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Li J, Xie F, Ma X. Advances in nanomedicines: a promising therapeutic strategy for ischemic cerebral stroke treatment. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2024; 19:811-835. [PMID: 38445614 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2023-0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, prevalent among the elderly, necessitates attention to reperfusion injury post treatment. Limited drug access to the brain, owing to the blood-brain barrier, restricts clinical applications. Identifying efficient drug carriers capable of penetrating this barrier is crucial. Blood-brain barrier transporters play a vital role in nutrient transport to the brain. Recently, nanoparticles emerged as drug carriers, enhancing drug permeability via surface-modified ligands. This article introduces the blood-brain barrier structure, elucidates reperfusion injury pathogenesis, compiles ischemic stroke treatment drugs, explores nanomaterials for drug encapsulation and emphasizes their advantages over conventional drugs. Utilizing nanoparticles as drug-delivery systems offers targeting and efficiency benefits absent in traditional drugs. The prospects for nanomedicine in stroke treatment are promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Faculty of Environment & Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, PR China
- Beijing Molecular Hydrogen Research Center, Beijing, 100124, PR China
| | - Fei Xie
- Faculty of Environment & Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, PR China
- Beijing Molecular Hydrogen Research Center, Beijing, 100124, PR China
| | - Xuemei Ma
- Faculty of Environment & Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, PR China
- Beijing Molecular Hydrogen Research Center, Beijing, 100124, PR China
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Chen KS, Noureldein MH, McGinley LM, Hayes JM, Rigan DM, Kwentus JF, Mason SN, Mendelson FE, Savelieff MG, Feldman EL. Human neural stem cells restore spatial memory in a transgenic Alzheimer's disease mouse model by an immunomodulating mechanism. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1306004. [PMID: 38155736 PMCID: PMC10753006 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1306004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Stem cells are a promising therapeutic in Alzheimer's disease (AD) given the complex pathophysiologic pathways involved. However, the therapeutic mechanisms of stem cells remain unclear. Here, we used spatial transcriptomics to elucidate therapeutic mechanisms of human neural stem cells (hNSCs) in an animal model of AD. Methods hNSCs were transplanted into the fimbria fornix of the hippocampus using the 5XFAD mouse model. Spatial memory was assessed by Morris water maze. Amyloid plaque burden was quantified. Spatial transcriptomics was performed and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified both globally and within the hippocampus. Subsequent pathway enrichment and ligand-receptor network analysis was performed. Results hNSC transplantation restored learning curves of 5XFAD mice. However, there were no changes in amyloid plaque burden. Spatial transcriptomics showed 1,061 DEGs normalized in hippocampal subregions. Plaque induced genes in microglia, along with populations of stage 1 and stage 2 disease associated microglia (DAM), were normalized upon hNSC transplantation. Pathologic signaling between hippocampus and DAM was also restored. Discussion hNSCs normalized many dysregulated genes, although this was not mediated by a change in amyloid plaque levels. Rather, hNSCs appear to exert beneficial effects in part by modulating microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and signaling in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S. Chen
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Mohamed H. Noureldein
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Lisa M. McGinley
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - John M. Hayes
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Diana M. Rigan
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jacquelin F. Kwentus
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Shayna N. Mason
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Faye E. Mendelson
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Masha G. Savelieff
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Eva L. Feldman
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Chen KS, Noureldein MH, McGinley LM, Hayes JM, Rigan DM, Kwentus JF, Mason SN, Mendelson FE, Savelieffd MG, Feldman EL. Human neural stem cells restore spatial memory in a transgenic Alzheimer's disease mouse model by an immunomodulating mechanism. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.01.565161. [PMID: 37961246 PMCID: PMC10635057 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.01.565161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stem cells are a promising therapeutic in Alzheimer's disease (AD) given the complex pathophysiologic pathways involved. However, the therapeutic mechanisms of stem cells remain unclear. Here, we used spatial transcriptomics to elucidate therapeutic mechanisms of human neural stem cells (hNSCs) in an animal model of AD. METHODS hNSCs were transplanted into the fimbria fornix of the hippocampus using the 5XFAD mouse model. Spatial memory was assessed by Morris water maze. Amyloid plaque burden was quantified. Spatial transcriptomics was performed and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified both globally and within the hippocampus. Subsequent pathway enrichment and ligand-receptor network analysis was performed. RESULTS hNSC transplantation restored learning curves of 5XFAD mice. However, there were no changes in amyloid plaque burden. Spatial transcriptomics showed 1061 DEGs normalized in hippocampal subregions. Plaque induced genes in microglia, along with populations of stage 1 and stage 2 disease associated microglia (DAM), were normalized upon hNSC transplantation. Pathologic signaling between hippocampus and DAM was also restored. DISCUSSION hNSCs normalized many dysregulated genes, although this was not mediated by a change in amyloid plaque levels. Rather, hNSCs appear to exert beneficial effects in part by modulating microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and signaling in AD.
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Amodeo G, Franchi S, D’Agnelli S, Galimberti G, Baciarello M, Bignami EG, Sacerdote P. Supraspinal neuroinflammation and anxio-depressive-like behaviors in young- and older- adult mice with osteoarthritis pain: the effect of morphine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:2131-2146. [PMID: 37530884 PMCID: PMC10506934 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06436-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Asteoarthritis (OA) is a leading cause of chronic pain in the elderly population and is often associated with emotional comorbidities such as anxiety and depression. Despite age is a risk factor for both OA and mood disorders, preclinical studies are mainly conducted in young adult animals. OBJECTIVES Here, using young adult (11-week-old) and older adult (20-month-old) mice, we evaluate in a monosodium-iodoacetate-(MIA)-induced OA model the development of anxio-depressive-like behaviors and whether brain neuroinflammation may underlie the observed changes. We also test whether an effective pain treatment may prevent behavioral and biochemical alterations. METHODS Mechanical allodynia was monitored throughout the experimental protocol, while at the end of protocol (14 days), anxio-depressive-like behaviors and cognitive dysfunction were assessed. Neuroinflammatory condition was evaluated in prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus. Serum IFNγ levels were also measured. Moreover, we test the efficacy of a 1-week treatment with morphine (2.5 mg/kg) on pain, mood alterations and neuroinflammation. RESULTS We observed that young adult and older adult controls (CTRs) mice had comparable allodynic thresholds and developed similar allodynia after MIA injection. Older adult CTRs were characterized by altered behavior in the tests used to assess the presence of depression and cognitive impairment and by elevated neuroinflammatory markers in brain areas compared to younger ones. The presence of pain induced depressive-like behavior and neuroinflammation in adult young mice, anxiety-like behavior in both age groups and worsened neuroinflammation in older adult mice. Morphine treatment counteracted pain, anxio-depressive behaviors and neuroinflammatory activation in both young adult and older adult mice. CONCLUSIONS Here, we demonstrated that the presence of chronic pain in young adult mice induces mood alterations and supraspinal biochemical changes and aggravates the alterations already evident in older adult animals. A treatment with morphine, counteracting the pain, prevents the development of anxio-depressive disorders and reduces neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Amodeo
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Farmacologiche E Biomolecolari, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Franchi
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Farmacologiche E Biomolecolari, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Simona D’Agnelli
- Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine Division, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Giulia Galimberti
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Farmacologiche E Biomolecolari, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Baciarello
- Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine Division, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Elena Giovanna Bignami
- Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine Division, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Paola Sacerdote
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Farmacologiche E Biomolecolari, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
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MMP-9 as Prognostic Marker for Brain Tumours: A Comparative Study on Serum-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030712. [PMID: 36765669 PMCID: PMC9913777 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) degrades the extracellular matrix, contributes to tumour cell invasion and metastasis, and its elevated level in brain tumour tissues indicates poor prognosis. High-risk tissue biopsy can be replaced by liquid biopsy; however, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) prevents tumour-associated components from entering the peripheral blood, making the development of blood-based biomarkers challenging. Therefore, we examined the MMP-9 content of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs)-which can cross the BBB and are stable in body fluids-to characterise tumours with different invasion capacity. From four patient groups (glioblastoma multiforme, brain metastases of lung cancer, meningioma, and lumbar disc herniation as controls), 222 serum-derived sEV samples were evaluated. After isolating and characterising sEVs, their MMP-9 content was measured by ELISA and assessed statistically (correlation, paired t-test, Welch's test, ANOVA, ROC). We found that the MMP-9 content of sEVs is independent of gender and age, but is affected by surgical intervention, treatment, and recurrence. We found a relation between low MMP-9 level in sEVs (<28 ppm) and improved survival (8-month advantage) of glioblastoma patients, and MMP-9 levels showed a positive correlation with aggressiveness. These findings suggest that vesicular MMP-9 level might be a useful prognostic marker for brain tumours.
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Investigation of early molecular alterations in tauopathy with generative adversarial networks. Sci Rep 2023; 13:732. [PMID: 36639689 PMCID: PMC9839697 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28081-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent advances in deep learning-based approaches hold great promise for unravelling biological mechanisms, discovering biomarkers, and predicting gene function. Here, we deployed a deep generative model for simulating the molecular progression of tauopathy and dissecting its early features. We applied generative adversarial networks (GANs) for bulk RNA-seq analysis in a mouse model of tauopathy (TPR50-P301S). The union set of differentially expressed genes from four comparisons (two phenotypes with two time points) was used as input training data. We devised four-way transition curves for a virtual simulation of disease progression, clustered and grouped the curves by patterns, and identified eight distinct pattern groups showing different biological features from Gene Ontology enrichment analyses. Genes that were upregulated in early tauopathy were associated with vasculature development, and these changes preceded immune responses. We confirmed significant disease-associated differences in the public human data for the genes of the different pattern groups. Validation with weighted gene co-expression network analysis suggested that our GAN-based approach can be used to detect distinct patterns of early molecular changes during disease progression, which may be extremely difficult in in vivo experiments. The generative model is a valid systematic approach for exploring the sequential cascades of mechanisms and targeting early molecular events related to dementia.
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Immunosenescence and Aging: Neuroinflammation Is a Prominent Feature of Alzheimer's Disease and Is a Likely Contributor to Neurodegenerative Disease Pathogenesis. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12111817. [PMID: 36579548 PMCID: PMC9698256 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12111817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic multifactorial and complex neuro-degenerative disorder characterized by memory impairment and the loss of cognitive ability, which is a problem affecting the elderly. The pathological intracellular accumulation of abnormally phosphorylated Tau proteins, forming neurofibrillary tangles, and extracellular amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposition, forming senile plaques, as well as neural disconnection, neural death and synaptic dysfunction in the brain, are hallmark pathologies that characterize AD. The prevalence of the disease continues to increase globally due to the increase in longevity, quality of life, and medical treatment for chronic diseases that decreases the mortality and enhance the survival of elderly. Medical awareness and the accurate diagnosis of the disease also contribute to the high prevalence observed globally. Unfortunately, no definitive treatment exists that can be used to modify the course of AD, and no available treatment is capable of mitigating the cognitive decline or reversing the pathology of the disease as of yet. A plethora of hypotheses, ranging from the cholinergic theory and dominant Aβ cascade hypothesis to the abnormally excessive phosphorylated Tau protein hypothesis, have been reported. Various explanations for the pathogenesis of AD, such as the abnormal excitation of the glutamate system and mitochondrial dysfunction, have also been suggested. Despite the continuous efforts to deliver significant benefits and an effective treatment for this distressing, globally attested aging illness, multipronged approaches and strategies for ameliorating the disease course based on knowledge of the underpinnings of the pathogenesis of AD are urgently needed. Immunosenescence is an immune deficit process that appears with age (inflammaging process) and encompasses the remodeling of the lymphoid organs, leading to alterations in the immune function and neuroinflammation during advanced aging, which is closely linked to the outgrowth of infections, autoimmune diseases, and malignant cancers. It is well known that long-standing inflammation negatively influences the brain over the course of a lifetime due to the senescence of the immune system. Herein, we aim to trace the role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of AD. Thus, we explore alternative avenues, such as neuroimmune involvement in the pathogenesis of AD. We determine the initial triggers of neuroinflammation, which is an early episode in the pre-symptomatic stages of AD and contributes to the advancement of the disease, and the underlying key mechanisms of brain damage that might aid in the development of therapeutic strategies that can be used to combat this devastating disease. In addition, we aim to outline the ways in which different aspects of the immune system, both in the brain and peripherally, behave and thus to contribute to AD.
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Sahin B, Ergul M. Captopril exhibits protective effects through anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic pathways against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in C6 glioma cells. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:1221-1230. [PMID: 35286533 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-00948-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have reduced oxidative damage in the central nervous system (CNS). Accumulating evidence have also demonstrated that captopril, an ACE inhibitor, has protective effects on the CNS. However, its effects on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative damage in glial cells and interaction with the inflammatory system are still uncertain. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the protective effect of captopril on glial cell damage after H2O2-induced oxidative stress involved in the inflammatory and apoptotic pathways. The control group was without any treatment, and the H2O2 group was treated with 0.5 mM H2O2 for 24 h. The captopril group was treated with various concentrations of captopril for 24 h. The captopril + H2O2 group was pre-treated with captopril for 1 h and then exposed to 0.5 mM H2O2 for 24 h. In the captopril + H2O2 group, captopril at all concentrations significantly increased the cell viability in C6 cells. It also significantly increased the TAS and decreased the TOS levels which are an indicator of oxidative stress. Moreover, captopril significantly reduced the inflammation markers including NF-kB, IL-1 β, COX-1, and COX-2 levels. Flow cytometry results also exhibited that captopril pretreatment significantly decreased the apoptosis rate. Besides, captopril significantly reduced apoptotic Bax and raised anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein levels. In conclusion, captopril has protective effects on C6 cells after H2O2-induced oxidative damage by inhibiting oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. However, further studies need to be conducted to evaluate the potential of captopril as a neuroprotective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Sahin
- Departments of Physiology, School of Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, TR-58140, Sivas, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Ergul
- Departments of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, TR-58140, Turkey
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Wei S, Liu W, Xu M, Qin H, Liu C, Zhang R, Zhou S, Li E, Liu Z, Wang Q. Cathepsin F and Fibulin-1 as novel diagnostic biomarkers for brain metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer. Br J Cancer 2022; 126:1795-1805. [PMID: 35217799 PMCID: PMC9174239 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01744-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The lack of non-invasive methods for detection of early micro-metastasis is a major cause of the poor prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) brain metastasis (BM) patients. Herein, we aimed to identify circulating biomarkers based on proteomics for the early diagnosis and monitoring of patients with NSCLC BM. Methods Upregulated proteins were detected by secretory proteomics in the animal-derived high brain metastatic lung cancer cell line. A well-designed study composed of three independent cohorts was then performed to verify these blood-based protein biomarkers: the serum discovery and verification cohorts (n = 80; n = 459), and the tissue verification cohort (n = 76). Logistic regression was used to develop a diagnostic biomarker panel. Model validation cohort (n = 160) was used to verify the stability of the constructed predictive model. Changes in serum Cathepsin F (CTSF) levels of patients were tracked to monitor the treatment response. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were analysed to assess their prognostic relevance. Results CTSF and Fibulin-1 (FBLN1) levels were specifically upregulated in sera and tissues of patients with NSCLC BM compared with NSCLC without BM and primary brain tumour. The combined diagnostic performance of CTSF and FBLN1 was superior to their individual ones. CTSF serum changes were found to reflect the therapeutic response of patients with NSCLC BM and the trends of progression were detected earlier than the magnetic resonance imaging changes. Elevated expression of CTSF in NSCLC BM tissues was associated with poor PFS, and was found to be an independent prognostic factor. Conclusions We report a novel blood-based biomarker panel for early diagnosis, monitoring of therapeutic response, and prognostic evaluation of patients with NSCLC BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Wei
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Department of Oncology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- Cancer Translational Medicine Research Center, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Mingxin Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Huamin Qin
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Sihai Zhou
- Department of Urology Surgery, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Encheng Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Zhiyu Liu
- Department of Urology Surgery, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China. .,Cancer Translational Medicine Research Center, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
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Sood A, Preeti K, Fernandes V, Khatri DK, Singh SB. Glia: A major player in glutamate-GABA dysregulation-mediated neurodegeneration. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:3148-3189. [PMID: 34748682 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The imbalance between glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) results in the loss of synaptic strength leading to neurodegeneration. The dogma on the field considered neurons as the main players in this excitation-inhibition (E/I) balance. However, current strategies focusing only on neurons have failed to completely understand this condition, bringing up the importance of glia as an alternative modulator for neuroinflammation as glia alter the activity of neurons and is a source of both neurotrophic and neurotoxic factors. This review's primary goal is to illustrate the role of glia over E/I balance in the central nervous system and its interaction with neurons. Rather than focusing only on the neuronal targets, we take a deeper look at glial receptors and proteins that could also be explored as drug targets, as they are early responders to neurotoxic insults. This review summarizes the neuron-glia interaction concerning GABA and glutamate, possible targets, and its involvement in the E/I imbalance in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Sood
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Kumari Preeti
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Valencia Fernandes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
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Positron emission tomography in multiple sclerosis - straight to the target. Nat Rev Neurol 2021; 17:663-675. [PMID: 34545219 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-021-00537-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Following the impressive progress in the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS), the major challenge ahead is the development of treatments to prevent or delay the irreversible accumulation of clinical disability in progressive forms of the disease. The substrate of clinical progression is neuro-axonal degeneration, and a deep understanding of the mechanisms that underlie this process is a precondition for the development of therapies for progressive MS. PET imaging involves the use of radiolabelled compounds that bind to specific cellular and metabolic targets, thereby enabling direct in vivo measurement of several pathological processes. This approach can provide key insights into the clinical relevance of these processes and their chronological sequence during the disease course. In this Review, we focus on the contribution that PET is making to our understanding of extraneuronal and intraneuronal mechanisms that are involved in the pathogenesis of irreversible neuro-axonal damage in MS. We consider the major challenges with the use of PET in MS and the steps necessary to realize clinical benefits of the technique. In addition, we discuss the potential of emerging PET tracers and future applications of existing compounds to facilitate the identification of effective neuroprotective treatments for patients with MS.
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Ergül M, Taşkıran AŞ. Thiamine Protects Glioblastoma Cells against Glutamate Toxicity by Suppressing Oxidative/Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2021; 69:832-839. [PMID: 34470947 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c21-00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Thiamine (vitamin B1), which is synthesized only in bacteria, fungi and plants and which humans should take with diet, participates in basic biochemical and physiological processes in a versatile way and its deficiency is associated with neurological problems accompanied by cognitive dysfunctions. The rat glioblastoma (C6) model was used, which was exposed to a limited environment and toxicity with glutamate. The cells were stressed by exposure to glutamate in the presence and absence of thiamine. The difference in cell proliferation was evaluated in the XTT assay. Oxidative stress (OS) markers malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) levels, as well as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78), activating transcription factor-4 (ATF-4), and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) levels, were measured with commercial kits. Apoptosis determined by flow cytometry was confirmed by 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining. At all concentrations, thiamine protects the cells and increased the viability against glutamate-induced toxicity. Thiamine also significantly decreased the levels of MDA, while increasing SOD and CAT levels. Moreover, thiamine reduced ER stress proteins' levels. Moreover, it lessened the apoptotic cell amount and enhanced the live-cell percentage in the flow cytometry and DAPI staining. As a result, thiamine may be beneficial nutritional support for individuals with a predisposition to neurodegenerative disorders due to its protective effect on glutamate cytotoxicity in glioblastoma cells by suppressing OS and ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Ergül
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sivas Cumhuriyet University
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Korai SA, Sepe G, Luongo L, Cragnolini AB, Cirillo G. Editorial: Glial Cells, Maladaptive Plasticity, and Neurodegeneration: Mechanisms, Targeted Therapies, and Future Directions. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:682524. [PMID: 33994952 PMCID: PMC8119640 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.682524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sohaib Ali Korai
- Division of Human Anatomy - Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Sepe
- Division of Human Anatomy - Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Livio Luongo
- Division of Pharmacology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.,IRCSS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Andrea Beatriz Cragnolini
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Giovanni Cirillo
- Division of Human Anatomy - Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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14
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Raman Spectral Signatures of Serum-Derived Extracellular Vesicle-Enriched Isolates May Support the Diagnosis of CNS Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061407. [PMID: 33808766 PMCID: PMC8003579 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigating the molecular composition of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) for tumor diagnostic purposes is becoming increasingly popular, especially for diseases for which diagnosis is challenging, such as central nervous system (CNS) malignancies. Thorough examination of the molecular content of sEVs by Raman spectroscopy is a promising but hitherto barely explored approach for these tumor types. We attempt to reveal the potential role of serum-derived sEVs in diagnosing CNS tumors through Raman spectroscopic analyses using a relevant number of clinical samples. A total of 138 serum samples were obtained from four patient groups (glioblastoma multiforme, non-small-cell lung cancer brain metastasis, meningioma and lumbar disc herniation as control). After isolation, characterization and Raman spectroscopic assessment of sEVs, the Principal Component Analysis-Support Vector Machine (PCA-SVM) algorithm was performed on the Raman spectra for pairwise classifications. Classification accuracy (CA), sensitivity, specificity and the Area Under the Curve (AUC) value derived from Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analyses were used to evaluate the performance of classification. The groups compared were distinguishable with 82.9-92.5% CA, 80-95% sensitivity and 80-90% specificity. AUC scores in the range of 0.82-0.9 suggest excellent and outstanding classification performance. Our results support that Raman spectroscopic analysis of sEV-enriched isolates from serum is a promising method that could be further developed in order to be applicable in the diagnosis of CNS tumors.
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15
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Lee YR, Kim SH, Ben-Mahmoud A, Kim OH, Choi TI, Lee KH, Ku B, Eum J, Kee Y, Lee S, Cha J, Won D, Lee ST, Choi JR, Lee JS, Kim HD, Kim HG, Bonkowsky JL, Kang HC, Kim CH. Eif2b3 mutants recapitulate phenotypes of vanishing white matter disease and validate novel disease alleles in zebrafish. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:331-342. [PMID: 33517449 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukodystrophy with vanishing white matter (VWM), also called Childhood Ataxia with Central Nervous System Hypomyelination, is caused by mutations in the subunits of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor, EIF2B1, EIF2B2, EIF2B3, EIF2B4 or EIF2B5. However, little is known regarding the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms, and there is no curative treatment for VWM. In this study, we established the first EIF2B3 animal model for VWM disease in vertebrates by CRISPR mutagenesis of the highly conserved zebrafish ortholog eif2b3. Using CRISPR, we generated two mutant alleles in zebrafish eif2b3, 10- and 16-bp deletions, respectively. The eif2b3 mutants showed defects in myelin development and glial cell differentiation, and increased expression of genes in the induced stress response pathway. Interestingly, we also found ectopic angiogenesis and increased VEGF expression. Ectopic angiogenesis in the eif2b3 mutants was reduced by the administration of VEGF receptor inhibitor SU5416. Using the eif2b3 mutant zebrafish model together with in silico protein modeling analysis, we demonstrated the pathogenicity of 18 reported mutations in EIF2B3, as well as of a novel variant identified in a 19-month-old female patient: c.503 T > C (p.Leu168Pro). In summary, our zebrafish mutant model of eif2b3 provides novel insights into VWM pathogenesis and offers rapid functional analysis of human EIF2B3 gene variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ri Lee
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Se Hee Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Pediatric Epilepsy Clinic, Epilepsy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Afif Ben-Mahmoud
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Oc-Hee Kim
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Tae-Ik Choi
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kang-Han Lee
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Bonsu Ku
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Juneyong Eum
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Yun Kee
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Sangkyu Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jihoon Cha
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiological Science, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - DongJu Won
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Tae Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Rak Choi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon Soo Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Pediatric Epilepsy Clinic, Epilepsy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heung Dong Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Pediatric Epilepsy Clinic, Epilepsy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung-Goo Kim
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Joshua L Bonkowsky
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine and Brain and Spine Center, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Hoon-Chul Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Pediatric Epilepsy Clinic, Epilepsy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheol-Hee Kim
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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16
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Applications of Hybrid PET/Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Central Nervous System Disorders. PET Clin 2020; 15:497-508. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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17
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Stoyanov S, Sun W, Düsedau HP, Cangalaya C, Choi I, Mirzapourdelavar H, Baidoe-Ansah D, Kaushik R, Neumann J, Dunay IR, Dityatev A. Attenuation of the extracellular matrix restores microglial activity during the early stage of amyloidosis. Glia 2020; 69:182-200. [PMID: 32865286 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the advanced stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD), microglia are transformed to an activated phenotype with thickened and retracted processes, migrate to the site of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques, and proliferate. In the early stages of AD, it is still poorly understood whether the microglial function is altered and which factors may regulate these changes. Here, we focused on studying microglia in the retrosplenial cortex (RSC) in 3- to 4-month-old 5xFAD mice as a transgenic mouse model of AD. At this age, there are neither Aβ plaques, nor activation of microglia, nor dysregulation in the expression of genes encoding major extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules or extracellular proteases in the RSC. Still, histochemical evaluation of the fine structure of neural ECM revealed increased levels of Wisteria floribunda agglutinin labeling in holes of perineuronal nets and changes in the perimeter of ECM barriers around the holes in 5xFAD mice. Two-photon vital microscopy demonstrated normal morphology and resting motility of microglia but strongly diminished number of microglial cells that migrated to the photolesion site in 5xFAD mice. Enzymatic digestion of ECM by chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) ameliorated this defect. Accordingly, the characterization of cell surface markers by flow cytometry demonstrated altered expression of microglial CD45. Moreover, ChABC treatment reduced the invasion of myeloid-derived mononuclear cells into the RSC of 5xFAD mice. Hence, the migration of both microglia and myeloid cells is altered during the early stages of amyloidosis and can be restored at least partially by the attenuation of the ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stoyan Stoyanov
- Molecular Neuroplasticity, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Weilun Sun
- Molecular Neuroplasticity, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Henning Peter Düsedau
- Institute of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Carla Cangalaya
- Molecular Neuroplasticity, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ilseob Choi
- Molecular Neuroplasticity, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hadi Mirzapourdelavar
- Molecular Neuroplasticity, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - David Baidoe-Ansah
- Molecular Neuroplasticity, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Rahul Kaushik
- Molecular Neuroplasticity, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jens Neumann
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ildiko Rita Dunay
- Institute of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Dityatev
- Molecular Neuroplasticity, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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18
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Dobra G, Bukva M, Szabo Z, Bruszel B, Harmati M, Gyukity-Sebestyen E, Jenei A, Szucs M, Horvath P, Biro T, Klekner A, Buzas K. Small Extracellular Vesicles Isolated from Serum May Serve as Signal-Enhancers for the Monitoring of CNS Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155359. [PMID: 32731530 PMCID: PMC7432723 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid biopsy-based methods to test biomarkers (e.g., serum proteins and extracellular vesicles) may help to monitor brain tumors. In this proteomics-based study, we aimed to identify a characteristic protein fingerprint associated with central nervous system (CNS) tumors. Overall, 96 human serum samples were obtained from four patient groups, namely glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), non-small-cell lung cancer brain metastasis (BM), meningioma (M) and lumbar disc hernia patients (CTRL). After the isolation and characterization of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), liquid chromatography -mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was performed on two different sample types (whole serum and serum sEVs). Statistical analyses (ratio, Cohen's d, receiver operating characteristic; ROC) were carried out to compare patient groups. To recognize differences between the two sample types, pairwise comparisons (Welch's test) and ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) were performed. According to our knowledge, this is the first study that compares the proteome of whole serum and serum-derived sEVs. From the 311 proteins identified, 10 whole serum proteins and 17 sEV proteins showed the highest intergroup differences. Sixty-five proteins were significantly enriched in sEV samples, while 129 proteins were significantly depleted compared to whole serum. Based on principal component analysis (PCA) analyses, sEVs are more suitable to discriminate between the patient groups. Our results support that sEVs have greater potential to monitor CNS tumors, than whole serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Dobra
- Laboratory of Microscopic Image Analysis and Machine Learning, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (G.D.); (M.B.); (M.H.); (E.G.-S.); (P.H.)
- Department of Medical Genetics, Doctoral School of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Matyas Bukva
- Laboratory of Microscopic Image Analysis and Machine Learning, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (G.D.); (M.B.); (M.H.); (E.G.-S.); (P.H.)
- Department of Medical Genetics, Doctoral School of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Szabo
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (Z.S.); (B.B.)
| | - Bella Bruszel
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (Z.S.); (B.B.)
| | - Maria Harmati
- Laboratory of Microscopic Image Analysis and Machine Learning, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (G.D.); (M.B.); (M.H.); (E.G.-S.); (P.H.)
| | - Edina Gyukity-Sebestyen
- Laboratory of Microscopic Image Analysis and Machine Learning, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (G.D.); (M.B.); (M.H.); (E.G.-S.); (P.H.)
| | - Adrienn Jenei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Centre, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.J.); (A.K.)
| | - Monika Szucs
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary;
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Peter Horvath
- Laboratory of Microscopic Image Analysis and Machine Learning, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (G.D.); (M.B.); (M.H.); (E.G.-S.); (P.H.)
| | - Tamas Biro
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Almos Klekner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Centre, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.J.); (A.K.)
| | - Krisztina Buzas
- Laboratory of Microscopic Image Analysis and Machine Learning, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (G.D.); (M.B.); (M.H.); (E.G.-S.); (P.H.)
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-62-432-340
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19
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Cavaliere C, Tramontano L, Fiorenza D, Alfano V, Aiello M, Salvatore M. Gliosis and Neurodegenerative Diseases: The Role of PET and MR Imaging. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:75. [PMID: 32327973 PMCID: PMC7161920 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial activation characterizes most neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases, often anticipating clinical manifestations and macroscopical brain alterations. Although imaging techniques have improved diagnostic accuracy in many neurological conditions, often supporting diagnosis, prognosis prediction and treatment outcome, very few molecular imaging probes, specifically focused on microglial and astrocytic activation, have been translated to a clinical setting. In this context, hybrid positron emission tomography (PET)/magnetic resonance (MR) scanners represent the most advanced tool for molecular imaging, combining the functional specificity of PET radiotracers (e.g., targeting metabolism, hypoxia, and inflammation) to both high-resolution and multiparametric information derived by MR in a single imaging acquisition session. This simultaneity of findings achievable by PET/MR, if useful for reciprocal technical adjustments regarding temporal and spatial cross-modal alignment/synchronization, opens still debated issues about its clinical value in neurological patients, possibly incompliant and highly variable from a clinical point of view. While several preclinical and clinical studies have investigated the sensitivity of PET tracers to track microglial (mainly TSPO ligands) and astrocytic (mainly MAOB ligands) activation, less studies have focused on MR specificity to this topic (e.g., through the assessment of diffusion properties and T2 relaxometry), and only few exploiting the integration of simultaneous hybrid acquisition. This review aims at summarizing and critically review the current state about PET and MR imaging for glial targets, as well as the potential added value of hybrid scanners for characterizing microglial and astrocytic activation.
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20
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Gayen M, Bhomia M, Balakathiresan N, Knollmann-Ritschel B. Exosomal MicroRNAs Released by Activated Astrocytes as Potential Neuroinflammatory Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072312. [PMID: 32230793 PMCID: PMC7177648 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases and disorders, including traumatic brain injury (TBI). Neuroinflammation results in the activation of glial cells which exacerbates the neuroinflammatory process by secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and results in disruption of glial transmission networks. The glial cells, including astrocytes, play a critical role in the maintenance of homeostasis in the brain. Activated astrocytes release several factors as part of the inflammatory process including cytokines, proteins, and microRNAs (miRNAs). MiRNAs are noncoding RNA molecules involved in normal physiological processes and disease pathogenesis. MiRNAs have been implicated as important cell signaling molecules, and they are potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for various diseases, including neurological disorders. Exosomal miRNAs released by astrocytic response to neuroinflammation is not yet studied. In this study, primary human astrocytes were activated by IL-1β stimulation and we examined astrocytic exosomal miRNA cargo released in a neuroinflammatory stress model. Results indicate that acute neuroinflammation and oxidative stress induced by IL-1β generates the release of a specific subset of miRNAs via exosomes, which may have a potential role in regulating the inflammatory response. Additionally, these miRNAs may serve as potential biomarkers of neuroinflammation associated with neurological disorders and injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoshi Gayen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA;
| | - Manish Bhomia
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (N.B.); (B.K.-R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Nagaraja Balakathiresan
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (N.B.); (B.K.-R.)
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21
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Hirbec H, Déglon N, Foo LC, Goshen I, Grutzendler J, Hangen E, Kreisel T, Linck N, Muffat J, Regio S, Rion S, Escartin C. Emerging technologies to study glial cells. Glia 2020; 68:1692-1728. [PMID: 31958188 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Development, physiological functions, and pathologies of the brain depend on tight interactions between neurons and different types of glial cells, such as astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Assessing the relative contribution of different glial cell types is required for the full understanding of brain function and dysfunction. Over the recent years, several technological breakthroughs were achieved, allowing "glio-scientists" to address new challenging biological questions. These technical developments make it possible to study the roles of specific cell types with medium or high-content workflows and perform fine analysis of their mutual interactions in a preserved environment. This review illustrates the potency of several cutting-edge experimental approaches (advanced cell cultures, induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived human glial cells, viral vectors, in situ glia imaging, opto- and chemogenetic approaches, and high-content molecular analysis) to unravel the role of glial cells in specific brain functions or diseases. It also illustrates the translation of some techniques to the clinics, to monitor glial cells in patients, through specific brain imaging methods. The advantages, pitfalls, and future developments are discussed for each technique, and selected examples are provided to illustrate how specific "gliobiological" questions can now be tackled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Hirbec
- Institute for Functional Genomics (IGF), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicole Déglon
- Laboratory of Neurotherapies and Neuromodulation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Neurotherapies and Neuromodulation, Neuroscience Research Center, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lynette C Foo
- Neuroimmunology and Neurodegeneration Section, The Neuroscience and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, F. Hoffman-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Inbal Goshen
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jaime Grutzendler
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Emilie Hangen
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Département de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, MIRCen, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9199, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Tirzah Kreisel
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nathalie Linck
- Institute for Functional Genomics (IGF), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Julien Muffat
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sara Regio
- Laboratory of Neurotherapies and Neuromodulation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Neurotherapies and Neuromodulation, Neuroscience Research Center, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sybille Rion
- Neuroimmunology and Neurodegeneration Section, The Neuroscience and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, F. Hoffman-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carole Escartin
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Département de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, MIRCen, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9199, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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22
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Guneykaya D, Ivanov A, Hernandez DP, Haage V, Wojtas B, Meyer N, Maricos M, Jordan P, Buonfiglioli A, Gielniewski B, Ochocka N, Cömert C, Friedrich C, Artiles LS, Kaminska B, Mertins P, Beule D, Kettenmann H, Wolf SA. Transcriptional and Translational Differences of Microglia from Male and Female Brains. Cell Rep 2019; 24:2773-2783.e6. [PMID: 30184509 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in brain structure and function are of substantial scientific interest because of sex-related susceptibility to psychiatric and neurological disorders. Neuroinflammation is a common denominator of many of these diseases, and thus microglia, as the brain's immunocompetent cells, have come into focus in sex-specific studies. Here, we show differences in the structure, function, and transcriptomic and proteomic profiles in microglia freshly isolated from male and female mouse brains. We show that male microglia are more frequent in specific brain areas, have a higher antigen-presenting capacity, and appear to have a higher potential to respond to stimuli such as ATP, reflected in higher baseline outward and inward currents and higher protein expression of purinergic receptors. Altogether, we provide a comprehensive resource to generate and validate hypotheses regarding brain sex differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilansu Guneykaya
- Cellular Neurocience, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andranik Ivanov
- Core Unit Bioinformatics, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Charité-Universitaetsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Perez Hernandez
- Proteomics Platform, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Verena Haage
- Cellular Neurocience, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bartosz Wojtas
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Niklas Meyer
- Cellular Neurocience, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Meron Maricos
- Cellular Neurocience, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Jordan
- Cellular Neurocience, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alice Buonfiglioli
- Cellular Neurocience, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bartlomiej Gielniewski
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Ochocka
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Cagla Cömert
- Cellular Neurocience, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Corinna Friedrich
- Proteomics Platform, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lorena Suarez Artiles
- Proteomics Platform, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bozena Kaminska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Philipp Mertins
- Proteomics Platform, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dieter Beule
- Core Unit Bioinformatics, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmut Kettenmann
- Cellular Neurocience, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne A Wolf
- Cellular Neurocience, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
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Theoharides TC, Tsilioni I, Bawazeer M. Mast Cells, Neuroinflammation and Pain in Fibromyalgia Syndrome. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:353. [PMID: 31427928 PMCID: PMC6687840 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS) is a disorder of chronic, generalized muscular pain, accompanied by sleep disturbances, fatigue and cognitive dysfunction. There is no definitive pathogenesis except for altered central pain pathways. We previously reported increased serum levels of the neuropeptides substance P (SP) and its structural analogue hemokinin-1 (HK-1) together with the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF in FMS patients as compared to sedentary controls. We hypothesize that thalamic mast cells contribute to inflammation and pain, by releasing neuro-sensitizing molecules that include histamine, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF, as well as calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP), HK-1 and SP. These molecules could either stimulate thalamic nociceptive neurons directly, or via stimulation of microglia in the diencephalon. As a result, inhibiting mast cell stimulation could be used as a novel approach for reducing pain and the symptoms of FMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theoharis C Theoharides
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Irene Tsilioni
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mona Bawazeer
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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24
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Shan D, Ma C, Yang J. Enabling biodegradable functional biomaterials for the management of neurological disorders. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 148:219-238. [PMID: 31228483 PMCID: PMC6888967 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of patients are being diagnosed with neurological diseases, but are rarely cured because of the lack of curative therapeutic approaches. This situation creates an urgent clinical need to develop effective diagnosis and treatment strategies for repair and regeneration of injured or diseased neural tissues. In this regard, biodegradable functional biomaterials provide promising solutions to meet this demand owing to their unique responsiveness to external stimulation fields, which enable neuro-imaging, neuro-sensing, specific targeting, hyperthermia treatment, controlled drug delivery, and nerve regeneration. This review discusses recent progress in the research and development of biodegradable functional biomaterials including electroactive biomaterials, magnetic materials and photoactive biomaterials for the management of neurological disorders with emphasis on their applications in bioimaging (photoacoustic imaging, MRI and fluorescence imaging), biosensing (electrochemical sensing, magnetic sensing and opical sensing), and therapy strategies (drug delivery, hyperthermia treatment, and tissue engineering). It is expected that this review will provide an insightful discussion on the roles of biodegradable functional biomaterials in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological diseases, and lead to innovations for the design and development of the next generation biodegradable functional biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingying Shan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Chuying Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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25
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Long-term characterization of activated microglia/macrophages facilitating the development of experimental brain metastasis through intravital microscopic imaging. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:4. [PMID: 30616691 PMCID: PMC6323850 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1389-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Microglia/macrophages (M/Ms) with multiple functions derived from distinct activation states are key surveillants maintaining brain homeostasis. However, their activation status and role during the brain metastasis of malignant tumors have been poorly characterized. Methods Heterozygous CX3CR1-GFP transgenic mice were used to visualize the dynamic changes of M/Ms during the development of experimental brain metastasis through long-term intravital imaging equipped with redesigned bilateral cranial windows. The occurrence of experimental brain metastasis was evaluated after M/Ms were depleted with PLX3397, a CSF-1R inhibitor. The possible mediators of M/Ms in facilitating the brain metastasis were determined using reverse transcription-PCR, immunofluorescence, correlational analysis, and MMP inhibition. Results Here, we showed that M/Ms were persistently activated and facilitated the formation of melanoma brain metastasis in vivo. We observed that M/Ms gradually and massively accumulated in the metastasis, with a 2.89-fold increase. To precisely depict the dynamic changes in the activation state of M/Ms, we defined the branching parameter to quantify their morphological alterations. The quantitative data showed that the extent of activation of M/Ms in metastatic foci was enhanced, with a 2.27-fold increase from day 1 to day 21. Along with the activation, the M/Ms increased their moving velocity (4.15-fold) and established a rapid, confined, and discontinuous motility behavior. The occurrence of melanoma brain metastasis was significantly hindered under M/M elimination, indicating the key role of M/Ms in the experimental brain metastasis. Interestingly, we found that M/Ms highly expressed matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3), which were strongly correlated with M/M activation and the decrease of tight junction protein zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1). An MMP inhibitor moderately decreased the occurrence of melanoma brain metastasis, suggesting that MMP3 secreted by M/Ms may facilitate melanoma cell growth. Conclusions Our results indicated that the activated M/Ms were essential in the development of melanoma brain metastasis, suggesting that M/Ms are a potential therapeutic target for tumor brain metastasis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1389-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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26
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Murinello S, Usui Y, Sakimoto S, Kitano M, Aguilar E, Friedlander HM, Schricker A, Wittgrove C, Wakabayashi Y, Dorrell MI, Westenskow PD, Friedlander M. miR-30a-5p inhibition promotes interaction of Fas + endothelial cells and FasL + microglia to decrease pathological neovascularization and promote physiological angiogenesis. Glia 2018; 67:332-344. [PMID: 30484883 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia-induced angiogenesis contributes to various neuronal and retinal diseases, and often results in neurodegeneration and visual impairment. Current treatments involve the use of anti-VEGF agents but are not successful in all cases. In this study we determined that miR-30a-5p is another important mediator of retinal angiogenesis. Using a rodent model of ischemic retinopathy, we show that inhibiting miR-30a-5p reduces neovascularization and promotes tissue repair, through modulation of microglial and endothelial cell cross-talk. miR-30a-5p inhibition results in increased expression of the death receptor Fas and CCL2, to decrease endothelial cell survival and promote microglial migration and phagocytic function in focal regions of ischemic injury. Our data suggest that miR-30a-5p inhibition accelerates tissue repair by enhancing FasL-Fas crosstalk between microglia and endothelial cells, to promote endothelial cell apoptosis and removal of dead endothelial cells. Finally, we found that miR-30a levels were increased in the vitreous of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Our study identifies a role for miR-30a in the pathogenesis of neovascular retinal disease by modulating microglial and endothelial cell function, and suggests it may be a therapeutic target to treat ischemia-mediated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salome Murinello
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, California
| | - Yoshihiko Usui
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Susumu Sakimoto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, California
| | - Maki Kitano
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, California
| | - Edith Aguilar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, California
| | - H Maura Friedlander
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, California
| | - Amelia Schricker
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, California
| | - Carli Wittgrove
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, California
| | | | - Michael I Dorrell
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, California.,The Lowy Medical Research Institute, California.,Department of Biology, Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego, California
| | - Peter D Westenskow
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, California
| | - Martin Friedlander
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, California.,The Lowy Medical Research Institute, California
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Singh K, Han K, Tilve S, Wu K, Geller HM, Sack MN. Parkin targets NOD2 to regulate astrocyte endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation. Glia 2018; 66:2427-2437. [PMID: 30378174 PMCID: PMC6275110 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Loss of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons results in Parkinson disease (PD). Degenerative PD usually presents in the seventh decade whereas genetic disorders, including mutations in PARK2, predispose to early onset PD. PARK2 encodes the parkin E3 ubiquitin ligase which confers pleotropic effects on mitochondrial and cellular fidelity and as a mediator of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling. Although the majority of studies investigating ameliorative effects of parkin focus on dopaminergic neurons we found that astrocytes are enriched with parkin. Furthermore, astrocytes deficient in parkin display stress-induced elevation of nucleotide-oligomerization domain receptor 2 (NOD2), a cytosolic receptor integrating ER stress and inflammation. Given the neurotropic and immunomodulatory role of astrocytes we reasoned that parkin may regulate astrocyte ER stress and inflammation to control neuronal homeostasis. We show that, in response to ER stress, parkin knockdown astrocytes exhibit exaggerated ER stress, JNK activation and cytokine release, and reduced neurotropic factor expression. In coculture studied we demonstrate that dopaminergic SHSY5Y cells and primary neurons with the presence of parkin depleted astrocytes are more susceptible to ER stress and inflammation-induced apoptosis than wildtype astrocytes. Parkin interacted with, ubiquitylated and diminished NOD2 levels. Additionally, the genetic induction of parkin ameliorated inflammation in NOD2 expressing cells and knockdown of NOD2 in astrocytes suppressed inflammatory defects in parkin deficient astrocytes and concurrently blunted neuronal apoptosis. Collectively these data identify a role for parkin in modulating NOD2 as a regulatory node in astrocytic control of neuronal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komudi Singh
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Kim Han
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Sharada Tilve
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Kaiyuan Wu
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Herbert M Geller
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Michael N Sack
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Ashraf GM, Baeesa SS. Investigation of Gal-3 Expression Pattern in Serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients Suffering From Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:430. [PMID: 30008660 PMCID: PMC6033997 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed this study to investigate the possibility of a definitive pattern of Galectin-3 (Gal-3) expression in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) patients. In our study, we collected the CSF and serum samples of 31 AD patients, 19 ALS patients and 50 normal healthy subjects (controls). Quantitative ELISA measured Gal-3 concentrations in CSF and serum samples. A comparative analysis was performed to analyze and understand the Gal-3 expression pattern. A number of neuropsychological assessments and statistical analyses were carried out to validate our findings. Recent researches have established the role of galectins in various neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs), but a definitive pattern of galectin expression is still elusive. A significant difference was observed in serum and CSF Gal-3 concentrations between AD patients and healthy controls. The difference in serum and CSF Gal-3 concentrations between ALS patients vs. controls was lesser as compared to AD patients vs. controls. The difference in serum and CSF Gal-3 concentrations of AD vs. ALS patients was not significant. The MMSE score and serum and CSF Gal-3 concentrations in AD and ALS patients, and controls exhibited a significant positive correlation. The findings of the present study are expected to provide an insight into the definitive pattern of Gal-3 expression in AD and ALS patients, and might thus establish Gal-3 as a strong biomarker. This in turn will open up new and promising research avenues targeting the expression of galectins to modulate the progression of NDDs, and pave the way for novel therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam M Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh S Baeesa
- Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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29
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Garrett L, Ung M, Heermann T, Niedermeier KM, Hölter S. Analysis of Neuropsychiatric Disease‐Related Functional Neuroanatomical Markers in Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 8:79-128. [DOI: 10.1002/cpmo.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lillian Garrett
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health Neuherberg Germany
- German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München; German Research Centre for Environmental Health Neuherberg Germany
| | - Marie‐Claire Ung
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health Neuherberg Germany
| | - Tamara Heermann
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health Neuherberg Germany
| | - Kristina M. Niedermeier
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health Neuherberg Germany
| | - Sabine Hölter
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health Neuherberg Germany
- German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München; German Research Centre for Environmental Health Neuherberg Germany
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30
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Everest-Dass AV, Moh ESX, Ashwood C, Shathili AMM, Packer NH. Human disease glycomics: technology advances enabling protein glycosylation analysis - part 2. Expert Rev Proteomics 2018. [PMID: 29521143 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1448710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The changes in glycan structures have been attributed to disease states for several decades. The surface glycosylation pattern is a signature of physiological state of a cell. In this review we provide a link between observed substructural glycan changes and a range of diseases. Areas covered: We highlight biologically relevant glycan substructure expression in cancer, inflammation, neuronal diseases and diabetes. Furthermore, the alterations in antibody glycosylation in a disease context are described. Expert commentary: Advances in technologies, as described in Part 1 of this review have now enabled the characterization of specific glycan structural markers of a range of disease states. The requirement of including glycomics in cross-disciplinary omics studies, such as genomics, proteomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics and metabolomics towards a systems glycobiology approach to understanding disease mechanisms and management are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun V Everest-Dass
- a Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biomolecular Discovery and Design Research Centre , Macquarie University , Sydney , Australia.,b ARC Centre for Nanoscale BioPhotonics , Macquarie University , Sydney , Australia.,c Institute for Glycomics , Griffith University , Gold Coast , Australia
| | - Edward S X Moh
- a Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biomolecular Discovery and Design Research Centre , Macquarie University , Sydney , Australia.,b ARC Centre for Nanoscale BioPhotonics , Macquarie University , Sydney , Australia
| | - Christopher Ashwood
- a Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biomolecular Discovery and Design Research Centre , Macquarie University , Sydney , Australia.,b ARC Centre for Nanoscale BioPhotonics , Macquarie University , Sydney , Australia
| | - Abdulrahman M M Shathili
- a Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biomolecular Discovery and Design Research Centre , Macquarie University , Sydney , Australia.,b ARC Centre for Nanoscale BioPhotonics , Macquarie University , Sydney , Australia
| | - Nicolle H Packer
- a Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biomolecular Discovery and Design Research Centre , Macquarie University , Sydney , Australia.,b ARC Centre for Nanoscale BioPhotonics , Macquarie University , Sydney , Australia.,c Institute for Glycomics , Griffith University , Gold Coast , Australia
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31
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Sodium butyrate triggers a functional elongation of microglial process via Akt-small RhoGTPase activation and HDACs inhibition. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 111:12-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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32
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Sild M, Ruthazer ES, Booij L. Major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders from the glial perspective: Etiological mechanisms, intervention and monitoring. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 83:474-488. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Cole KLH, Early JJ, Lyons DA. Drug discovery for remyelination and treatment of MS. Glia 2017; 65:1565-1589. [PMID: 28618073 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glia constitute the majority of the cells in our nervous system, yet there are currently no drugs that target glia for the treatment of disease. Given ongoing discoveries of the many roles of glia in numerous diseases of the nervous system, this is likely to change in years to come. Here we focus on the possibility that targeting the oligodendrocyte lineage to promote regeneration of myelin (remyelination) represents a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of the demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis, MS. We discuss how hypothesis driven studies have identified multiple targets and pathways that can be manipulated to promote remyelination in vivo, and how this work has led to the first ever remyelination clinical trials. We also highlight how recent chemical discovery screens have identified a host of small molecule compounds that promote oligodendrocyte differentiation in vitro. Some of these compounds have also been shown to promote myelin regeneration in vivo, with one already being trialled in humans. Promoting oligodendrocyte differentiation and remyelination represents just one potential strategy for the treatment of MS. The pathology of MS is complex, and its complete amelioration may require targeting multiple biological processes in parallel. Therefore, we present an overview of new technologies and models for phenotypic analyses and screening that can be exploited to study complex cell-cell interactions in in vitro and in vivo systems. Such technological platforms will provide insight into fundamental mechanisms and increase capacities for drug-discovery of relevance to glia and currently intractable disorders of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy L H Cole
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, MS Society Centre for Translational Research, Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - Jason J Early
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, MS Society Centre for Translational Research, Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - David A Lyons
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, MS Society Centre for Translational Research, Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
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34
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Hanamsagar R, Alter MD, Block CS, Sullivan H, Bolton JL, Bilbo SD. Generation of a microglial developmental index in mice and in humans reveals a sex difference in maturation and immune reactivity. Glia 2017; 65:1504-1520. [PMID: 28618077 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests many neurological disorders emerge when normal neurodevelopmental trajectories are disrupted, i.e., when circuits or cells do not reach their fully mature state. Microglia play a critical role in normal neurodevelopment and are hypothesized to contribute to brain disease. We used whole transcriptome profiling with Next Generation sequencing of purified developing microglia to identify a microglial developmental gene expression program involving thousands of genes whose expression levels change monotonically (up or down) across development. Importantly, the gene expression program was delayed in males relative to females and exposure of adult male mice to LPS, a potent immune activator, accelerated microglial development in males. Next, a microglial developmental index (MDI) generated from gene expression patterns obtained from purified mouse microglia, was applied to human brain transcriptome datasets to test the hypothesis that variability in microglial development is associated with human diseases such as Alzheimer's and autism where microglia have been suggested to play a role. MDI was significantly increased in both Alzheimer's Disease and in autism, suggesting that accelerated microglial development may contribute to neuropathology. In conclusion, we identified a microglia-specific gene expression program in mice that was used to create a microglia developmental index, which was applied to human datasets containing heterogeneous cell types to reveal differences between healthy and diseased brain samples, and between males and females. This powerful tool has wide ranging applicability to examine microglial development within the context of disease and in response to other variables such as stress and pharmacological treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Hanamsagar
- Department of Pediatrics, Lurie Center for Autism, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02129
| | - Mark D Alter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104
| | - Carina S Block
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708
| | - Haley Sullivan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708
| | - Jessica L Bolton
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708
| | - Staci D Bilbo
- Department of Pediatrics, Lurie Center for Autism, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02129.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708
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Abstract
Primary microglia, in either mono-culture or co-culture with neurons or astrocytes, are a powerful tool for studying mechanisms underlying microglial inflammatory responses and cell type-specific interactions in the central nervous system (CNS). This protocol provides the details of how to prepare high purity primary microglia from newborn mouse pups. The overall steps include brain cell dissociation, mixed glial cell culture, and microglia isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lian
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ethan Roy
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hui Zheng
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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36
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Fasano M, Monti C, Alberio T. A systems biology-led insight into the role of the proteome in neurodegenerative diseases. Expert Rev Proteomics 2016; 13:845-55. [PMID: 27477319 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2016.1219254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multifactorial disorders are the result of nonlinear interactions of several factors; therefore, a reductionist approach does not appear to be appropriate. Proteomics is a global approach that can be efficiently used to investigate pathogenetic mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases. AREAS COVERED Here, we report a general introduction about the systems biology approach and mechanistic insights recently obtained by over-representation analysis of proteomics data of cellular and animal models of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders, as well as of affected human tissues. Expert commentary: As an inductive method, proteomics is based on unbiased observations that further require validation of generated hypotheses. Pathway databases and over-representation analysis tools allow researchers to assign an expectation value to pathogenetic mechanisms linked to neurodegenerative diseases. The systems biology approach based on omics data may be the key to unravel the complex mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Fasano
- a Department of Science and High Technology and Center of Neuroscience , University of Insubria , Busto Arsizio , Italy
| | - Chiara Monti
- a Department of Science and High Technology and Center of Neuroscience , University of Insubria , Busto Arsizio , Italy
| | - Tiziana Alberio
- a Department of Science and High Technology and Center of Neuroscience , University of Insubria , Busto Arsizio , Italy
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