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Samoylov AV, Schwean-Lardner K, Crowe TG, Daley W, Giorges A, Kiepper B, Bourassa D, Bowker B, Zhuang H, Christensen K, Buhr RJ. Alternative slaughter procedures: on-farm slaughter and transport system for broilers. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103137. [PMID: 37866224 PMCID: PMC10598730 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper focuses on "alternative methods for initial broiler processing" and exploration of alternative processing including slaughter at the farm immediately after catching. On-farm slaughter and transport (FSaT) is envisioned as a mobile unit that stuns, slaughters, and shackles the broiler carcasses at the farm. A separate trailer-unit then transports the shackled broiler carcasses to the processing plant. Once at the processing plant carcasses are mechanically transferred into plant shackle lines and moved into processing. The hypothesis is that the FSaT approach will dramatically improve overall bird welfare and well-being by reducing live handling and eliminating live transport from the farm to the processing plant. In addition, ancillary impacts could include: improving yield efficiencies by eliminating dead on arrivals, potentially reducing water and energy consumption, reducing labor requirements at the processing plant with the elimination of live rehang, and offering an economically sustainable alternative. The FSaT approach represents a radical change from traditional processing, and its effects on poultry processing need to be evaluated. This paper presents results of experiments conducted at a commercial poultry processor to evaluate feather picking efficiency, carcass bacteriological loading, and meat quality for delayed processed carcasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Samoylov
- Georgia Tech Research Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - K Schwean-Lardner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - T G Crowe
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - W Daley
- Georgia Tech Research Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - A Giorges
- Georgia Tech Research Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - B Kiepper
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - D Bourassa
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - B Bowker
- USDA-ARS U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, USA
| | - H Zhuang
- USDA-ARS U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - R J Buhr
- USDA-ARS U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, USA
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Forlenza S, Bourassa D, Lyman M, Coughlin M. EXERCISE SCIENCE STUDENTS’ INTEREST IN WORKING WITH OLDER ADULT PATIENTS. Innov Aging 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igy023.2561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Morgan MT, Yang B, Harankhedkar S, Nabatilan A, Bourassa D, McCallum AM, Sun F, Wu R, Forest CR, Fahrni CJ. Stabilization of Aliphatic Phosphines by Auxiliary Phosphine Sulfides Offers Zeptomolar Affinity and Unprecedented Selectivity for Probing Biological Cu I. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:9711-9715. [PMID: 29885022 PMCID: PMC6105516 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Full elucidation of the functions and homeostatic pathways of biological copper requires tools that can selectively recognize and manipulate this trace nutrient within living cells and tissues, where it exists primarily as CuI . Buffered at attomolar concentrations, intracellular CuI is, however, not readily accessible to commonly employed amine and thioether-based chelators. Herein, we reveal a chelator design strategy in which phosphine sulfides aid in CuI coordination while simultaneously stabilizing aliphatic phosphine donors, producing a charge-neutral ligand with low-zeptomolar dissociation constant and 1017 -fold selectivity for CuI over ZnII , FeII , and MnII . As illustrated by reversing ATP7A trafficking in cells and blocking long-term potentiation of neurons in mouse hippocampal brain tissue, the ligand is capable of intercepting copper-dependent processes. The phosphine sulfide-stabilized phosphine (PSP) design approach, which confers resistance towards protonation, dioxygen, and disulfides, could be readily expanded towards ligands and probes with tailored properties for exploring CuI in a broad range of biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Thomas Morgan
- Prof. Dr. C.J. Fahrni, Prof. Dr. R. Wu, Dr. M.T. Morgan, Dr. S Harankhedkar, A. Nabatilan, Dr. D. Bourassa, Dr. A.M. McCallum, F. Sun School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA,
| | - Bo Yang
- Prof. Dr. C.R. Forest, Dr. B. Yang G. W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA,
| | - Shefali Harankhedkar
- Prof. Dr. C.J. Fahrni, Prof. Dr. R. Wu, Dr. M.T. Morgan, Dr. S Harankhedkar, A. Nabatilan, Dr. D. Bourassa, Dr. A.M. McCallum, F. Sun School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA,
| | - Arielle Nabatilan
- Prof. Dr. C.J. Fahrni, Prof. Dr. R. Wu, Dr. M.T. Morgan, Dr. S Harankhedkar, A. Nabatilan, Dr. D. Bourassa, Dr. A.M. McCallum, F. Sun School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA,
| | - Daisy Bourassa
- Prof. Dr. C.J. Fahrni, Prof. Dr. R. Wu, Dr. M.T. Morgan, Dr. S Harankhedkar, A. Nabatilan, Dr. D. Bourassa, Dr. A.M. McCallum, F. Sun School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA,
| | - Adam M. McCallum
- Prof. Dr. C.J. Fahrni, Prof. Dr. R. Wu, Dr. M.T. Morgan, Dr. S Harankhedkar, A. Nabatilan, Dr. D. Bourassa, Dr. A.M. McCallum, F. Sun School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA,
| | - Fangxu Sun
- Prof. Dr. C.J. Fahrni, Prof. Dr. R. Wu, Dr. M.T. Morgan, Dr. S Harankhedkar, A. Nabatilan, Dr. D. Bourassa, Dr. A.M. McCallum, F. Sun School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA,
| | - Ronghu Wu
- Prof. Dr. C.J. Fahrni, Prof. Dr. R. Wu, Dr. M.T. Morgan, Dr. S Harankhedkar, A. Nabatilan, Dr. D. Bourassa, Dr. A.M. McCallum, F. Sun School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA,
| | - Craig R. Forest
- Prof. Dr. C.R. Forest, Dr. B. Yang G. W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA,
| | - Christoph J. Fahrni
- Prof. Dr. C.J. Fahrni, Prof. Dr. R. Wu, Dr. M.T. Morgan, Dr. S Harankhedkar, A. Nabatilan, Dr. D. Bourassa, Dr. A.M. McCallum, F. Sun School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA,
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Morgan MT, Yang B, Harankhedkar S, Nabatilan A, Bourassa D, McCallum AM, Sun F, Wu R, Forest CR, Fahrni CJ. Stabilization of Aliphatic Phosphines by Auxiliary Phosphine Sulfides Offers Zeptomolar Affinity and Unprecedented Selectivity for Probing Biological Cu
I. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Thomas Morgan
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience Georgia Institute of Technology 901 Atlantic Drive Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Bo Yang
- G. W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology 315 Ferst Drive Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Shefali Harankhedkar
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience Georgia Institute of Technology 901 Atlantic Drive Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Arielle Nabatilan
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience Georgia Institute of Technology 901 Atlantic Drive Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Daisy Bourassa
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience Georgia Institute of Technology 901 Atlantic Drive Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Adam M. McCallum
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience Georgia Institute of Technology 901 Atlantic Drive Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Fangxu Sun
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience Georgia Institute of Technology 901 Atlantic Drive Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Ronghu Wu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience Georgia Institute of Technology 901 Atlantic Drive Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Craig R. Forest
- G. W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology 315 Ferst Drive Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Christoph J. Fahrni
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience Georgia Institute of Technology 901 Atlantic Drive Atlanta GA 30332 USA
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Bourassa D, Elitt CM, McCallum AM, Sumalekshmy S, McRae RL, Morgan MT, Siegel N, Perry JW, Rosenberg PA, Fahrni CJ. Chromis-1, a Ratiometric Fluorescent Probe Optimized for Two-Photon Microscopy Reveals Dynamic Changes in Labile Zn(II) in Differentiating Oligodendrocytes. ACS Sens 2018; 3:458-467. [PMID: 29431427 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the significant advantages of two-photon excitation microscopy (TPEM) over traditional confocal fluorescence microscopy in live-cell imaging applications, including reduced phototoxicity and photobleaching, increased depth penetration, and minimized autofluorescence, only a few metal ion-selective fluorescent probes have been designed and optimized specifically for this technique. Building upon a donor-acceptor fluorophore architecture, we developed a membrane-permeant, Zn(II)-selective fluorescent probe, chromis-1, that exhibits a balanced two-photon cross section between its free and Zn(II)-bound form and responds with a large spectral shift suitable for emission-ratiometric imaging. With a Kd of 1.5 nM and wide dynamic range, the probe is well suited for visualizing temporal changes in buffered Zn(II) levels in live cells as demonstrated with mouse fibroblast cell cultures. Moreover, given the importance of zinc in the physiology and pathophysiology of the brain, we employed chromis-1 to monitor cytoplasmic concentrations of labile Zn(II) in oligodendrocytes, an important cellular constituent of the brain, at different stages of development in cell culture. These studies revealed a decrease in probe saturation upon differentiation to mature oligodendrocytes, implying significant changes to cellular zinc homeostasis during maturation with an overall reduction in cellular zinc availability. Optimized for TPEM, chromis-1 is especially well-suited for exploring the role of labile zinc pools in live cells under a broad range of physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Bourassa
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioengineering
and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Christopher M. Elitt
- Department
of Neurology and Program in Neuroscience, Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Adam M. McCallum
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioengineering
and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - S. Sumalekshmy
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioengineering
and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Reagan L. McRae
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioengineering
and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - M. Thomas Morgan
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioengineering
and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Nisan Siegel
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioengineering
and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Joseph W. Perry
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioengineering
and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Paul A. Rosenberg
- Department
of Neurology and Program in Neuroscience, Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Christoph J. Fahrni
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioengineering
and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Bourassa D, Gleber SC, Vogt S, Shin CH, Fahrni CJ. MicroXRF tomographic visualization of zinc and iron in the zebrafish embryo at the onset of the hatching period. Metallomics 2017; 8:1122-1130. [PMID: 27531414 DOI: 10.1039/c6mt00073h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Transition metals such as zinc, copper, and iron play key roles in cellular proliferation, cell differentiation, growth, and development. Over the past decade, advances in synchrotron X-ray fluorescence instrumentation presented new opportunities for the three-dimensional mapping of trace metal distributions within intact specimens. Taking advantage of microXRF tomography, we visualized the 3D distribution of zinc and iron in a zebrafish embryo at the onset of the hatching period. The reconstructed volumetric data revealed distinct differences in the elemental distributions, with zinc predominantly localized to the yolk and yolk extension, and iron to various regions of the brain as well as the myotome extending along the dorsal side of the embryo. The data set complements an earlier tomographic study of an embryo at the pharyngula stage (24 hpf), thus offering new insights into the trace metal distribution at key stages of embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Bourassa
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | - Sophie-Charlotte Gleber
- Advanced Photon Source, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Stefan Vogt
- Advanced Photon Source, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Chong Hyun Shin
- School of Biological Sciences and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Christoph J Fahrni
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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Chen YC, Jablonski AE, Issaeva I, Bourassa D, Hsiang JC, Fahrni CJ, Dickson RM. Optically Modulated Photoswitchable Fluorescent Proteins Yield Improved Biological Imaging Sensitivity. Biophys J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.11.2631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Chen YC, Jablonski AE, Issaeva I, Bourassa D, Hsiang JC, Fahrni CJ, Dickson RM. Optically Modulated Photoswitchable Fluorescent Proteins Yield Improved Biological Imaging Sensitivity. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:12764-7. [PMID: 26402244 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b07871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Photoswitchable fluorescent proteins (PS-FPs) open grand new opportunities in biological imaging. Through optical manipulation of FP emission, we demonstrate that dual-laser modulated synchronously amplified fluorescence image recovery (DM-SAFIRe) improves signal contrast in high background through unambiguous demodulation and is linear in relative fluorophore abundance at different points in the cell. The unique bright-to-dark state interconversion rates of each PS-FP not only enables discrimination of different, yet spectrally indistinguishable FPs, but also allows signal rejection of diffusing relative to bound forms of the same PS-FP, rsFastLime. Adding to the sensitivity gains realized from rejecting non-modulatable background, the selective signal recovery of immobilized vs diffusing intracellular rsFastLime suggests that DM-SAFIRe can detect weak protein-protein interactions that are normally obscured by large fractions of unbound FPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Cheng Chen
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioscience and Bioengineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Amy E Jablonski
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioscience and Bioengineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Irina Issaeva
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioscience and Bioengineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Daisy Bourassa
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioscience and Bioengineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Jung-Cheng Hsiang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioscience and Bioengineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Christoph J Fahrni
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioscience and Bioengineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Robert M Dickson
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioscience and Bioengineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
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Bourassa D, Gleber SC, Vogt S, Yi H, Will F, Richter H, Shin CH, Fahrni CJ. 3D imaging of transition metals in the zebrafish embryo by X-ray fluorescence microtomography. Metallomics 2015; 6:1648-55. [PMID: 24992831 DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00121d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (SXRF) microtomography has emerged as a powerful technique for the 3D visualization of the elemental distribution in biological samples. The mechanical stability, both of the instrument and the specimen, is paramount when acquiring tomographic projection series. By combining the progressive lowering of temperature method (PLT) with femtosecond laser sectioning, we were able to embed, excise, and preserve a zebrafish embryo at 24 hours post fertilization in an X-ray compatible, transparent resin for tomographic elemental imaging. Based on a data set comprised of 60 projections, acquired with a step size of 2 μm during 100 hours of beam time, we reconstructed the 3D distribution of zinc, iron, and copper using the iterative maximum likelihood expectation maximization (MLEM) reconstruction algorithm. The volumetric elemental maps, which entail over 124 million individual voxels for each transition metal, revealed distinct elemental distributions that could be correlated with characteristic anatomical features at this stage of embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Bourassa
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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Abstract
It is well documented that the left hemisphere is specialized for the processing of alphabetic scripts. However, there have also been repeated suggestions that the right hemisphere is particularly proficient at reading logographs, despite scant empirical support for this proposition. In the present experiment subjects made an odd/even judgement to a single lateralized logograph (an Arabic numeral). The data suggest that the left and right hemispheres are equally efficient at extracting meaning from at least some simple, highly familiar logographs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bourassa
- Psychology Department, University of Waterloo, Ontario
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Bourassa D, Forget A, Pelletier M, Skamene E, Turcotte R. Cellular immune response to Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) in genetically-susceptible and resistant congenic mouse strains. Clin Exp Immunol 1985; 62:31-8. [PMID: 3905097 PMCID: PMC1577405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenic Bcgr (C.D2, resistant) and Bcgs (BALB/c, susceptible) mice were infected intravenously with Mycobacterium bovis (BCG, strain Montreal) in order to establish the relationship between different indicators of the cell-mediated immune response and the bacterial load attained in the host. There was a correlation between the bacterial burden and the splenomegaly response, granuloma formation in the liver and cross-protection against an heterologous pathogen (Listeria monocytogenes) in Bcgr and Bcgs mice. No relationship was found between bacterial load or granuloma formation and the development of specific acquired protection against an homologous organism (BCG or M. tuberculosis, H37Rv) as assessed by the level of resistance attained in BCG-primed mice challenged with virulent H37Rv or by the adoptive immunity conferred by BCG-primed spleen cells transferred to naïve irradiated recipients challenged with BCG.
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Pelletier M, Forget A, Bourassa D, Skamene E. Histological and immunopathological studies of delayed hypersensitivity reaction to tuberculin in mice. Infect Immun 1984; 46:873-5. [PMID: 6500718 PMCID: PMC261632 DOI: 10.1128/iai.46.3.873-875.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
At 4 to 6 weeks after intravenous infection with 2 X 10(4) CFU of dispersed Mycobacterium bovis bacilli (BCG), C3H/HeNCrIBR and C57BL/6NCrIBR mice exhibited a strong reaction to purified protein derivatives, as evaluated by the increase in footpad swelling at both 24 and 48 h after local antigenic challenge. However, histological studies of the footpad skin demonstrated a prominent perivascular infiltration with polymorphonuclear cells at 6 and 24 h after purified protein derivative challenge, whereas mononuclear cells represented the majority of infiltrating cells only at 48 h. An immunopathological study of the footpad skin showed granular deposits of immunoglobulins and complement in vascular walls and perivascular tissues at 6 and 24 h. These results demonstrate that the footpad swelling observed 24 h after the antigenic challenge is caused by an Arthus-type reaction, whereas that caused by cell-mediated immunity appears at 48 h. Hence, delayed hypersensitivity must be evaluated at 48 and not 24 h after challenge.
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Pelletier M, Forget A, Bourassa D, Gros P, Skamene E. Immunopathology of BCG infection in genetically resistant and susceptible mouse strains. J Immunol 1982; 129:2179-85. [PMID: 6749986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Natural resistance to Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) is under the control of a single gene, designated Bcg. Resistant (Bcgr) mice prevent multiplication of an i.v. injected inoculum of congruent to 10(4) dispersed BCG cells, whereas progressive multiplication of this pathogen occurs in the first 3 wk of infection in spleens and livers of susceptible (Bcgs) mice. Striking differences in the development of cellular immunity, as measured by granuloma formation in the liver and spleen, delayed-typed hypersensitivity, and a resistance to the challenge with homologous (BCG) and heterologous (Listeria monocytogenes) pathogens, were detected between Bcgr (C3H/HeN and A/J) and Bcgs (C57BL/6J and B10.A) strains. Cellular immune reactions progressively developed in the Bcgs mice, as a response to the increasing bacterial load, whereas greatly inferior levels of acquired immunity were observed in Bcgr strains. These findings support the concept that mice genetically resistant to BCG infection are able to prevent bacterial multiplication without the need for a cellular immune response, whereas genetically susceptible mice will eventually control bacterial multiplication with the acquisition of cellular immunity.
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Pelletier M, Forget A, Bourassa D, Gros P, Skamene E. Immunopathology of BCG infection in genetically resistant and susceptible mouse strains. The Journal of Immunology 1982. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.129.5.2179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Natural resistance to Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) is under the control of a single gene, designated Bcg. Resistant (Bcgr) mice prevent multiplication of an i.v. injected inoculum of congruent to 10(4) dispersed BCG cells, whereas progressive multiplication of this pathogen occurs in the first 3 wk of infection in spleens and livers of susceptible (Bcgs) mice. Striking differences in the development of cellular immunity, as measured by granuloma formation in the liver and spleen, delayed-typed hypersensitivity, and a resistance to the challenge with homologous (BCG) and heterologous (Listeria monocytogenes) pathogens, were detected between Bcgr (C3H/HeN and A/J) and Bcgs (C57BL/6J and B10.A) strains. Cellular immune reactions progressively developed in the Bcgs mice, as a response to the increasing bacterial load, whereas greatly inferior levels of acquired immunity were observed in Bcgr strains. These findings support the concept that mice genetically resistant to BCG infection are able to prevent bacterial multiplication without the need for a cellular immune response, whereas genetically susceptible mice will eventually control bacterial multiplication with the acquisition of cellular immunity.
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Abstract
Three groups of rats were fed, respectively, a chemically defined diet intragastrically (IG), an equivalent diet intravenously (IV) and solid food orally (CH) for 8 days, and their small intestines and colons compared. All received equal calories. The small intestine was divided into equal proximal (A), middle (B), and distal (C) segments for measurements. Mucosal weight per cm in segments A and B of IG were, respectively, 65 and 38% higher than in IV (P less than 0.01), but 27 and 33% lower than in CH (P less than 0.01). However, in the distal segment, C, mucosal weight in IG was similar to IV and CH was 79% higher (P less than 0.01). DNA and protein followed the same pattern. Segment A sucrase activities were similar in CH and IG and were much higher than in IV (P less than 0.01). Sucrase in IG dropped very rapidly distally so that it became much lower than in CH (P less than 0.05) and similar to IV. Mucosal weight, DNA, and protein in the colon were not significantly different in IG and IV, which were both significantly lower than in CH (P less than 0.01). The results indicate that a chemically defined diet maintains intestinal mass well in the proximal small intestine, but the effect diminishes rapidly in a distal direction so that distal small intestine and colon become atrophied and similar to those in intravenous feeding.
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