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Asgharzadeh F, Memarzia A, Alikhani V, Beigoli S, Boskabady MH. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: Key regulators of tumor progression and growth. Transl Oncol 2024; 47:102039. [PMID: 38917593 PMCID: PMC11254173 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2024.102039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the main causes of death on the globe is cancer. Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear hormone receptors, including PPARα, PPARδ and PPARγ, which are important in regulating cancer cell proliferation, survival, apoptosis, and tumor growth. Activation of PPARs by endogenous or synthetic compounds regulates tumor progression in various tissues. Although each PPAR isotype suppresses or promotes tumor development depending on the specific tissues or ligands, the mechanism is still unclear. PPARs are receiving interest as possible therapeutic targets for a number of disorders. Numerous clinical studies are being conducted on PPARs as possible therapeutic targets for cancer. Therefore, this review will focus on the existing and future uses of PPARs agonists and antagonists in treating malignancies. PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus databases were searched regarding the effect of PPARs on various types of cancers until the end of May 2023. The results of the review articles showed the therapeutic influence of PPARs on a wide range of cancer on in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies. However, further experimental and clinical studies are needed to be conducted on the influence of PPARs on various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Asgharzadeh
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Arghavan Memarzia
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vida Alikhani
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Sima Beigoli
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Boskabady
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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2
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Pan Y, Li Y, Fan H, Cui H, Chen Z, Wang Y, Jiang M, Wang G. Roles of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 177:117089. [PMID: 38972148 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) holds a prominent position among global cancer types. Classically, HCC manifests in individuals with a genetic predisposition when they encounter risk elements, particularly in the context of liver cirrhosis. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), which are transcription factors activated by fatty acids, belong to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily and play a pivotal role in the regulation of energy homeostasis. At present, three distinct subtypes of PPARs have been recognized: PPARα, PPARγ, and PPARβ/δ. They regulate the transcription of genes responsible for cellular development, energy metabolism, inflammation, and differentiation. In recent years, with the rising incidence of HCC, there has been an increasing focus on the mechanisms and roles of PPARs in HCC. PPARα primarily mediates the occurrence and development of HCC by regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, inflammatory responses, and oxidative stress. PPARβ/δ is closely related to the self-renewal ability of liver cancer stem cells (LCSCs) and the formation of the tumor microenvironment. PPARγ not only influences tumor growth by regulating the glucose and lipid metabolism of HCC, but its agonists also have significant clinical significance for the treatment of HCC. Therefore, this review offers an exhaustive examination of the role of the three PPAR subtypes in HCC progression, focusing on their mediation of critical cellular processes such as glucose and lipid metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, and other pivotal signaling pathways. At the end of the review, we discuss the merits and drawbacks of existing PPAR-targeted therapeutic strategies and suggest a few alternative combinatorial therapeutic approaches that diverge from conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Pan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Yunkuo Li
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Hongyu Fan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 246 Baojian Road, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Huijuan Cui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Zhiyue Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Yunzhu Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Mengyu Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Guixia Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China.
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3
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Su F, Koeberle A. Regulation and targeting of SREBP-1 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2024; 43:673-708. [PMID: 38036934 PMCID: PMC11156753 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-023-10156-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an increasing burden on global public health and is associated with enhanced lipogenesis, fatty acid uptake, and lipid metabolic reprogramming. De novo lipogenesis is under the control of the transcription factor sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1) and essentially contributes to HCC progression. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the regulation of SREBP-1 isoforms in HCC based on cellular, animal, and clinical data. Specifically, we (i) address the overarching mechanisms for regulating SREBP-1 transcription, proteolytic processing, nuclear stability, and transactivation and (ii) critically discuss their impact on HCC, taking into account (iii) insights from pharmacological approaches. Emphasis is placed on cross-talk with the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (Akt)-mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) axis, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), protein kinase A (PKA), and other kinases that directly phosphorylate SREBP-1; transcription factors, such as liver X receptor (LXR), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator 1 (PGC-1), signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs), and Myc; epigenetic mechanisms; post-translational modifications of SREBP-1; and SREBP-1-regulatory metabolites such as oxysterols and polyunsaturated fatty acids. By carefully scrutinizing the role of SREBP-1 in HCC development, progression, metastasis, and therapy resistance, we shed light on the potential of SREBP-1-targeting strategies in HCC prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengting Su
- Michael Popp Institute and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Koeberle
- Michael Popp Institute and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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4
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Lu H. Inflammatory liver diseases and susceptibility to sepsis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2024; 138:435-487. [PMID: 38571396 DOI: 10.1042/cs20230522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Patients with inflammatory liver diseases, particularly alcohol-associated liver disease and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), have higher incidence of infections and mortality rate due to sepsis. The current focus in the development of drugs for MAFLD is the resolution of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and prevention of progression to cirrhosis. In patients with cirrhosis or alcoholic hepatitis, sepsis is a major cause of death. As the metabolic center and a key immune tissue, liver is the guardian, modifier, and target of sepsis. Septic patients with liver dysfunction have the highest mortality rate compared with other organ dysfunctions. In addition to maintaining metabolic homeostasis, the liver produces and secretes hepatokines and acute phase proteins (APPs) essential in tissue protection, immunomodulation, and coagulation. Inflammatory liver diseases cause profound metabolic disorder and impairment of energy metabolism, liver regeneration, and production/secretion of APPs and hepatokines. Herein, the author reviews the roles of (1) disorders in the metabolism of glucose, fatty acids, ketone bodies, and amino acids as well as the clearance of ammonia and lactate in the pathogenesis of inflammatory liver diseases and sepsis; (2) cytokines/chemokines in inflammatory liver diseases and sepsis; (3) APPs and hepatokines in the protection against tissue injury and infections; and (4) major nuclear receptors/signaling pathways underlying the metabolic disorders and tissue injuries as well as the major drug targets for inflammatory liver diseases and sepsis. Approaches that focus on the liver dysfunction and regeneration will not only treat inflammatory liver diseases but also prevent the development of severe infections and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, U.S.A
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Jia J, Zhou X, Chu Q. Mechanisms and therapeutic prospect of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway in liver cancer. Mol Cell Biochem 2024:10.1007/s11010-024-04983-5. [PMID: 38519710 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-024-04983-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Liver cancer (LC) poses a significant global health challenge due to its high incidence and poor prognosis. Current systemic treatment options, such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiofrequency ablation, and immunotherapy, have shown limited effectiveness for advanced LC patients. Moreover, owing to the heterogeneous nature of LC, it is crucial to uncover more in-depth pathogenic mechanisms and develop effective treatments to address the limitations of the existing therapeutic modalities. Increasing evidence has revealed the crucial role of the Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway in the pathogenesis of LC. The specific mechanisms driving the JAK-STAT pathway activation in LC, participate in a variety of malignant biological processes, including cell differentiation, evasion, anti-apoptosis, immune escape, and treatment resistance. Both preclinical and clinical investigations on the JAK-STAT pathway inhibitors have exhibited potential in LC treatment, thereby opening up avenues for the development of more targeted therapeutic strategies for LC. In this study, we provide an overview of the JAK-STAT pathway, delving into the composition, activation, and dynamic interplay within the pathway. Additionally, we focus on the molecular mechanisms driving the aberrant activation of the JAK-STAT pathway in LC. Furthermore, we summarize the latest advancements in targeting the JAK-STAT pathway for LC treatment. The insights presented in this review aim to underscore the necessity of research into the JAK-STAT signaling pathway as a promising avenue for LC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- JunJun Jia
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xuelian Zhou
- Division of Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Qingfei Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
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Wang Y, Guo D, Winkler R, Lei X, Wang X, Messina J, Luo J, Lu H. Development of novel liver-targeting glucocorticoid prodrugs. MEDICINE IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2024; 21:100172. [PMID: 38390434 PMCID: PMC10883687 DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2023.100172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely used in the treatment of inflammatory liver diseases and sepsis, but GC's various side effects on extrahepatic tissues limit their clinical benefits. Liver-targeting GC therapy may have multiple advantages over systemic GC therapy. The purpose of this study was to develop novel liver-targeting GC prodrugs as improved treatment for inflammatory liver diseases and sepsis. Methods A hydrophilic linker or an ultra-hydrophilic zwitterionic linker carboxylic betaine (CB) was used to bridge cholic acid (CA) and dexamethasone (DEX) to generate transporter-dependent liver-targeting GC prodrugs CA-DEX and the highly hydrophilic CA-CB-DEX. The efficacy of liver-targeting DEX prodrugs and DEX were determined in primary human hepatocytes (PHH), macrophages, human whole blood, and/or mice with sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture. Results CA-DEX was moderately water soluble, whereas CA-CB-DEX was highly water soluble. CA-CB-DEX and CA-DEX displayed highly transporter-dependent activities in reporter assays. Data mining found marked dysregulation of many GR-target genes important for lipid catabolism, cytoprotection, and inflammation in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis. These key GR-target genes were similarly and rapidly (within 6 h) induced or down-regulated by CA-CB-DEX and DEX in PHH. CA-CB-DEX had much weaker inhibitory effects than DEX on endotoxin-induced cytokines in mouse macrophages and human whole blood. In contrast, CA-CB-DEX exerted more potent anti-inflammatory effects than DEX in livers of septic mice. Conclusions CA-CB-DEX demonstrated good hepatocyte-selectivity in vitro and better anti-inflammatory effects in vivo. Further test of CA-CB-DEX as a novel liver-targeting GC prodrug for inflammatory liver diseases and sepsis is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazheng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States
| | - Dandan Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States
| | - Rebecca Winkler
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States
| | - Xiaohong Lei
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States
| | - Jennifer Messina
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States
| | - Juntao Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States
| | - Hong Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States
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Li N, Li X, Ding Y, Liu X, Diggle K, Kisseleva T, Brenner DA. SREBP Regulation of Lipid Metabolism in Liver Disease, and Therapeutic Strategies. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3280. [PMID: 38137501 PMCID: PMC10740981 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) are master transcription factors that play a crucial role in regulating genes involved in the biogenesis of cholesterol, fatty acids, and triglycerides. As such, they are implicated in several serious liver diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). SREBPs are subject to regulation by multiple cofactors and critical signaling pathways, making them an important target for therapeutic interventions. In this review, we first introduce the structure and activation of SREBPs, before focusing on their function in liver disease. We examine the mechanisms by which SREBPs regulate lipogenesis, explore how alterations in these processes are associated with liver disease, and evaluate potential therapeutic strategies using small molecules, natural products, or herb extracts that target these pathways. Through this analysis, we provide new insights into the versatility and multitargets of SREBPs as factors in the modulation of different physiological stages of liver disease, highlighting their potential targets for therapeutic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- College of Medical Technology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
- Graduate School of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaodan Li
- College of Medical Technology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
- Graduate School of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yifu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai 200031, China;
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA (T.K.)
| | - Karin Diggle
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA (T.K.)
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA (T.K.)
| | - David A. Brenner
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA (T.K.)
- Sanford Burnham Prebys, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Wu K, Liu Z, Liang J, Zhu Y, Wang X, Li X. Discovery of a glucocorticoid receptor (GR) activity signature correlates with immune cell infiltration in adrenocortical carcinoma. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:e007528. [PMID: 37793855 PMCID: PMC10551943 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-007528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and highly aggressive endocrine malignancy, of which >40% present with glucocorticoid excess. Glucocorticoids and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling have long been thought to suppress immunity and promote tumor progression by acting on immune cells. Here, we provide new insights into the interaction between GR signaling activity and the immune signature of ACC as a potential explanation for immune escape and resistance to immunotherapy. METHODS First, GR immunohistochemical staining and immunofluorescence analysis of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (CD4 T, CD8 T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells and macrophages) were performed in 78 primary ACC tissue specimens. Quantitative data of immune cell infiltration in ACC were correlated with clinical characteristics. Second, we discovered a GR activity signature (GRsig) using GR-targeted gene networks derived from global gene expression data of primary ACC. Finally, we identified two GRsig-related subtypes based on the GRsig and assessed the differences in immune characteristics and prognostic stratification between the two subtypes. RESULTS GR was expressed in 90% of the ACC tumors, and CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes were the most common infiltrating cell type in ACC specimens (88%, 8.6 cells/high power field). GR expression positively correlated with CD8+ T cell (Phi=0.342, p<0.001), CD4+ T cell (Phi=0.280, p<0.001), NK cell (Phi=0.280, p<0.001), macrophage (Phi=0.285, p<0.001), and dendritic cell (Phi=0.397, p<0.001) infiltration. Clustering heatmap analysis also displayed high immune cell infiltration in GR high-expressing tumors and low immune cell infiltration in GR-low tumors. High GR expression and high immune cell infiltration were significantly associated with better survival. Glucocorticoid excess is associated with low immune cell abundance and unfavorable prognosis. A GRsig comprizing n=34 GR-associated genes was derived from Gene Expression Omnibus/The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data sets and used to define two GRsig-related subtypes in the TCGA cohort. We demonstrated distinct differences in the immune landscape and clinical outcomes between the two subtypes. CONCLUSION GR expression positively correlates with tumor-infiltrating immune cells in ACC. The GRsig could serve as a prognostic biomarker and may be helpful for prognosis prediction and response to immunotherapy. Consequently, targeting the GR signaling pathway might be pivotal and should be investigated in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Wu
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiayu Liang
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuchun Zhu
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xianding Wang
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Correia CM, Præstholm SM, Havelund JF, Pedersen FB, Siersbæk MS, Ebbesen MF, Gerhart-Hines Z, Heeren J, Brewer J, Larsen S, Blagoev B, Færgeman NJ, Grøntved L. Acute Deletion of the Glucocorticoid Receptor in Hepatocytes Disrupts Postprandial Lipid Metabolism in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2023; 164:bqad128. [PMID: 37610219 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic lipid metabolism is highly dynamic, and disruption of several circadian transcriptional regulators results in hepatic steatosis. This includes genetic disruption of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) as the liver develops. To address the functional role of GR in the adult liver, we used an acute hepatocyte-specific GR knockout model to study temporal hepatic lipid metabolism governed by GR at several preprandial and postprandial circadian timepoints. Lipidomics analysis revealed significant temporal lipid metabolism, where GR disruption results in impaired regulation of specific triglycerides, nonesterified fatty acids, and sphingolipids. This correlates with increased number and size of lipid droplets and mildly reduced mitochondrial respiration, most noticeably in the postprandial phase. Proteomics and transcriptomics analyses suggest that dysregulated lipid metabolism originates from pronounced induced expression of enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis, β-oxidation, and sphingolipid metabolism. Integration of GR cistromic data suggests that induced gene expression is a result of regulatory actions secondary to direct GR effects on gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Mendes Correia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Stine Marie Præstholm
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Jesper Foged Havelund
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Felix Boel Pedersen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Majken Storm Siersbæk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Morten Frendø Ebbesen
- DaMBIC, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Zach Gerhart-Hines
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (CBMR), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan Brewer
- DaMBIC, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Steen Larsen
- Xlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Blagoy Blagoev
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Nils Joakim Færgeman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Lars Grøntved
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
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10
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Ma IL, Stanley TL. Growth hormone and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. IMMUNOMETABOLISM (COBHAM, SURREY) 2023; 5:e00030. [PMID: 37520312 PMCID: PMC10373851 DOI: 10.1097/in9.0000000000000030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a prevalent cause of liver disease and metabolic comorbidities. Obesity is strongly associated with NAFLD and is also a state of relative deficiency of growth hormone (GH). Evidence supports a role of reduced GH and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in NAFLD pathogenesis. Physiological actions of GH in the liver include suppression of de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and promotion of lipid beta-oxidation, and GH also appears to have anti-inflammatory actions. Physiologic actions of IGF-1 include suppression of inflammatory and fibrogenic pathways important in the evolution from steatosis to steatohepatitis and fibrosis. Rodent models of impaired hepatic GH signaling show the development of steatosis, sometimes accompanied by inflammation, hepatocellular damage, and fibrosis, and these changes are ameliorated by treatment with GH and/or IGF-1. In humans, individuals with GH deficiency and GH resistance demonstrate an increased prevalence of NAFLD compared to controls, with improvement in hepatic lipid, steatohepatitis, and fibrosis following GH replacement. As a corollary, individuals with GH excess demonstrate lower hepatic lipid compared to controls along with increased hepatic lipid following treatment to normalize GH levels. Clinical trials demonstrate that augmentation of GH reduces hepatic lipid content in individuals with NAFLD and may also ameliorate steatohepatitis and fibrosis. Taken together, evidence supports an important role for perturbations in the GH/IGF-1 axis as one of the pathogenic mechanisms of NAFLD and suggests that further study is needed to assess whether augmentation of GH and/or IGF-1 may be a safe and effective therapeutic strategy for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid L. Ma
- Metabolism Unit, Endocrine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Takara L. Stanley
- Metabolism Unit, Endocrine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Pediatric Endocrine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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11
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Vázquez-Borrego MC, Del Río-Moreno M, Pyatkov M, Sarmento-Cabral A, Mahmood M, Pelke N, Wnek M, Cordoba-Chacon J, Waxman DJ, Puchowicz MA, McGuinness OP, Kineman RD. Direct and systemic actions of growth hormone receptor (GHR)-signaling on hepatic glycolysis, de novo lipogenesis and insulin sensitivity, associated with steatosis. Metabolism 2023; 144:155589. [PMID: 37182789 PMCID: PMC10843389 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence is accumulating that growth hormone (GH) protects against the development of steatosis and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). GH may control steatosis indirectly by altering systemic insulin sensitivity and substrate delivery to the liver and/or by the direct actions of GH on hepatocyte function. APPROACH To better define the hepatocyte-specific role of GH receptor (GHR) signaling on regulating steatosis, we used a mouse model with adult-onset, hepatocyte-specific GHR knockdown (aHepGHRkd). To prevent the reduction in circulating insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and the subsequent increase in GH observed after aHepGHRkd, subsets of aHepGHRkd mice were treated with adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV) driving hepatocyte-specific expression of IGF1 or a constitutively active form of STAT5b (STAT5bCA). The impact of hepatocyte-specific modulation of GHR, IGF1 and STAT5b on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism was studied across multiple nutritional states and in the context of hyperinsulinemic:euglycemic clamps. RESULTS Chow-fed male aHepGHRkd mice developed steatosis associated with an increase in hepatic glucokinase (GCK) and ketohexokinase (KHK) expression and de novo lipogenesis (DNL) rate, in the post-absorptive state and in response to refeeding after an overnight fast. The aHepGHRkd-associated increase in hepatic KHK, but not GCK and steatosis, was dependent on hepatocyte expression of carbohydrate response element binding protein (ChREBP), in re-fed mice. Interestingly, under clamp conditions, aHepGHRkd also increased the rate of DNL and expression of GCK and KHK, but impaired insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic glucose production, without altering plasma NEFA levels. These effects were normalized with AAV-mediated hepatocyte expression of IGF1 or STAT5bCA. Comparison of the impact of AAV-mediated hepatocyte IGF1 versus STAT5bCA in aHepGHRkd mice across multiple nutritional states, indicated the restorative actions of IGF1 are indirect, by improving systemic insulin sensitivity, independent of changes in the liver transcriptome. In contrast, the actions of STAT5b are due to the combined effects of raising IGF1 and direct alterations in the hepatocyte gene program that may involve suppression of BCL6 and FOXO1 activity. However, the direct and IGF1-dependent actions of STAT5b cannot fully account for enhanced GCK activity and lipogenic gene expression observed after aHepGHRkd, suggesting other GHR-mediated signals are involved. CONCLUSION These studies demonstrate hepatocyte GHR-signaling controls hepatic glycolysis, DNL, steatosis and hepatic insulin sensitivity indirectly (via IGF1) and directly (via STAT5b). The relative contribution of these indirect and direct actions of GH on hepatocytes is modified by insulin and nutrient availability. These results improve our understanding of the physiologic actions of GH on regulating adult metabolism to protect against NAFLD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari C Vázquez-Borrego
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America; Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Mercedes Del Río-Moreno
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America; Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Maxim Pyatkov
- Department of Biology & Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - André Sarmento-Cabral
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America; Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Mariyah Mahmood
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America; Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Natalie Pelke
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America; Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Magdalena Wnek
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America; Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Jose Cordoba-Chacon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America; Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - David J Waxman
- Department of Biology & Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Michelle A Puchowicz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Owen P McGuinness
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Rhonda D Kineman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America; Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America.
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12
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Heidary S, Awasthi N, Page N, Allnutt T, Lewis RS, Liongue C, Ward AC. A zebrafish model of growth hormone insensitivity syndrome with immune dysregulation 1 (GHISID1). Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:109. [PMID: 36995466 PMCID: PMC10063521 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04759-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins act downstream of cytokine receptors to facilitate changes in gene expression that impact a range of developmental and homeostatic processes. Patients harbouring loss-of-function (LOF) STAT5B mutations exhibit postnatal growth failure due to lack of responsiveness to growth hormone as well as immune perturbation, a disorder called growth hormone insensitivity syndrome with immune dysregulation 1 (GHISID1). This study aimed to generate a zebrafish model of this disease by targeting the stat5.1 gene using CRISPR/Cas9 and characterising the effects on growth and immunity. The zebrafish Stat5.1 mutants were smaller, but exhibited increased adiposity, with concomitant dysregulation of growth and lipid metabolism genes. The mutants also displayed impaired lymphopoiesis with reduced T cells throughout the lifespan, along with broader disruption of the lymphoid compartment in adulthood, including evidence of T cell activation. Collectively, these findings confirm that zebrafish Stat5.1 mutants mimic the clinical impacts of human STAT5B LOF mutations, establishing them as a model of GHISID1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayyeh Heidary
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Nagendra Awasthi
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Nicole Page
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Theo Allnutt
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Rowena S Lewis
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Clifford Liongue
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
- IMPACT, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Alister C Ward
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia.
- IMPACT, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia.
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13
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Vesting AJ, Jais A, Klemm P, Steuernagel L, Wienand P, Fog-Tonnesen M, Hvid H, Schumacher AL, Kukat C, Nolte H, Georgomanolis T, Altmüller J, Pasparakis M, Schmidt A, Krüger M, Supprian MS, Waisman A, Straub BK, Raschzok N, Bernier M, Birkenfeld AL, Hövelmeyer N, Brüning JC, Wunderlich FT. NIK/MAP3K14 in hepatocytes orchestrates NASH to hepatocellular carcinoma progression via JAK2/STAT5 inhibition. Mol Metab 2022; 66:101626. [PMID: 36356831 PMCID: PMC9676392 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) ranges from steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which often progresses to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) through a largely undefined mechanism. NASH and HCC depend on inflammatory signaling, whose master regulator is the NFκB transcription factor family, activated by canonical and non-canonical pathways. METHODS Here, we investigated non-canonical NFκB-inducing kinase (NIK/MAP3K14) in metabolic NASH, NASH to HCC transition, and DEN-induced HCC. To this end, we performed dietary and chemical interventions in mice that were analyzed via single nucleus sequencing, gene expression and histochemical methods. Ultimately, we verified our mouse results in human patient samples. RESULTS We revealed that hepatocyte-specific NIK deficiency (NIKLKO) ameliorated metabolic NASH complications and reduced hepatocarcinogenesis, independent of its role in the NFκB pathway. Instead, hepatic NIK attenuated hepatoprotective JAK2/STAT5 signaling that is a prerequisite for NASH and NASH to HCC progression in mice and humans. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest NIK-mediated inhibitory JAK2 phosphorylation at serine 633 that might be amenable for future therapeutic interventions in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Juliane Vesting
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany, Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 26, 50924 Cologne, Germany, Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander Jais
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany, Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 26, 50924 Cologne, Germany, Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG), 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paul Klemm
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany, Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 26, 50924 Cologne, Germany, Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lukas Steuernagel
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany, Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 26, 50924 Cologne, Germany, Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Wienand
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany, Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 26, 50924 Cologne, Germany, Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Morten Fog-Tonnesen
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, 2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Henning Hvid
- Pathology & Imaging, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Anna-Lena Schumacher
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9b, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Kukat
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9b, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Hendrik Nolte
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9b, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Janine Altmüller
- University of Cologne, Cologne Center for Genomics, Cologne, Germany
| | - Manolis Pasparakis
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmidt
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Marc Schmidt Supprian
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, TranslaTUM, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, 81675 Munich, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ari Waisman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Beate Katharina Straub
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nathanael Raschzok
- General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Charité-University School of Medicine, 13353 Berlin, Germany- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Surgery, Experimental Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte | Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany and Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Academy, Clinician Scientist Program, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michel Bernier
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- Internal Medicine IV, Clinic of Diabetology, Endocrinology, Nephrology, Internal medicine IV, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine of the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72016 Tübingen, Germany and Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Zentrum München an der Uniklinik Tübingen, Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung (DZD), Germany
| | - Nadine Hövelmeyer
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jens C Brüning
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany, Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 26, 50924 Cologne, Germany, Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - F Thomas Wunderlich
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany, Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 26, 50924 Cologne, Germany, Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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14
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Narrative Review: Glucocorticoids in Alcoholic Hepatitis—Benefits, Side Effects, and Mechanisms. J Xenobiot 2022; 12:266-288. [PMID: 36278756 PMCID: PMC9589945 DOI: 10.3390/jox12040019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic hepatitis is a major health and economic burden worldwide. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are the only first-line drugs recommended to treat severe alcoholic hepatitis (sAH), with limited short-term efficacy and significant side effects. In this review, I summarize the major benefits and side effects of GC therapy in sAH and the potential underlying mechanisms. The review of the literature and data mining clearly indicate that the hepatic signaling of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is markedly impaired in sAH patients. The impaired GR signaling causes hepatic down-regulation of genes essential for gluconeogenesis, lipid catabolism, cytoprotection, and anti-inflammation in sAH patients. The efficacy of GCs in sAH may be compromised by GC resistance and/or GC’s extrahepatic side effects, particularly the side effects of intestinal epithelial GR on gut permeability and inflammation in AH. Prednisolone, a major GC used for sAH, activates both the GR and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). When GC non-responsiveness occurs in sAH patients, the activation of MR by prednisolone might increase the risk of alcohol abuse, liver fibrosis, and acute kidney injury. To improve the GC therapy of sAH, the effort should be focused on developing the biomarker(s) for GC responsiveness, liver-targeting GR agonists, and strategies to overcome GC non-responsiveness and prevent alcohol relapse in sAH patients.
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15
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Zhao Q, Lin X, Wang G. Targeting SREBP-1-Mediated Lipogenesis as Potential Strategies for Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:952371. [PMID: 35912181 PMCID: PMC9330218 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.952371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), a transcription factor with a basic helix–loop–helix leucine zipper, has two isoforms, SREBP-1a and SREBP-1c, derived from the same gene for regulating the genes of lipogenesis, including acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, and stearoyl-CoA desaturase. Importantly, SREBP-1 participates in metabolic reprogramming of various cancers and has been a biomarker for the prognosis or drug efficacy for the patients with cancer. In this review, we first introduced the structure, activation, and key upstream signaling pathway of SREBP-1. Then, the potential targets and molecular mechanisms of SREBP-1-regulated lipogenesis in various types of cancer, such as colorectal, prostate, breast, and hepatocellular cancer, were summarized. We also discussed potential therapies targeting the SREBP-1-regulated pathway by small molecules, natural products, or the extracts of herbs against tumor progression. This review could provide new insights in understanding advanced findings about SREBP-1-mediated lipogenesis in cancer and its potential as a target for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiushi Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xingyu Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Xingyu Lin, ; Guan Wang,
| | - Guan Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Xingyu Lin, ; Guan Wang,
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16
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Dichtel LE, Cordoba-Chacon J, Kineman RD. Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Regulation of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:1812-1824. [PMID: 35172328 PMCID: PMC9202731 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Patients with obesity have a high prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), representing a spectrum of simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), without and with fibrosis. Understanding the etiology of NAFLD is clinically relevant since NAFLD is an independent risk factor for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. In addition, NASH predisposes patients to the development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, and NASH cirrhosis represents the fastest growing indication for liver transplantation in the United States. It is appreciated that multiple factors are involved in the development and progression of NAFLD. Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) regulate metabolic, immune, and hepatic stellate cell function, and alterations in the production and function of GH is associated with obesity and NAFLD/NASH. Therefore, this review will focus on the potential role of GH and IGF1 in the regulation of hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Dichtel
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jose Cordoba-Chacon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rhonda D Kineman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Research and Development Division, Chicago, IL, USA
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17
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Lu H, Lei X, Winkler R, John S, Kumar D, Li W, Alnouti Y. Crosstalk of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4a and glucocorticoid receptor in the regulation of lipid metabolism in mice fed a high-fat-high-sugar diet. Lipids Health Dis 2022; 21:46. [PMID: 35614477 PMCID: PMC9134643 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-022-01654-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR), master regulators of liver metabolism, are down-regulated in fatty liver diseases. The present study aimed to elucidate the role of down-regulation of HNF4α and GR in fatty liver and hyperlipidemia. Methods Adult mice with liver-specific heterozygote (HET) and knockout (KO) of HNF4α or GR were fed a high-fat-high-sugar diet (HFHS) for 15 days. Alterations in hepatic and circulating lipids were determined with analytical kits, and changes in hepatic mRNA and protein expression in these mice were quantified by real-time PCR and Western blotting. Serum and hepatic levels of bile acids were quantified by LC-MS/MS. The roles of HNF4α and GR in regulating hepatic gene expression were determined using luciferase reporter assays. Results Compared to HFHS-fed wildtype mice, HNF4α HET mice had down-regulation of lipid catabolic genes, induction of lipogenic genes, and increased hepatic and blood levels of lipids, whereas HNF4α KO mice had fatty liver but mild hypolipidemia, down-regulation of lipid-efflux genes, and induction of genes for uptake, synthesis, and storage of lipids. Serum levels of chenodeoxycholic acid and deoxycholic acid tended to be decreased in the HNF4α HET mice but dramatically increased in the HNF4α KO mice, which was associated with marked down-regulation of cytochrome P450 7a1, the rate-limiting enzyme for bile acid synthesis. Hepatic mRNA and protein expression of sterol-regulatory-element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), a master lipogenic regulator, was induced in HFHS-fed HNF4α HET mice. In reporter assays, HNF4α cooperated with the corepressor small heterodimer partner to potently inhibit the transactivation of mouse and human SREBP-1C promoter by liver X receptor. Hepatic nuclear GR proteins tended to be decreased in the HNF4α KO mice. HFHS-fed mice with liver-specific KO of GR had increased hepatic lipids and induction of SREBP-1C and PPARγ, which was associated with a marked decrease in hepatic levels of HNF4α proteins in these mice. In reporter assays, GR and HNF4α synergistically/additively induced lipid catabolic genes. Conclusions induction of lipid catabolic genes and suppression of lipogenic genes by HNF4α and GR may mediate the early resistance to HFHS-induced fatty liver and hyperlipidemia. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12944-022-01654-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
| | - Xiaohong Lei
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Rebecca Winkler
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Savio John
- Department of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Devendra Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Wenkuan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Yazen Alnouti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
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18
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Kodama T, Kodama M, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG, Chen HJ, Wei Z. Ring Finger Protein 125 Is an Anti-Proliferative Tumor Suppressor in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14112589. [PMID: 35681566 PMCID: PMC9179258 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the deadliest cancers worldwide and the only cancer with an increasing incidence in the United States. Recent advances in sequencing technology have enabled detailed profiling of liver cancer genomes and revealed extensive inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity, making it difficult to identify driver genes for HCC. To identify HCC driver genes, we performed transposon mutagenesis screens in a mouse HBV model of HCC and discovered many candidate cancer genes (SB/HBV-CCGs). Here, we show that one of these genes, RNF125 is a potent anti-proliferative tumor suppressor gene in HCC. RNF125 is one of nine CCGs whose expression was >3-fold downregulated in human HCC. Depletion of RNF125 in immortalized mouse liver cells led to tumor formation in transplanted mice and accelerated growth of human liver cancer cell lines, while its overexpression inhibited their growth, demonstrating the tumor-suppressive function of RNF125 in mouse and human liver. Whole-transcriptome analysis revealed that RNF125 transcriptionally suppresses multiple genes involved in cell proliferation and/or liver regeneration, including Egfr, Met, and Il6r. Blocking Egfr or Met pathway expression inhibited the increased cell proliferation observed in RNF125 knockdown cells. In HCC patients, low expression levels of RNF125 were correlated with poor prognosis demonstrating an important role for RNF125 in HCC. Collectively, our results identify RNF125 as a novel anti-proliferative tumor suppressor in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kodama
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.K.); (N.A.J.); (N.G.C.)
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan
- Correspondence: (T.K.); (Z.W.)
| | - Michiko Kodama
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.K.); (N.A.J.); (N.G.C.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan
| | - Nancy A. Jenkins
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.K.); (N.A.J.); (N.G.C.)
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Neal G. Copeland
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.K.); (N.A.J.); (N.G.C.)
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Huanhuan Joyce Chen
- The Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA;
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Zhubo Wei
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.K.); (N.A.J.); (N.G.C.)
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: (T.K.); (Z.W.)
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Dacic M, Shibu G, Rogatsky I. Physiological Convergence and Antagonism Between GR and PPARγ in Inflammation and Metabolism. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1390:123-141. [PMID: 36107316 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-11836-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are transcription factors that modulate gene expression in a ligand-dependent manner. The ubiquitously expressed glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) represent steroid (type I) and non-steroid (type II) classes of NRs, respectively. The diverse transcriptional and physiological outcomes of their activation are highly tissue-specific. For example, in subsets of immune cells, such as macrophages, the signaling of GR and PPARγ converges to elicit an anti-inflammatory phenotype; in contrast, in the adipose tissue, their signaling can lead to reciprocal metabolic outcomes. This review explores the cooperative and divergent outcomes of GR and PPARγ functions in different cell types and tissues, including immune cells, adipose tissue and the liver. Understanding the coordinated control of these NR pathways should advance studies in the field and potentially pave the way for developing new therapeutic approaches to exploit the GR:PPARγ crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Dacic
- Hospital for Special Surgery Research Institute, The David Rosenzweig Genomics Center, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate Program in Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gayathri Shibu
- Hospital for Special Surgery Research Institute, The David Rosenzweig Genomics Center, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Inez Rogatsky
- Hospital for Special Surgery Research Institute, The David Rosenzweig Genomics Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA.
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20
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Witayavanitkul N, Werawatganon D, Chayanupatkul M, Klaikeaw N, Siriviriyakul P. Genistein and exercise treatment reduced NASH related HDAC3, IL-13 and MMP-12 expressions in ovariectomized rats fed with high fat high fructose diet. J Tradit Complement Med 2021; 11:503-512. [PMID: 34765514 PMCID: PMC8572705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Genistein (GEN) and exercise (Ex) may be regarded as an alternative treatment for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, the mechanisms behind their therapeutic effects in NASH are not well-understood. Experimental procedure This study investigated the roles of histone deacetylase (HDAC)3 and interleukin-(IL-)13 in the NASH model of ovariectomized (OVX) rats fed with high fat high fructose (HFHF) diet. Results and conclusion Nine weeks after being fed with HFHF diet, severe NASH pathology with mild fibrosis were seen along with an increase in HDAC3, IL-13 and matrix metalloelastase (MMP-12) expressions in OVX rats. Five weeks of either GEN or Ex treatments abrogated the increase in both HDAC3 and IL-13 expressions in OVX rats fed with HFHF diet and ameliorated NASH features, liver fibrosis and MMP-12 expression. The combination of Gen and Ex, however, did not provide additional benefits on NASH features in OVX rats fed with HFHF diet. These results suggested that GEN and Ex treatments improved HFHF diet induced NASH in OVX rats through the suppression of HDAC3, IL-13 and MMP-12 expression. •Estrogen deficiency leads to NASH development. •Either genistein or exercise modulated lipid metabolism reducing steatohepatitis. •Either genistein or exercise attenuated liver fibrosis improving NASH. •Combining genistein and exercise did not provide additional benefits. •Genistein and exercise have beneficial effects in post-menopausal women with NASH.
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Key Words
- DAB, Diaminobenzidine
- DMSO, Dimethyl sulfoxide
- ELISA, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- Estrogen deficiency
- Exercise
- FFA, Free fatty acid
- Genistein
- HDAC3, histone deacetylase 3
- HFHF, High-fat high-fructose
- IL-13, Interleukin-13
- MMP-12, matrix metalloelastase 12
- NAFLD, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- OVX, ovariectomized
- Ovariectomized
- TBA, Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances
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Affiliation(s)
- Namthip Witayavanitkul
- Alternative and Complementary Medicine for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Duangporn Werawatganon
- Alternative and Complementary Medicine for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Maneerat Chayanupatkul
- Alternative and Complementary Medicine for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Naruemon Klaikeaw
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Prasong Siriviriyakul
- Alternative and Complementary Medicine for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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21
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Dongiovanni P, Meroni M, Longo M, Fargion S, Fracanzani AL. Genetics, Immunity and Nutrition Boost the Switching from NASH to HCC. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1524. [PMID: 34829753 PMCID: PMC8614742 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the leading contributor to the global burden of chronic liver diseases. The phenotypic umbrella of NAFLD spans from simple and reversible steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which may worsen into cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Notwithstanding, HCC may develop also in the absence of advanced fibrosis, causing a delayed time in diagnosis as a consequence of the lack of HCC screening in these patients. The precise event cascade that may precipitate NASH into HCC is intricate and it entails diverse triggers, encompassing exaggerated immune response, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and oxidative stress, organelle derangement and DNA aberrancies. All these events may be accelerated by both genetic and environmental factors. On one side, common and rare inherited variations that affect hepatic lipid remodeling, immune microenvironment and cell survival may boost the switching from steatohepatitis to liver cancer, on the other, diet-induced dysbiosis as well as nutritional and behavioral habits may furtherly precipitate tumor onset. Therefore, dietary and lifestyle interventions aimed to restore patients' health contribute to counteract NASH progression towards HCC. Even more, the combination of therapeutic strategies with dietary advice may maximize benefits, with the pursuit to improve liver function and prolong survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Dongiovanni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (M.L.); (S.F.); (A.L.F.)
| | - Marica Meroni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (M.L.); (S.F.); (A.L.F.)
| | - Miriam Longo
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (M.L.); (S.F.); (A.L.F.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Fargion
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (M.L.); (S.F.); (A.L.F.)
| | - Anna Ludovica Fracanzani
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (M.L.); (S.F.); (A.L.F.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
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22
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Towards Understanding the Direct and Indirect Actions of Growth Hormone in Controlling Hepatocyte Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102532. [PMID: 34685512 PMCID: PMC8533955 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is critical for achieving normal structural growth. In addition, GH plays an important role in regulating metabolic function. GH acts through its GH receptor (GHR) to modulate the production and function of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and insulin. GH, IGF1, and insulin act on multiple tissues to coordinate metabolic control in a context-specific manner. This review will specifically focus on our current understanding of the direct and indirect actions of GH to control liver (hepatocyte) carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in the context of normal fasting (sleep) and feeding (wake) cycles and in response to prolonged nutrient deprivation and excess. Caveats and challenges related to the model systems used and areas that require further investigation towards a clearer understanding of the role GH plays in metabolic health and disease are discussed.
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23
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Qian F, Wang J, Wang Y, Gao Q, Yan W, Lin Y, Shen L, Xie Y, Jiang X, Shen B. MiR-378a-3p as a putative biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis and prognosis: Computational screening with experimental validation. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e307. [PMID: 33634974 PMCID: PMC7882078 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignant disease with high morbidity and mortality, and the molecular mechanism for the genesis and progression is complex and heterogeneous. Biomarker discovery is crucial for the personalized and precision treatment of HCC. The accumulation of reported microRNA biomarkers makes it possible to combine computational identification with experimental validation to accelerate the discovery of novel biomarker. RESULTS In the present work, we applied a rational computer-aided biomarker discovery model to screen for the HCC diagnosis biomarker. Two HCC-associated networks were constructed based on the microRNA and mRNA expression profiles, and the potential microRNA biomarkers were identified based on their unique regulatory and influential power in the network. These putative biomarkers were then experimentally validated. One prominent example among these identified biomarkers is MiR-378a-3p: It was shown to independently regulate several important transcription factors such as PLAGL2 and β-catenin, affecting the β-catenin signaling. Such mechanism may indicate a potential tumor suppressor role of MiR-378a-3p and the impact of its abnormal expression on the cell growth and invasion of HCC. CONCLUSIONS A bioinformatics model with network topological and functional characterization was successfully applied to the identification of HCC biomarkers. The predicted microRNA biomarkers were than validated with experiments using human HCC cell lines, model animal, and clinical specimens. The results confirmed the prediction by our proposed model that miR-378a-3p was a putative biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuliang Qian
- Center for Systems BiologySoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Jinghan Wang
- Department of the First Biliary Surgery, Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery HospitalNavy Military Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of the First Biliary Surgery, Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery HospitalNavy Military Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Qian Gao
- Department of OncologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Wenying Yan
- Center for Systems BiologySoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Yuxin Lin
- Department of OncologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Li Shen
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease‐related Molecular Network, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yufeng Xie
- Center for Systems BiologySoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
- Department of OncologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Xiaoqing Jiang
- Department of the First Biliary Surgery, Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery HospitalNavy Military Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Bairong Shen
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease‐related Molecular Network, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
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24
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Lin CC, Liu TW, Yeh ML, Tsai YS, Tsai PC, Huang CF, Huang JF, Chuang WL, Dai CY, Yu ML. Significant down-regulation of growth hormone receptor expression revealed as a new unfavorable prognostic factor in hepatitis C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Mol Hepatol 2020; 27:313-328. [PMID: 33317258 PMCID: PMC8046631 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2020.0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Growth hormone (GH) is the main regulator of somatic growth, metabolism, and gender dimorphism in the liver. GH receptor (GHR) signaling in cancer is derived from a large body of evidence, although the GHR signaling pathway involved in the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related HCC, remains unclear. We aimed to explore the expression of GHR and analyze its association with clinicopathologic features and prognosis of patients with chronic hepatitis C and HCC. Methods The expression of GHR mRNA was investigated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in paired tumors and adjacent non-tumorous (ANT) liver tissues of 200 patients with chronic hepatitis C and HCC. Western blotting and immunofluorescence assays using the HCV-infected Huh7.5.1 cell model was performed. Results GHR mRNA was significantly lower in HCV-HCC tissues than in corresponding ANT liver tissues. GHR mRNA and protein levels also decreased in the HCV-infected Huh7.5.1 cell model. Notably, lower GHR expression was associated with age of >60 years (P=0.0111) and worse clinicopathologic characteristics, including alpha-fetoprotein >100 ng/mL (P=0.0403), cirrhosis (P=0.0075), vascular invasion (P=0.0052), pathological stage II–IV (P=0.0002), and albumin ≤4.0 g/dL (P=0.0055), which were linked with poor prognosis of HCC. Most importantly, the high incidence of recurrence and poor survival rates in patients with a low ratio of tumor/ANT GHR (≤0.1) were observed, indicating that low expression levels of GHR had great risk for development of HCC in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Conclusions Our study demonstrates a significant down-regulation of GHR expression as a new unfavorable independent prognostic factor in patients with chronic hepatitis C and HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Chih Lin
- Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine, Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Liquid Biopsy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Wei Liu
- Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine, Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Liquid Biopsy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Lun Yeh
- Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine, Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine and Hepatitis Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Cancer Research and Center for Liquid Biopsy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shan Tsai
- Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine, Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chien Tsai
- Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine, Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Feng Huang
- Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine, Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine and Hepatitis Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Cancer Research and Center for Liquid Biopsy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jee-Fu Huang
- Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine, Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine and Hepatitis Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Cancer Research and Center for Liquid Biopsy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Long Chuang
- Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine, Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine and Hepatitis Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Cancer Research and Center for Liquid Biopsy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yen Dai
- Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine, Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine and Hepatitis Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Cancer Research and Center for Liquid Biopsy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Lung Yu
- Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine, Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine and Hepatitis Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Cancer Research and Center for Liquid Biopsy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
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25
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GC-TOF-MS-Based Metabolomics Analyses of Liver and Intestinal Contents in the Overfed vs. Normally-Fed Geese. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122375. [PMID: 33322323 PMCID: PMC7763799 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease has been considered as one of the most important causes of liver disease, and it is a threat to human and animal health worldwide. Interestingly, goose fatty liver can reach 8–10 times the weight of normal liver with no overt pathological symptoms, suggesting that there are some protective mechanisms. Scientists have indicated that gut microbiota participate in the formation of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in human and mammalian animals. However, it is unclear whether gut microbiota and their metabolites contribute to goose fatty liver. The aim of the present study was to investigate the metabolomic analyses of liver and intestinal contents in overfed vs. normally fed geese. The results showed that the formation of goose fatty liver is accompanied by obvious changes in the metabolic profiles of liver and intestinal contents. The intestinal metabolites can affect the formation of goose fatty liver by affecting the metabolisms of glucose and fatty acid, oxidative stress, and inflammatory reactions. These findings provide a basis for future work addressing the relationship between intestinal metabolites and the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Abstract No overt pathological symptoms are observed in the goose liver with severe steatosis, suggesting that geese may host unique protective mechanisms. Gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry-based metabolomics analyses of liver and intestinal contents in overfed vs. normally fed geese (26 geese in each treatment) were investigated. We found that overfeeding significantly changed the metabolic profiles of liver and intestinal contents. The differential metabolites mainly belong to fatty acids, amino acids, organic acids, and amines. The differential metabolites were involved in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, glycerolipid metabolism, the pentose phosphate pathway, fatty acid degradation, the sphingolipid signaling pathway, and the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. Moreover, we determined the biological effects of arachidonic acid (ARA) and tetrahydrocorticosterone (TD) in goose primary hepatocytes and intestinal cells. Data showed that the mRNA expression of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (ALOX5) in goose primary intestinal cells was significantly induced by 0.50 mM ARA treatment. Cytochrome P-450 27A1 (CYP27A1) mRNA expression was significantly inhibited in goose primary hepatocytes by 1 µM TD treatment. In conclusion, the formation of goose fatty liver is accompanied by significant changes in the metabolic profiles of liver and intestinal contents, and the changes are closely related to the metabolisms of glucose and fatty acids, oxidative stress, and inflammatory reactions.
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Yang F, Zhang F, Ji X, Jiang X, Xue M, Yu H, Hu X, Bao Z. Secretory galectin-3 induced by glucocorticoid stress triggers stemness exhaustion of hepatic progenitor cells. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:16852-16862. [PMID: 32989051 PMCID: PMC7864077 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult progenitor cell populations typically exist in a quiescent state within a controlled niche environment. However, various stresses or forms of damage can disrupt this state, which often leads to dysfunction and aging. We built a glucocorticoid (GC)-induced liver damage model of mice, found that GC stress induced liver damage, leading to consequences for progenitor cells expansion. However, the mechanisms by which niche factors cause progenitor cells proliferation are largely unknown. We demonstrate that, within the liver progenitor cells niche, Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is responsible for driving a subset of progenitor cells to break quiescence. We show that GC stress causes aging of the niche, which induces the up-regulation of Gal-3. The increased Gal-3 population increasingly interacts with the progenitor cell marker CD133, which triggers focal adhesion kinase (FAK)/AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) signaling. This results in the loss of quiescence and leads to the eventual stemness exhaustion of progenitor cells. Conversely, blocking Gal-3 with the inhibitor TD139 prevents the loss of stemness and improves liver function. These experiments identify a stress-dependent change in progenitor cell niche that directly influence liver progenitor cell quiescence and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Shanghai, China; Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Shanghai, China; Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueying Ji
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Shanghai, China; Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Shanghai, China; Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengjuan Xue
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Shanghai, China; Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiyuan Yu
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Shanghai, China; Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaona Hu
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Shanghai, China; Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Bao
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Shanghai, China; Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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27
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Jiang Y, Tao Y, Zhang X, Wei X, Li M, He X, Zhou B, Guo W, Yin H, Cheng S. Loss of STAT5A promotes glucose metabolism and tumor growth through miRNA-23a-AKT signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Oncol 2020; 15:710-724. [PMID: 33155364 PMCID: PMC7858139 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Here, we identified that increased miR‐23a expression in HCC tissues was associated with worse survival. More importantly, we found that STAT5A was a target of miR‐23a, whose levels significantly decreased in tumor tissues. Stable expression of STAT5A in Huh7 cells suppressed glucose metabolism and tumor growth. Finally, this study showed that increased miR‐23a negatively regulated STAT5A, which further activated AKT signaling to enable rapid metabolism for accelerated tumor growth in HCC. Taken together, our results demonstrated that the miR‐23a‐STAT5A‐AKT signaling pathway is critical to alter glucose metabolism in HCC and may offer new opportunities for effective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabo Jiang
- The Six Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongzhen Tao
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (SINH), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuping Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgical Oncology, The First Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xubiao Wei
- The Six Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (SINH), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Xuxiao He
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (SINH), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- The Six Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weixing Guo
- The Six Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiyong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (SINH), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Shuqun Cheng
- The Six Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Abdel-Megeed RM, Abd El-Alim SH, Arafa AF, Matloub AA, Farrag AERH, Darwish AB, Abdel- Hamid AHZ, Kadry MO. Crosslink among phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/Akt, PTEN and STAT-5A signaling pathways post liposomal galactomannan hepatocellular carcinoma therapy. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:1531-1541. [PMID: 33251120 PMCID: PMC7683274 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Liposomal drug-delivery systems (LDDs) provide a promising opportunity to precisely target organs, improve drug bioavailability and reduce systemic toxicity. On the other hand, PI3K/Akt signaling pathways control various intracellular functions including apoptosis, invasion and cell growth. Hyper activation of PI3K and Akt is detected in some types of cancer that posses defect in PTEN. Tracking the crosstalk between PI3K/Akt, PTEN and STAT 5A signaling pathways, in cancer could result in identifying new therapeutic agents. The current study, identified an over view on PI3K/Akt, PTEN and STAT-5A networks, in addition to their biological roles in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In the current study galactomannan was extracted from Caesalpinia gilliesii seeds then loaded in liposomes. Liposomes were prepared employing phosphatidyl choline and different concentrations of cholesterol. HCC was then induced in Wistar albino rats followed by liposomal galactomannan (700 ± 100 nm) treatment. Liver enzymes as well as antioxidants were assessed and PI3K/Akt, PTEN and STAT-5A gene expression were investigated. The prepared vesicles revealed entrapment efficiencies ranging from 23.55 to 69.17%, and negative zeta potential values. The optimum formulation revealed spherical morphology as well as diffusion controlled in vitro release pattern. Liposomal galactomannan elucidated a significant reduction in liver enzymes and MDA as well as PI3K/Akt, PTEN and STAT 5A gene expression. A significant elevation in GST and GSH were deduced. In conclusion, Liposomal galactomannan revealed a promising candidate for HCC therapy.
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Key Words
- AFP, α-fetoprotein
- ALP, alkaline phasphatase
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- Akt, serine/threonine kinase
- Bad, Bcl-2-associated death promoter
- C. gilliesii, Caesalpinia gilliesii
- CCl4, carbon tetrachloride
- DDs, drug-delivery systems
- DEN, diethylnitrosamine
- FOXO1, fork-head box protein O1
- GM, galactomannan
- GSH, glutathione
- GSK3, glycogen synthase kinase
- GST, glutathione S-transferase
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- Hepatocellular carcinoma
- LDDs, liposomal drug-delivery systems
- LPs, liposomes
- Liposomal galactomannan
- PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- PI3K/Akt
- PIP2, phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate
- PIP3, phosphatidylinositol trisphosphate
- PTEN
- PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog
- STAT 5A
- STAT-5A, signal transducer and activator of transcription-5A
- TEM, transmission electron microscopy
- VS, vesicle size
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehab M. Abdel-Megeed
- Therapeutic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St., Cairo, 12622, Egypt
- Corresponding author at: Therapeutic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth Street, Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt.
| | - Sameh H. Abd El-Alim
- Pharmaceutical Technology Department, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St., Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Azza F. Arafa
- Therapeutic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St., Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Azza A. Matloub
- Pharmacognosy D Department, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St., Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | | | - Asmaa B. Darwish
- Pharmaceutical Technology Department, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St., Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | | | - Mai O. Kadry
- Therapeutic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St., Cairo, 12622, Egypt
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Præstholm SM, Correia CM, Grøntved L. Multifaceted Control of GR Signaling and Its Impact on Hepatic Transcriptional Networks and Metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:572981. [PMID: 33133019 PMCID: PMC7578419 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.572981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) are important regulators of development, inflammation, stress response and metabolism, demonstrated in various diseases including Addison's disease, Cushing's syndrome and by the many side effects of prolonged clinical administration of GCs. These conditions include severe metabolic challenges in key metabolic organs like the liver. In the liver, GR is known to regulate the transcription of key enzymes in glucose and lipid metabolism and contribute to the regulation of circadian-expressed genes. Insights to the modes of GR regulation and the underlying functional mechanisms are key for understanding diseases and for the development of improved clinical uses of GCs. The activity and function of GR is regulated at numerous levels including ligand availability, interaction with heat shock protein (HSP) complexes, expression of GR isoforms and posttranslational modifications. Moreover, recent genomics studies show functional interaction with multiple transcription factors (TF) and coregulators in complex transcriptional networks controlling cell type-specific gene expression by GCs. In this review we describe the different regulatory steps important for GR activity and discuss how different TF interaction partners of GR selectively control hepatic gene transcription and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lars Grøntved
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Lau-Corona D, Bae WK, Hennighausen L, Waxman DJ. Sex-biased genetic programs in liver metabolism and liver fibrosis are controlled by EZH1 and EZH2. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008796. [PMID: 32428001 PMCID: PMC7263639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in the incidence and progression of many liver diseases, including liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, are associated with sex-biased hepatic expression of hundreds of genes. This sexual dimorphism is largely determined by the sex-specific pattern of pituitary growth hormone secretion, which controls a transcriptional regulatory network operative in the context of sex-biased and growth hormone-regulated chromatin states. Histone H3K27-trimethylation yields a major sex-biased repressive chromatin mark deposited at many strongly female-biased genes in male mouse liver, but not at male-biased genes in female liver, and is catalyzed by polycomb repressive complex-2 through its homologous catalytic subunits, Ezh1 and Ezh2. Here, we used Ezh1-knockout mice with a hepatocyte-specific knockout of Ezh2 to investigate the sex bias of liver H3K27-trimethylation and its functional role in regulating sex-differences in the liver. Combined hepatic Ezh1/Ezh2 deficiency led to a significant loss of sex-biased gene expression, particularly in male liver, where many female-biased genes were increased in expression while male-biased genes showed decreased expression. The associated loss of H3K27me3 marks, and increases in the active enhancer marks H3K27ac and H3K4me1, were also more pronounced in male liver. Further, Ezh1/Ezh2 deficiency in male liver, and to a lesser extent in female liver, led to up regulation of many genes linked to liver fibrosis and liver cancer, which may contribute to the observed liver pathologies and the increased sensitivity of these mice to hepatotoxin exposure. Thus, Ezh1/Ezh2-catalyzed H3K27-trimethyation regulates sex-dependent genetic programs in liver metabolism and liver fibrosis through its sex-dependent effects on the epigenome, and may thereby determine the sex-bias in liver disease susceptibility. Sex-differences in the expression of genes in liver have a direct impact on liver diseases whose incidence and severity is sex-biased, and is controlled by hormones that regulate chemical alterations to histone proteins used to package chromosomal DNA. However, a direct demonstration of the functional importance of such sex differences in histone protein modifications has been elusive. Here, we address this question using a mouse model deficient in two enzymes, Ezh1/Ezh2, which generate the histone repressive mark H3K27me3. Remarkably, although H3K27me3 marks are formed by Ezh1/Ezh2 throughout the genome, loss of liver Ezh1/Ezh2 preferentially disrupts the control of sex-biased genes, with expression increasing in male mouse liver for many female-biased genes and decreasing for many male-biased genes. Sex-biased H3K27me3 repressive marks were abolished, and there was a gain of active histone marks at gene enhancers. We also found increased expression of many genes associated with liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, which may help explain the increased sensitivity of Ezh1/Ezh2-deficient livers to hepatotoxic chemicals whose exposure may lead to sex differences in liver disease incidence and susceptibility. Thus, our findings highlight the potential role of sex differences in histone modifications catalyzed by Ezh1/Ezh2 in widespread sex differences in liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Lau-Corona
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Woo Kyun Bae
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Lothar Hennighausen
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David J. Waxman
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lu L, Daigle BJ. Prognostic analysis of histopathological images using pre-trained convolutional neural networks: application to hepatocellular carcinoma. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8668. [PMID: 32201640 PMCID: PMC7073245 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Histopathological images contain rich phenotypic descriptions of the molecular processes underlying disease progression. Convolutional neural networks, state-of-the-art image analysis techniques in computer vision, automatically learn representative features from such images which can be useful for disease diagnosis, prognosis, and subtyping. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common type of primary liver malignancy. Despite the high mortality rate of HCC, little previous work has made use of CNN models to explore the use of histopathological images for prognosis and clinical survival prediction of HCC. We applied three pre-trained CNN models-VGG 16, Inception V3 and ResNet 50-to extract features from HCC histopathological images. Sample visualization and classification analyses based on these features showed a very clear separation between cancer and normal samples. In a univariate Cox regression analysis, 21.4% and 16% of image features on average were significantly associated with overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS), respectively. We also observed significant correlations between these features and integrated biological pathways derived from gene expression and copy number variation. Using an elastic net regularized Cox Proportional Hazards model of OS constructed from Inception image features, we obtained a concordance index (C-index) of 0.789 and a significant log-rank test (p = 7.6E-18). We also performed unsupervised classification to identify HCC subgroups from image features. The optimal two subgroups discovered using Inception model image features showed significant differences in both overall (C-index = 0.628 and p = 7.39E-07) and DFS (C-index = 0.558 and p = 0.012). Our work demonstrates the utility of extracting image features using pre-trained models by using them to build accurate prognostic models of HCC as well as highlight significant correlations between these features, clinical survival, and relevant biological pathways. Image features extracted from HCC histopathological images using the pre-trained CNN models VGG 16, Inception V3 and ResNet 50 can accurately distinguish normal and cancer samples. Furthermore, these image features are significantly correlated with survival and relevant biological pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangqun Lu
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Computer Science, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Bernie J. Daigle
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Computer Science, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
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Annotation and cluster analysis of long noncoding RNA linked to male sex and estrogen in cancers. NPJ Precis Oncol 2020; 4:5. [PMID: 32195358 PMCID: PMC7054536 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-020-0110-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The sex difference in cancer occurrence is a consistent finding in cancer epidemiology. Several solid tumors, including lung cancer, colorectal cancer, hepatic carcinoma, and renal carcinoma, are generally more common in males. Although sexual dimorphism is attributed to hormonal or behavioral differences, evidence for the function of lncRNA is lacking in sex-specific cancers. We show here that LINC00263 is one of the most dysregulated lncRNAs in lung adenocarcinomas and is upregulated in lung adenocarcinoma, colorectal cancer, and renal carcinoma, especially in male patients compared to females. LINC00263 functions as an oncogene by promoting translocation of p65 into the nucleus to activate the NF-κB-signaling pathway through interaction with IKKα in the cytoplasm. The expression of LINC00263 is strongly correlated with ESR1, and it is decreased after treatment with estrogen. Ligand-activated ER could inhibit the function of LINC00263 by inhibiting NF-κB from cytoplasmic translocation into the nucleus. The inhibitory effect of estrogen on LINC00263 indicates its differential expression in male and female patients. Our findings indicate that LINC00263 is linked to male sex and estrogen as an oncogene, and these findings might help in the exploration of the mechanisms of differential gene regulation in sex-specific cancers.
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Small B, Millard CEF, Kisanga EP, Burman A, Anam A, Flannery C, Al-Hendy A, Whirledge S. The Selective Progesterone Receptor Modulator Ulipristal Acetate Inhibits the Activity of the Glucocorticoid Receptor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5609012. [PMID: 31665442 PMCID: PMC7112983 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The selective progesterone modulator ulipristal acetate (ulipristal) offers a much-needed therapeutic option for the clinical management of uterine fibroids. Although ulipristal initially passed safety evaluations in Europe, postmarketing analysis identified cases of hepatic injury and failure, leading to restrictions on the long-term use of ulipristal. One of the factors potentially contributing to significant side effects with the selective progesterone modulators is cross-reactivity with other steroid receptors. OBJECTIVE To determine whether ulipristal can alter the activity of the endogenous glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in relevant cell types. DESIGN Immortalized human uterine fibroid cells (UtLM) and hepatocytes (HepG2) were treated with the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone and/or ulipristal. Primary uterine fibroid tissue was isolated from patients undergoing elective gynecological surgery and treated ex vivo with dexamethasone and/or ulipristal. In vivo ulipristal exposure was performed in C57Bl/6 mice to measure the effect on basal gene expression in target tissues throughout the body. RESULTS Dexamethasone induced the expression of established glucocorticoid-target genes period 1 (PER1), FK506 binding protein 51 (FKBP5), and glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) in UtLM and HepG2 cells, whereas cotreatment with ulipristal blocked the transcriptional response to glucocorticoids in a dose-dependent manner. Ulipristal inhibited glucocorticoid-mediated phosphorylation, nuclear translocation, and DNA interactions of GR. Glucocorticoid stimulation of PER1, FKBP5, and GILZ was abolished by cotreatment with ulipristal in primary uterine fibroid tissue. The expression of glucocorticoid-responsive genes was decreased in the lung, liver, and uterus of mice exposed to 2 mg/kg ulipristal. Interestingly, transcript levels of Fkbp5 and Gilz were increased in the hippocampus and pituitary. CONCLUSIONS These studies demonstrate that ulipristal inhibits endogenous glucocorticoid signaling in human fibroid and liver cells, which is an important consideration for its use as a long-term therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Small
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Charles E F Millard
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Edwina P Kisanga
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Andreanna Burman
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Anika Anam
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Clare Flannery
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ayman Al-Hendy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shannon Whirledge
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Shannon Whirledge, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, 310 Cedar St, Office LSOG 204C, New Haven, CT, 06510. E-mail:
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Lequoy M, Gigante E, Couty JP, Desbois-Mouthon C. Hepatocellular carcinoma in the context of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): recent advances in the pathogenic mechanisms. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2020; 41:/j/hmbci.ahead-of-print/hmbci-2019-0044/hmbci-2019-0044.xml. [PMID: 32112699 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2019-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer. HCC is particularly aggressive and is one of the leading causes of cancer mortality. In recent decades, the epidemiological landscape of HCC has undergone significant changes. While chronic viral hepatitis and excessive alcohol consumption have long been identified as the main risk factors for HCC, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), paralleling the worldwide epidemic of obesity and type 2 diabetes, has become a growing cause of HCC in the US and Europe. Here, we review the recent advances in epidemiological, genetic, epigenetic and pathogenic mechanisms as well as experimental mouse models that have improved the understanding of NASH progression toward HCC. We also discuss the clinical management of patients with NASH-related HCC and possible therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Lequoy
- Service d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie, AP-HP, F-75012 Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Elia Gigante
- Service d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie, AP-HP, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Couty
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Christèle Desbois-Mouthon
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMR_S1138, 15 rue de l'école de médecine, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, F-75006 Paris, France
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Shepard CR. TLR9 in MAFLD and NASH: At the Intersection of Inflammation and Metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:613639. [PMID: 33584545 PMCID: PMC7880160 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.613639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-Like Receptor 9 (TLR9) is an ancient receptor integral to the primordial functions of inflammation and metabolism. TLR9 functions to regulate homeostasis in a healthy system under acute stress. The literature supports that overactivation of TLR9 under the chronic stress of obesity is a critical driver of the pathogenesis of NASH and NASH-associated fibrosis. Research has focused on the core contributions of the parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells in the liver, adipose, and gut compartments. TLR9 is activated by endogenous circulating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Chronically elevated circulating levels of mtDNA, caused by the stress of overnutrition, are observed in obesity, metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), and NASH. Clinical evidence is supportive of TLR9 overactivation as a driver of disease. The role of TLR9 in metabolism and energy regulation may have an underappreciated contribution in the pathogenesis of NASH. Antagonism of TLR9 in NASH and NASH-associated fibrosis could be an effective therapeutic strategy to target both the inflammatory and metabolic components of such a complex disease.
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Quagliarini F, Mir AA, Balazs K, Wierer M, Dyar KA, Jouffe C, Makris K, Hawe J, Heinig M, Filipp FV, Barish GD, Uhlenhaut NH. Cistromic Reprogramming of the Diurnal Glucocorticoid Hormone Response by High-Fat Diet. Mol Cell 2019; 76:531-545.e5. [PMID: 31706703 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a potent metabolic regulator and a major drug target. While GR is known to play integral roles in circadian biology, its rhythmic genomic actions have never been characterized. Here we mapped GR's chromatin occupancy in mouse livers throughout the day and night cycle. We show how GR partitions metabolic processes by time-dependent target gene regulation and controls circulating glucose and triglycerides differentially during feeding and fasting. Highlighting the dominant role GR plays in synchronizing circadian amplitudes, we find that the majority of oscillating genes are bound by and depend on GR. This rhythmic pattern is altered by high-fat diet in a ligand-independent manner. We find that the remodeling of oscillatory gene expression and postprandial GR binding results from a concomitant increase of STAT5 co-occupancy in obese mice. Altogether, our findings highlight GR's fundamental role in the rhythmic orchestration of hepatic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Quagliarini
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Helmholtz Center Munich (HMGU) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg (Munich), Germany; Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Center Munich (HMGU) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg (Munich), Germany
| | - Ashfaq Ali Mir
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Helmholtz Center Munich (HMGU) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg (Munich), Germany; Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Center Munich (HMGU) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg (Munich), Germany
| | - Kinga Balazs
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Helmholtz Center Munich (HMGU) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg (Munich), Germany; Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Center Munich (HMGU) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg (Munich), Germany
| | - Michael Wierer
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried (Munich), Germany
| | - Kenneth Allen Dyar
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Helmholtz Center Munich (HMGU) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg (Munich), Germany; Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Center Munich (HMGU) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg (Munich), Germany
| | - Celine Jouffe
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Helmholtz Center Munich (HMGU) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg (Munich), Germany; Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Center Munich (HMGU) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg (Munich), Germany
| | - Konstantinos Makris
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Helmholtz Center Munich (HMGU) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg (Munich), Germany; Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Center Munich (HMGU) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg (Munich), Germany
| | - Johann Hawe
- Institute of Computational Biology (ICB), HMGU, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg (Munich), Germany
| | - Matthias Heinig
- Institute of Computational Biology (ICB), HMGU, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg (Munich), Germany; Department of Informatics, Boltzmannstr. 3, 85748 Garching, Technische Universitaet Muenchen (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Fabian Volker Filipp
- Institute of Computational Biology (ICB), HMGU, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg (Munich), Germany; School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 3, 85354 Freising, Technische Universitaet Muenchen (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Grant Daniel Barish
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Nina Henriette Uhlenhaut
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Helmholtz Center Munich (HMGU) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg (Munich), Germany; Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Center Munich (HMGU) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg (Munich), Germany; Metabolic Programming, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Gregor Mendel Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Technische Universitaet Muenchen (TUM), Munich, Germany.
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Liu F, Chen Q, Chen F, Wang J, Gong R, He B. The lncRNA ENST00000608794 acts as a competing endogenous RNA to regulate PDK4 expression by sponging miR-15b-5p in dexamethasone induced steatosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:1449-1457. [PMID: 31330194 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of ncRNAs, especially long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) to drug induced steatosis remains largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of lncRNA ENST00000608794 in dexamethasone induced steatosis. We found that ENST00000608794 is expressed at higher levels in dexamethasone treated HepG2 cell, and ENST00000608794 can bind and be regulated by miR-15b-5p. Ectopic expression of ENST00000608794 enhanced steatosis and the protein expression of PDK4 which is a critical gene in lipid metabolism and also is a target of miR-15b-5p. However, the differentiated PDK4 expression between control and ectopic expression of ENST00000608794 was absence in the presence of miR-15b-5p inhibitor. Moreover, in dexamethasone treated HepG2 cell lines, ENST00000608794 increased whether with miR-15b-5p inhibitor treatment or not, while increase of PDK4 expression by dexamethasone was greatly compromised in the presence of miR-15b-5p mimic. Meanwhile, dexamethasone induced steatosis could be ameliorated by silencing ENST00000608794 or expressing miR-15b-5p. Taken together, the results suggested that ENST00000608794 plays an important role in dexamethasone induced steatosis, which was partly mediated by derepressing of PDK4 through competitively binding to miR-15b-5p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqiong Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China
| | - Fa Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Laboratory Center, The Major Subject of Environment and Health of Fujian Key Universities, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China
| | - Ruijie Gong
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China
| | - Baochang He
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China.
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Mahmoud SY, Svensson F, Zoufir A, Módos D, Afzal AM, Bender A. Understanding Conditional Associations between ToxCast in Vitro Readouts and the Hepatotoxicity of Compounds Using Rule-Based Methods. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 33:137-153. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samar Y. Mahmoud
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Fredrik Svensson
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Azedine Zoufir
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Dezső Módos
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Avid M. Afzal
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Bender
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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Faught E, Vijayan MM. Loss of the glucocorticoid receptor in zebrafish improves muscle glucose availability and increases growth. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 316:E1093-E1104. [PMID: 30939052 PMCID: PMC6620571 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00045.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Chronic stress and the associated elevation in corticosteroid levels increase muscle protein catabolism. We hypothesized that the glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-regulated restriction of muscle glucose availability may play a role in the increased protein catabolism during chronic stress. To test this, we generated a ubiquitous GR knockout (GRKO) zebrafish to determine the physiological consequence of glucocorticoid stimulation on muscle metabolism and growth. Adult GRKO zebrafish had higher body mass, and this corresponded to an increased protein and lipid, but not carbohydrate, content. GRKO fish were hypercortisolemic, but they elicited a higher cortisol response to an acute stressor. However, the stressor-induced increase in plasma glucose level observed in the wild type was completely abolished in the GRKO fish. Also, the muscle, but not liver, capacity for glucose uptake was enhanced in the GRKO fish, and this corresponded with a higher hexokinase activity in the mutants. Zebrafish lacking GR also showed a higher capacity for protein synthesis, including increased phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 4B, higher expression of heat shock protein cognate 70, and total protein content. A chronic fasting stressor reduced body mass and muscle protein content in adult zebrafish, but this decrease was attenuated in the GRKO compared with the wild-type fish. Metabolomics analysis revealed that the free pool of amino acid substrates used for oxidation and gluconeogenesis were lower in the fasted GRKO fish muscle compared with the wild type. Altogether, chronic stressor-mediated GR signaling limits muscle glucose uptake, and this may play a role in protein catabolism, leading to the growth suppression in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Faught
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta , Canada
| | - Mathilakath M Vijayan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta , Canada
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40
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Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Basic Pathogenetic Mechanisms in the Progression From NAFLD to NASH. Transplantation 2019; 103:e1-e13. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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41
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Hahn O, Stubbs TM, Reik W, Grönke S, Beyer A, Partridge L. Hepatic gene body hypermethylation is a shared epigenetic signature of murine longevity. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007766. [PMID: 30462643 PMCID: PMC6281273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary, pharmacological and genetic interventions can extend health- and lifespan in diverse mammalian species. DNA methylation has been implicated in mediating the beneficial effects of these interventions; methylation patterns deteriorate during ageing, and this is prevented by lifespan-extending interventions. However, whether these interventions also actively shape the epigenome, and whether such epigenetic reprogramming contributes to improved health at old age, remains underexplored. We analysed published, whole-genome, BS-seq data sets from mouse liver to explore DNA methylation patterns in aged mice in response to three lifespan-extending interventions: dietary restriction (DR), reduced TOR signaling (rapamycin), and reduced growth (Ames dwarf mice). Dwarf mice show enhanced DNA hypermethylation in the body of key genes in lipid biosynthesis, cell proliferation and somatotropic signaling, which strongly correlates with the pattern of transcriptional repression. Remarkably, DR causes a similar hypermethylation in lipid biosynthesis genes, while rapamycin treatment increases methylation signatures in genes coding for growth factor and growth hormone receptors. Shared changes of DNA methylation were restricted to hypermethylated regions, and they were not merely a consequence of slowed ageing, thus suggesting an active mechanism driving their formation. By comparing the overlap in ageing-independent hypermethylated patterns between all three interventions, we identified four regions, which, independent of genetic background or gender, may serve as novel biomarkers for longevity-extending interventions. In summary, we identified gene body hypermethylation as a novel and partly conserved signature of lifespan-extending interventions in mouse, highlighting epigenetic reprogramming as a possible intervention to improve health at old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Hahn
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
- Cellular Networks and Systems Biology, CECAD, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas M. Stubbs
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Wolf Reik
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andreas Beyer
- Cellular Networks and Systems Biology, CECAD, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Linda Partridge
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, Institute of Healthy Ageing, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Kaltenecker D, Themanns M, Mueller KM, Spirk K, Suske T, Merkel O, Kenner L, Luís A, Kozlov A, Haybaeck J, Müller M, Han X, Moriggl R. Hepatic growth hormone - JAK2 - STAT5 signalling: Metabolic function, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma progression. Cytokine 2018; 124:154569. [PMID: 30389231 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The rising prevalence of obesity came along with an increase in associated metabolic disorders in Western countries. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome and is linked to primary stages of liver cancer development. Growth hormone (GH) regulates various vital processes such as energy supply and cellular regeneration. In addition, GH regulates various aspects of liver physiology through activating the Janus kinase (JAK) 2- signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 5 pathway. Consequently, disrupted GH - JAK2 - STAT5 signaling in the liver alters hepatic lipid metabolism and is associated with NAFLD development in humans and mouse models. Interestingly, while STAT5 as well as JAK2 deficiency correlates with hepatic lipid accumulation, recent studies suggest that these proteins have unique ambivalent functions in chronic liver disease progression and tumorigenesis. In this review, we focus on the consequences of altered GH - JAK2 - STAT5 signaling for hepatic lipid metabolism and liver cancer development with an emphasis on lessons learned from genetic knockout models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Kaltenecker
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Madeleine Themanns
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria; Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristina M Mueller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katrin Spirk
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria; Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tobias Suske
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Olaf Merkel
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria; Department of Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Laboratory Animal Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreia Luís
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrey Kozlov
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Haybaeck
- Diagnostic & Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mathias Müller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Xiaonan Han
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, the Ministry of Health; Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences (ILAS), Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, PR China; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Richard Moriggl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria; Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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43
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Kaltenecker D, Themanns M, Mueller KM, Spirk K, Golob-Schwarzl N, Friedbichler K, Kenner L, Haybaeck J, Moriggl R. STAT5 deficiency in hepatocytes reduces diethylnitrosamine-induced liver tumorigenesis in mice. Cytokine 2018; 124:154573. [PMID: 30377054 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic liver diseases and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma are closely linked and pose a major medical challenge as treatment options are limited. Animal studies have shown that genetic deletion of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 5 in liver is associated with higher susceptibility to fatty liver disease, fibrosis and cancer, indicating a protective role of hepatic STAT5 in mouse models of chronic liver disease. To investigate the role of STAT5 in the etiology of liver cancer in more detail, we applied the chemical carcinogen diethylnitrosamine (DEN) to mice harboring a hepatocyte-specific deletion of Stat5 (S5KO). At 8 months after DEN injections, tumor formation in S5KO was significantly reduced. This was associated with diminished tumor frequency and less aggressive liver cancer progression. Apoptosis and inflammation markers were not changed in S5KO livers suggesting that the reduced tumor burden was not due to impaired inflammatory response. Despite reduced mRNA expression of the DEN bio-activator cytochrome P450 2e1 (Cyp2e1) in S5KO livers, protein levels were similar. Yet, delayed tumor formation in S5KO mice coincided with decreased activation of c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK). Taken together, while STAT5 has a protective role in fatty liver-associated liver cancer, it exerts oncogenic functions in DEN-induced liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Kaltenecker
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Madeleine Themanns
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristina M Mueller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katrin Spirk
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Golob-Schwarzl
- Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, Graz, Austria; Diagnostic & Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Lukas Kenner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria; Department of Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Unit of Pathology of Laboratory Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria; CBMed Core Lab2, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Haybaeck
- Diagnostic & Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Richard Moriggl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria; Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Zhang S, Lu C, Das AK, Pasupulati AK, Menon RK. Abrogation of GH action in Kupffer cells results in increased hepatic CD36 expression and exaggerated nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Growth Horm IGF Res 2018; 42-43:74-79. [PMID: 30321786 PMCID: PMC6286732 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of GH signaling on Kupffer cells and the resulting changes in lipid homeostasis and their underlying mechanism(s) in the livers of diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. DESIGN Male macrophage specific-growth hormone receptor knockout mice (MacGHR KO) and their litter mate controls were fed a high fat diet containing 60% calories from fat for 26 weeks. Lipid content and lipid profiles in the liver and circulation were analyzed. Expression levels of CD36 in the liver were quantified by RT-PCR and Western Blot. RESULTS Increased hepatic lipid content and abundance of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids were observed in the liver of MacGHR KO mice. These findings were associated with increased steady state levels of CD36 mRNA and protein in MacGHR KO mice when compared with their litter mate controls. CONCLUSION GH action in Kupffer cells is required for maintaining hepatic lipid homeostasis, in part via regulation of hepatic CD36 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry Zhang
- Departments of Pediatrics & Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, United States
| | - Chunxia Lu
- Departments of Pediatrics & Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, United States
| | - Arun K Das
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, United States
| | - Anil K Pasupulati
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ram K Menon
- Departments of Pediatrics & Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, United States; Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, United States.
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Kineman RD, del Rio-Moreno M, Sarmento-Cabral A. 40 YEARS of IGF1: Understanding the tissue-specific roles of IGF1/IGF1R in regulating metabolism using the Cre/loxP system. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 61:T187-T198. [PMID: 29743295 PMCID: PMC7721256 DOI: 10.1530/jme-18-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is clear that insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) is important in supporting growth and regulating metabolism. The IGF1 found in the circulation is primarily produced by the liver hepatocytes, but healthy mature hepatocytes do not express appreciable levels of the IGF1 receptor (IGF1R). Therefore, the metabolic actions of IGF1 are thought to be mediated via extra-hepatocyte actions. Given the structural and functional homology between IGF1/IGF1R and insulin receptor (INSR) signaling, and the fact that IGF1, IGF1R and INSR are expressed in most tissues of the body, it is difficult to separate out the tissue-specific contributions of IGF1/IGF1R in maintaining whole body metabolic function. To circumvent this problem, over the last 20 years, investigators have taken advantage of the Cre/loxP system to manipulate IGF1/IGF1R in a tissue-dependent, and more recently, an age-dependent fashion. These studies have revealed that IGF1/IGF1R can alter extra-hepatocyte function to regulate hormonal inputs to the liver and/or alter tissue-specific carbohydrate and lipid metabolism to alter nutrient flux to liver, where these actions are not mutually exclusive, but serve to integrate the function of all tissues to support the metabolic needs of the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda D Kineman
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago,1819 W Polk St. M/C 646 Chicago, IL, 60612
- Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Suite 6215, MP 191, 820 S Damen Ave. Chicago, IL 60612
- Corresponding author: Rhonda D Kineman, . University of Illinois at Chicago, Medicine, 1819 W. Polk St., MC 640, Chicago, IL, USA 60612
| | - Mercedes del Rio-Moreno
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago,1819 W Polk St. M/C 646 Chicago, IL, 60612
| | - André Sarmento-Cabral
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago,1819 W Polk St. M/C 646 Chicago, IL, 60612
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Kageyama S, Nakamura K, Fujii T, Ke B, Sosa RA, Reed EF, Datta N, Zarrinpar A, Busuttil RW, Kupiec-Weglinski JW. Recombinant relaxin protects liver transplants from ischemia damage by hepatocyte glucocorticoid receptor: From bench-to-bedside. Hepatology 2018; 68:258-273. [PMID: 29350771 PMCID: PMC6033647 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) represents a major risk factor of early graft dysfunction and acute/chronic rejection as well as a key obstacle to expanding the donor pool in orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Although glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling may enhance cytoprotective programs, clinical use of glucocorticoid is limited because of adverse effects, whereas clinical relevance of GR-facilitated cytoprotection in OLT remains unknown. We aimed to evaluate the significance of hepatic GR in clinical OLT and verify the impact of recombinant human relaxin (rhRLX), which may function as a GR agonist in a tissue/disease-specific manner. Fifty-one OLT patients were recruited under an institutional research board (IRB) protocol. Liver biopsies were collected after cold storage (presurgery) and 2 hours postreperfusion (before abdominal closure), followed by western blotting-assisted hepatic analyses. Forty-three percent of OLTs failed to increase GR perioperatively under surgical stress. Post-/pre-GR ratios at postoperative day 1 correlated negatively with serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/cleaved caspase-3 and positively with B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xL)/B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) levels. In a murine OLT model with extended (18-hour) cold storage, treatment with rhRLX ameliorated ischemia-reperfusion (IR) damage and improved survival while up-regulating hepatocyte GR and Bcl-xL/Bcl-2 expression in OLT. rhRLX-induced GR suppressed hepatocyte high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) translocation/release, accompanied by decreased Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), suppressed interleukin 1 beta (IL1β), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), C-X-C motif chemokine (CXCL)10, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), CXCL1, and CXCL2 levels, and attenuated neutrophil/macrophage accumulation in OLT. Inhibition of GR in hepatocyte culture and in OLT diminished rhRLX-mediated cytoprotection. CONCLUSION This translational study underscores the role of rhRLX-GR signaling as a regulator of hepatocellular protection against IR stress in OLT. In the context of a recent phase III clinical trial demonstrating positive outcomes of rhRLX in patients with acute heart failure, studies on rhRLX for the management of IRI in OLT recipients are warranted. (Hepatology 2018;68:258-273).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichi Kageyama
- The Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Kojiro Nakamura
- The Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Takehiro Fujii
- The Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Bibo Ke
- The Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Rebecca A Sosa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Elaine F. Reed
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Nakul Datta
- The Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Ali Zarrinpar
- The Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Ronald W. Busuttil
- The Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Jerzy W. Kupiec-Weglinski
- The Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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47
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Rooney JP, Ryan N, Chorley BN, Hester SD, Kenyon EM, Schmid JE, George BJ, Hughes MF, Sey YM, Tennant A, MacMillan DK, Simmons JE, McQueen CA, Pandiri A, Wood CE, Corton JC. From the Cover: Genomic Effects of Androstenedione and Sex-Specific Liver Cancer Susceptibility in Mice. Toxicol Sci 2018; 160:15-29. [PMID: 28973534 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Current strategies for predicting carcinogenic mode of action for nongenotoxic chemicals are based on identification of early key events in toxicity pathways. The goal of this study was to evaluate short-term key event indicators resulting from exposure to androstenedione (A4), an androgen receptor agonist and known liver carcinogen in mice. Liver cancer is more prevalent in men compared with women, but androgen-related pathways underlying this sex difference have not been clearly identified. Short-term hepatic effects of A4 were compared with reference agonists of the estrogen receptor (ethinyl estradiol, EE) and glucocorticoid receptor (prednisone, PRED). Male B6C3F1 mice were exposed for 7 or 28 days to A4, EE, or PRED. EE increased and PRED suppressed hepatocyte proliferation, while A4 had no detectable effects. In a microarray analysis, EE and PRED altered >3000 and >670 genes, respectively, in a dose-dependent manner, whereas A4 did not significantly alter any genes. Gene expression was subsequently examined in archival liver samples from male and female B6C3F1 mice exposed to A4 for 90 days. A4 altered more genes in females than males and did not alter expression of genes linked to activation of the mitogenic xenobiotic receptors AhR, CAR, and PPARα in either sex. A gene expression biomarker was used to show that in female mice, the high dose of A4 activated the growth hormone-regulated transcription factor STAT5b, which controls sexually dimorphic gene expression in the liver. These findings suggest that A4 induces subtle age-related effects on STAT5b signaling that may contribute to the higher risk of liver cancer in males compared with females.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Rooney
- Office of Research and Development, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE).,Integrated Systems Toxicology Division
| | - Natalia Ryan
- Office of Research and Development, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE).,Integrated Systems Toxicology Division
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Charlene A McQueen
- Office of the Director, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL), U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711
| | - Arun Pandiri
- National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711
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Early onset and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in young monosodium l-glutamate-induced obese mice. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2018; 10:188-195. [PMID: 29855396 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174418000284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Monosodium l-glutamate (MSG)-induced obesity is a useful model for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) studies. However, there is limited data on its initiation and progression. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the onset of metabolic and histopathological features of NAFLD and its progression to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in this model. To perform this study, Swiss mice pups were neonatally injected with MSG (4 g/kg/day, s.c.) or equiosmolar saline and followed up to 60, 120 or 180 days old. At each age, blood, liver, as well as periepididymal and retroperitoneal fat pads were collected for morphometric, biochemical and histological analyses, the later according to NAFLD activity score. MSG mice presented hypertriglyceridemia and central obesity at all ages, but peripheral insulin-resistance was verified only in 120- and 180-day-old mice. Hepatic total fat and triglycerides content were higher in MSG mice at all ages. Accordingly, histopathological analysis showed that 60-day-old MSG mice had microvesicular steatosis with occasional ballooning, which evolved into NASH from 120 days old. Retroperitoneal fat accumulation was the only variable to independently correlate with NAFLD activity total score upon multivariate analysis (R 2=71.45%). There were no differences in IL-6 and TNF-α serum levels among groups. Overall, this study shows that NAFLD is a precocious outcome in MSG-obese mice, whereas the period comprised between 60 and 120 days old seems to be a crucial metabolic window for comprehending pathophysiological events involved in NAFLD-to-NASH progression in this model.
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The ratio of STAT1 to STAT3 expression is a determinant of colorectal cancer growth. Oncotarget 2018; 7:51096-51106. [PMID: 27191495 PMCID: PMC5239461 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of STAT1 and STAT3 for colorectal carcinoma (CRC) development and progression is controversial. We evaluated 414 CRC patient samples on tissue microarrays for differential expression of STAT1 and STAT3 protein levels and correlated ratios with clinical parameters. Concomitant absence of nuclear STAT1 and STAT3 expression was associated with significantly reduced median survival by ≥33 months (p=0.003). To gain insight into underlying mechanisms, we generated four CRC cell lines with STAT3 knockdown. The cell lines harbor different known mutational drivers and were xenografted into SCID mice to analyze the influence of STAT3 on their tumor growth behavior. Experimental downregulation of STAT3 expression had differential, cell-line specific effects on STAT1 expression levels. STAT1 consistently showed nuclear localization irrespective of its tyrosine phosphorylation status. Two characteristic STAT1/3 expression patterns with opposite growth behavior could be distinguished: cell lines with a low STAT1/high STAT3 ratio showed faster tumor growth in xenografts. In contrast, xenografts of cell lines showing high STAT1 and low STAT3 levels grew slower. Importantly, these ratios reflected clinical outcome in CRC patients as well. We conclude that the ratio of STAT1 to STAT3 expression is a key determinant of CRC progression and that STAT1 counteracts pro-tumorigenic STAT3 signaling. Thus, we suggest that the STAT3/STAT1 ratios are better clinical predictors in CRC as compared to STAT3 or STAT1 levels alone.
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Whirledge S, DeFranco DB. Glucocorticoid Signaling in Health and Disease: Insights From Tissue-Specific GR Knockout Mice. Endocrinology 2018; 159:46-64. [PMID: 29029225 PMCID: PMC5761604 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are adrenally produced hormones critically involved in development, general physiology, and control of inflammation. Since their discovery, glucocorticoids have been widely used to treat a variety of inflammatory conditions. However, high doses or prolonged use leads to a number of side effects throughout the body, which preclude their clinical utility. The primary actions of glucocorticoids are mediated by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a transcription factor that regulates many complex signaling pathways. Although GR is nearly ubiquitous throughout the body, glucocorticoids exhibit cell- and tissue-specific effects. For example, glucocorticoids stimulate glucose production in the liver, reduce glucose uptake in the skeletal muscle, and decrease insulin secretion from the pancreatic β-cells. Mouse models represent an important approach to understanding the dynamic functions of GR signaling in normal physiology, disease, and resistance. In the absence of a viable GR null model, gene-targeting techniques utilizing promoter-driven recombination have provided an opportunity to characterize the tissue-specific actions of GR. The aim of the present review is to describe the organ systems in which GR has been conditionally deleted and summarize the functions ascribed to glucocorticoid action in those tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Whirledge
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Donald B. DeFranco
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
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