010794 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-01181-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript includes (1) a narrative review of Zinc as an essential nutrient for fetal and neonatal growth and brain growth and development and (2) a scoping review of studies assessing the effects of Zinc supplementation on survival, growth, brain growth, and neurodevelopment in neonates. Very preterm infants and small for gestational age infants are at risk for Zinc deficiency. Zinc deficiency can cause several complications including periorificial lesions, delayed wound healing, hair loss, diarrhea, immune deficiency, growth failure with stunting, and brain atrophy and dysfunction. Zinc is considered essential for oligodendrogenesis, neurogenesis, neuronal differentiation, white matter growth, and multiple biological and physiological roles in neurobiology. Data support the possibility that the critical period of Zinc delivery for brain growth in the mouse starts at 18 days of a 20-21-day pregnancy and extends during lactation and in human may start at 26 weeks of gestation and extend until at least 44 weeks of postmenstrual age. Studies are needed to better elucidate Zinc requirement in extremely low gestational age neonates to minimize morbidity, optimize growth, and brain growth, prevent periventricular leukomalacia and optimize neurodevelopment. IMPACT: Zinc is essential for growth and brain growth and development. In the USA, very preterm small for gestational age infants are at risk for Zinc deficiency. Data support the possibility that the critical period of Zinc delivery for brain growth in the mouse starts at 18 days of a 20-21-day pregnancy and extends during lactation and in human may start at 26 weeks' gestation and extend until at least 44 weeks of postmenstrual age. Several randomized trials of Zinc supplementation in neonates have shown improvement in growth when using high enough dose, for long duration in patients likely to or proven to have a Zinc deficiency. Studies are needed to better elucidate Zinc requirement in extremely low gestational age neonates to minimize morbidity, optimize growth and brain growth, prevent periventricular leukomalacia and optimize neurodevelopment.
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Ramos-Gonzalez P, Mato S, Chara JC, Verkhratsky A, Matute C, Cavaliere F. Astrocytic atrophy as a pathological feature of Parkinson's disease with LRRK2 mutation. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2021; 7:31. [PMID: 33785762 PMCID: PMC8009947 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-021-00175-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The principal hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the selective neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurones. Mounting evidence suggests that astrocytes may contribute to dopaminergic neurodegeneration through decreased homoeostatic support and deficient neuroprotection. In this study, we generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC)-derived astrocytes from PD patients with LRRK2(G2019S) mutation and healthy donors of the similar age. In cell lines derived from PD patients, astrocytes were characterised by a significant decrease in S100B and GFAP-positive astrocytic profiles associated with marked decrease in astrocyte complexity. In addition, PD-derived astrocytes demonstrated aberrant mitochondrial morphology, decreased mitochondrial activity and ATP production along with an increase of glycolysis and increased production of reactive oxygen species. Taken together, our data indicate that astrocytic asthenia observed in patient-derived cultures with LRRK2(G2019S) mutation may contribute to neuronal death through decreased homoeostatic support, elevated oxidative stress and failed neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ramos-Gonzalez
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
| | - Susana Mato
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Biocruces, Bizkaia, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Chara
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Carlos Matute
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fabio Cavaliere
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
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Higashi Y, Aratake T, Shimizu S, Shimizu T, Saito M. [Brain zinc dyshomeostasis and glial cells in ischemic stroke]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2019; 154:138-142. [PMID: 31527364 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.154.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Zinc, an essential trace element, plays an important role in a large number of biological functions. In mammalian brain, whereas the majority of brain zinc is bound to proteins including metallothionein, about 5-15% is stored in presynaptic vesicles of glutamatergic neurons throughout the forebrain, especially in the hippocampus, in a relatively free state. Thus, free zinc (Zn2+) concentration in the brain is considered to be regulated in order to maintain normal brain functions such as learning and memory. On the other hand, brain Zn2+ dyshomeostasis has been recognized as a mechanism for neuronal injury in brain disorders including Alzheimer's disease and brain ischemia. In particular, after transient brain ischemia, Zn2+ accumulates in hippocampal neurons via a zinc transport system, or via release from cytosolic zinc-binding proteins, which results in neuronal cell death. Recently, it has been demonstrated that Zn2+ dyshomeostasis also occurs in glial cells such as microglia, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes after brain ischemia. In oligodendrocytes, ischemic insult triggers intracellular Zn2+ accumulation, resulting in cell death via mitochondrial dysfunction. Increased extracellular Zn2+ inhibits astrocytic glutamate uptake. In addition, extracellular Zn2+ massively released from ischemic neurons primes microglia to enhance production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to stimuli that trigger M1 activation. This review aims to describe the impact of brain Zn2+ dyshomeostasis on alterations in glial cell survival and functions in post-ischemic brains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takaaki Aratake
- Department of Pharmacology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University
| | - Shogo Shimizu
- Department of Pharmacology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University
| | - Takahiro Shimizu
- Department of Pharmacology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University
| | - Motoaki Saito
- Department of Pharmacology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University
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Volpe JJ. Dysmaturation of Premature Brain: Importance, Cellular Mechanisms, and Potential Interventions. Pediatr Neurol 2019; 95:42-66. [PMID: 30975474 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Prematurity, especially preterm birth (less than 32 weeks' gestation), is common and associated with high rates of both survival and neurodevelopmental disability, especially apparent in cognitive spheres. The neuropathological substrate of this disability is now recognized to be related to a variety of dysmaturational disturbances of the brain. These disturbances follow initial brain injury, particularly cerebral white matter injury, and involve many of the extraordinary array of developmental events active in cerebral white and gray matter structures during the premature period. This review delineates these developmental events and the dysmaturational disturbances that occur in premature infants. The cellular mechanisms involved in the genesis of the dysmaturation are emphasized, with particular focus on the preoligodendrocyte. A central role for the diffusely distributed activated microglia and reactive astrocytes in the dysmaturation is now apparent. As these dysmaturational cellular mechanisms appear to occur over a relatively long time window, interventions to prevent or ameliorate the dysmaturation, that is, neurorestorative interventions, seem possible. Such interventions include pharmacologic agents, especially erythropoietin, and particular attention has also been paid to such nutritional factors as quality and source of milk, breastfeeding, polyunsaturated fatty acids, iron, and zinc. Recent studies also suggest a potent role for interventions directed at various experiential factors in the neonatal period and infancy, i.e., provision of optimal auditory and visual exposures, minimization of pain and stress, and a variety of other means of environmental behavioral enrichment, in enhancing brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Volpe
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Elitt CM, Fahrni CJ, Rosenberg PA. Zinc homeostasis and zinc signaling in white matter development and injury. Neurosci Lett 2019; 707:134247. [PMID: 31059767 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Zinc is an essential dietary micronutrient that is abundant in the brain with diverse roles in development, injury, and neurological diseases. With new imaging tools and chelators selectively targeting zinc, the field of zinc biology is rapidly expanding. The importance of zinc homeostasis is now well recognized in neurodegeneration, but there is emerging data that zinc may be equally important in white matter disorders. This review provides an overview of zinc biology, including a discussion of clinical disorders of zinc deficiency, different zinc pools, zinc biomarkers, and methods for measuring zinc. It emphasizes our limited understanding of how zinc is regulated in oligodendrocytes and white matter. Gaps in knowledge about zinc transporters and zinc signaling are discussed. Zinc-induced oligodendrocyte injury pathways relevant to white matter stroke, multiple sclerosis, and white matter injury of prematurity are reviewed and examples of zinc-dependent proteins relevant to myelination highlighted. Finally, a novel ratiometric zinc sensor is reviewed, revealing new information about mobile zinc during oligodendrocyte differentiation. With a better understanding of zinc biology in oligodendrocytes, new therapeutic targets for white matter disorders may be possible and the necessary tools to appropriately study zinc are finally available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Elitt
- Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Neurology and the F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, United States; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Christoph J Fahrni
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Paul A Rosenberg
- Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Neurology and the F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, United States; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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10
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Volpe JJ. Iron and zinc: Nutrients with potential for neurorestoration in premature infants with cerebral white matter injury. J Neonatal Perinatal Med 2019; 12:365-368. [PMID: 31744026 PMCID: PMC7029313 DOI: 10.3233/npm-190369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J. Volpe
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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11
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Canedo-Antelo M, Serrano MP, Manterola A, Ruiz A, Llavero F, Mato S, Zugaza JL, Pérez-Cerdá F, Matute C, Sánchez-Gómez MV. Inhibition of Casein Kinase 2 Protects Oligodendrocytes From Excitotoxicity by Attenuating JNK/p53 Signaling Cascade. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:333. [PMID: 30271323 PMCID: PMC6146035 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are highly vulnerable to glutamate excitotoxicity, a central mechanism involved in tissue damage in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Sustained activation of AMPA receptors in rat oligodendrocytes induces cytosolic calcium overload, mitochondrial depolarization, increase of reactive oxygen species, and activation of intracelular pathways resulting in apoptotic cell death. Although many signals driven by excitotoxicity have been identified, some of the key players are still under investigation. Casein kinase 2 (CK2) is a serine/threonine kinase, constitutively expressed in all eukaryotic tissues, involved in cell proliferation, malignant transformation and apoptosis. In this study, we identify CK2 as a critical regulator of oligodendrocytic death pathways and elucidate its role as a signal inductor following excitotoxic insults. We provide evidence that CK2 activity is up-regulated in AMPA-treated oligodendrocytes and CK2 inhibition significantly diminished AMPA receptor-induced oligodendroglial death. In addition, we analyzed mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling after excitotoxic insult. We observed that AMPA receptor activation induced a rapid increase in c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 phosphorylation that was reduced after CK2 inhibition. Moreover, blocking their phosphorylation, we enhanced oligodendrocyte survival after excitotoxic insult. Finally, we observed that the tumor suppressor p53 is activated during AMPA receptor-induced cell death and, interestingly, down-regulated by JNK or CK2 inhibition. Together, these data indicate that the increase in CK2 activity induced by excitotoxic insults regulates MAPKs, triggers p53 activation and mediates subsequent oligodendroglial loss. Therefore, targeting CK2 may be a useful strategy to prevent oligodendrocyte death in MS and other diseases involving central nervous system (CNS) white matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Canedo-Antelo
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.,Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain
| | - Mari Paz Serrano
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.,Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain
| | - Andrea Manterola
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.,Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain
| | - Asier Ruiz
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.,Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain
| | - Francisco Llavero
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.,Departamento de Genética, Antropología Física y Fisiología Animal, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Susana Mato
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.,Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain
| | - José Luis Zugaza
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.,Departamento de Genética, Antropología Física y Fisiología Animal, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Fernando Pérez-Cerdá
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.,Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain
| | - Carlos Matute
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.,Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain
| | - María Victoria Sánchez-Gómez
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.,Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain
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12
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Garza-Lombó C, Posadas Y, Quintanar L, Gonsebatt ME, Franco R. Neurotoxicity Linked to Dysfunctional Metal Ion Homeostasis and Xenobiotic Metal Exposure: Redox Signaling and Oxidative Stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 28:1669-1703. [PMID: 29402131 PMCID: PMC5962337 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Essential metals such as copper, iron, manganese, and zinc play a role as cofactors in the activity of a wide range of processes involved in cellular homeostasis and survival, as well as during organ and tissue development. Throughout our life span, humans are also exposed to xenobiotic metals from natural and anthropogenic sources, including aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury. It is well recognized that alterations in the homeostasis of essential metals and an increased environmental/occupational exposure to xenobiotic metals are linked to several neurological disorders, including neurodegeneration and neurodevelopmental alterations. Recent Advances: The redox activity of essential metals is key for neuronal homeostasis and brain function. Alterations in redox homeostasis and signaling are central to the pathological consequences of dysfunctional metal ion homeostasis and increased exposure to xenobiotic metals. Both redox-active and redox-inactive metals trigger oxidative stress and damage in the central nervous system, and the exact mechanisms involved are starting to become delineated. CRITICAL ISSUES In this review, we aim to appraise the role of essential metals in determining the redox balance in the brain and the mechanisms by which alterations in the homeostasis of essential metals and exposure to xenobiotic metals disturb the cellular redox balance and signaling. We focus on recent literature regarding their transport, metabolism, and mechanisms of toxicity in neural systems. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Delineating the specific mechanisms by which metals alter redox homeostasis is key to understand the pathological processes that convey chronic neuronal dysfunction in neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 1669-1703.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Garza-Lombó
- 1 Redox Biology Center and School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, Nebraska.,2 Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, México
| | - Yanahi Posadas
- 3 Departamentos de Farmacología y de, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV) , Mexico City, México .,4 Departamentos de Química, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV) , Mexico City, México
| | - Liliana Quintanar
- 4 Departamentos de Química, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV) , Mexico City, México
| | - María E Gonsebatt
- 2 Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, México
| | - Rodrigo Franco
- 1 Redox Biology Center and School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, Nebraska
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13
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Intermittent hypoxia-generated ROS contributes to intracellular zinc regulation that limits ischemia/reperfusion injury in adult rat cardiomyocyte. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2018; 118:122-132. [PMID: 29577873 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Intermittent hypoxia (IH) has been shown to exert cardioprotective effects against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury through the preservation of ion homeostasis. I/R dramatically elevated cytosolic Zn2+ and caused cardiomyocyte death. However, the role of IH exposure in the relationship between Zn2+ regulation and cardioprotection is still unclear. The aim of the present study was to study whether IH exposure could help in intracellular Zn2+ regulation, hence contributing to cardioprotection against I/R injury. Adult rat cardiomyocytes were exposed to IH (5% O2, 5% CO2 and balanced N2) for 30 min followed by 30 min of normoxia (21% O2, 5% CO2 and balanced N2). Changes in intracellular Zn2+ concentration were determined using a Zn2+-specific fluorescent dye, FluoZin-3 or RhodZin-3. Fluorescence was monitored under an inverted fluorescent or confocal microscope. The results demonstrated that I/R or 2,2'-dithiodipyridine (DTDP), a reactive disulphide compound, induced Zn2+ release from metallothioneins (MTs), subsequently causing cytosolic Zn2+ overload, which in turn increased intracellular Zn2+ entry into the mitochondria via a Ca2+ uniporter, hence inducing mitochondrial membrane potential loss, and eventually led to cell death. However, the cytosolic Zn2+ overload and cell death caused by I/R or DTDP was significantly reduced by treatment of cardiomyocytes with IH. The findings from this study suggest that IH might exert its cardioprotective effect through reducing the I/R-induced cytosolic Zn2+ overload and cell death in cardiomyocytes.
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14
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Bourassa D, Elitt CM, McCallum AM, Sumalekshmy S, McRae RL, Morgan MT, Siegel N, Perry JW, Rosenberg PA, Fahrni CJ. Chromis-1, a Ratiometric Fluorescent Probe Optimized for Two-Photon Microscopy Reveals Dynamic Changes in Labile Zn(II) in Differentiating Oligodendrocytes. ACS Sens 2018; 3:458-467. [PMID: 29431427 PMCID: PMC6057613 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the significant advantages of two-photon excitation microscopy (TPEM) over traditional confocal fluorescence microscopy in live-cell imaging applications, including reduced phototoxicity and photobleaching, increased depth penetration, and minimized autofluorescence, only a few metal ion-selective fluorescent probes have been designed and optimized specifically for this technique. Building upon a donor-acceptor fluorophore architecture, we developed a membrane-permeant, Zn(II)-selective fluorescent probe, chromis-1, that exhibits a balanced two-photon cross section between its free and Zn(II)-bound form and responds with a large spectral shift suitable for emission-ratiometric imaging. With a Kd of 1.5 nM and wide dynamic range, the probe is well suited for visualizing temporal changes in buffered Zn(II) levels in live cells as demonstrated with mouse fibroblast cell cultures. Moreover, given the importance of zinc in the physiology and pathophysiology of the brain, we employed chromis-1 to monitor cytoplasmic concentrations of labile Zn(II) in oligodendrocytes, an important cellular constituent of the brain, at different stages of development in cell culture. These studies revealed a decrease in probe saturation upon differentiation to mature oligodendrocytes, implying significant changes to cellular zinc homeostasis during maturation with an overall reduction in cellular zinc availability. Optimized for TPEM, chromis-1 is especially well-suited for exploring the role of labile zinc pools in live cells under a broad range of physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Bourassa
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit
Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology,
Atlanta, Georgia 30332, U.S.A
| | - Christopher M. Elitt
- Department of Neurology and Program in Neuroscience,
Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,
U.S.A
| | - Adam M. McCallum
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit
Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology,
Atlanta, Georgia 30332, U.S.A
| | - S. Sumalekshmy
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit
Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology,
Atlanta, Georgia 30332, U.S.A
| | - Reagan L. McRae
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit
Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology,
Atlanta, Georgia 30332, U.S.A
| | - M. Thomas Morgan
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit
Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology,
Atlanta, Georgia 30332, U.S.A
| | - Nisan Siegel
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit
Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology,
Atlanta, Georgia 30332, U.S.A
| | - Joseph W. Perry
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit
Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology,
Atlanta, Georgia 30332, U.S.A
| | - Paul A. Rosenberg
- Department of Neurology and Program in Neuroscience,
Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,
U.S.A
| | - Christoph J. Fahrni
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit
Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology,
Atlanta, Georgia 30332, U.S.A
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15
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Choi BY, Jung JW, Suh SW. The Emerging Role of Zinc in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2070. [PMID: 28956834 PMCID: PMC5666752 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Our lab has previously demonstrated that multiple sclerosis-induced spinal cord white matter damage and motor deficits are mediated by the pathological disruption of zinc homeostasis. Abnormal vesicular zinc release and intracellular zinc accumulation may mediate several steps in the pathophysiological processes of multiple sclerosis (MS), such as matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9) activation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, and subsequent immune cell infiltration from peripheral systems. Oral administration of a zinc chelator decreased BBB disruption, immune cell infiltration, and spinal white matter myelin destruction. Therefore, we hypothesized that zinc released into the extracellular space during MS progression is involved in destruction of the myelin sheath in spinal cord white mater and in generation of motor deficits. To confirm our previous study, we employed zinc transporter 3 (ZnT3) knockout mice to test whether vesicular zinc depletion shows protective effects on multiple sclerosis-induced white matter damage and motor deficits. ZnT3 gene deletion profoundly reduced the daily clinical score of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by suppression of inflammation and demyelination in the spinal cord. ZnT3 gene deletion also remarkably inhibited formation of multiple sclerosis-associated aberrant synaptic zinc patches, MMP-9 activation, and BBB disruption. These two studies strongly support our hypothesis that zinc release from presynaptic terminals may be involved in multiple sclerosis pathogenesis. Further studies will no doubt continue to add mechanistic detail to this process and with luck, clarify how these observations may lead to development of novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Young Choi
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea.
| | - Jong Won Jung
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea.
| | - Sang Won Suh
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea.
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16
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Macrez R, Stys PK, Vivien D, Lipton SA, Docagne F. Mechanisms of glutamate toxicity in multiple sclerosis: biomarker and therapeutic opportunities. Lancet Neurol 2016; 15:1089-102. [PMID: 27571160 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(16)30165-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Research advances support the idea that excessive activation of the glutamatergic pathway plays an important part in the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis. Beyond the well established direct toxic effects on neurons, additional sites of glutamate-induced cell damage have been described, including effects in oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, endothelial cells, and immune cells. Such toxic effects could provide a link between various pathological aspects of multiple sclerosis, such as axonal damage, oligodendrocyte cell death, demyelination, autoimmunity, and blood-brain barrier dysfunction. Understanding of the mechanisms underlying glutamate toxicity in multiple sclerosis could help in the development of new approaches for diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up in patients with this debilitating disease. While several clinical trials of glutamatergic modulators have had disappointing results, our growing understanding suggests that there is reason to remain optimistic about the therapeutic potential of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter K Stys
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Denis Vivien
- INSERM U919, University of Caen Normandy, Caen, France
| | - Stuart A Lipton
- Scintillon Institute San Diego, CA, USA; Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; School of Mecicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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17
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Shi H, Hu X, Leak RK, Shi Y, An C, Suenaga J, Chen J, Gao Y. Demyelination as a rational therapeutic target for ischemic or traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2015; 272:17-25. [PMID: 25819104 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Previous research on stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI) heavily emphasized pathological alterations in neuronal cells within gray matter. However, recent studies have highlighted the equal importance of white matter integrity in long-term recovery from these conditions. Demyelination is a major component of white matter injury and is characterized by loss of the myelin sheath and oligodendrocyte cell death. Demyelination contributes significantly to long-term sensorimotor and cognitive deficits because the adult brain only has limited capacity for oligodendrocyte regeneration and axonal remyelination. In the current review, we will provide an overview of the major causes of demyelination and oligodendrocyte cell death following acute brain injuries, and discuss the crosstalk between myelin, axons, microglia, and astrocytes during the process of demyelination. Recent discoveries of molecules that regulate the processes of remyelination may provide novel therapeutic targets to restore white matter integrity and improve long-term neurological recovery in stroke or TBI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Shi
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, The Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Anesthesiology of Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, The Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Yejie Shi
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, The Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Chengrui An
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, The Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jun Suenaga
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, The Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Yanqin Gao
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, The Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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18
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Papastefanaki F, Matsas R. From demyelination to remyelination: the road toward therapies for spinal cord injury. Glia 2015; 63:1101-25. [PMID: 25731941 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Myelin integrity is crucial for central nervous system (CNS) physiology while its preservation and regeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI) is key to functional restoration. Disturbance of nodal organization acutely after SCI exposes the axon and triggers conduction block in the absence of overt demyelination. Oligodendrocyte (OL) loss and myelin degradation follow as a consequence of secondary damage. Here, we provide an overview of the major biological events and underlying mechanisms leading to OL death and demyelination and discuss strategies to restrain these processes. Another aspect which is critical for SCI repair is the enhancement of endogenously occurring spontaneous remyelination. Recent findings have unveiled the complex roles of innate and adaptive immune responses in remyelination and the immunoregulatory potential of the glial scar. Moreover, the intimate crosstalk between neuronal activity, oligodendrogenesis and myelination emphasizes the contribution of rehabilitation to functional recovery. With a view toward clinical applications, several therapeutic strategies have been devised to target SCI pathology, including genetic manipulation, administration of small therapeutic molecules, immunomodulation, manipulation of the glial scar and cell transplantation. The implementation of new tools such as cellular reprogramming for conversion of one somatic cell type to another or the use of nanotechnology and tissue engineering products provides additional opportunities for SCI repair. Given the complexity of the spinal cord tissue after injury, it is becoming apparent that combinatorial strategies are needed to rescue OLs and myelin at early stages after SCI and support remyelination, paving the way toward clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentia Papastefanaki
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, 11521, Greece
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19
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Bernal-Chico A, Canedo M, Manterola A, Victoria Sánchez-Gómez M, Pérez-Samartín A, Rodríguez-Puertas R, Matute C, Mato S. Blockade of monoacylglycerol lipase inhibits oligodendrocyte excitotoxicity and prevents demyelinationin vivo. Glia 2014; 63:163-76. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Bernal-Chico
- Department of Neurosciences; School of Medicine, University of the Basque Country-UPV/EHU; Leioa Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience; Zamudio Spain
| | - Manuel Canedo
- Department of Neurosciences; School of Medicine, University of the Basque Country-UPV/EHU; Leioa Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience; Zamudio Spain
| | - Andrea Manterola
- Department of Neurosciences; School of Medicine, University of the Basque Country-UPV/EHU; Leioa Spain
| | - María Victoria Sánchez-Gómez
- Department of Neurosciences; School of Medicine, University of the Basque Country-UPV/EHU; Leioa Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience; Zamudio Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Barcelona Spain
| | - Alberto Pérez-Samartín
- Department of Neurosciences; School of Medicine, University of the Basque Country-UPV/EHU; Leioa Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience; Zamudio Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Barcelona Spain
| | - Rafael Rodríguez-Puertas
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Medicine, University of the Basque Country-UPV/EHU; Leioa Spain
| | - Carlos Matute
- Department of Neurosciences; School of Medicine, University of the Basque Country-UPV/EHU; Leioa Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience; Zamudio Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Barcelona Spain
| | - Susana Mato
- Department of Neurosciences; School of Medicine, University of the Basque Country-UPV/EHU; Leioa Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience; Zamudio Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Barcelona Spain
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20
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Guo D, Du Y, Wu Q, Jiang W, Bi H. Disrupted calcium homeostasis is involved in elevated zinc ion-induced photoreceptor cell death. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 560:44-51. [PMID: 25051343 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn), the second abundant trace element in living organisms, plays an important role in regulating cell metabolism, signaling, proliferation, gene expression and apoptosis. Meanwhile, the overload of Zn will disrupt the intracellular calcium homeostasis via impairing mitochondrial function. However, the specific molecular mechanism underlying zinc-induced calcium regulation remains poorly understood. In the present study, using zinc chloride (ZnCl2) as a stressor, we investigated the effect of exogenous Zn(2+) in regulating murine photoreceptor cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell cycle distribution and calcium homeostasis as well as plasma membrane calcium ATPase (PMCA) isoforms (PMCA1 and PMCA2, i.e., ATP2B1, ATP2B2) expression. We found that the exogenous Zn(2+) in the exposure range (31.25-125.0 μmol/L) results in the overgeneration of ROS, cell cycle arrest at G2/M phases, elevation of cytosolic [Ca(2+)], inactivation of Ca(2+)-ATPase and reduction of both PMCA1 and PMCA2 in 661 W cells, and thus induces cell death. In conclusion, ZnCl2 exposure can elevate the cytosolic [Ca(2+)], disrupt the intracellular calcium homeostasis, further initiate Ca(2+)-dependent signaling pathway in 661 W cells, and finally cause cell death. Our results will facilitate the understanding of cell death induced by the zinc ion-mediated calcium homeostasis disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dadong Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250002, China
| | - Yuxiang Du
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250002, China
| | - Qiuxin Wu
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250002, China
| | - Wenjun Jiang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250002, China
| | - Hongsheng Bi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250002, China.
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21
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Fern RF, Matute C, Stys PK. White matter injury: Ischemic and nonischemic. Glia 2014; 62:1780-9. [PMID: 25043122 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic pathologies of white matter (WM) include a large proportion of stroke and developmental lesions while multiple sclerosis (MS) is the archetype nonischemic pathology. Growing evidence suggests other important diseases including neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders also involve a significant WM component. Axonal, oligodendroglial, and astroglial damage proceed via distinct mechanisms in ischemic WM and these mechanisms evolve dramatically with maturation. Axons may pass through four developmental stages where the pattern of membrane protein expression influences how the structure responds to ischemia; WM astrocytes pass through at least two and differ significantly in their ischemia tolerance from grey matter astrocytes; oligodendroglia pass through at least three, with the highly ischemia intolerant pre-oligodendrocyte (pre-Oli) stage linking the less sensitive precursor and mature phenotypes. Neurotransmitters play a central role in WM pathology at all ages. Glutamate excitotoxicity in WM has both necrotic and apoptotic components; the latter mediated by intracellular pathways which differ between receptor types. ATP excitotoxicity may be largely mediated by the P2X7 receptor and also has both necrotic and apoptotic components. Interplay between microglia and other cell types is a critical element in the injury process. A growing appreciation of the significance of WM injury for nonischemic neurological disorders is currently stimulating research into mechanisms; with curious similarities being found with those operating during ischemia. A good example is traumatic brain injury, where axonal pathology can proceed via almost identical pathways to those described during acute ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Fern
- Peninsula School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth, United Kingdom
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22
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Carter KP, Young AM, Palmer AE. Fluorescent sensors for measuring metal ions in living systems. Chem Rev 2014; 114:4564-601. [PMID: 24588137 PMCID: PMC4096685 DOI: 10.1021/cr400546e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1527] [Impact Index Per Article: 152.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle P. Carter
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, BioFrontiers Institute, University
of Colorado, UCB 596,
3415 Colorado AvenueBoulder, Colorado 80303, United
States
| | - Alexandra M. Young
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, BioFrontiers Institute, University
of Colorado, UCB 596,
3415 Colorado AvenueBoulder, Colorado 80303, United
States
| | - Amy E. Palmer
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, BioFrontiers Institute, University
of Colorado, UCB 596,
3415 Colorado AvenueBoulder, Colorado 80303, United
States
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23
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Mifsud G, Zammit C, Muscat R, Di Giovanni G, Valentino M. Oligodendrocyte pathophysiology and treatment strategies in cerebral ischemia. CNS Neurosci Ther 2014; 20:603-12. [PMID: 24703424 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes (OLs), the myelin-forming cells of the central nervous system, form a functional unit with axons and play a crucial role in axonal integrity. An episode of hypoxia-ischemia causes rapid and severe damage to these particularly vulnerable cells via multiple pathways such as overactivation of glutamate and ATP receptors, oxidative stress, and disruption of mitochondrial function. The cardinal effect of OL pathology is demyelination and dysmyelination, and this has profound effects on axonal function, transport, structure, metabolism, and survival. The OL is a primary target of ischemia in adult-onset stroke and especially in periventricular leukomalacia and should be considered as a primary therapeutic target in these conditions. More emphasis is needed on therapeutic strategies that target OLs, myelin, and their receptors, as these have the potential to significantly attenuate white matter injury and to establish functional recovery of white matter after stroke. In this review, we will summarize recent progress on the role of OLs in white matter ischemic injury and the current and emerging principles that form the basis for protective strategies against OL death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Mifsud
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
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24
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James SA, Feltis BN, de Jonge MD, Sridhar M, Kimpton JA, Altissimo M, Mayo S, Zheng C, Hastings A, Howard DL, Paterson DJ, Wright PFA, Moorhead GF, Turney TW, Fu J. Quantification of ZnO nanoparticle uptake, distribution, and dissolution within individual human macrophages. ACS NANO 2013; 7:10621-35. [PMID: 24187959 DOI: 10.1021/nn403118u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The usefulness of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles has led to their wide distribution in consumer products, despite only a limited understanding of how this nanomaterial behaves within biological systems. From a nanotoxicological viewpoint the interaction(s) of ZnO nanoparticles with cells of the immune system is of specific interest, as these nanostructures are readily phagocytosed. In this study, rapid scanning X-ray fluorescence microscopy was used to assay the number ZnO nanoparticles associated with ∼1000 individual THP-1 monocyte-derived human macrophages. These data showed that nanoparticle-treated cells endured a 400% elevation in total Zn levels, 13-fold greater than the increase observed when incubated in the presence of an equitoxic concentration of ZnCl2. Even after excluding the contribution of internalized nanoparticles, Zn levels in nanoparticle treated cells were raised ∼200% above basal levels. As dissolution of ZnO nanoparticles is critical to their cytotoxic response, we utilized a strategy combining ion beam milling, X-ray fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy to directly probe the distribution and composition of ZnO nanoparticles throughout the cellular interior. This study demonstrated that correlative photon and ion beam imaging techniques can provide both high-resolution and statistically powerful information on the biology of metal oxide nanoparticles at the single-cell level. Our approach promises ready application to broader studies of phenomena at the interface of nanotechnology and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon A James
- Australian Synchrotron , Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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25
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González-Fernández E, Sánchez-Gómez MV, Pérez-Samartín A, Arellano RO, Matute C. A3 Adenosine receptors mediate oligodendrocyte death and ischemic damage to optic nerve. Glia 2013; 62:199-216. [PMID: 24311446 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine receptor activation is involved in myelination and in apoptotic pathways linked to neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we investigated the effects of adenosine receptor activation in the viability of oligodendrocytes of the rat optic nerve. Selective activation of A3 receptors in pure cultures of oligodendrocytes caused concentration-dependent apoptotic and necrotic death which was preceded by oxidative stress and mitochondrial membrane depolarization. Oligodendrocyte apoptosis induced by A3 receptor activation was caspase-dependent and caspase-independent. In addition to dissociated cultures, incubation of optic nerves ex vivo with adenosine and the A3 receptor agonist 2-CI-IB-MECA(1-[2-Chloro-6-[[(3-iodophenyl)methyl]amino]-9H-purin-9-yl]-1-deoxy-N-methyl-b-D-ribofuranuronamide)-induced caspase-3 activation, oligodendrocyte damage, and myelin loss, effects which were prevented by the presence of caffeine and the A3 receptor antagonist MRS 1220 (N-[9-Chloro-2-(2-furanyl)[1,2,4]-triazolo [1,5-c]quinazolin-5-yl]benzene acetamide). Finally, ischemia-induced injury and functional loss to the optic nerve was attenuated by blocking A3 receptors. Together, these results indicate that adenosine may trigger oligodendrocyte death via activation of A3 receptors and suggest that this mechanism contributes to optic nerve and white matter ischemic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estíbaliz González-Fernández
- CIBERNED, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience and Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), E-48940, Leioa, Spain
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26
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Qin Y, Miranda JG, Stoddard CI, Dean KM, Galati DF, Palmer AE. Direct comparison of a genetically encoded sensor and small molecule indicator: implications for quantification of cytosolic Zn(2+). ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:2366-71. [PMID: 23992616 DOI: 10.1021/cb4003859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent sensors are powerful tools for visualizing and quantifying molecules and ions in living cells. A variety of small molecule and genetically encoded sensors have been developed for studying intracellular Zn(2+) homeostasis and signaling, but no direct comparisons exist, making it challenging for researchers to identify the appropriate sensor for a given application. Here we directly compare the widely used small molecule probe FluoZin-3 and a genetically encoded sensor, ZapCY2. We demonstrate that, in contrast to FluoZin-3, ZapCY2 exhibits a well-defined cytosolic localization, provides estimates of Zn(2+) concentration with little variability, does not perturb cytosolic Zn(2+) levels, and exhibits rapid Zn(2+) response dynamics. ZapCY2 was used to measure Zn(2+) concentrations in 5 different cell types, revealing higher cytosolic Zn(2+) levels in prostate cancer cells compared to normal prostate cells (although the total zinc is reduced in prostate cancer cells), suggesting distinct regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qin
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado-Boulder, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jose G. Miranda
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado-Boulder, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Caitlin I. Stoddard
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado-Boulder, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Kevin M. Dean
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado-Boulder, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Domenico F. Galati
- Department
of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado-Boulder, UCB
347, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Amy E. Palmer
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado-Boulder, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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