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Parlatini V, Itahashi T, Lee Y, Liu S, Nguyen TT, Aoki YY, Forkel SJ, Catani M, Rubia K, Zhou JH, Murphy DG, Cortese S. White matter alterations in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): a systematic review of 129 diffusion imaging studies with meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:4098-4123. [PMID: 37479785 PMCID: PMC10827669 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02173-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant anatomical brain connections in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are reported inconsistently across diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) studies. Based on a pre-registered protocol (Prospero: CRD42021259192), we searched PubMed, Ovid, and Web of Knowledge until 26/03/2022 to conduct a systematic review of DWI studies. We performed a quality assessment based on imaging acquisition, preprocessing, and analysis. Using signed differential mapping, we meta-analyzed a subset of the retrieved studies amenable to quantitative evidence synthesis, i.e., tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) studies, in individuals of any age and, separately, in children, adults, and high-quality datasets. Finally, we conducted meta-regressions to test the effect of age, sex, and medication-naïvety. We included 129 studies (6739 ADHD participants and 6476 controls), of which 25 TBSS studies provided peak coordinates for case-control differences in fractional anisotropy (FA)(32 datasets) and 18 in mean diffusivity (MD)(23 datasets). The systematic review highlighted white matter alterations (especially reduced FA) in projection, commissural and association pathways of individuals with ADHD, which were associated with symptom severity and cognitive deficits. The meta-analysis showed a consistent reduced FA in the splenium and body of the corpus callosum, extending to the cingulum. Lower FA was related to older age, and case-control differences did not survive in the pediatric meta-analysis. About 68% of studies were of low quality, mainly due to acquisitions with non-isotropic voxels or lack of motion correction; and the sensitivity analysis in high-quality datasets yielded no significant results. Findings suggest prominent alterations in posterior interhemispheric connections subserving cognitive and motor functions affected in ADHD, although these might be influenced by non-optimal acquisition parameters/preprocessing. Absence of findings in children may be related to the late development of callosal fibers, which may enhance case-control differences in adulthood. Clinicodemographic and methodological differences were major barriers to consistency and comparability among studies, and should be addressed in future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Parlatini
- Sackler Institute of Translational Neurodevelopment, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, SE5 8AF, London, UK.
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, SE5 8AF, London, UK.
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, SE5 8AF, London, UK.
| | - Takashi Itahashi
- Medical Institute of Developmental Disabilities Research, Showa University, 6-11-11 Kita-karasuyama, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yeji Lee
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, SE5 8AF, London, UK
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Siwei Liu
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thuan T Nguyen
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuta Y Aoki
- Medical Institute of Developmental Disabilities Research, Showa University, 6-11-11 Kita-karasuyama, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Aoki Clinic, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Stephanie J Forkel
- Donders Centre for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Brain Connectivity and Behaviour Laboratory, Sorbonne Universities, Paris, France
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Technical University of Munich School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Marco Catani
- Sackler Institute of Translational Neurodevelopment, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, SE5 8AF, London, UK
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, SE5 8AF, London, UK
| | - Katya Rubia
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, SE5 8AF, London, UK
| | - Juan H Zhou
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Declan G Murphy
- Sackler Institute of Translational Neurodevelopment, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, SE5 8AF, London, UK
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, SE5 8AF, London, UK
| | - Samuele Cortese
- Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, School of Psychology, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences (CNS and Psychiatry), Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Solent NHS Trust, Southampton, UK
- Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York University Child Study Center, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Rosch KS, Batschelett MA, Crocetti D, Mostofsky SH, Seymour KE. Sex differences in atypical fronto-subcortical structural connectivity among children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Associations with delay discounting. Behav Brain Res 2023; 452:114525. [PMID: 37271314 PMCID: PMC10527538 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Atypical fronto-subcortical neural circuitry has been implicated in the pathophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), including connections between prefrontal cortical regions involved in top-down cognitive control and subcortical limbic structures (striatum and amygdala) involved in bottom-up reward and emotional processing. The integrity of fronto-subcortical connections may also relate to interindividual variability in delay discounting, or a preference for smaller, immediate over larger, delayed rewards, which is associated with ADHD, with recent evidence of ADHD-related sex differences. METHODS We applied diffusion tensor imaging to compare the integrity of the white matter connections within fronto-subcortical tracts among 187 8-12 year-old children either with ADHD ((n = 106; 29 girls) or typically developing (TD) controls ((n = 81; 28 girls). Analyses focused on diagnostic group differences in fractional anisotropy (FA) within fronto-subcortical circuitry implicated in delay discounting, connecting subregions of the striatum (dorsal executive and ventral limbic areas) and amygdala with prefrontal regions of interest (dorsolateral [dlPFC], orbitofrontal [OFC] and anterior cingulate cortex [ACC]), and associations with two behavioral assessments of delay discounting. RESULTS Children with ADHD showed reduced FA in tracts connecting OFC with ventral striatum, regardless of sex, whereas reduced FA in the OFC-amygdala and ventral ACC-amygdala tracts were specific to boys with ADHD. Across diagnostic groups and sex, reduced FA in the dorsal ACC-executive striatum tract correlated with greater game time delay discounting. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a potential neurobiological substrate of heightened delay discounting in children with ADHD and support the need for additional studies including larger sample sizes of girls with ADHD to further elucidate ADHD-related sex differences in these relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keri S Rosch
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, USA; Neuropsychology Department, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, USA.
| | | | - Deana Crocetti
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, USA
| | - Stewart H Mostofsky
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, USA
| | - Karen E Seymour
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, USA; Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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The shared white matter developmental trajectory anomalies of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis of diffusion tensor imaging studies. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 124:110731. [PMID: 36764642 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show common brain area abnormalities, which may contribute to the high shared co-occurrence symptoms and comorbidity of the two disorders. However, neuroanatomic anomalies in neurodevelopmental disorders may change over the course of development, and the developmental variation of these two disorders is unclear. Our study conducted a systematic literature search of PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases to identify disorder-shared abnormalities of white matter (WM) from childhood to adulthood in ADHD and ASD. 28 ADHD and 23 ASD datasets were included in this meta-analysis and were analysed by AES-SDM to detect differences in fractional anisotropy in patients compared to typically developing individuals. Our main findings reveal the variable WM developmental trajectories in ADHD and ASD respectively, and the two disorders showed overlapping corpus callosum tract abnormalities in their development from children to adults. Furthermore, the overlapping abnormalities of the corpus callosum tract increased with age, which may be related to their gradually increasing shared symptoms and comorbidity in these two disorders.
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Jiang C, Cai S, Zhang L. Functional Connectivity of White Matter and Its Association with Sleep Quality. Nat Sci Sleep 2023; 15:287-300. [PMID: 37123094 PMCID: PMC10132294 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s406120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been widely adopted to investigate the neural activity in gray matter (GM) in the field of sleep research, but the neural activity in white matter (WM) has received much less attention. The current study set out to test our hypothesis that WM functional abnormality is associated with poor sleep quality. Participants and Methods K-means clustering analysis was performed on 78 healthy adults drawn from the Human Connectome Project dataset to extract stable WM functional networks (WM-FNs) and GM-FNs. The differences in functional connectivity within WM-FNs and between WM- and GM-FNs, as well as the power spectrum between good sleep quality group (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) <6, daytime dysfunction = 0) and poor sleep quality group (PSQI >6, daytime dysfunction >0) were examined between groups with good and poor sleep quality. Additionally, linear relationships between sleep quality and altered functional characteristics of WM-FNs were evaluated. Results Functional connectivity between middle and superficial WM-FNs, short- and long-range functional connectivity between WM- and GM-FNs were decreased in poor sleepers and negatively correlated with PSQI score. The mean amplitudes of right sensorimotor WM networks at whole, high and low frequency bands were higher in poor sleepers and were positively correlated with PSQI score. Conclusion WM functional abnormality is associated with poor sleep quality. The neurobiological mechanisms that underlie the functional alterations of WM-FNs in poor sleepers need to be investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiang Jiang
- Paul. C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Siqi Cai
- Paul. C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Paul. C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Lijuan Zhang, Paul. C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen University Town, Shenzhen, 518055, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 0755 86392247, Fax +86 0755 86392299, Email
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Dutta CN, Christov-Moore L, Ombao H, Douglas PK. Neuroprotection in late life attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A review of pharmacotherapy and phenotype across the lifespan. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:938501. [PMID: 36226261 PMCID: PMC9548548 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.938501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, psychostimulants have been the gold standard pharmaceutical treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In the United States, an astounding 9% of all boys and 4% of girls will be prescribed stimulant drugs at some point during their childhood. Recent meta-analyses have revealed that individuals with ADHD have reduced brain volume loss later in life (>60 y.o.) compared to the normal aging brain, which suggests that either ADHD or its treatment may be neuroprotective. Crucially, these neuroprotective effects were significant in brain regions (e.g., hippocampus, amygdala) where severe volume loss is linked to cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Historically, the ADHD diagnosis and its pharmacotherapy came about nearly simultaneously, making it difficult to evaluate their effects in isolation. Certain evidence suggests that psychostimulants may normalize structural brain changes typically observed in the ADHD brain. If ADHD itself is neuroprotective, perhaps exercising the brain, then psychostimulants may not be recommended across the lifespan. Alternatively, if stimulant drugs are neuroprotective, then this class of medications may warrant further investigation for their therapeutic effects. Here, we take a bottom-up holistic approach to review the psychopharmacology of ADHD in the context of recent models of attention. We suggest that future studies are greatly needed to better appreciate the interactions amongst an ADHD diagnosis, stimulant treatment across the lifespan, and structure-function alterations in the aging brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintya Nirvana Dutta
- Biostatistics Group, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- School of Modeling, Simulation, and Training, and Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Leonardo Christov-Moore
- Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Hernando Ombao
- Biostatistics Group, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pamela K. Douglas
- School of Modeling, Simulation, and Training, and Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Connaughton M, Whelan R, O'Hanlon E, McGrath J. White matter microstructure in children and adolescents with ADHD. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 33:102957. [PMID: 35149304 PMCID: PMC8842077 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.102957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A systematic review of diffusion MRI studies in children and adolescents with ADHD. 46 studies included, encompassing multiple diffusion MRI techniques. Reduced white matter microstructure was reported in several studies. Mixed evidence linking white matter differences with specific cognitive processes. Common limitations included sample size, head motion and medication status.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder. Advances in diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) acquisition sequences and analytic techniques have led to growing body of evidence that abnormal white matter microstructure is a core pathophysiological feature of ADHD. This systematic review provides a qualitative assessment of research investigating microstructural organisation of white matter amongst children and adolescents with ADHD. This review included 46 studies in total, encompassing multiple diffusion MRI imaging techniques and analytic approaches, including whole-brain, region of interest and connectomic analyses. Whole-brain and region of interest analyses described atypical organisation of white matter microstructure in several white matter tracts: most notably in frontostriatal tracts, corpus callosum, superior longitudinal fasciculus, cingulum bundle, thalamic radiations, internal capsule and corona radiata. Connectomic analyses, including graph theory approaches, demonstrated global underconnectivity in connections between functionally specialised networks. Although some studies reported significant correlations between atypical white matter microstructure and ADHD symptoms or other behavioural measures there was no clear pattern of results. Interestingly however, many of the findings of disrupted white matter microstructure were in neural networks associated with key neuropsychological functions that are atypical in ADHD. Limitations to the extant research are outlined in this review and future studies in this area should carefully consider factors such as sample size, sex balance, head motion and medication status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Whelan
- Dept of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; School of Psychology, Trinity Dublin, Ireland
| | - Erik O'Hanlon
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity Dublin, Ireland; Dept of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jane McGrath
- Dept of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
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González-Madruga K, Staginnus M, Fairchild G. Alterations in Structural and Functional Connectivity in ADHD: Implications for Theories of ADHD. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 57:445-481. [PMID: 35583796 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is increasingly viewed as a disorder of brain connectivity. We review connectivity-based theories of ADHD including the default mode network (DMN) interference and multiple network hypotheses. We outline the main approaches used to study brain connectivity in ADHD: diffusion tensor imaging and resting-state functional connectivity. We discuss the basic principles underlying these methods and the main analytical approaches used and consider what the findings have told us about connectivity alterations in ADHD. The most replicable finding in the diffusion tensor imaging literature on ADHD is lower fractional anisotropy in the corpus callosum, a key commissural tract which connects the brain's hemispheres. Meta-analyses of resting-state functional connectivity studies have failed to identify spatial convergence across studies, with the exception of meta-analyses focused on specific networks which have reported within-network connectivity alterations in the DMN and between the DMN and the fronto-parietal control and salience networks. Overall, methodological heterogeneity between studies and differences in sample characteristics are major barriers to progress in this area. In addition, females, adults and medication-naïve/unmedicated individuals are under-represented in connectivity studies, comorbidity needs to be assessed more systematically, and longitudinal research is needed to investigate whether ADHD is characterized by maturational delays in connectivity.
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Bu X, Cao M, Huang X, He Y. The structural connectome in ADHD. PSYCHORADIOLOGY 2021; 1:257-271. [PMID: 38666220 PMCID: PMC10939332 DOI: 10.1093/psyrad/kkab021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been conceptualized as a brain dysconnectivity disorder. In the past decade, noninvasive diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) studies have demonstrated that individuals with ADHD have alterations in the white matter structural connectome, and that these alterations are associated with core symptoms and cognitive deficits in patients. This review aims to summarize recent dMRI-based structural connectome studies in ADHD from voxel-, tractography-, and network-based perspectives. Voxel- and tractography-based studies have demonstrated disrupted microstructural properties predominantly located in the frontostriatal tracts, the corpus callosum, the corticospinal tracts, and the cingulum bundle in patients with ADHD. Network-based studies have suggested abnormal global and local efficiency as well as nodal properties in the prefrontal and parietal regions in the ADHD structural connectomes. The altered structural connectomes in those with ADHD provide significant signatures for prediction of symptoms and diagnostic classification. These studies suggest that abnormalities in the structural connectome may be one of the neural underpinnings of ADHD psychopathology and show potential for establishing imaging biomarkers in clinical evaluation. However, given that there are inconsistent findings across studies due to sample heterogeneity and analysis method variations, these ADHD-related white matter alterations are still far from informing clinical practice. Future studies with larger and more homogeneous samples are needed to validate the consistency of current results; advanced dMRI techniques can help to generate much more precise estimation of white matter pathways and assure specific fiber configurations; and finally, dimensional analysis frameworks can deepen our understanding of the neurobiology underlying ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Miao Cao
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaoqi Huang
- Huaxi MR Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yong He
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China
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Chen Y, Su S, Dai Y, Wen Z, Qian L, Zhang H, Liu M, Fan M, Chu J, Yang Z. Brain Volumetric Measurements in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Comparative Study Between Synthetic and Conventional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:711528. [PMID: 34759789 PMCID: PMC8573371 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.711528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the profiles of brain volumetric measurements in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and the consistency of these brain volumetric measurements derived from the synthetic and conventional T1 weighted MRI (SyMRI and cT1w MRI). Methods: Brain SyMRI and cT1w images were prospectively collected for 38 pediatric patients with ADHD and 38 healthy children (HC) with an age range of 6–14 years. The gray matter volume (GMV), white matter volume (WMV), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), non-WM/GM/CSF (NoN), myelin, myelin fraction (MYF), brain parenchyma volume (BPV), and intracranial volume (ICV) were automatically estimated from SyMRI data, and the four matching measurements (GMV, WMV, BPV, ICV) were extracted from cT1w images. The group differences of brain volumetric measurements were performed, respectively, using analysis of covariance. Pearson correlation analysis and interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were applied to evaluate the association between synthetic and cT1w MRI-derived measurements. Results: As for the brain volumetric measurements extracted from SyMRI, significantly decreased GMV, WMV, BPV, and increased NON volume (p < 0.05) were found in the ADHD group compared with HC; No group differences were found in ICV, CSF, myelin volume and MYF (p > 0.05). With regard to GMV, WMV, BPV, and ICV estimated from cT1w images, the group differences between ADHD and HC were consistent with the results estimated from SyMRI. And these four measurements showed noticeable correlation between the two approaches (r = 0.692, 0.643, 0.898, 0.789, respectively, p < 0.001; ICC values are 0.809, 0.782, 0.946, 0.873, respectively). Conclusion: Our study demonstrated a global brain development disability, but normal whole-brain myelination in children with ADHD. Moreover, our results demonstrated the high consistency of brain volumetric indices between synthetic and cT1w MRI in children, which indicates the high reliability of SyMRI in the child-brain volumetric analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqian Chen
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu Su
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Dai
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhihua Wen
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Long Qian
- MR Research, GE Healthcare, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meina Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Miao Fan
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Chu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyun Yang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Halliday DWR, Kim Y, MacDonald SWS, Garcia-Barrera MA, Hundza SR, Macoun SJ. Intraindividual variability in executive and motor control tasks in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2021; 43:568-578. [PMID: 34396907 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2021.1965097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Emerging evidence highlights intraindividual variability (IIV) during executive function (EF) tasks as a reliable endophenotype of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and as contributing to motor dysregulation and hyperactive-impulsive behaviors. This study examined the relationship between EF and motor control in children with and without ADHD. METHOD Ninety-seven children (6-13 years) completed standardized and experimental tasks of executive and motor control. Primary caregivers completed a semi-structured interview, and behavioral rating forms for ADHD symptoms and EF. RESULTS Children with ADHD demonstrated lower performance on motor dexterity and sequencing tasks, and greater IIV during EF tasks with lower cognitive demand. IIV accounted for ADHD symptoms of hyperactivity, beyond age and motor dexterity. IIV from EF measures with lower cognitive demand was also sensitive to ADHD symptoms. CONCLUSION IIV metrics may tap into the motor regulation challenges associated with ADHD, as well as attentional lapsing at lower levels of cognitive demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew W R Halliday
- Department Of Psychology, University Of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 2Y2, Canada.,Child Development Laboratory, University Of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.,Institute Of Aging And Lifelong Health, University Of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yaewon Kim
- Department Of Psychology, University Of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 2Y2, Canada.,Child Development Laboratory, University Of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stuart W S MacDonald
- Department Of Psychology, University Of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 2Y2, Canada.,Institute Of Aging And Lifelong Health, University Of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mauricio A Garcia-Barrera
- Department Of Psychology, University Of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 2Y2, Canada.,Institute Of Aging And Lifelong Health, University Of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sandra R Hundza
- Institute Of Aging And Lifelong Health, University Of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.,School Of Exercise Science, Physical And Health Education, University Of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sarah J Macoun
- Department Of Psychology, University Of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 2Y2, Canada.,Child Development Laboratory, University Of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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Genetic variations influence brain changes in patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:349. [PMID: 34091591 PMCID: PMC8179928 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01473-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurological and neurodevelopmental childhood-onset disorder characterized by a persistent pattern of inattentiveness, impulsiveness, restlessness, and hyperactivity. These symptoms may continue in 55-66% of cases from childhood into adulthood. Even though the precise etiology of ADHD is not fully understood, it is considered as a multifactorial and heterogeneous disorder with several contributing factors such as heritability, auxiliary to neurodevelopmental issues, severe brain injuries, neuroinflammation, consanguineous marriages, premature birth, and exposure to environmental toxins. Neuroimaging and neurodevelopmental assessments may help to explore the possible role of genetic variations on ADHD neuropsychobiology. Multiple genetic studies have observed a strong genetic association with various aspects of neuropsychobiological functions, including neural abnormalities and delayed neurodevelopment in ADHD. The advancement in neuroimaging and molecular genomics offers the opportunity to analyze the impact of genetic variations alongside its dysregulated pathways on structural and functional derived brain imaging phenotypes in various neurological and psychiatric disorders, including ADHD. Recently, neuroimaging genomic studies observed a significant association of brain imaging phenotypes with genetic susceptibility in ADHD. Integrating the neuroimaging-derived phenotypes with genomics deciphers various neurobiological pathways that can be leveraged for the development of novel clinical biomarkers, new treatment modalities as well as therapeutic interventions for ADHD patients. In this review, we discuss the neurobiology of ADHD with particular emphasis on structural and functional changes in the ADHD brain and their interactions with complex genomic variations utilizing imaging genetics methodologies. We also highlight the genetic variants supposedly allied with the development of ADHD and how these, in turn, may affect the brain circuit function and related behaviors. In addition to reviewing imaging genetic studies, we also examine the need for complementary approaches at various levels of biological complexity and emphasize the importance of combining and integrating results to explore biological pathways involved in ADHD disorder. These approaches include animal models, computational biology, bioinformatics analyses, and multimodal imaging genetics studies.
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Fischer JT, Cirino PT, DeMaster D, Alfano C, Bick J, Fan W, Ewing-Cobbs L. Frontostriatal White Matter Integrity Relations with "Cool" and "Hot" Self-Regulation after Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2020; 38:122-132. [PMID: 32993456 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) produces microstructural damage to white matter pathways connecting neural structures in pre-frontal and striatal regions involved in self-regulation (SR). Dorsal and ventral frontostriatal pathways have been linked to cognitive ("cool") and emotional ("hot") SR, respectively. We evaluated the relation of frontostriatal pathway fractional anisotropy (FA) 2 months post-TBI on cool and hot SR assessed 7 months post-TBI. Participants were 8-15 years of age, including children with uncomplicated mild TBI (mTBI; n = 24), more severe TBI (complicated-mild, moderate, severe [cms]TBI; n = 60), and typically developing (TD) children (n = 55). Diffusion tensor tractography was used to map frontostriatal pathways. Cool SR included focused and sustained attention performance, and parent-reported attention, whereas hot SR included risk-taking performance and parent-reported emotional control. Multivariate general linear models showed that children with cmsTBI had greater parent-reported cool and hot SR difficulties and lower dorsal and ventral FA than TD children. Focused attention, risk taking, and emotional control correlated with FA of specific dorsal and ventral pathways; however, only the effect of TBI on focused attention was mediated by integrity of dorsal pathways. Results suggest that frontostriatal FA may serve as a biomarker of risk for SR difficulties or to assess response to interventions targeting SR in pediatric TBI and in broader neurodevelopmental populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse T Fischer
- Department of Psychology, Evaluation, and Statistics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Paul T Cirino
- Department of Psychology, Evaluation, and Statistics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dana DeMaster
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Candice Alfano
- Department of Psychology, Evaluation, and Statistics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Johanna Bick
- Department of Psychology, Evaluation, and Statistics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Weihua Fan
- Texas Institute for Measurement, Evaluation, and Statistics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Linda Ewing-Cobbs
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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Boon HJ. What do ADHD Neuroimaging Studies Reveal for Teachers, Teacher Educators and Inclusive Education? CHILD & YOUTH CARE FORUM 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10566-019-09542-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Grohs MN, Reynolds JE, Liu J, Martin JW, Pollock T, Lebel C, Dewey D. Prenatal maternal and childhood bisphenol a exposure and brain structure and behavior of young children. Environ Health 2019; 18:85. [PMID: 31615514 PMCID: PMC6794724 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-019-0528-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphenol A (BPA) is commonly used in the manufacture of plastics and epoxy resins. In North America, over 90% of the population has detectable levels of urinary BPA. Human epidemiological studies have reported adverse behavioral outcomes with BPA exposure in children, however, corresponding effects on children's brain structure have not yet been investigated. The current study examined the association between prenatal maternal and childhood BPA exposure and white matter microstructure in children aged 2 to 5 years, and investigated whether brain structure mediated the association between BPA exposure and child behavior. METHODS Participants were 98 mother-child pairs who were recruited between January 2009 and December 2012. Total BPA concentrations in spot urine samples obtained from mothers in the second trimester of pregnancy and from children at 3-4 years of age were analyzed. Children participated in a diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan at age 2-5 years (3.7 ± 0.8 years). Associations between prenatal maternal and childhood BPA and children's fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity of 10 isolated white matter tracts were investigated, controlling for urinary creatinine, child sex, and age at the time of MRI. Post-hoc analyses examined if alterations in white matter mediated the relationship of BPA and children's scores on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). RESULTS Prenatal maternal urinary BPA was significantly associated with child mean diffusivity in the splenium and right inferior longitudinal fasciculus. Splenium diffusivity mediated the relationship between maternal prenatal BPA levels and children's internalizing behavior (indirect effect: β = 0.213, CI [0.0167, 0.564]). No significant associations were found between childhood BPA and white matter microstructure. CONCLUSIONS This study provides preliminary evidence for the neural correlates of BPA exposure in humans. Our findings suggest that prenatal maternal exposure to BPA may lead to alterations in white matter microstructure in preschool aged children, and that such alterations mediate the relationship between early life exposure to BPA and internalizing problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody N Grohs
- Department of Neuroscience, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Owerko Centre, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jess E Reynolds
- Owerko Centre, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jiaying Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jonathan W Martin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tyler Pollock
- Owerko Centre, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Catherine Lebel
- Owerko Centre, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Deborah Dewey
- Owerko Centre, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
- Department of Paediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
- University of Calgary, #397 Owerko Center, Child Development Centre 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada.
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Varela Casal P, Lorena Esposito F, Morata Martínez I, Capdevila A, Solé Puig M, de la Osa N, Ezpeleta L, Perera I Lluna A, Faraone SV, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Supèr H, Cañete J. Clinical Validation of Eye Vergence as an Objective Marker for Diagnosis of ADHD in Children. J Atten Disord 2019; 23:599-614. [PMID: 29357741 DOI: 10.1177/1087054717749931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE ADHD youth show poor oculomotor control. Recent research shows that attention-related eye vergence is weak in ADHD children. METHOD To validate vergence as a marker to classify ADHD, we assessed the modulation in the angle of vergence of children ( n = 43) previously diagnosed with ADHD while performing an attention task and compared the results with age-matched clinical controls ( n = 19) and healthy peers ( n = 30). RESULTS We observed strong vergence responses in healthy participants and weak vergence in the clinical controls. ADHD children showed no significant vergence responses. Machine-learning models classified ADHD patients ( n = 21) from healthy controls ( n = 21) with an accuracy of 96.3% (false positive [FP]: 5.12%; false negative [FN]: 0%; area under the curve [AUC]: 0.99) and ADHD children ( n = 11) from clinical controls ( n = 14) with an accuracy of 85.7% (FP: 4.5%; FN: 19.2%, AUC: 0.90). CONCLUSION In combination with an attention task, vergence responses can be used as an objective marker to detect ADHD in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Varela Casal
- 1 Departament of Psychiatry, Hospital de Mataró, Barcelona, Spain.,2 Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Alba Capdevila
- 1 Departament of Psychiatry, Hospital de Mataró, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Núria de la Osa
- 6 Departament de Psicologia Clínica i de la Salud, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lourdes Ezpeleta
- 6 Departament de Psicologia Clínica i de la Salud, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga
- 2 Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.,8 Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,9 Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hans Supèr
- 3 University of Barcelona, Spain.,4 Braingaze SL, Mataró, Spain.,10 Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain ( www.ir3c.ub.edu ).,12 Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Cañete
- 1 Departament of Psychiatry, Hospital de Mataró, Barcelona, Spain
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Rogers CE, Lean RE, Wheelock MD, Smyser CD. Aberrant structural and functional connectivity and neurodevelopmental impairment in preterm children. J Neurodev Disord 2018; 10:38. [PMID: 30541449 PMCID: PMC6291944 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-018-9253-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite advances in antenatal and neonatal care, preterm birth remains a leading cause of neurological disabilities in children. Infants born prematurely, particularly those delivered at the earliest gestational ages, commonly demonstrate increased rates of impairment across multiple neurodevelopmental domains. Indeed, the current literature establishes that preterm birth is a leading risk factor for cerebral palsy, is associated with executive function deficits, increases risk for impaired receptive and expressive language skills, and is linked with higher rates of co-occurring attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety, and autism spectrum disorders. These same infants also demonstrate elevated rates of aberrant cerebral structural and functional connectivity, with persistent changes evident across advanced magnetic resonance imaging modalities as early as the neonatal period. Emerging findings from cross-sectional and longitudinal investigations increasingly suggest that aberrant connectivity within key functional networks and white matter tracts may underlie the neurodevelopmental impairments common in this population. Main body This review begins by highlighting the elevated rates of neurodevelopmental disorders across domains in this clinical population, describes the patterns of aberrant structural and functional connectivity common in prematurely-born infants and children, and then reviews the increasingly established body of literature delineating the relationship between these brain abnormalities and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. We also detail important, typically understudied, clinical, and social variables that may influence these relationships among preterm children, including heritability and psychosocial risks. Conclusion Future work in this domain should continue to leverage longitudinal evaluations of preterm infants which include both neuroimaging and detailed serial neurodevelopmental assessments to further characterize relationships between imaging measures and impairment, information necessary for advancing our understanding of modifiable risk factors underlying these disorders and best practices for improving neurodevelopmental trajectories in this high-risk clinical population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia E Rogers
- Departments of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8504, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Rachel E Lean
- Departments of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8504, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Muriah D Wheelock
- Departments of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8504, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Christopher D Smyser
- Departments of Neurology, Pediatrics and Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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Reinelt T, Petermann F. Zur Bedeutung auffälliger Exekutivfunktionen in der Diagnostik einer Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1024/1661-4747/a000359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Defizite in Exekutivfunktionen und insbesondere in der Inhibitionsfähigkeit gelten verschiedenen Modellen zufolge als Kerndefizite einer Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS). Die Defizite sind sowohl auf einer Verhaltensebene als auch auf neurobiologischer Ebene belegt, finden aber bislang kaum Einzug in die klinische Diagnostik. Verschiedene Erhebungsverfahren werden vorgestellt und die Probleme im Bereich der klinischen Diagnostik skizziert. Viele Aufgaben messen nicht eine spezifische Exekutivfunktion, sondern umfassen immer auch andere kognitive Prozesse wie zum Beispiel Aufmerksamkeit oder Test- und Leistungsmotivation. Die Sensitivität vieler Aufgaben ist aufgrund der Heterogenität von ADHS durch verschiedene Entwicklungspfade oft nicht gewährleistet und Defizite in Exekutivfunktionen und der Inhibitionsfähigkeit sind auch nicht spezifisch für ADHS. Dennoch ist eine Diagnostik auffälliger Exekutivfunktionen und insbesondere von Defiziten in der Inhibitionsfähigkeit angebracht, da nur so Aussagen über zugrunde liegende Prozesse und Ursachen einer ADHS getroffen werden können, welche die Voraussetzung für gezielte Interventionen darstellen, wie zum Beispiel Inhibitionstrainings oder Neurofeedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilman Reinelt
- Zentrum für Klinische Psychologie und Rehabilitation der Universität Bremen
| | - Franz Petermann
- Zentrum für Klinische Psychologie und Rehabilitation der Universität Bremen
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18
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Storebø OJ, Pedersen N, Ramstad E, Kielsholm ML, Nielsen SS, Krogh HB, Moreira‐Maia CR, Magnusson FL, Holmskov M, Gerner T, Skoog M, Rosendal S, Groth C, Gillies D, Buch Rasmussen K, Gauci D, Zwi M, Kirubakaran R, Håkonsen SJ, Aagaard L, Simonsen E, Gluud C. Methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents - assessment of adverse events in non-randomised studies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 5:CD012069. [PMID: 29744873 PMCID: PMC6494554 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012069.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder in childhood. The psychostimulant methylphenidate is the most frequently used medication to treat it. Several studies have investigated the benefits of methylphenidate, showing possible favourable effects on ADHD symptoms, but the true magnitude of the effect is unknown. Concerning adverse events associated with the treatment, our systematic review of randomised clinical trials (RCTs) demonstrated no increase in serious adverse events, but a high proportion of participants suffered a range of non-serious adverse events. OBJECTIVES To assess the adverse events associated with methylphenidate treatment for children and adolescents with ADHD in non-randomised studies. SEARCH METHODS In January 2016, we searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, 12 other databases and two trials registers. We also checked reference lists and contacted authors and pharmaceutical companies to identify additional studies. SELECTION CRITERIA We included non-randomised study designs. These comprised comparative and non-comparative cohort studies, patient-control studies, patient reports/series and cross-sectional studies of methylphenidate administered at any dosage or formulation. We also included methylphenidate groups from RCTs assessing methylphenidate versus other interventions for ADHD as well as data from follow-up periods in RCTs. Participants had to have an ADHD diagnosis (from the 3rd to the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders or the 9th or 10th edition of theInternational Classification of Diseases, with or without comorbid diagnoses. We required that at least 75% of participants had a normal intellectual capacity (intelligence quotient of more than 70 points) and were aged below 20 years. We excluded studies that used another ADHD drug as a co-intervention. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Fourteen review authors selected studies independently. Two review authors assessed risk of bias independently using the ROBINS-I tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions. All review authors extracted data. We defined serious adverse events according to the International Committee of Harmonization as any lethal, life-threatening or life-changing event. We considered all other adverse events to be non-serious adverse events and conducted meta-analyses of data from comparative studies. We calculated meta-analytic estimates of prevalence from non-comparative cohorts studies and synthesised data from patient reports/series qualitatively. We investigated heterogeneity by conducting subgroup analyses, and we also conducted sensitivity analyses. MAIN RESULTS We included a total of 260 studies: 7 comparative cohort studies, 6 of which compared 968 patients who were exposed to methylphenidate to 166 controls, and 1 which assessed 1224 patients that were exposed or not exposed to methylphenidate during different time periods; 4 patient-control studies (53,192 exposed to methylphenidate and 19,906 controls); 177 non-comparative cohort studies (2,207,751 participants); 2 cross-sectional studies (96 participants) and 70 patient reports/series (206 participants). Participants' ages ranged from 3 years to 20 years. Risk of bias in the included comparative studies ranged from moderate to critical, with most studies showing critical risk of bias. We evaluated all non-comparative studies at critical risk of bias. The GRADE quality rating of the evidence was very low.Primary outcomesIn the comparative studies, methylphenidate increased the risk ratio (RR) of serious adverse events (RR 1.36, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.17 to 1.57; 2 studies, 72,005 participants); any psychotic disorder (RR 1.36, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.57; 1 study, 71,771 participants); and arrhythmia (RR 1.61, 95% CI 1.48 to 1.74; 1 study, 1224 participants) compared to no intervention.In the non-comparative cohort studies, the proportion of participants on methylphenidate experiencing any serious adverse event was 1.20% (95% CI 0.70% to 2.00%; 50 studies, 162,422 participants). Withdrawal from methylphenidate due to any serious adverse events occurred in 1.20% (95% CI 0.60% to 2.30%; 7 studies, 1173 participants) and adverse events of unknown severity led to withdrawal in 7.30% of participants (95% CI 5.30% to 10.0%; 22 studies, 3708 participants).Secondary outcomesIn the comparative studies, methylphenidate, compared to no intervention, increased the RR of insomnia and sleep problems (RR 2.58, 95% CI 1.24 to 5.34; 3 studies, 425 participants) and decreased appetite (RR 15.06, 95% CI 2.12 to 106.83; 1 study, 335 participants).With non-comparative cohort studies, the proportion of participants on methylphenidate with any non-serious adverse events was 51.2% (95% CI 41.2% to 61.1%; 49 studies, 13,978 participants). These included difficulty falling asleep, 17.9% (95% CI 14.7% to 21.6%; 82 studies, 11,507 participants); headache, 14.4% (95% CI 11.3% to 18.3%; 90 studies, 13,469 participants); abdominal pain, 10.7% (95% CI 8.60% to 13.3%; 79 studies, 11,750 participants); and decreased appetite, 31.1% (95% CI 26.5% to 36.2%; 84 studies, 11,594 participants). Withdrawal of methylphenidate due to non-serious adverse events occurred in 6.20% (95% CI 4.80% to 7.90%; 37 studies, 7142 participants), and 16.2% were withdrawn for unknown reasons (95% CI 13.0% to 19.9%; 57 studies, 8340 participants). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that methylphenidate may be associated with a number of serious adverse events as well as a large number of non-serious adverse events in children and adolescents, which often lead to withdrawal of methylphenidate. Our certainty in the evidence is very low, and accordingly, it is not possible to accurately estimate the actual risk of adverse events. It might be higher than reported here.Given the possible association between methylphenidate and the adverse events identified, it may be important to identify people who are most susceptible to adverse events. To do this we must undertake large-scale, high-quality RCTs, along with studies aimed at identifying responders and non-responders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Jakob Storebø
- Region ZealandChild and Adolescent Psychiatric DepartmentBirkevaenget 3RoskildeDenmark4300
- Region Zealand PsychiatryPsychiatric Research UnitSlagelseDenmark
- University of Southern DenmarkDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Health ScienceCampusvej 55OdenseDenmark5230
| | - Nadia Pedersen
- Region Zealand PsychiatryPsychiatric Research UnitSlagelseDenmark
| | - Erica Ramstad
- Region ZealandChild and Adolescent Psychiatric DepartmentBirkevaenget 3RoskildeDenmark4300
- Region Zealand PsychiatryPsychiatric Research UnitSlagelseDenmark
| | | | | | - Helle B Krogh
- Region ZealandChild and Adolescent Psychiatric DepartmentBirkevaenget 3RoskildeDenmark4300
- Region Zealand PsychiatryPsychiatric Research UnitSlagelseDenmark
| | - Carlos R Moreira‐Maia
- Federal University of Rio Grande do SulDepartment of PsychiatryRua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350‐2201APorto AlegreRSBrazil90035‐003
| | | | | | - Trine Gerner
- Region Zealand PsychiatryPsychiatric Research UnitSlagelseDenmark
| | - Maria Skoog
- Clinical Studies Sweden ‐ Forum SouthClinical Study SupportLundSweden
| | - Susanne Rosendal
- Psychiatric Centre North ZealandThe Capital Region of DenmarkDenmark
| | - Camilla Groth
- Herlev University HospitalPediatric DepartmentCapital RegionHerlevDenmark
| | | | | | - Dorothy Gauci
- Department of HealthDirectorate for Health Information and Research95 G'Mangia HillG'MangiaMaltaPTA 1313
| | - Morris Zwi
- Whittington HealthIslington Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service580 Holloway RoadLondonLondonUKN7 6LB
| | - Richard Kirubakaran
- Christian Medical CollegeCochrane South Asia, Prof. BV Moses Centre for Evidence‐Informed Healthcare and Health PolicyCarman Block II FloorCMC Campus, BagayamVelloreIndia632002
| | - Sasja J Håkonsen
- Aalborg UniversityDepartment of Health Science and TechnologyNiels Jernes Vej 14AalborgDenmark9220
| | | | - Erik Simonsen
- Region Zealand PsychiatryPsychiatric Research UnitSlagelseDenmark
| | - Christian Gluud
- Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, Department 7812, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University HospitalCochrane Hepato‐Biliary GroupBlegdamsvej 9CopenhagenDenmarkDK‐2100
- Copenhagen University HospitalCopenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention ResearchCopenhagenDenmark
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Liu J, Wang C, Diao Q, Qin W, Cheng J, Yu C. Connection Disruption Underlying Attention Deficit in Subcortical Stroke. Radiology 2018; 288:186-194. [PMID: 29737956 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2018171730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To investigate neural substrates underlying attention deficit in patients with chronic subcortical stroke by combining voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping (VLSM) and diffusion-tensor (DT) tractography. Materials and Methods Institutional review board approval and written informed consent were obtained. Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging data were prospectively acquired from August 1, 2014, to March 30, 2015, in 49 patients (32 men, 17 women; mean age, 55.7 years ± 8.0; age range, 40-71 years) with subcortical infarctions in the basal ganglia and neighboring regions and 52 control subjects (30 men, 22 women; mean age, 54.4 years ± 7.5; age range, 40-68 years). A modified version of the attention network test was used to assess visual attention function. On the basis of the lesion map at the acute stage, VLSM was used to identify lesion locations related to attention deficit in patients with stroke. DT tractography then was used to determine the responsible impaired connections by using diffusion data at the chronic stage (>6 months after stroke). Results When compared with control subjects, patients with chronic stroke exhibited prolonged reaction time (RT) of correct responses (P = .009). VLSM revealed that acute stroke lesion in the right caudate nucleus and nearby white matter (found in seven patients) was correlated with the prolonged RT (P < .05). DTT showed that the responsible lesion was located in the right thalamic- and caudate-prefrontal pathways in control subjects. The subgroup with right-sided brain damage had significantly decreased fractional anisotropy in these pathways (P < .001), which were correlated with the prolonged RT (P = .009 for the thalamic-prefrontal pathway, P < .001 for the caudate-prefrontal pathway). Conclusion Thalamic-prefrontal and caudate-prefrontal pathways impaired by stroke lesions appear to underlie attention deficit in patients with subcortical stroke in the right hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchun Liu
- From the Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154, Anshan Rd, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China (J.L., Q.D., W.Q., C.Y.); and Department of MRI, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (C.W., J.C.)
| | - Caihong Wang
- From the Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154, Anshan Rd, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China (J.L., Q.D., W.Q., C.Y.); and Department of MRI, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (C.W., J.C.)
| | - Qingqing Diao
- From the Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154, Anshan Rd, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China (J.L., Q.D., W.Q., C.Y.); and Department of MRI, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (C.W., J.C.)
| | - Wen Qin
- From the Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154, Anshan Rd, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China (J.L., Q.D., W.Q., C.Y.); and Department of MRI, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (C.W., J.C.)
| | - Jingliang Cheng
- From the Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154, Anshan Rd, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China (J.L., Q.D., W.Q., C.Y.); and Department of MRI, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (C.W., J.C.)
| | - Chunshui Yu
- From the Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154, Anshan Rd, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China (J.L., Q.D., W.Q., C.Y.); and Department of MRI, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (C.W., J.C.)
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20
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Lui S, Zhou XJ, Sweeney JA, Gong Q. Psychoradiology: The Frontier of Neuroimaging in Psychiatry. Radiology 2017; 281:357-372. [PMID: 27755933 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2016152149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Unlike neurologic conditions, such as brain tumors, dementia, and stroke, the neural mechanisms for all psychiatric disorders remain unclear. A large body of research obtained with structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography/single photon emission computed tomography, and optical imaging has demonstrated regional and illness-specific brain changes at the onset of psychiatric disorders and in individuals at risk for such disorders. Many studies have shown that psychiatric medications induce specific measurable changes in brain anatomy and function that are related to clinical outcomes. As a result, a new field of radiology, termed psychoradiology, seems primed to play a major clinical role in guiding diagnostic and treatment planning decisions in patients with psychiatric disorders. This article will present the state of the art in this area, as well as perspectives regarding preparations in the field of radiology for its evolution. Furthermore, this article will (a) give an overview of the imaging and analysis methods for psychoradiology; (b) review the most robust and important radiologic findings and their potential clinical value from studies of major psychiatric disorders, such as depression and schizophrenia; and (c) describe the main challenges and future directions in this field. An ongoing and iterative process of developing biologically based nomenclatures with which to delineate psychiatric disorders and translational research to predict and track response to different therapeutic drugs is laying the foundation for a shift in diagnostic practice in psychiatry from a psychologic symptom-based approach to an imaging-based approach over the next generation. This shift will require considerable innovations for the acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of brain images, all of which will undoubtedly require the active involvement of radiologists. © RSNA, 2016 Online supplemental material is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Lui
- From the Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China (S.L., J.A.S., Q.G.); and Center for MR Research and Departments of Radiology, Neurosurgery and Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Ill (X.J.Z.)
| | - Xiaohong Joe Zhou
- From the Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China (S.L., J.A.S., Q.G.); and Center for MR Research and Departments of Radiology, Neurosurgery and Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Ill (X.J.Z.)
| | - John A Sweeney
- From the Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China (S.L., J.A.S., Q.G.); and Center for MR Research and Departments of Radiology, Neurosurgery and Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Ill (X.J.Z.)
| | - Qiyong Gong
- From the Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China (S.L., J.A.S., Q.G.); and Center for MR Research and Departments of Radiology, Neurosurgery and Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Ill (X.J.Z.)
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21
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Zimmer L. Contribution of Clinical Neuroimaging to the Understanding of the Pharmacology of Methylphenidate. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017; 38:608-620. [PMID: 28450072 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH) is currently the most widely used molecule in the pharmacologic treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Although experience of its application now extends over several decades, its psychotropic nature, prolonged use in children, and chemical relation to amphetamines still raise doubts in the minds of prescribers and the families of the patients. Brain imaging has shed considerable light on the neuropharmacology of MPH. The two main in vivo neuroimaging techniques are positron-emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and these can be applied in both animal models and humans. The present review seeks to show how human molecular and functional imaging has contributed to determining not only the molecular targets of MPH, and the action kinetics of the various pharmaceutical forms available, but also the connectivity and brain networks activated by treatment. We also discuss the perspectives opened up by new hybrid PET-MRI techniques that enable multimodal tracking of the impact of methylphenidate on neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Zimmer
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; Centre d'Étude et de Recherche Multimodale et Pluridisciplinaire en Imagerie (CERMEP) Imaging Platform, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Lyon, France.
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22
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Muñoz-Moreno E, Fischi-Gomez E, Batalle D, Borradori-Tolsa C, Eixarch E, Thiran JP, Gratacós E, Hüppi PS. Structural Brain Network Reorganization and Social Cognition Related to Adverse Perinatal Condition from Infancy to Early Adolescence. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:560. [PMID: 28008304 PMCID: PMC5143343 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse conditions during fetal life have been associated to both structural and functional changes in neurodevelopment from the neonatal period to adolescence. In this study, connectomics was used to assess the evolution of brain networks from infancy to early adolescence. Brain network reorganization over time in subjects who had suffered adverse perinatal conditions is characterized and related to neurodevelopment and cognition. Three cohorts of prematurely born infants and children (between 28 and 35 weeks of gestational age), including individuals with a birth weight appropriated for gestational age and with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), were evaluated at 1, 6, and 10 years of age, respectively. A common developmental trajectory of brain networks was identified in both control and IUGR groups: network efficiencies of the fractional anisotropy (FA)-weighted and normalized connectomes increase with age, which can be related to maturation and myelination of fiber connections while the number of connections decreases, which can be associated to an axonal pruning process and reorganization. Comparing subjects with or without IUGR, a similar pattern of network differences between groups was observed in the three developmental stages, mainly characterized by IUGR group having reduced brain network efficiencies in binary and FA-weighted connectomes and increased efficiencies in the connectome normalized by its total connection strength (FA). Associations between brain networks and neurobehavioral impairments were also evaluated showing a relationship between different network metrics and specific social cognition-related scores, as well as a higher risk of inattention/hyperactivity and/or executive functional disorders in IUGR children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Muñoz-Moreno
- Fetal i+D, Fetal Medicine Research Center, Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Deu), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Experimental 7T MRI Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I SunyerBarcelona, Spain
| | - Elda Fischi-Gomez
- Signal Processing Laboratory 5, École Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanne, Switzerland; Division of Development and Growth. Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of GenevaGeneva, Switzerland
| | - Dafnis Batalle
- Fetal i+D, Fetal Medicine Research Center, Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Deu), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Cristina Borradori-Tolsa
- Division of Development and Growth. Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elisenda Eixarch
- Fetal i+D, Fetal Medicine Research Center, Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Deu), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare DiseasesBarcelona, Spain
| | - Jean-Philippe Thiran
- Signal Processing Laboratory 5, École Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanne, Switzerland; Department of Radiology, University Hospital Center and University of LausanneLausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eduard Gratacós
- Fetal i+D, Fetal Medicine Research Center, Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Deu), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare DiseasesBarcelona, Spain
| | - Petra S Hüppi
- Division of Development and Growth. Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland
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23
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Ercan ES, Suren S, Bacanlı A, Yazıcı KU, Callı C, Ardic UA, Aygunes D, Kosova B, Ozyurt O, Aydın C, Rohde LA. Altered structural connectivity is related to attention deficit/hyperactivity subtypes: A DTI study. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2016; 256:57-64. [PMID: 27130841 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to provide novel insights into the white matter (WM) microstructural properties of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) subtypes by recruiting a relatively large sample of stimulant-naïve children and adolescents who had no comorbidity other than Oppositional Defiant Disorder and were homogenous according to the DAT1 gene polymorphism. A sample of 72 ADHD subjects and 24 controls aged 8-15 years were enrolled in the study. We applied tract-based spatial statistics to the DTI measures for obtaining fractional anisotropy (FA) and axial, radial diffusivity (AD, RD) measures to explore ADHD type-related differences in WM for the whole brain. Comparing ADHD-Combined group (ADHD-C) with the ADHD predominantly inattentive group (ADHD-I) we detected increased RD in several bilateral brain area and increased AD mostly in left side of the brain, including the body and splenium of the corpus callosum; the anterior and posteriors limbs of the internal capsule; the superior, anterior and posterior corona radiata; the posterior thalamic radiation; and the superior longitudinal fasciculus. Likewise, mostly in the overlapping brain areas, the ADHD-C group presented increased AD values than ADHD-RI. Significant differences among ADHD types could be a preliminary evidence that they have distinct microstructural properties. There were no significant differences in diffusivity between controls and both the ADHD group as whole or any ADHD subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyup Sabri Ercan
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
| | | | | | - Kemal Utku Yazıcı
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Cem Callı
- Radiology Department, Medical Faculty, Ege University, Turkey
| | - Ulku Akyol Ardic
- Denizli State Hospital, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Duygu Aygunes
- Medical Biology Department, Medical Faculty, Ege University, Turkey
| | - Buket Kosova
- Medical Biology Department, Medical Faculty, Ege University, Turkey
| | - Onur Ozyurt
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cahide Aydın
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Luis Augusto Rohde
- ADHD Outpatient Program, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, Brazil
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24
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Mies GW, De Water E, Scheres A. Planning to make economic decisions in the future, but choosing impulsively now: are preference reversals related to symptoms of ADHD and depression? Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2016; 25:178-89. [PMID: 27199170 PMCID: PMC6877171 DOI: 10.1002/mpr.1511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A preference for smaller immediate rewards over larger delayed rewards (delay discounting, DD) is common in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but rarely investigated in depression. Whether this preference is due to sensitivity to reward immediacy or delay aversion remains unclear. To investigate this, we examined whether ADHD and depressive symptoms are associated with preference reversals: a switch from smaller immediate rewards to larger delayed rewards when smaller rewards are also delayed. We also examined whether these symptoms differentially affect DD of losses. In Study 1 undergraduates completed a questionnaire about ADHD symptoms, and performed a hypothetical DD task. In the NOW condition, participants were presented with choices between a small reward available today and a large reward available after one year. In the FUTURE condition both rewards were delayed with +1 year. In Study 2 undergraduates completed questionnaires about ADHD and depressive symptoms and performed a DD task with gains and losses. Participants showed preference reversals in both studies and tasks. Losses were less steeply discounted than gains. ADHD and depressive symptoms did not influence these effects. Depressive symptoms, but not ADHD symptoms, were associated with less economic choices in general. These findings suggest that impulsive choice in depression is not explained by sensitivity to reward immediacy. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabry W Mies
- Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Erik De Water
- Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk Scheres
- Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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25
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Svatkova A, Nestrasil I, Rudser K, Goldenring Fine J, Bledsoe J, Semrud‐Clikeman M. Unique white matter microstructural patterns in ADHD presentations-a diffusion tensor imaging study. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 37:3323-36. [PMID: 27159198 PMCID: PMC5663221 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder predominantly inattentive (ADHD-PI) and combined (ADHD-C) presentations are likely distinct disorders that differ neuroanatomically, neurochemically, and neuropsychologically. However, to date, little is known about specific white matter (WM) regions differentiating ADHD presentations. This study examined differences in WM microstructure using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data from 20 ADHD-PI, 18 ADHD-C, and 27 typically developed children. Voxel-wise analysis of DTI measurements in major fiber bundles was carried out using tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS). Clusters showing diffusivity abnormalities were used as regions of interest for regression analysis between fractional anisotropy (FA) and neuropsychological outcomes. Compared to neurotypicals, ADHD-PI children showed higher FA in the anterior thalamic radiations (ATR), bilateral inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF), and in the left corticospinal tract (CST). In contrast, the ADHD-C group exhibited higher FA in the bilateral cingulum bundle (CB). In the ADHD-PI group, differences in FA in the left ILF and ATR were accompanied by axial diffusivity (AD) abnormalities. In addition, the ADHD-PI group exhibited atypical mean diffusivity in the forceps minor (FMi) and left ATR and AD differences in right CB compared to healthy subjects. Direct comparison between ADHD presentations demonstrated radial diffusivity differences in FMi. WM clusters with FA irregularities in ADHD were associated with neurobehavioral performance across groups. In conclusion, differences in WM microstructure in ADHD presentations strengthen the theory that ADHD-PI and ADHD-C are two distinct disorders. Regions with WM irregularity seen in both ADHD presentations might serve as predictors of executive and behavioral functioning across groups. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3323-3336, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Svatkova
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesota
- Multimodal and Functional Neuroimaging Research GroupCEITEC—Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Igor Nestrasil
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesota
| | - Kyle Rudser
- Division of BiostatisticsUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesota
| | - Jodene Goldenring Fine
- Department of Counseling, Educational Psychology, and Special EducationMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan
| | - Jesse Bledsoe
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattleWashington
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26
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van Ewijk H, Noordermeer SDS, Heslenfeld DJ, Luman M, Hartman CA, Hoekstra PJ, Faraone SV, Franke B, Buitelaar JK, Oosterlaan J. The influence of comorbid oppositional defiant disorder on white matter microstructure in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2016; 25:701-10. [PMID: 26507746 PMCID: PMC4932146 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-015-0784-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) are highly comorbid disorders. ADHD has been associated with altered white matter (WM) microstructure, though the literature is inconsistent, which may be due to differences in the in- or exclusion of participants with comorbid ODD. WM abnormalities in ODD are still poorly understood, and it is unclear whether comorbid ODD in ADHD may have confounded the current ADHD literature. Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) was used to compare fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) between ADHD patients with (n = 42) and without (n = 117) comorbid ODD. All participants were between 8-25 years and groups did not differ in mean age or gender. Follow-up analyses were conducted to examine the role of antisocial behaviour (conduct problems) on FA and MD values in both groups. Comorbid ODD in ADHD was associated with lower FA in left frontotemporal WM, which appeared independent of ADHD symptoms. FA was negatively associated with antisocial behaviour in ADHD + ODD, but not in ADHD-only. Comorbid ODD is associated with WM abnormalities in individuals with ADHD, which appears to be independent of ADHD symptoms. Altered WM microstructure in comorbid ODD may play a role in inconsistencies in the current DTI literature in ADHD. Altered development of these tracts may contribute to social-emotional and cognitive problems in children with oppositional and antisocial behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanneke van Ewijk
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, VU University Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Siri D S Noordermeer
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, VU University Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J Heslenfeld
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, VU University Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Luman
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, VU University Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, USA
| | - Barbara Franke
- Departments of Human Genetics and Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Center Nijmegen in Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J Oosterlaan
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, VU University Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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27
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Frontostriatal White Matter Integrity Predicts Development of Delay of Gratification: A Longitudinal Study. J Neurosci 2016; 36:1954-61. [PMID: 26865618 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3459-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The ability to delay gratification increases considerably across development. Here, we test the hypothesis that this impulse control capacity is driven by increased maturation of frontostriatal circuitry using a fiber-tracking approach combined with longitudinal imaging. In total, 192 healthy volunteers between 8 and 26 years underwent diffusion tensor imaging scanning and completed a delay-discounting task twice, separated by a 2-year interval. We investigated dynamic associations between frontostriatal white matter (WM) integrity and delay of gratification skills. Moreover, we examined the predictive value of frontostriatal WM integrity for future delay of gratification skills. Results showed that delay discounting increases with age in a quadratic fashion, with greatest patience during late adolescence. Data also indicated nonlinear development of frontostriatal WM, with relative fast development during childhood and early adulthood and--on average--little change during mid-adolescence. Furthermore, the positive association between age and delay discounting was further increased in individuals with higher WM integrity of the frontostriatal tracts. Predictive analysis showed that frontostriatal WM development explained unique variance in current and future delay of gratification skills. This study adds to a descriptive relation between WM integrity and delay of gratification by showing that maturation of frontostriatal connectivity predicts changes in delay of gratification skills. These findings have implications for studies examining deviances in impulse control by showing that the developmental path between striatum and prefrontal cortex may be an important predictor for when development goes astray. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT During the transition from childhood to adulthood, individuals generally show increased patience and become better in delaying gratification. The exact neural correlates of delay of gratification, however, remain poorly understood. By measuring both frontostriatal white matter (WM) integrity and delay of gratification skills at two time points, we were able to provide links for our understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying this type of impulse regulation capacity. We demonstrate that the ability to delay gratification improves between childhood and young adulthood and this improvement is predicted by the integrity of frontostriatal WM connections. This study adds to a descriptive relation between WM quality and delay of gratification by showing that maturation of frontostriatal connectivity predicts improvements in delay of gratification skills.
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Eixarch E, Muñoz-Moreno E, Bargallo N, Batalle D, Gratacos E. Motor and cortico-striatal-thalamic connectivity alterations in intrauterine growth restriction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 214:725.e1-9. [PMID: 26719213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrauterine growth restriction is associated with short- and long-term neurodevelopmental problems. Structural brain changes underlying these alterations have been described with the use of different magnetic resonance-based methods that include changes in whole structural brain networks. However, evaluation of specific brain circuits and its correlation with related functions has not been investigated in intrauterine growth restriction. OBJECTIVES In this study, we aimed to investigate differences in tractography-related metrics in cortico-striatal-thalamic and motor networks in intrauterine growth restricted children and whether these parameters were related with their specific function in order to explore its potential use as an imaging biomarker of altered neurodevelopment. METHODS We included a group of 24 intrauterine growth restriction subjects and 27 control subjects that were scanned at 1 year old; we acquired T1-weighted and 30 directions diffusion magnetic resonance images. Each subject brain was segmented in 93 regions with the use of anatomical automatic labeling atlas, and deterministic tractography was performed. Brain regions included in motor and cortico-striatal-thalamic networks were defined based in functional and anatomic criteria. Within the streamlines that resulted from the whole brain tractography, those belonging to each specific circuit were selected and tractography-related metrics that included number of streamlines, fractional anisotropy, and integrity were calculated for each network. We evaluated differences between both groups and further explored the correlation of these parameters with the results of socioemotional, cognitive, and motor scales from Bayley Scale at 2 years of age. RESULTS Reduced fractional anisotropy (cortico-striatal-thalamic, 0.319 ± 0.018 vs 0.315 ± 0.015; P = .010; motor, 0.322 ± 0.019 vs 0.319 ± 0.020; P = .019) and integrity cortico-striatal-thalamic (0.407 ± 0.040 vs 0.399 ± 0.034; P = .018; motor, 0.417 ± 0.044 vs 0.409 ± 0.046; P = .016) in both networks were observed in the intrauterine growth restriction group, with no differences in number of streamlines. More importantly, strong specific correlation was found between tractography-related metrics and its relative function in both networks in intrauterine growth restricted children. Motor network metrics were correlated specifically with motor scale results (fractional anisotropy: rho = 0.857; integrity: rho = 0.740); cortico-striatal-thalamic network metrics were correlated with cognitive (fractional anisotropy: rho = 0.793; integrity, rho = 0.762) and socioemotional scale (fractional anisotropy: rho = 0.850; integrity: rho = 0.877). CONCLUSIONS These results support the existence of altered brain connectivity in intrauterine growth restriction demonstrated by altered connectivity in motor and cortico-striatal-thalamic networks, with reduced fractional anisotropy and integrity. The specific correlation between tractography-related metrics and neurodevelopmental outcomes in intrauterine growth restriction shows the potential to use this approach to develop imaging biomarkers to predict specific neurodevelopmental outcome in infants who are at risk because of intrauterine growth restriction and other prenatal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisenda Eixarch
- Fetal i+D Fetal Medicine Research Center, BCNatal-Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Deu), IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Emma Muñoz-Moreno
- Fetal i+D Fetal Medicine Research Center, BCNatal-Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Deu), IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Bargallo
- Department of Radiology, Centre de Diagnòstic per la Imatge Clínic, Hospital Clínic, and the Magnetic Resonance core facility, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dafnis Batalle
- Fetal i+D Fetal Medicine Research Center, BCNatal-Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Deu), IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences & Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eduard Gratacos
- Fetal i+D Fetal Medicine Research Center, BCNatal-Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Deu), IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, Barcelona, Spain
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29
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Stimulant treatment history predicts frontal-striatal structural connectivity in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 26:674-83. [PMID: 26899587 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has revealed white matter abnormalities in individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Stimulant treatment may affect such abnormalities. The current study investigated associations between long-term stimulant treatment and white matter integrity within the frontal-striatal and mesolimbic pathways, in a large sample of children, adolescents and young adults with ADHD. Participants with ADHD (N=172; mean age 17, range 9-26) underwent diffusion-weighted MRI scanning, along with an age- and gendermatched group of 96 control participants. Five study-specific white matter tract masks (orbitofrontal-striatal, orbitofrontal-amygdalar, amygdalar-striatal, dorsolateral-prefrontal-striatal and medialprefrontal-striatal) were created. First we analyzed case-control differences in fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) within each tract. Second, FA and MD in each tract was predicted from cumulative stimulant intake within the ADHD group. After correction for multiple testing, participants with ADHD showed reduced FA in the orbitofrontal-striatal pathway (p=0.010, effect size=0.269). Within the ADHD group, higher cumulative stimulant intake was associated with lower MD in the same pathway (p=0.011, effect size=-0.164), but not with FA. The association between stimulant treatment and orbitofrontal-striatal MD was of modest effect size. It fell short of significance after adding ADHD severity or ADHD type to the model (p=0.036 and p=0.094, respectively), while the effect size changed little. Our findings are compatible with stimulant treatment enhancing orbitofrontal-striatal white matter connectivity, and emphasize the importance of the orbitofrontal cortex and its connections in ADHD. Longitudinal studies including a drug-naïve baseline assessment are needed to distinguish between-subject variability in ADHD severity from treatment effects.
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Chiang HL, Chen YJ, Shang CY, Tseng WYI, Gau SSF. Different neural substrates for executive functions in youths with ADHD: a diffusion spectrum imaging tractography study. Psychol Med 2016; 46:1225-1238. [PMID: 26744120 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291715002767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between white-matter tracts and executive functions (EF) in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has not been well studied and previous studies mainly focused on frontostriatal (FS) tracts. The authors explored the microstructural property of several fibre tracts hypothesized to be involved in EF, to correlate their microstructural property with EF, and to explore whether such associations differ between ADHD and typically developing (TD) youths. METHOD We assessed 45 youths with ADHD and 45 individually matched TD youths with a computerized test battery for multiple dimensions of EF. From magnetic resonance imaging, FS tract, superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF), arcuate fasciculus (AF) and cingulum bundle (CB) were reconstructed by diffusion spectrum imaging tractography. The generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) values of white-matter tracts were computed to present microstructural property of each tract. RESULTS We found lower GFA in the left FS tract, left SLF, left AF and right CB, and poorer performance in set-shifting, sustained attention, cognitive inhibition and visuospatial planning in ADHD than TD. The ADHD and TD groups demonstrated different association patterns between EF and fibre tract microstructural property. Most of the EF were associated with microstructural integrity of the FS tract and CB in TD youths, while with that of the FS tract, SLF and AF in youths with ADHD. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support that the SLF, AF and CB also involve in a wide range of EF and that the main fibre tracts involved in EF are different in youths with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-L Chiang
- Department of Psychiatry,National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine,Taipei,Taiwan
| | - Y-J Chen
- Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, National Taiwan University College of Medicine,Taipei,Taiwan
| | - C-Y Shang
- Department of Psychiatry,National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine,Taipei,Taiwan
| | - W-Y I Tseng
- Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, National Taiwan University College of Medicine,Taipei,Taiwan
| | - S S-F Gau
- Department of Psychiatry,National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine,Taipei,Taiwan
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Solé Puig M, Pérez Zapata L, Puigcerver L, Esperalba Iglesias N, Sanchez Garcia C, Romeo A, Cañete Crespillo J, Supèr H. Attention-Related Eye Vergence Measured in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145281. [PMID: 26694162 PMCID: PMC4690612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence shows a novel role for eye vergence in orienting attention in adult subjects. Here we investigated whether such modulation in eye vergence by attention is present in children and whether it is altered in children with ADHD compared to control subjects. We therefore measured the angle of eye vergence in children previously diagnosed with ADHD while performing a cue task and compared the results to those from age-matched controls. We observed a strong modulation in the angle of vergence in the control group and a weak modulation in the ADHD group. In addition, in the control group the modulation in eye vergence was different between the informative cue and uninformative cue condition. This difference was less noticeable in the ADHD group. Our study supports the observation of deficient binocular vision in ADHD children. We argue that the observed disruption in vergence modulation in ADHD children is manifest of altered cognitive processing of sensory information. Our work may provide new insights into attention disorders, like ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Solé Puig
- Dept Basic Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Pérez Zapata
- Dept Basic Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Puigcerver
- Dept Basic Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital Sant Joan de Deu (HSJD), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - August Romeo
- Dept Basic Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Hans Supèr
- Dept Basic Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior (IR3C), Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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Onnink AMH, Zwiers MP, Hoogman M, Mostert JC, Dammers J, Kan CC, Vasquez AA, Schene AH, Buitelaar J, Franke B. Deviant white matter structure in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder points to aberrant myelination and affects neuropsychological performance. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 63:14-22. [PMID: 25956761 PMCID: PMC4515357 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in childhood is characterized by gray and white matter abnormalities in several brain areas. Considerably less is known about white matter microstructure in adults with ADHD and its relation with clinical symptoms and cognitive performance. In 107 adult ADHD patients and 109 gender-, age- and IQ-matched controls, we used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) with tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) to investigate whole-skeleton changes of fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean, axial, and radial diffusivity (MD, AD, RD). Additionally, we studied the relation of FA and MD values with symptom severity and cognitive performance on tasks measuring working memory, attention, inhibition, and delay discounting. In comparison to controls, participants with ADHD showed reduced FA in corpus callosum, bilateral corona radiata, and thalamic radiation. Higher MD and RD were found in overlapping and even more widespread areas in both hemispheres, also encompassing internal and external capsule, sagittal stratum, fornix, and superior lateral fasciculus. Values of FA and MD were not associated with symptom severity. However, within some white matter clusters that distinguished patients from controls, worse inhibition performance was associated with reduced FA and more impulsive decision making was associated with increased MD. This study shows widespread differences in white matter integrity between adults with persistent ADHD and healthy individuals. Changes in RD suggest aberrant myelination as a pathophysiological factor in persistent ADHD. The microstructural differences in adult ADHD may contribute to poor inhibition and greater impulsivity but appear to be independent of disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Marten H. Onnink
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel P. Zwiers
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martine Hoogman
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanette C. Mostert
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke Dammers
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis C. Kan
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Arias Vasquez
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Department of Cognitive Neurosciences, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Aart H. Schene
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neurosciences, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatric University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Macoun SJ, Kerns KA. Evidence of motor-control difficulties in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, explored through a hierarchical motor-systems perspective. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2015; 38:183-96. [DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2015.1094028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abnormal asymmetry in frontostriatal white matter in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Brain Imaging Behav 2015; 10:1080-1089. [DOI: 10.1007/s11682-015-9470-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Kasparek T, Theiner P, Filova A. Neurobiology of ADHD From Childhood to Adulthood: Findings of Imaging Methods. J Atten Disord 2015; 19:931-43. [PMID: 24097847 DOI: 10.1177/1087054713505322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the pattern of morphological and functional brain changes in both children and adults with ADHD that emerges from the recent literature. In addition, the task of the present review is to explore how to understand the nature of the brain changes. METHODS Literature review. RESULTS Neuroimaging studies provide a multitude of information that currently allows us to expand the notions of ADHD neurobiology beyond its traditional understanding as a manifestation of frontostriatal dysfunction. They point to disorders of several other areas of the brain, particularly the anterior cingulum, the dorsolateral as well as ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, the orbitofrontal cortex, the superior parietal regions, the caudate nucleus, the thalamus, the amygdala and the cerebellum. Imaging studies point to the persistence of changes in both brain structure and function into adulthood, although there might be a tendency for improvement of caudate nucleus pathology. Changes in neuronal (dendritic) plasticity, which are under the modulatory influence of the dopaminergic system, may be in the background of disorders of brain morphology and anatomical connectivity with subsequent brain dysfunction. Growing evidence suggest that methylphenidate treatment can lead to improvement of brain changes seen in neuroimaging by its positive effect on neuroplasticity. CONCLUSION Changes in neuronal plasticity may be behind persisting brain changes in ADHD. Current treatment approaches seem to improve these neuroplastic processes, and, therefore, may have a positive effect on the neuropathology of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Kasparek
- Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Theiner
- Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic
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Chiang HL, Chen YJ, Lo YC, Tseng WYI, Gau SSF. Altered white matter tract property related to impaired focused attention, sustained attention, cognitive impulsivity and vigilance in attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2015; 40:325-35. [PMID: 25871496 PMCID: PMC4543095 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.140106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neural substrate for clinical symptoms and neuropsychological performance in individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has rarely been studied and has yielded inconsistent results. We sought to compare the microstructural property of fibre tracts associated with the prefrontal cortex and its association with ADHD symptoms and a wide range of attention performance in youth with ADHD and healthy controls. METHODS We assessed youths with ADHD and age-, sex-, handedness-, coil- and intelligence-matched controls using the Conners' Continuous Performance Test (CCPT) for attention performance and MRI. The 10 target tracts, including the bilateral frontostriatal tracts (caudate to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and orbitofrontal cortex), superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) and cingulum bundle were reconstructed using diffusion spectrum imaging tractography. We computed generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) values to indicate tract-specific microstructural property. RESULTS We included 50 youths with ADHD and 50 healthy controls in our study. Youths with ADHD had lower GFA in the left frontostriatal tracts, bilateral SLF and right cingulum bundle and performed worse in the CCPT than controls. Furthermore, alteration of the right SLF GFA was most significantly associated with the clinical symptom of inattention in youths with ADHD. Finally, youths with ADHD had differential association patterns of the 10 fibre tract GFA values with attention performance compared with controls. LIMITATIONS Ten of the youths with ADHD were treated with methylphenidate, which may have long-term effects on microstructural property. CONCLUSION Our study highlights the importance of the SLF, cingulum bundle and frontostriatal tracts for clinical symptoms and attention performance in youths with ADHD and demonstrates the involvement of different fibre tracts in attention performance in these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huey-Ling Chiang
- From the Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Chiang, Gau); Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (Chiang, Gau); Department of Psychiatry, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Chiang); Center for Optoelectronic Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Chen, Tseng, Lo); Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Tseng, Gau); Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Tseng); Department of Psychology, School of Occupational Therapy, and Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (Gau)
| | - Yu-Jen Chen
- From the Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Chiang, Gau); Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (Chiang, Gau); Department of Psychiatry, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Chiang); Center for Optoelectronic Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Chen, Tseng, Lo); Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Tseng, Gau); Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Tseng); Department of Psychology, School of Occupational Therapy, and Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (Gau)
| | - Yu-Chun Lo
- From the Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Chiang, Gau); Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (Chiang, Gau); Department of Psychiatry, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Chiang); Center for Optoelectronic Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Chen, Tseng, Lo); Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Tseng, Gau); Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Tseng); Department of Psychology, School of Occupational Therapy, and Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (Gau)
| | - Wen-Yih Isaac Tseng
- From the Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Chiang, Gau); Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (Chiang, Gau); Department of Psychiatry, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Chiang); Center for Optoelectronic Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Chen, Tseng, Lo); Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Tseng, Gau); Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Tseng); Department of Psychology, School of Occupational Therapy, and Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (Gau)
| | - Susan Shur-Fen Gau
- From the Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Chiang, Gau); Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (Chiang, Gau); Department of Psychiatry, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Chiang); Center for Optoelectronic Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Chen, Tseng, Lo); Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Tseng, Gau); Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Tseng); Department of Psychology, School of Occupational Therapy, and Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (Gau)
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Henríquez-Henríquez MP, Solari S, Quiroga T, Kim BI, Deckelbaum RJ, Worgall TS. Low serum sphingolipids in children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:300. [PMID: 26379487 PMCID: PMC4548182 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most prevalent neuropsychiatric condition in childhood. ADHD is a multifactorial trait with a strong genetic component. One neurodevelopmental hypothesis is that ADHD is associated with a lag in brain maturation. Sphingolipids are essential for brain development and neuronal functioning, but their role in ADHD pathogenesis is unexplored. We hypothesized that serum sphingolipid levels distinguish ADHD patients from unaffected subjects. Methods: We characterized serum sphingolipid profiles of ADHD patients and two control groups: non-affected relatives and non-affected subjects without a family history of ADHD. Sphingolipids were measured by LC-MS/MS in 77 participants (28 ADHD patients, 28 related controls, and 21 unrelated controls). ADHD diagnosis was based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM IV-TR). Diagnostic criteria were assessed by two independent observers. Groups were compared by parametrical statistics. Results: Serum sphingomyelins C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, C24:1, ceramide C24:0, and deoxy-ceramide C24:1 were significantly decreased in ADHD patients at 20–30% relative reductions. In our sample, decreased serum sphingomyelin levels distinguished ADHD patients with 79% sensitivity and 78% specificity. Conclusions: Our results showed lower levels of all major serum sphingomyelins in ADHD. These findings may reflect brain maturation and affect neuro-functional pathways characteristic for ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela P Henríquez-Henríquez
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University New York, NY, USA ; Department of Clinical Laboratories, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Sandra Solari
- Department of Clinical Laboratories, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Teresa Quiroga
- Department of Clinical Laboratories, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Benjamin I Kim
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard J Deckelbaum
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University New York, NY, USA
| | - Tilla S Worgall
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University New York, NY, USA
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Cooper M, Thapar A, Jones DK. White matter microstructure predicts autistic traits in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2015; 44:2742-54. [PMID: 24827086 PMCID: PMC4194020 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-014-2131-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Traits of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have previously been found to index clinical severity. This study examined the association of ASD traits with diffusion parameters in adolescent males with ADHD (n = 17), and also compared WM microstructure relative to controls (n = 17). Significant associations (p < 0.05, corrected) were found between fractional anisotropy/radial diffusivity and ASD trait severity (positive and negative correlations respectively), mostly in the right posterior limb of the internal capsule/corticospinal tract, right cerebellar peduncle and the midbrain. No case-control differences were found for the diffusion parameters investigated. This is the first report of a WM microstructural signature of autistic traits in ADHD. Thus, even in the absence of full disorder, ASD traits may index a distinctive underlying neurobiology in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Cooper
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Section, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Second Floor, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK,
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Fall S, Querne L, Le Moing AG, Berquin P. Individual differences in subcortical microstructure organization reflect reaction time performances during a flanker task: a diffusion tensor imaging study in children with and without ADHD. Psychiatry Res 2015; 233:50-6. [PMID: 26025013 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The results of several previous magnetic resonance imaging studies suggest that the fronto-striato-thalamic circuitry is involved in the pathophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, few studies have investigated the putative association between quantitative diffusion tensor imaging measurements of subcortical gray matter and subject task performances in children with ADHD. Here, we examined whether reaction time (RT) parameters during a flanker task were correlated with mean diffusivity (MD) measurements in the basal ganglia and thalamus in children with ADHD and in controls. For the study group as a whole, both the mean RT and the intra-individual variability in RTs were found to be significantly correlated with MD measurements in the right and left caudate, putamen and thalamus. In contrast, the correlation between the interference effect and MD failed to reach statistical significance. The present results may advance our understanding of the anatomical substrates of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidy Fall
- Department of Pediatric Neurology. INSERM U-1105, Amiens University Medical Center, F-80054, France.
| | - Laurent Querne
- Department of Pediatric Neurology. INSERM U-1105, Amiens University Medical Center, F-80054, France
| | - Anne-Gaëlle Le Moing
- Department of Pediatric Neurology. INSERM U-1105, Amiens University Medical Center, F-80054, France
| | - Patrick Berquin
- Department of Pediatric Neurology. INSERM U-1105, Amiens University Medical Center, F-80054, France
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de Luis-García R, Cabús-Piñol G, Imaz-Roncero C, Argibay-Quiñones D, Barrio-Arranz G, Aja-Fernández S, Alberola-López C. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and medication with stimulants in young children: a DTI study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 57:176-84. [PMID: 25445066 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and white matter connectivity has not been well established yet, specially for children under 10 years of age. In addition, the effects of treatment on brain structure have not been sufficiently explored from a Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) perspective. In this study, the influence of treatment with methylphenidate in the white matter of children with ADHD was investigated using two different and complementary DTI analysis methods: Tract-Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS) and a robust tractography selection method. No significant differences were found in Fractional Anisotropy (FA) between medicated, drug-naïve patients and healthy controls, but a reduced Mean Diffusivity (MD) was found in ADHD patients under treatment with respect to both healthy controls and drug-naïve ADHD patients. Also, correlations were found between MD increases and performance indicators of ADHD. These findings may help elucidate the nature of white matter alterations in ADHD, their relationship with symptoms and the effects of treatment with psychostimulants.
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Dimatelis JJ, Hsieh JH, Sterley TL, Marais L, Womersley JS, Vlok M, Russell VA. Impaired Energy Metabolism and Disturbed Dopamine and Glutamate Signalling in the Striatum and Prefrontal Cortex of the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat Model of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 56:696-707. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0491-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Gau SS, Tseng WL, Tseng WYI, Wu YH, Lo YC. Association between microstructural integrity of frontostriatal tracts and school functioning: ADHD symptoms and executive function as mediators. Psychol Med 2015; 45:529-543. [PMID: 25075643 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291714001664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficits in executive function (EF), impaired school functioning and altered white matter integrity in frontostriatal networks have been associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, relationships between impairments in these areas are unclear. Using a sample of youths with and without ADHD, this study examined the association between microstructural integrity of frontostriatal tracts and school dysfunction and the mediating roles of EF and ADHD symptoms in this association. METHOD The sample included 32 Taiwanese youths with ADHD and 32 age-, sex-, handedness- and IQ-matched typically-developing (TD) youths. Participants were assessed using psychiatric interviews, parent reports on ADHD symptoms and school functioning, and EF measures from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB). The frontostriatal tracts were reconstructed by diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI) tractography and were subdivided into four functionally distinct segments: caudate-dorsolateral, caudate-medial prefrontal, caudate-orbitofrontal and caudate-ventrolateral tracts. RESULTS Youths with ADHD, relative to TD youths, showed altered white matter integrity in all four bilateral pairs of frontostriatal tracts (decreased general fractional anisotropy, GFA), had poor attention, vigilance and response inhibition, and showed impaired school functioning. Altered microstructural integrity in frontostriatal tracts was significantly associated with school dysfunction, which was mediated by EF measures of attention/vigilance and response inhibition in addition to inattention and hyperactivity symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate an association between white matter integrity in the frontostriatal networks and school functioning and suggest that EF deficits and ADHD symptoms may be the mediating mechanisms for this association. Future research is needed to test the directionality and specificity of this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Gau
- Department of Psychiatry,National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine,Taipei,Taiwan
| | - W-L Tseng
- Institute of Child Development,University of Minnesota,Twin Cities, Minnesota, MN,USA
| | - W-Y I Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine,National Taiwan University,Taipei,Taiwan
| | - Y-H Wu
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine,National Taiwan University,Taipei,Taiwan
| | - Y-C Lo
- Center for Optoelectronic Medicine, College of Medicine,National Taiwan University,Taipei,Taiwan
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Lin HY, Gau SSF, Huang-Gu SL, Shang CY, Wu YH, Tseng WYI. Neural substrates of behavioral variability in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: based on ex-Gaussian reaction time distribution and diffusion spectrum imaging tractography. Psychol Med 2014; 44:1751-1764. [PMID: 23931705 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291713001955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased intra-individual variability (IIV) in reaction time (RT) across various tasks is one ubiquitous neuropsychological finding in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, neurobiological underpinnings of IIV in individuals with ADHD have not yet been fully delineated. The ex-Gaussian distribution has been proved to capture IIV in RT. The authors explored the three parameters [μ (mu), σ (sigma), τ (tau)] of an ex-Gaussian RT distribution derived from the Conners' continuous performance test (CCPT) and their correlations with the microstructural integrity of the frontostriatal-caudate tracts and the cingulum bundles. METHOD We assessed 28 youths with ADHD (8-17 years; 25 males) and 28 age-, sex-, IQ- and handedness-matched typically developing (TD) youths using the CCPT, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, 3rd edition and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Microstructural integrity, indexed by generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA), was measured by diffusion spectrum imaging tractrography on a 3-T MRI system. RESULTS Youths with ADHD had larger σ (s.d. of Gaussian distribution) and τ (mean of exponential distribution) and reduced GFA in four bilateral frontostriatal tracts. With increased inter-stimulus intervals of CCPT, the magnitude of greater τ in ADHD than TD increased. In ADHD youths, the cingulum bundles and frontostriatal integrity were associated with three ex-Gaussian parameters and with μ (mean of Gaussian distribution) and τ, respectively; while only frontostriatal GFA was associated with μ and τ in TD youths. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest the crucial role of the integrity of the cingulum bundles in accounting for IIV in ADHD. Involvement of different brain systems in mediating IIV may relate to a distinctive pathophysiological processing and/or adaptive compensatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-Y Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - S S-F Gau
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - S L Huang-Gu
- Graduate Institute of Behavioral Sciences and Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - C-Y Shang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Y-H Wu
- School of Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - W-Y I Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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McLeod KR, Langevin LM, Goodyear BG, Dewey D. Functional connectivity of neural motor networks is disrupted in children with developmental coordination disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2014; 4:566-75. [PMID: 24818082 PMCID: PMC3984446 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are prevalent childhood disorders that frequently co-occur. Evidence from neuroimaging research suggests that children with these disorders exhibit disruptions in motor circuitry, which could account for the high rate of co-occurrence. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the functional connections of the motor network in children with DCD and/or ADHD compared to typically developing controls, with the aim of identifying common neurophysiological substrates. Resting-state fMRI was performed on seven children with DCD, 21 with ADHD, 18 with DCD + ADHD and 23 controls. Resting-state connectivity of the primary motor cortex was compared between each group and controls, using age as a co-factor. Relative to controls, children with DCD and/or ADHD exhibited similar reductions in functional connectivity between the primary motor cortex and the bilateral inferior frontal gyri, right supramarginal gyrus, angular gyri, insular cortices, amygdala, putamen, and pallidum. In addition, children with DCD and/or ADHD exhibited different age-related patterns of connectivity, compared to controls. These findings suggest that children with DCD and/or ADHD exhibit disruptions in motor circuitry, which may contribute to problems with motor functioning and attention. Our results support the existence of common neurophysiological substrates underlying both motor and attention problems.
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Key Words
- ADHD, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
- Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
- DCD, developmental coordination disorder
- DSM-IV, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edition)
- DTI, diffusion tensor imaging
- Developmental coordination disorder
- FC, functional connectivity
- Functional connectivity
- GLM general, linear model
- ICA, independent component analysis
- M1, primary motor cortex
- PFC, prefrontal cortex
- Resting state fMRI, Motor networks
- fMRI, functional magnetic resonance imaging
- rs-fMRI, resting-state fMRI
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R McLeod
- Medical Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada ; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute for Child and Maternal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lisa Marie Langevin
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada ; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute for Child and Maternal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada ; Behavioural Research Unit, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bradley G Goodyear
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada ; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada ; Seaman Family MR Research Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada ; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Deborah Dewey
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada ; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute for Child and Maternal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada ; Behavioural Research Unit, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada ; Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada ; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Wu YH, Gau SSF, Lo YC, Tseng WYI. White matter tract integrity of frontostriatal circuit in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: association with attention performance and symptoms. Hum Brain Mapp 2014; 35:199-212. [PMID: 22936578 PMCID: PMC6869173 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The frontostriatal circuit has been postulated to account for the core symptoms such as inattention in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study investigated the white matter integrity of frontostriatal fiber tracts using diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI) tractography and its correlations with measures of multi-dimensional aspects of inattention based on psychiatric interview and attention tasks in 25 children with ADHD and 25 matched typically developing (TD) children. All the subjects were assessed with comprehensive psychiatric interviews and the Conner's Continuous Performance Test (CCPT). DSI data were acquired on a 3-Tesla MRI system. The frontostriatal fiber pathways were reconstructed by deterministic tractography, and generalized fractional anisotropy values were measured along individual targeted tracts to investigate alterations in microstructure integrity. Children with ADHD performed worse than TD children in the dimensions of focused attention, sustained attention, impulsivity, and vigilance of the CCPT, and showed impaired integrity in four bilateral frontostriatal tracts, namely the dorsolateral-caudate, medial prefrontal-caudate, orbitofrontal-caudate, and ventrolateral-caudate tracts, and in global white matter as well. The integrity of the left orbitofronto-caudate tract was associated with the symptom of inattention in children with ADHD, compatible with the attention deficit and motivational dysfunction theories in ADHD. The integrity of the frontostriatal tracts was associated with the attention performance only in TD children, suggestive of possible recruitment of tracts other than the frontostriatal tracts implicated in attention deficits in children with ADHD. In conclusion, our results demonstrate the functional involvement of the frontostriatal circuit with respect to clinical symptoms and attention performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Huan Wu
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Road work on memory lane--functional and structural alterations to the learning and memory circuit in adults born very preterm. Neuroimage 2013; 102 Pt 1:152-61. [PMID: 24368264 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Very preterm (VPT) birth is considered a risk factor not only for neurological impairment, but also for reduced function in several cognitive domains in childhood and later in life. Individuals who were born VPT are more likely to demonstrate learning and memory difficulties compared to term-born controls. These problems contribute to more VPT-born children repeating grades and underachieving in school. This, in turn, affects their prospects in adult life. Here we aimed to 1) study how the VPT-born adult brain functionally recruited specific areas during learning, i.e. encoding and recall across four repeated blocks of verbal stimuli, and to investigate how these patterns of activation differed from term-born subjects; and 2) probe the microstructural differences of white-matter tracts connecting these areas to other parts of the learning and memory network. To investigate these functional-structural relationships we analyzed functional and diffusion-weighted MRI. Functional-MRI and a verbal paired associate learning (VPAL) task were used to extract Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) activity in 21 VPT-born adults (<33 weeks of gestation) (mean age: 19.68 years ± 0.85; IQ: 99.86 ± 11.20) and 10 term-born controls (mean age: 19.87 years ± 2.04; IQ: 108.9 ± 13.18). Areas in which differences in functional activation were observed between groups were used as seed regions for tractography. Fractional anisotropy (FA) of the tract-skeleton was then compared between groups on a voxel-wise basis. Results of functional MRI analysis showed a significantly different pattern of activation between groups during encoding in right anterior cingulate-caudate body, and during retrieval in left thalamus, hippocampus and parts of left posterior parahippocampal gyrus. The number of correctly recalled word pairs did not statistically differ between individuals who were born VPT and controls. The VPT-born group was found to have reduced FA in tracts passing through the thalamic/hippocampal region that was differently activated during the recall condition, with the hippocampal fornix, inferior longitudinal fasciculus and inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus particularly affected. Young adults who were born very preterm display a strikingly different pattern of activation during the process of learning in key structures of the learning and memory network, including anterior cingulate and caudate body during encoding and thalamus/parahippocampal gyrus during cued recall. Altered activation in thalamus/parahippocampal gyrus may be explained by reduced connections between these areas and the hippocampus, which may be a direct consequence of neonatal hypoxic/ischemic injury. These results could reflect the effect of adaptive plastic processes associated with high-order cognitive functions, at least when the cognitive load remains relatively low, as ex-preterm young adults displayed unimpaired performance in completing the verbal paired associate learning task.
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Cortese S, Imperati D, Zhou J, Proal E, Klein RG, Mannuzza S, Ramos-Olazagasti MA, Milham MP, Kelly C, Castellanos FX. White matter alterations at 33-year follow-up in adults with childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 74:591-8. [PMID: 23566821 PMCID: PMC3720804 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is increasingly conceived as reflecting altered functional and structural brain connectivity. The latter can be addressed with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). We examined fractional anisotropy (FA), a DTI index related to white matter structural properties, in adult male subjects diagnosed with ADHD in childhood (probands) and matched control subjects without childhood ADHD. Additionally, we contrasted FA among probands with and without current ADHD in adulthood and control subjects. METHODS Participants were from an original cohort of 207 boys and 178 male control subjects. At 33-year follow-up, analyzable DTI scans were obtained in 51 probands (41.3 ± 2.8 yrs) and 66 control subjects (41.2 ± 3.1 yrs). Voxel-based FA was computed with tract-based spatial statistics, controlling for multiple comparisons. RESULTS Probands with childhood ADHD exhibited significantly lower FA than control subjects without childhood ADHD in the right superior and posterior corona radiata, right superior longitudinal fasciculus, and in a left cluster including the posterior thalamic radiation, the retrolenticular part of the internal capsule, and the sagittal stratum (p<.05, corrected). Fractional anisotropy was significantly decreased relative to control subjects in several tracts in both probands with current and remitted ADHD, who did not differ significantly from each other. Fractional anisotropy was not significantly increased in probands in any region. CONCLUSIONS Decreased FA in adults with childhood ADHD regardless of current ADHD might be an enduring trait of ADHD. White matter tracts with decreased FA connect regions involved in high-level as well as sensorimotor functions, suggesting that both types of processes are involved in the pathophysiology of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Cortese
- Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, Child Study Center, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, G. B. Rossi Hospital, Department of Life Science and Reproduction, Verona University, Verona, Italy; UMR_S INSERM U 930, CNRS ERL 3106, François-Rabelais University, Child Psychiatry Centre, University Hospital, Tours, France.
| | - Davide Imperati
- Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, Child Study Center, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Juan Zhou
- Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, Child Study Center, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA,Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, & the Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Neuroscience Research Partnership, Singapore
| | - Erika Proal
- Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, Child Study Center, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA,Neuroingenia Clinical and Research Center, México, D.F., México
| | - Rachel G. Klein
- Anita Saltz Institute for Anxiety and Mood Disorders, Child Study Center, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Salvatore Mannuzza
- Anita Saltz Institute for Anxiety and Mood Disorders, Child Study Center, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria A. Ramos-Olazagasti
- Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, Child Study Center, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael P. Milham
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA,Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Clare Kelly
- Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, Child Study Center, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - F. Xavier Castellanos
- Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, Child Study Center, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA,Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
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Illa M, Eixarch E, Batalle D, Arbat-Plana A, Muñoz-Moreno E, Figueras F, Gratacos E. Long-term functional outcomes and correlation with regional brain connectivity by MRI diffusion tractography metrics in a near-term rabbit model of intrauterine growth restriction. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76453. [PMID: 24143189 PMCID: PMC3797044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) affects 5-10% of all newborns and is associated with increased risk of memory, attention and anxiety problems in late childhood and adolescence. The neurostructural correlates of long-term abnormal neurodevelopment associated with IUGR are unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive description of the long-term functional and neurostructural correlates of abnormal neurodevelopment associated with IUGR in a near-term rabbit model (delivered at 30 days of gestation) and evaluate the development of quantitative imaging biomarkers of abnormal neurodevelopment based on diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) parameters and connectivity. METHODOLOGY At +70 postnatal days, 10 cases and 11 controls were functionally evaluated with the Open Field Behavioral Test which evaluates anxiety and attention and the Object Recognition Task that evaluates short-term memory and attention. Subsequently, brains were collected, fixed and a high resolution MRI was performed. Differences in diffusion parameters were analyzed by means of voxel-based and connectivity analysis measuring the number of fibers reconstructed within anxiety, attention and short-term memory networks over the total fibers. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The results of the neurobehavioral and cognitive assessment showed a significant higher degree of anxiety, attention and memory problems in cases compared to controls in most of the variables explored. Voxel-based analysis (VBA) revealed significant differences between groups in multiple brain regions mainly in grey matter structures, whereas connectivity analysis demonstrated lower ratios of fibers within the networks in cases, reaching the statistical significance only in the left hemisphere for both networks. Finally, VBA and connectivity results were also correlated with functional outcome. CONCLUSIONS The rabbit model used reproduced long-term functional impairments and their neurostructural correlates of abnormal neurodevelopment associated with IUGR. The description of the pattern of microstructural changes underlying functional defects may help to develop biomarkers based in diffusion MRI and connectivity analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Illa
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Institut Clinic de Ginecologia, Obstetricia i Neonatologia (ICGON), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
- Fetal and Perinatal Medicine Research Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisenda Eixarch
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Institut Clinic de Ginecologia, Obstetricia i Neonatologia (ICGON), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
- Fetal and Perinatal Medicine Research Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dafnis Batalle
- Fetal and Perinatal Medicine Research Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ariadna Arbat-Plana
- Fetal and Perinatal Medicine Research Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emma Muñoz-Moreno
- Fetal and Perinatal Medicine Research Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Figueras
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Institut Clinic de Ginecologia, Obstetricia i Neonatologia (ICGON), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
- Fetal and Perinatal Medicine Research Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Gratacos
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Institut Clinic de Ginecologia, Obstetricia i Neonatologia (ICGON), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
- Fetal and Perinatal Medicine Research Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
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Schweren LJS, de Zeeuw P, Durston S. MR imaging of the effects of methylphenidate on brain structure and function in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 23:1151-64. [PMID: 23165220 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Methylphenidate is the first-choice pharmacological intervention for the treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The pharmacological and behavioral effects of methylphenidate are well described, but less is known about neurochemical brain changes induced by methylphenidate. This level of analysis may be informative on how the behavioral effects of methylphenidate are established. This paper reviews structural and functional MRI studies that have investigated effects of methylphenidate in children with ADHD. Structural MRI studies provide evidence that long-term stimulant treatment may normalize structural brain changes found in the white matter, the anterior cingulate cortex, the thalamus, and the cerebellum in ADHD. Moreover, preliminary evidence suggests that methylphenidate treatment may normalize the trajectory of cortical development in ADHD. Functional MRI has provided evidence that methylphenidate administration has acute effects on brain functioning, and even suggests that methylphenidate may normalize brain activation patterns as well as functional connectivity in children with ADHD during cognitive control, attention, and during rest. The effects of methylphenidate on the developing brain appear highly specific and dependent on numerous factors, including biological factors such as genetic predispositions, subject-related factors such as age and symptom severity, and task-related factors such as task difficulty. Future studies on structural and functional brain changes in ADHD may benefit from inclusion strategies guided by current medication status and medication history. Further studies on the effects of methylphenidate treatment on structural and functional MRI parameters are needed to address unresolved issues of the long-term effects of treatment, as well as the mechanism through which medication-induced brain changes bring about clinical improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizanne J S Schweren
- Neuroimaging Lab, Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neurosciences, University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Kushnerenko EV, Van den Bergh BRH, Winkler I. Separating acoustic deviance from novelty during the first year of life: a review of event-related potential evidence. Front Psychol 2013; 4:595. [PMID: 24046757 PMCID: PMC3763200 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Orienting to salient events in the environment is a first step in the development of attention in young infants. Electrophysiological studies have indicated that in newborns and young infants, sounds with widely distributed spectral energy, such as noise and various environmental sounds, as well as sounds widely deviating from their context elicit an event-related potential (ERP) similar to the adult P3a response. We discuss how the maturation of event-related potentials parallels the process of the development of passive auditory attention during the first year of life. Behavioral studies have indicated that the neonatal orientation to high-energy stimuli gradually changes to attending to genuine novelty and other significant events by approximately 9 months of age. In accordance with these changes, in newborns, the ERP response to large acoustic deviance is dramatically larger than that to small and moderate deviations. This ERP difference, however, rapidly decreases within first months of life and the differentiation of the ERP response to genuine novelty from that to spectrally rich but repeatedly presented sounds commences during the same period. The relative decrease of the response amplitudes elicited by high-energy stimuli may reflect development of an inhibitory brain network suppressing the processing of uninformative stimuli. Based on data obtained from healthy full-term and pre-term infants as well as from infants at risk for various developmental problems, we suggest that the electrophysiological indices of the processing of acoustic and contextual deviance may be indicative of the functioning of auditory attention, a crucial prerequisite of learning and language development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Kushnerenko
- School of Psychology, Institute for Research in Child Development, University of East London London, UK
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