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Peng Z, Wang R, Xia X, Zhang J. Engineered acetaldehyde dehydrogenase for the efficient degradation of acetaldehyde. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 331:117258. [PMID: 36669314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Acetaldehyde is highly cytotoxic and widely presents in food and the environment. Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) can degrade acetaldehyde to non-toxic acetic acid, showing potential for acetaldehyde elimination. However, a lack of high-throughput methods for screening efficient variants is a significant obstacle to ALDH design. Here, we established a visualized high-throughput method to screen recombinantly expressed ALDH variants in Bacillus subtilis by fluorescent probes of dual-acceptor cyanine-based in response to NADH, the acetaldehyde degradation product. Molecular docking revealed key amino acids in the binding region of acetaldehyde to ALDH. Combined with saturation mutagenesis and visualization high-throughput methods, a variant ALDHS273N with an activity of 119.82 U·mL-1 was screened. The optimal reaction temperature and pH of ALDHS273N were 60 °C and 9.0, respectively. ALDHS273N showed stability at 30-50 °C and pH 5.0-9.0. The activity of ALDHS273N was increased to 263.52 U∙mL-1 by fermentation optimization, which was 5.58 times that of ALDHWT. The degradation rate of ALDHS273N to 100 mmol L-1 acetaldehyde was 87.34% within 2 h, which was 4.2 times that of the wild enzyme (20.81%). As far as we know, this is the ALDH with the highest activity reported so far, and it is also the first time that ALDH has been used for the efficient degradation of acetaldehyde. Overall, the reported high-throughput screening method and developed mutants represent a significant advance in green bio-elimination technologies of acetaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xiaofeng Xia
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Juan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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Ge X, Li M, Song G, Zhang Z, Yin J, Ge Z, Shi Z, Liu L, Jiang B, Qian X, Shen H. Chromium (VI)-induced ALDH1A1/EGF axis promotes lung cancer progression. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e1136. [PMID: 36504325 PMCID: PMC9742488 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cr(VI) is broadly applied in industry. Cr(VI) exposure places a big burden on public health, thereby increasing the risk of lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC). The mechanisms underlying Cr(VI)-induced LUSC remain largely elusive. Here, we report that the cancer stem cell (CSC)/tumour-initiating cell (TIC)-like subgroup within Cr(VI)-transformed bronchial epithelial cells (CrT) promotes lung cancer tumourigenesis. Mechanistically, Cr(VI) exposure specifically increases the expression levels of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 (ALDH1A1), a CSC marker, through KLF4-mediated transcription. ALDH1A1 maintains self-renewal of CrT/TICs and facilitates the expression and secretion of EGF from CrT/TICs, which subsequently promotes the activation of EGFR signalling in differentiated cancer cells and tumour growth of LUSC. In addition, the ALDH1A1 inhibitor A37 and gemcitabine synergistically suppress LUSC progression. Importantly, high ALDH1A1 expression levels are positively correlated with advanced clinical stages and predict poor survival in LUSC patients. These findings elucidate how ALDH1A1 modulates EGF secretion from TICs to facilitate LUSC tumourigenesis, highlighting new therapeutic strategies for malignant lung cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ge
- Department of Nutrition and Food HygieneCenter for Global HealthSchool of Public HealthNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and TreatmentJiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of EducationNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Mengdie Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food HygieneCenter for Global HealthSchool of Public HealthNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and TreatmentJiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Guo‐Xin Song
- Department of PathologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Zhixiang Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food HygieneCenter for Global HealthSchool of Public HealthNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and TreatmentJiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Jianxing Yin
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Zehe Ge
- Department of Nutrition and Food HygieneCenter for Global HealthSchool of Public HealthNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and TreatmentJiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Zhumei Shi
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Ling‐Zhi Liu
- Department of PathologyAnatomy and Cell BiologyDepartment of Medical OncologyThomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Bing‐Hua Jiang
- The Academy of Medical ScienceZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450000China
| | - Xu Qian
- Department of Nutrition and Food HygieneCenter for Global HealthSchool of Public HealthNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and TreatmentJiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of EducationNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Hua Shen
- Department of OncologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
- Department of OncologySir Run Run HospitalNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
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Cargo proteins in extracellular vesicles: potential for novel therapeutics in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:372. [PMID: 34789265 PMCID: PMC8600817 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-01120-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are recognized as novel cell-free therapeutics. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) remains a critical health problem. Herein, we show that EVs from pan peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonist-primed induced mesenchymal stem cell (pan PPAR-iMSC-EVs) has unique cargo protein signatures, and demonstrate its therapeutic function in NASH. RESULTS A unique protein signatures were identified in pan PPAR-iMSC-EVs against those from non-stimulated iMSC-EVs. NASH mice receiving pan PPAR-iMSC-EVs showed reduced steatotic changes and ameliorated ER stress and mitochondiral oxidative stress induced by inflammation. Moreover, pan PPAR-iMSC-EVs promoted liver regeneration via inhibiting apoptosis and enhancing proliferation. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that our strategy for enriching unique cargo proteins in EVs may facilitate the development of novel therapeutic option for NASH.
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Püschel J, Dubrovska A, Gorodetska I. The Multifaceted Role of Aldehyde Dehydrogenases in Prostate Cancer Stem Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4703. [PMID: 34572930 PMCID: PMC8472046 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are the only tumor cells possessing self-renewal and differentiation properties, making them an engine of tumor progression and a source of tumor regrowth after treatment. Conventional therapies eliminate most non-CSCs, while CSCs often remain radiation and drug resistant, leading to tumor relapse and metastases. Thus, targeting CSCs might be a powerful tool to overcome tumor resistance and increase the efficiency of current cancer treatment strategies. The identification and isolation of the CSC population based on its high aldehyde dehydrogenase activity (ALDH) is widely accepted for prostate cancer (PCa) and many other solid tumors. In PCa, several ALDH genes contribute to the ALDH activity, which can be measured in the enzymatic assay by converting 4, 4-difluoro-4-bora-3a, 4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY) aminoacetaldehyde (BAAA) into the fluorescent product BODIPY-aminoacetate (BAA). Although each ALDH isoform plays an individual role in PCa biology, their mutual functional interplay also contributes to PCa progression. Thus, ALDH proteins are markers and functional regulators of CSC properties, representing an attractive target for cancer treatment. In this review, we discuss the current state of research regarding the role of individual ALDH isoforms in PCa development and progression, their possible therapeutic targeting, and provide an outlook for the future advances in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Püschel
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01309 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Anna Dubrovska
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01309 Dresden, Germany;
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology-OncoRay, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ielizaveta Gorodetska
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01309 Dresden, Germany;
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Wang W, Bai L, Xu D, Li W, Cui J. Immunotherapy: A Potential Approach to Targeting Cancer Stem Cells. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2021; 21:117-131. [PMID: 32364076 DOI: 10.2174/1568009620666200504111914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tumor recurrence and drug resistance are two of the key factors affecting the prognosis of cancer patients. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a group of cells with infinite proliferation potential which are not sensitive to traditional therapies, including radio- and chemotherapy. These CSCs are considered to be central to tumor recurrence and the development of drug resistance. In addition, CSCs are important targets in cancer immunotherapy because of their expression of novel tumorassociated antigens, which result from mutations in cancer cells over the course of treatment. Emerging immunotherapies, including cancer vaccines, checkpoint blockade therapies, and transferred immune cell therapies, have all been shown to be more effective when they selectively target CSCs. Such therapies may also provide novel additions to the current therapeutic milieu and may offer new therapeutic combinations for treatment. This review summarizes the relationships between various immunotherapies and CSCs and provides novel insights into potential therapeutic applications for these approaches in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Wang
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Ling Bai
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Dongsheng Xu
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Wei Li
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Jiuwei Cui
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
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Etienne J, Joanne P, Catelain C, Riveron S, Bayer AC, Lafable J, Punzon I, Blot S, Agbulut O, Vilquin JT. Aldehyde dehydrogenases contribute to skeletal muscle homeostasis in healthy, aging, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2020; 11:1047-1069. [PMID: 32157826 PMCID: PMC7432589 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) are key players in cell survival, protection, and differentiation via the metabolism and detoxification of aldehydes. ALDH activity is also a marker of stem cells. The skeletal muscle contains populations of ALDH-positive cells amenable to use in cell therapy, whose distribution, persistence in aging, and modifications in myopathic context have not been investigated yet. METHODS The Aldefluor® (ALDEF) reagent was used to assess the ALDH activity of muscle cell populations, whose phenotypic characterizations were deepened by flow cytometry. The nature of ALDH isoenzymes expressed by the muscle cell populations was identified in complementary ways by flow cytometry, immunohistology, and real-time PCR ex vivo and in vitro. These populations were compared in healthy, aging, or Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients, healthy non-human primates, and Golden Retriever dogs (healthy vs. muscular dystrophic model, Golden retriever muscular dystrophy [GRMD]). RESULTS ALDEF+ cells persisted through muscle aging in humans and were equally represented in several anatomical localizations in healthy non-human primates. ALDEF+ cells were increased in dystrophic individuals in humans (nine patients with DMD vs. five controls: 14.9 ± 1.63% vs. 3.6 ± 0.39%, P = 0.0002) and dogs (three GRMD dogs vs. three controls: 10.9 ± 2.54% vs. 3.7 ± 0.45%, P = 0.049). In DMD patients, such increase was due to the adipogenic ALDEF+ /CD34+ populations (11.74 ± 1.5 vs. 2.8 ± 0.4, P = 0.0003), while in GRMD dogs, it was due to the myogenic ALDEF+ /CD34- cells (3.6 ± 0.6% vs. 1.03 ± 0.23%, P = 0.0165). Phenotypic characterization associated the ALDEF+ /CD34- cells with CD9, CD36, CD49a, CD49c, CD49f, CD106, CD146, and CD184, some being associated with myogenic capacities. Cytological and histological analyses distinguished several ALDH isoenzymes (ALDH1A1, 1A2, 1A3, 1B1, 1L1, 2, 3A1, 3A2, 3B1, 3B2, 4A1, 7A1, 8A1, and 9A1) expressed by different cell populations in the skeletal muscle tissue belonging to multinucleated fibres, or myogenic, endothelial, interstitial, and neural lineages, designing them as potential new markers of cell type or of metabolic activity. Important modifications were noted in isoenzyme expression between healthy and DMD muscle tissues. The level of gene expression of some isoenzymes (ALDH1A1, 1A3, 1B1, 2, 3A2, 7A1, 8A1, and 9A1) suggested their specific involvement in muscle stability or regeneration in situ or in vitro. CONCLUSIONS This study unveils the importance of the ALDH family of isoenzymes in the skeletal muscle physiology and homeostasis, suggesting their roles in tissue remodelling in the context of muscular dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessy Etienne
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, AIM, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, UMRS 974, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Department of Bioengineering and QB3 Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Pierre Joanne
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, IBPS, UMR 8256 Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Catelain
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, AIM, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, UMRS 974, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Riveron
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, AIM, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, UMRS 974, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Clarissa Bayer
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, AIM, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, UMRS 974, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Jérémy Lafable
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, AIM, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, UMRS 974, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Isabel Punzon
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, INSERM, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, IMRB, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ENVA, U955-E10, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Stéphane Blot
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, INSERM, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, IMRB, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ENVA, U955-E10, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Onnik Agbulut
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, IBPS, UMR 8256 Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Thomas Vilquin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, AIM, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, UMRS 974, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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Gu Y, Zheng X, Ji J. Liver cancer stem cells as a hierarchical society: yes or no? Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2020; 52:723-735. [PMID: 32490517 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmaa050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are cells possessing abilities of self-renewal, differentiation, and tumorigenicity in NOD/SCID mice. Based on this definition, multiple cell surface markers (such as CD24, CD133, CD90, and EpCAM) as well as chemical methods are discovered to enrich liver CSCs in the recent decade. Accumulated studies have revealed molecular signatures and signaling pathways involved in regulating different liver CSCs. Among liver CSCs positive for different markers, some molecular features and regulatory pathways are commonly shared, while some are only unique in certain CSC populations. These studies imply that liver CSCs exhibit diverse heterogeneity, while a functional relationship also exists. The aim of this review is to revisit the society of liver CSCs and summarize the common or unique molecular features of known liver CSCs. We hope to call for attention of researchers on the relationship of the liver CSC subgroups and to provide clues on the hierarchical structure of the liver CSC society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhuo Gu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Junfang Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Wang W, Wang C, Xu H, Gao Y. Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, Liver Disease and Cancer. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:921-934. [PMID: 32140062 PMCID: PMC7053332 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.42300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is the key enzyme responsible for metabolism of the alcohol metabolite acetaldehyde in the liver. In addition to conversion of the acetaldehyde molecule, ALDH is also involved in other cellular functions. Recently, many studies have investigated the involvement of ALDH expression in viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease (ALD), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), liver fibrosis, and liver cancer. Notably, ALDH2 expression has been linked with liver cancer risk, as well as pathogenesis and prognosis, and has emerged as a promising therapeutic target. Of note, approximately 8% of the world's population, and approximately 30-40% of the population in East Asia carry an inactive ALDH2 gene. This review summarizes new progress in understanding tissue-specific acetaldehyde metabolism by ALDH2 as well as the association of ALDH2 gene polymorphisms with liver disease and cancer. New research directions emerging in the field are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Wang
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Chunguang Wang
- Department of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Clinical College, Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Hongxin Xu
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Yanhang Gao
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
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Meta-Analysis of Human and Mouse Biliary Epithelial Cell Gene Profiles. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101117. [PMID: 31547151 PMCID: PMC6829476 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic liver diseases are frequently accompanied with activation of biliary epithelial cells (BECs) that can differentiate into hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, providing an endogenous back-up system. Functional studies on BECs often rely on isolations of an BEC cell population from healthy and/or injured livers. However, a consensus on the characterization of these cells has not yet been reached. The aim of this study was to compare the publicly available transcriptome profiles of human and mouse BECs and to establish gene signatures that can identify quiescent and activated human and mouse BECs. METHODS We used publicly available transcriptome data sets of human and mouse BECs, compared their profiles and analyzed co-expressed genes and pathways. By merging both human and mouse BEC-enriched genes, we obtained a quiescent and activation gene signature and tested them on BEC-like cells and different liver diseases using gene set enrichment analysis. In addition, we identified several genes from both gene signatures to identify BECs in a scRNA sequencing data set. RESULTS Comparison of mouse BEC transcriptome data sets showed that the isolation method and array platform strongly influences their general profile, still most populations are highly enriched in most genes currently associated with BECs. Pathway analysis on human and mouse BECs revealed the KRAS signaling as a new potential pathway in BEC activation. We established a quiescent and activated BEC gene signature that can be used to identify BEC-like cells and detect BEC enrichment in alcoholic hepatitis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and peribiliary sclerotic livers. Finally, we identified a gene set that can distinguish BECs from other liver cells in mouse and human scRNAseq data. CONCLUSIONS Through a meta-analysis of human and mouse BEC gene profiles we identified new potential pathways in BEC activation and created unique gene signatures for quiescent and activated BECs. These signatures and pathways will help in the further characterization of this progenitor cell type in mouse and human liver development and disease.
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Schmelzer E. Hepatic progenitors of the fetal liver: Interactions with hematopoietic stem cells. Differentiation 2019; 106:9-14. [PMID: 30826473 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to summarize and give an overview on the findings of signaling between hepatic and hematopoietic progenitors of the liver. To date, there are not many findings published in the field, and the aim of this review is to cover all current publications in this area. The liver is the main site of hematopoiesis during fetal development. However, little is known about how hepatic and other non-hematopoietic progenitors potentially influence hematopoiesis and vice versa. The concurrent peaks of hepatic and hematopoietic progenitor proliferation during development indicate interactions that could possibly be mediated through cell-cell contact, extracellular matrices, cytokines and growth factors, or other signaling molecules. For example, hepatic progenitors, such as hepatic stem cells and hepatoblasts, possess characteristic surface markers that can be cleaved, giving rise to fragments of various lengths. A surface molecule of hepatoblasts has been demonstrated to play an essential role in hematopoiesis. Particularly, these effects on hematopoiesis were distinct, depending on whether it was membrane-bound or cleaved. In this review, the various hepatic and hematopoietic progenitor cell types are concisely described, and the current findings of their potential interactions are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Schmelzer
- Department of Surgery, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 3025 East Carson Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, USA.
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Najar M, Crompot E, van Grunsven LA, Dollé L, Lagneaux L. Aldehyde dehydrogenase activity of Wharton jelly mesenchymal stromal cells: isolation and characterization. Cytotechnology 2019; 71:427-441. [PMID: 30610510 PMCID: PMC6368491 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-018-0283-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are promising tools in regenerative medicine and targeted therapies. Although different origins have been described, there is still huge need to find a valuable source harboring specific subpopulations of MSCs with precise therapeutic functions. Here, we isolated by fluorescence activated cell sorting technique, two populations of Wharton's jelly (WJ)-MSCs based on their aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity. Two different ALDH activities (low vs. high) were thus observed. We then analyzed their gene expression profile for stemness, phenotype, response to hypoxia, angiogenesis, hematopoietic support, immunomodulation and multilineage differentiation abilities (osteogenesis, adipogenesis, and chondrogenesis). According to ALDH activity, many differences in the mRNA expression of these populations were noticed. In conclusion, we provide evidences that WJ harbors two distinct populations of MSCs with different ALDH activity. These populations seem to display specific functional competences that may be interesting for concise therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Najar
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Erasme, Bâtiment de Transfusion (Level +1), Route de Lennik no 808, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emerence Crompot
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Erasme, Bâtiment de Transfusion (Level +1), Route de Lennik no 808, 1070, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Leo A van Grunsven
- Liver Cell Biology Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurent Dollé
- Liver Cell Biology Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurence Lagneaux
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Erasme, Bâtiment de Transfusion (Level +1), Route de Lennik no 808, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
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Vassalli G. Aldehyde Dehydrogenases: Not Just Markers, but Functional Regulators of Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:3904645. [PMID: 30733805 PMCID: PMC6348814 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3904645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) is a superfamily of enzymes that detoxify a variety of endogenous and exogenous aldehydes and are required for the biosynthesis of retinoic acid (RA) and other molecular regulators of cellular function. Over the past decade, high ALDH activity has been increasingly used as a selectable marker for normal cell populations enriched in stem and progenitor cells, as well as for cell populations from cancer tissues enriched in tumor-initiating stem-like cells. Mounting evidence suggests that ALDH not only may be used as a marker for stem cells but also may well regulate cellular functions related to self-renewal, expansion, differentiation, and resistance to drugs and radiation. ALDH exerts its functional actions partly through RA biosynthesis, as all-trans RA reverses the functional effects of pharmacological inhibition or genetic suppression of ALDH activity in many cell types in vitro. There is substantial evidence to suggest that the role of ALDH as a stem cell marker comes down to the specific isoform(s) expressed in a particular tissue. Much emphasis has been placed on the ALDH1A1 and ALDH1A3 members of the ALDH1 family of cytosolic enzymes required for RA biosynthesis. ALDH1A1 and ALDH1A3 regulate cellular function in both normal stem cells and tumor-initiating stem-like cells, promoting tumor growth and resistance to drugs and radiation. An improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which ALDH regulates cellular function will likely open new avenues in many fields, especially in tissue regeneration and oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Vassalli
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, Cardiocentro Ticino, Lugano, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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13
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Najar M, Crompot E, van Grunsven LA, Dollé L, Lagneaux L. Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Activity in Adipose Tissue: Isolation and Gene Expression Profile of Distinct Sub-population of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2018; 14:599-611. [PMID: 29333563 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-017-9777-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Thanks to their relative abundance and easier collection, adipose tissue (AT) is considered an alternative source for the isolation of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). MSCs have great therapeutic values and are thus under investigations for several clinical indications such as regenerative medicine and immunomodulation. In this work, we aimed to identify, isolate and characterize AT-MSCs based on their aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity known to be a classical feature of stem cells. FACS technology allowed to isolate two different populations of AT-MSCs according to their ALDH activity (referred as ALDH+ and ALDH-). Depending on their ALDH activity, the transcriptome analysis of both cell populations demonstrated a differential pattern of genes related to the main properties of MSCs (proliferation, response to hypoxia, angiogenesis, phenotype, stemness, multilineage, hematopoiesis, immunomodulation). Based on these profiling, both AT-MSC populations could differ in terms of biological responses and functionalities. Collectively, the use of ALDH for isolating and identifying sub-populations of MSCs with specific gene profile may represent an alternative method to provide solutions for targeted therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Najar
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Erasme, Bâtiment de Transfusion (Level +1), Route de Lennik n° 808, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emerence Crompot
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Erasme, Bâtiment de Transfusion (Level +1), Route de Lennik n° 808, 1070, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Leo A van Grunsven
- Liver Cell Biology Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurent Dollé
- Liver Cell Biology Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurence Lagneaux
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Erasme, Bâtiment de Transfusion (Level +1), Route de Lennik n° 808, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
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14
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Wada F, Koga H, Akiba J, Niizeki T, Iwamoto H, Ikezono Y, Nakamura T, Abe M, Masuda A, Sakaue T, Tanaka T, Kakuma T, Yano H, Torimura T. High expression of CD44v9 and xCT in chemoresistant hepatocellular carcinoma: Potential targets by sulfasalazine. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:2801-2810. [PMID: 29981246 PMCID: PMC6125439 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CD44v9 is expressed in cancer stem cells (CSC) and stabilizes the glutamate‐cystine transporter xCT on the cytoplasmic membrane, thereby decreasing intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This mechanism confers ROS resistance to CSC and CD44v9‐expressing cancer cells. The aims of the present study were to assess: (i) expression status of CD44v9 and xCT in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues, including those derived from patients treated with hepatic arterial infusion chemoembolization (HAIC) therapy with cisplatin (CDDP); and (ii) whether combination of CDDP with sulfasalazine (SASP), an inhibitor of xCT, was more effective on tumor cells than CDDP alone by inducing ROS‐mediated apoptosis. Twenty non‐pretreated HCC tissues and 7 HCC tissues administered HAIC therapy with CDDP before surgical resection were subjected to immunohistochemistry analysis of CD44v9 and xCT expression. Human HCC cell lines HAK‐1A and HAK‐1B were used in this study; the latter was also used for xenograft experiments in nude mice to assess in vivo efficacy of combination treatment. CD44v9 positivity was significantly higher in HAIC‐treated tissues (5/7) than in non‐pretreated tissues (2/30), suggesting the involvement of CD44v9 in the resistance to HAIC. xCT was significantly expressed in poorly differentiated HCC tissues. Combination treatment effectively killed the CD44v9‐harboring HAK‐1B cells through ROS‐mediated apoptosis and significantly decreased xenografted tumor growth. In conclusion, the xCT inhibitor SASP augmented ROS‐mediated apoptosis in CDDP‐treated HCC cells, in which the CD44v9‐xCT system functioned. As CD44v9 is typically expressed in HAIC‐resistant HCC cells, combination treatment with SASP with CDDP may overcome such drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumitaka Wada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.,Liver Cancer Research Division, Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Hironori Koga
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.,Liver Cancer Research Division, Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Jun Akiba
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Takashi Niizeki
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Hideki Iwamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.,Liver Cancer Research Division, Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Yu Ikezono
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.,Liver Cancer Research Division, Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Toru Nakamura
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.,Liver Cancer Research Division, Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Abe
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.,Liver Cancer Research Division, Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Atsutaka Masuda
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.,Liver Cancer Research Division, Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Takahiko Sakaue
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.,Liver Cancer Research Division, Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Toshimitsu Tanaka
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.,Liver Cancer Research Division, Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | | | - Hirohisa Yano
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Takuji Torimura
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.,Liver Cancer Research Division, Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
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15
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Najar M, Crompot E, van Grunsven LA, Dollé L, Lagneaux L. Foreskin-derived mesenchymal stromal cells with aldehyde dehydrogenase activity: isolation and gene profiling. BMC Cell Biol 2018; 19:4. [PMID: 29625551 PMCID: PMC5889569 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-018-0157-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) become an attractive research topic because of their crucial roles in tissue repair and regenerative medicine. Foreskin is considered as a valuable tissue source containing immunotherapeutic MSCs (FSK-MSCs). Results In this work, we used aldehyde dehydrogenase activity (ALDH) assay (ALDEFLUOR™) to isolate and therefore characterize subsets of FSK-MSCs. According to their ALDH activity, we were able to distinguish and sort by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) two subsets of FSK-MSCs (referred as ALDH+ and ALDH−). Consequently, these subsets were characterized by profiling the gene expression related to the main properties of MSCs (proliferation, response to hypoxia, angiogenesis, phenotype, stemness, multilineage, hematopoiesis and immunomodulation). We thus demonstrated by Real Time PCR several relevant differences in gene expression based on their ALDH activity. Conclusion Taken together, this preliminary study suggests that distinct subsets of FSK-MSCs with differential gene expression profiles depending of ALDH activity could be identified. These populations could differ in terms of biological functionalities involving the selection by ALDH activity as useful tool for potent therapeutic applications. However, functional studies should be conducted to confirm their therapeutic relevance. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12860-018-0157-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Najar
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Erasme, Bâtiment de Transfusion (Level +1), Route de Lennik 808, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emerence Crompot
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Erasme, Bâtiment de Transfusion (Level +1), Route de Lennik 808, 1070, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Leo A van Grunsven
- Liver Cell Biology Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurent Dollé
- Liver Cell Biology Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurence Lagneaux
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Erasme, Bâtiment de Transfusion (Level +1), Route de Lennik 808, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
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16
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Noncoding RNAs in liver cancer stem cells: The big impact of little things. Cancer Lett 2018; 418:51-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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17
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Najar M, Dollé L, Crompot E, Verhulst S, van Grunsven LA, Busser H, Lagneaux L. Isolation and Characterization of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Subsets in Culture Based on Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Activity. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2018; 24:89-98. [PMID: 29241418 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2017.0312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have particular properties that allow their use as therapeutic strategies for several cell-based applications. Historically, bone marrow (BM)-MSCs are isolated by culture adherence since specific cell surface markers are yet to be developed. This original work aimed to identify and characterize isolating expanded BM-MSCs based on their aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity known to be a hallmark of stem cells and relevant for their isolation. We thus isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting technology two functionally different populations of BM-MSCs depending on their ALDH activity (ALDH+ and ALDH-). Transcriptome analysis and profiling clearly demonstrated that both populations of BM-MSCs present distinct pattern of genes related to the main properties of MSCs (proliferation, response to hypoxia, angiogenesis, phenotype, stemness, multilineage, hematopoiesis, immunomodulation) in an ALDH activity dependent manner. Both BM-MSC populations look to significantly differ in terms of biological responses and functionalities. More functional analyses are needed to understand and characterize the properties of these ALDH populations. Collectively, our results highlight ALDH activity as a potential feature for isolating and segregating functional and/or competent subset of BM-MSC populations, which may account for better and more efficient therapeutic issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Najar
- 1 Department of Haematology, Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy (LTCC), Jules Bordet Institute , Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Erasme, Bâtiment de Transfusion (Level +1), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurent Dollé
- 2 Department of Cell Biology (CYTO-VUB), Liver Cell Biology Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emerence Crompot
- 1 Department of Haematology, Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy (LTCC), Jules Bordet Institute , Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Erasme, Bâtiment de Transfusion (Level +1), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefaan Verhulst
- 2 Department of Cell Biology (CYTO-VUB), Liver Cell Biology Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Leo A van Grunsven
- 2 Department of Cell Biology (CYTO-VUB), Liver Cell Biology Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hélène Busser
- 1 Department of Haematology, Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy (LTCC), Jules Bordet Institute , Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Erasme, Bâtiment de Transfusion (Level +1), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurence Lagneaux
- 1 Department of Haematology, Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy (LTCC), Jules Bordet Institute , Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Erasme, Bâtiment de Transfusion (Level +1), Brussels, Belgium
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18
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Tomita H, Tanaka K, Tanaka T, Hara A. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 in stem cells and cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 7:11018-32. [PMID: 26783961 PMCID: PMC4905455 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The human genome contains 19 putatively functional aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) genes, which encode enzymes critical for detoxification of endogenous and exogenous aldehyde substrates through NAD(P)+-dependent oxidation. ALDH1 has three main isotypes, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A2, and ALDH1A3, and is a marker of normal tissue stem cells (SC) and cancer stem cells (CSC), where it is involved in self-renewal, differentiation and self-protection. Experiments with murine and human cells indicate that ALDH1 activity, predominantly attributed to isotype ALDH1A1, is tissue- and cancer-specific. High ALDH1 activity and ALDH1A1 overexpression are associated with poor cancer prognosis, though high ALDH1 and ALDH1A1 levels do not always correlate with highly malignant phenotypes and poor clinical outcome. In cancer therapy, ALDH1A1 provides a useful therapeutic CSC target in tissue types that normally do not express high levels of ALDH1A1, including breast, lung, esophagus, colon and stomach. Here we review the functions and mechanisms of ALDH1A1, the key ALDH isozyme linked to SC populations and an important contributor to CSC function in cancers, and we outline its potential in future anticancer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Tomita
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kaori Tanaka
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan.,Department of Surgical Oncology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takuji Tanaka
- Division of Pathology, Gifu Municipal Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | - Akira Hara
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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19
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Involvement of inflammation and its related microRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:22145-22165. [PMID: 27888618 PMCID: PMC5400654 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most commonly diagnosed type of cancer. The tumor inflammatory microenvironment regulates almost every step towards liver tumorigenesis and subsequent progression, and regulation of the inflammation-related signaling pathways, cytokines, chemokines and non-coding RNAs influences the proliferation, migration and metastasis of liver tumor cells. Inflammation fine-tunes the cancer microenvironment to favor epithelial-mesenchymal transition, in which cancer stem cells maintain tumorigenic potential. Emerging evidence points to inflammation-related microRNAs as crucial molecules to integrate the complex cellular and molecular crosstalk during HCC progression. Thus understanding the mechanisms by which inflammation regulates microRNAs might provide novel and admissible strategies for preventing, diagnosing and treating HCC. In this review, we will update three hypotheses of hepatocarcinogenesis and elaborate the most predominant inflammation signaling pathways, i.e. IL-6/STAT3 and NF-κB. We also try to summarize the crucial tumor-promoting and tumor-suppressing microRNAs and detail how they regulate HCC initiation and progression and collaborate with other critical modulators in this review.
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20
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Flores-Téllez TNJ, Villa-Treviño S, Piña-Vázquez C. Road to stemness in hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:6750-6776. [PMID: 29085221 PMCID: PMC5645611 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i37.6750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Carcinogenic process has been proposed to relay on the capacity to induce local tissue damage and proliferative repair. Liver has a great regeneration capacity and currently, most studies point towards the dominant role of hepatocytes in regeneration at all levels of liver damage. The most frequent liver cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Historical findings originally led to the idea that the cell of origin of HCC might be a progenitor cell. However, current linage tracing studies put the progenitor hypothesis of HCC origin into question. In agreement with their dominant role in liver regeneration, mature hepatocytes are emerging as the cell of origin of HCC, although, the specific hepatocyte subpopulation of origin is yet to be determined. The relationship between the cancer cell of origin (CCO) and cancer-propagating cells, known as hepatic cancer stem cell (HCSC) is unknown. It has been challenging to identify the definitive phenotypic marker of HCSC, probably due to the existence of different cancer stem cells (CSC) subpopulations with different functions within HCC. There is a dynamic interconversion among different CSCs, and between CSC and non-CSCs. Because of that, CSC-state is currently defined as a description of a highly adaptable and dynamic intrinsic property of tumor cells, instead of a static subpopulation of a tumor. Altered conditions could trigger the gain of stemness, some of them include: EMT-MET, epigenetics, microenvironment and selective stimulus such as chemotherapy. This CSC heterogeneity and dynamism makes them out reach from therapeutic protocols directed to a single target. A further avenue of research in this line will be to uncover mechanisms that trigger this interconversion of cell populations within tumors and target it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresita NJ Flores-Téllez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN No. 2508 Col. San Pedro Zacatenco CP 07360, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Saúl Villa-Treviño
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN No. 2508 Col. San Pedro Zacatenco CP 07360, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Carolina Piña-Vázquez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN No. 2508 Col. San Pedro Zacatenco CP 07360, Ciudad de México, México
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21
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Yang C, Wang X, Liao X, Han C, Yu T, Qin W, Zhu G, Su H, Yu L, Liu X, Lu S, Chen Z, Liu Z, Huang K, Liu Z, Liang Y, Huang J, Xiao K, Peng M, Winkle CA, O'Brien SJ, Peng T. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) isoform expression and potential clinical implications in hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182208. [PMID: 28792511 PMCID: PMC5549701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent and life-threatening malignancies worldwide. There are few diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and druggable targets for HCC. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) is a marker of stem cells in a variety of cancers, but the mRNA levels and prognostic value of ALDH1 isoforms in HCC patients remain unknown. In the present study, gene ontology annotation of the ALDH1 family was performed using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID), and the gene pathway analsis was performed using GeneMANIA software. The initial prognostic value of ALDH1 expression in 360 HCC patients was assessed using the OncoLnc database. The expression levels of ALDH1 isoforms in normal liver tissues and clinical specimens of cancer vs. normal control datasets were determined using the GTEx and Oncomine databases, respectively. We then analyzed the prognostic value of ALDH1 expression in 212 hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related HCC patients using the GEO database. We found that the ALDH1 isoform showed high aldehyde dehydrogenase activity. The ALDH1A1, ALDH1B1, and ALDH1L1 genes encoded for the ALDH1 enzyme. High ALDH1B1 expression had protective qualities in HCC patients. Moreover, HBV-related HCC patients who showed high ALDH1L1 gene expression had a better clinical outcomes. In addition, high ALDH1A1 expression was associated with a 57-month recurrence-free survival in HBV-related HCC patients. High ALDH1B1 expression was protective for HCCs with multiple nodules and high serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level. Furthermore, high serum AFP levels contributed to lower ALDH1L1. ALDH1A1, ALDH1B1, and ALDH1L1, all of which were considered promising diagnostic and prognostic markers as well as potential drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng–kun Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The first Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Xiang–kun Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The first Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Xi–wen Liao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The first Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Chuang–ye Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The first Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Ting–dong Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The first Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Wei Qin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The first Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Guang–zhi Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The first Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Hao Su
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The first Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Long Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The first Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Xiao–guang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Si–cong Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The first Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Zhi–wei Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The first Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The first Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Ke–tuan Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The first Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Zheng–tao Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The first Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Yu Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The first Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Jian–lu Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Kai–yin Xiao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The first Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Min–hao Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The first Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Cheryl Ann Winkle
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. O'Brien
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Tao Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The first Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
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22
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Lukacs-Kornek V, Lammert F. The progenitor cell dilemma: Cellular and functional heterogeneity in assistance or escalation of liver injury. J Hepatol 2017; 66:619-630. [PMID: 27826058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Liver progenitor cells (LPCs) are quiescent cells that are activated during liver injury and thought to give rise to hepatocytes and cholangiocytes in order to support liver regeneration and tissue restitution. While hepatocytes are capable of self-renewal, during most chronic injuries the proliferative capacity of hepatocytes is inhibited, thus LPCs provide main source for regeneration. Despite extensive lineage tracing studies, their role and involvement in these processes are often controversial. Additionally, increasing evidence suggests that the LPC compartment consists of heterogeneous cell populations that are actively involved in cellular interactions with myeloid and lymphoid cells during regeneration. On the other hand, LPC expansion has been associated with an increased fibrogenic response, raising concerns about the therapeutic use of these cells. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of the identity, the cellular interactions and the key pathways affecting the biology of LPCs. Understanding the regulatory circuits and the specific role of LPCs is especially important as it could provide novel therapeutic platforms for the treatment of liver inflammation, fibrosis and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Lukacs-Kornek
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Frank Lammert
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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23
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Julich-Haertel H, Tiwari M, Mehrfeld C, Krause E, Kornek M, Lukacs-Kornek V. Isolation and Enrichment of Liver Progenitor Subsets Identified by a Novel Surface Marker Combination. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28287574 DOI: 10.3791/55284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
During chronic liver injuries, progenitor cells expand in a process called ductular reaction, which also entails the appearance of inflammatory cellular infiltrate and epithelial cell activation. The progenitor cell population during such inflammatory reactions has mostly been investigated using single surface markers, either by histological analysis or by flow cytometry-based techniques. However, novel surface markers identified various functionally distinct subsets within the liver progenitor/stem cell compartment. The method presented here describes the isolation and detailed flow cytometry analysis of progenitor subsets using novel surface marker combinations. Moreover, it demonstrates how the various progenitor cell subsets can be isolated with high purity using automated magnetic and FACS sorting-based methods. Importantly, novel and simplified enzymatic dissociation of the liver allows for the isolation of these rare cell populations with a high viability that is superior in comparison to other existing methods. This is especially relevant for further studying progenitor cells in vitro or for isolating high-quality RNA to analyze the gene expression profile.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Tiwari
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center
| | | | - Elmar Krause
- Department of Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland
| | - Miroslaw Kornek
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center
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24
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The Progress and Prospects of Putative Biomarkers for Liver Cancer Stem Cells in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:7614971. [PMID: 27610139 PMCID: PMC5005617 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7614971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is organized by liver cancer stem cells (LCSCs), which are a subset of cells with “stem-like” characteristics. Identification of the LCSCs is a fundamental and important problem in HCC research. LCSCs have been investigated by various stem cell biomarkers. There is still lack of consensus regarding the existence of a “global” marker for LCSCs in HCC. In this review article, we summarize the progress and prospects of putative biomarkers for LCSCs in the past decades, which is essential to develop future therapies targeting CSCs and to predict prognosis and curative effect of these therapies.
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25
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Huch M, Dollé L. The plastic cellular states of liver cells: Are EpCAM and Lgr5 fit for purpose? Hepatology 2016; 64:652-62. [PMID: 26799921 PMCID: PMC4973669 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adult liver cells have been considered restricted regarding their fate and lineage potential. That is, hepatocytes have been thought able only to generate hepatocytes and duct cells, only duct cells. While this may be the case for the majority of scenarios in a state of quiescence or homeostasis, evidence suggests that liver cells are capable of interconverting between cellular states of distinct phenotypic traits. This interconversion or plasticity had been suggested by classical studies using cellular markers, but recently lineage tracing approaches have proven that cells are highly plastic and retain an extraordinary ability to respond differently to normal tissue homeostasis, to tissue repair, or when challenged to expand ex vivo or to differentiate upon transplantation. Stemness, as "self-renewal and multipotency," seems not to be limited to a particular cell type but rather to a cellular state in which cells exhibit a high degree of plasticity and can move back and forth in different phenotypic states. For instance, upon damage cells can dedifferentiate to acquire stem cell potential that allows them to self-renew, repopulate a damaged tissue, and then undergo differentiation. In this review, we will discuss the evidence on cellular plasticity in the liver, focusing our attention on two markers, epithelial cell adhesion molecule and leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5, which identify cells with stem cell potential. (Hepatology 2016;64:652-662).
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Huch
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK‐Gurdon Institutethe Wellcome Trust‐Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, and Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Laurent Dollé
- Laboratory of Liver Cell BiologyDepartment of Basic Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Medicine and PharmacyFree University BrusselsBrusselsBelgium
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26
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Tanaka K, Tomita H, Hisamatsu K, Nakashima T, Hatano Y, Sasaki Y, Osada S, Tanaka T, Miyazaki T, Yoshida K, Hara A. ALDH1A1-overexpressing cells are differentiated cells but not cancer stem or progenitor cells in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:24722-32. [PMID: 26160842 PMCID: PMC4694791 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 (ALDH1A1) is considered to be a cancer stem cell marker in several human malignancies. However, the role of ALDH1A1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been well elucidated. In this study, we investigated the relationship between ALDH1A1 and clinicopathological findings and examined whether ALDH1A1 deserves to be a cancer stem cell marker in HCC. Sixty HCC samples obtained from surgical resection were collected for immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. Of these 60 samples, 47 samples of HCC tumorous and non-tumorous tissues were evaluated with qRT-PCR. There was no significant difference in the ALDH1A1-mRNA level between tumorous and non-tumorous tissues. Tumorous ALDH1A1-mRNA level had no relationship with the clinicopathological features. Immunoreactivity of ALDH1A1 was classified into two groups based on the percentage of ALDH1A1-overexpressing cells. The ALDH1A1-high group was significantly associated with low serum levels of α-fetoprotein, small tumor diameter, very little lymphovascular invasion, more differentiated pathology and good stage. The ALDH1A1-high group showed more favorable prognosis for recurrence-free survival. In double-staining IHC, ALDH1A1 was not co-expressed with BMI1, EpCAM, CD13, CD24, CD90 and CD133, which reported as cancer stem cell markers in HCC. In conclusion, ALDH1A1-overexpressing cells could appear to be differentiated cells rather than cancer stem cells in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Tanaka
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan.,Department of Surgical Oncology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tomita
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kenji Hisamatsu
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakashima
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Hatano
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Sasaki
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shinji Osada
- Department of Multidisciplinary Therapy for Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Cancer, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takuji Tanaka
- Division of Pathology, Gifu Municipal Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | | | - Kazuhiro Yoshida
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Akira Hara
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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27
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Chiba T, Iwama A, Yokosuka O. Cancer stem cells in hepatocellular carcinoma: Therapeutic implications based on stem cell biology. Hepatol Res 2016; 46:50-7. [PMID: 26123821 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common cancer and the third most frequent cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Despite advances in its diagnosis and treatment, the prognosis of patients with advanced HCC remains unfavorable. Recent advances in stem cell biology and associated technologies have enabled the identification of minor components of tumorigenic cells, termed cancer stem cells (CSC) or tumor-initiating cells, in cancers such as HCC. Furthermore, because CSC play a central role in tumor development, metastasis and recurrence, they are considered to be a therapeutic target in cancer treatment. Hepatic CSC have been successfully identified using functional and cell surface markers. The analysis of purified hepatic CSC has revealed the molecular machinery and signaling pathways involved in their maintenance. In addition, epigenetic transcriptional regulation has been shown to be important in the development and maintenance of CSC. Although inhibitors of CSC show promise as CSC-targeting drugs, novel therapeutic approaches for the eradication of CSC are yet to be established. In this review, we describe recent progress in hepatic CSC research and provide a perspective on the available therapeutic approaches based on stem cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuhiro Chiba
- Departments of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Iwama
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Osamu Yokosuka
- Departments of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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28
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Eckert C, Kim YO, Julich H, Heier EC, Klein N, Krause E, Tschernig T, Kornek M, Lammert F, Schuppan D, Lukacs-Kornek V. Podoplanin discriminates distinct stromal cell populations and a novel progenitor subset in the liver. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 310:G1-12. [PMID: 26564718 PMCID: PMC4698439 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00344.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Podoplanin/gp38(+) stromal cells present in lymphoid organs play a central role in the formation and reorganization of the extracellular matrix and in the functional regulation of immune responses. Gp38(+) cells are present during embryogenesis and in human livers of primary biliary cirrhosis. Since little is known about their function, we studied gp38(+) cells during chronic liver inflammation in models of biliary and parenchymal liver fibrosis and steatohepatitis. Gp38(+) cells were analyzed using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, and the expression of their steady state and inflammation-associated genes was evaluated from healthy and inflamed livers. Gp38(+) cells significantly expanded in all three models of liver injury and returned to baseline levels during regression of inflammation. Based on CD133 and gp38 expression in the CD45(-)CD31(-)Asgpr1(-) liver cell fraction, numerous subsets could be identified that were negative for CD133 (gp38(hi)CD133(-), gp38(low)CD133(-), and gp38(-)CD133(-)). Moreover, among the CD133(+) cells, previously identified as progenitor population in injured liver, two subpopulations could be distinguished based on their gp38 expression (gp38(-)CD133(+) and CD133(+)gp38(+)). Importantly, the distribution of the identified subsets in inflammation illustrated injury-specific changes. Moreover, the gp38(+)CD133(+) cells exhibited liver progenitor cell characteristics similar to the gp38(-)CD133(+) population, thus representing a novel subset within the classical progenitor cell niche. Additionally, these cells expressed distinct sets of inflammatory genes during liver injury. Our study illuminates a novel classification of the stromal/progenitor cell compartment in the liver and pinpoints a hitherto unrecognized injury-related alteration in progenitor subset composition in chronic liver inflammation and fibrosis.
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MESH Headings
- AC133 Antigen
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/deficiency
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/genetics
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Cell Separation/methods
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/genetics
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/metabolism
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/pathology
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/genetics
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/metabolism
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/pathology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental/genetics
- Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental/metabolism
- Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental/pathology
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/genetics
- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/metabolism
- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/pathology
- Peptides/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Stem Cells/metabolism
- Stem Cells/pathology
- Stromal Cells/metabolism
- Stromal Cells/pathology
- ATP-Binding Cassette Sub-Family B Member 4
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Eckert
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Yong Ook Kim
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Henrike Julich
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Eva-Carina Heier
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Niklas Klein
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Elmar Krause
- Department of Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland, Saarland, Germany
| | - Thomas Tschernig
- Insitute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saarland, Saarland, Germany; and
| | - Miroslaw Kornek
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Frank Lammert
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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29
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Bogaerts E, Paridaens A, Verhelst X, Carmeliet P, Geerts A, Van Vlierberghe H, Devisscher L. Effect of prolyl hydroxylase domain 2 haplodeficiency on liver progenitor cell characteristics in early mouse hepatocarcinogenesis. EXCLI JOURNAL 2016; 15:687-698. [PMID: 28337100 PMCID: PMC5318796 DOI: 10.17179/excli2016-607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) induces therapy resistant tumours, characterized by increased liver progenitor cell (LPCs) characteristics and poor prognosis. We previously reported corresponding results in mice with HCC in which hypoxia was mimicked by prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD) inhibition. Here, we aimed at investigating whether induction of LPC characteristics occurs during the onset of hepatocarcinogenesis and if this is associated with activation of Notch signalling. Dietheylnitrosamine (DEN) was used to induce hepatic tumours in PHD2 haplodeficient (PHD2+/-) mice which were euthanized at 5, 10, 15 and 17 weeks following DEN during neoplastic transformation, before tumour formation. Neoplasia and mRNA expression of LPC and Notch markers were evaluated by histology and qPCR on isolated livers. PHD2 haplodeficiency resulted in enhanced expression of HIF target genes after 17 weeks of DEN compared to wild type (WT) littermates but had no effect on the onset of neoplastic transformation. The mRNA expression of Afp and Epcam was increased at all time points following DEN whereas CK19, Prom1 and Notch3 were increased after 17 weeks of DEN, without difference between PHD2+/- and WT mice. MDR1 mRNA expression was increased in all DEN treated mice compared to saline control with increased expression in PHD2+/- compared to WT from 15 weeks. These results indicate that the effects of PHD2 haplodeficiency on the expression of LPC and Notch markers manifest during tumour nodule formation and not early on during neoplastic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliene Bogaerts
- Department of Gastro-Enterology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Xavier Verhelst
- Department of Gastro-Enterology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Anja Geerts
- Department of Gastro-Enterology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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30
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Pharmacological chaperone therapies: Can aldehyde dehydrogenase activator make us healthier? J Hepatol 2015; 62:1228-30. [PMID: 25681554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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31
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Tsuruya K, Chikada H, Ida K, Anzai K, Kagawa T, Inagaki Y, Mine T, Kamiya A. A Paracrine Mechanism Accelerating Expansion of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Hepatic Progenitor-Like Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:1691-702. [PMID: 25808356 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic stem/progenitor cells in liver development have a high proliferative potential and the ability to differentiate into both hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. In this study, we focused on the cell surface molecules of human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived hepatic progenitor-like cells (HPCs) and analyzed how these molecules modulate expansion of these cells. Human iPS cells were differentiated into immature hepatic lineage cells by cytokines. In addition to hepatic progenitor markers (CD13 and CD133), the cells were coimmunostained for various cell surface markers (116 types). The cells were analyzed by flow cytometry and in vitro colony formation culture with feeder cells. Twenty types of cell surface molecules were highly expressed in CD13(+)CD133(+) cells derived from human iPS cells. Of these molecules, CD221 (insulin-like growth factor receptor), which was expressed in CD13(+)CD133(+) cells, was quickly downregulated after in vitro expansion. The proliferative ability was suppressed by a neutralizing antibody and specific inhibitor of CD221. Overexpression of CD221 increased colony-forming ability. We also found that inhibition of CD340 (erbB2) and CD266 (fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14) signals suppressed proliferation. In addition, both insulin-like growth factor (a ligand of CD221) and tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (a ligand of CD266) were provided by feeder cells in our culture system. This study revealed the expression profiles of cell surface molecules in human iPS cell-derived HPCs and that the paracrine interactions between HPCs and other cells through specific receptors are important for proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Tsuruya
- 1 Laboratory of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Innovative Science and Technology, Tokai University , Isehara, Japan .,2 Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokai University , Isehara, Japan
| | - Hiromi Chikada
- 1 Laboratory of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Innovative Science and Technology, Tokai University , Isehara, Japan
| | - Kinuyo Ida
- 1 Laboratory of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Innovative Science and Technology, Tokai University , Isehara, Japan
| | - Kazuya Anzai
- 1 Laboratory of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Innovative Science and Technology, Tokai University , Isehara, Japan .,2 Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokai University , Isehara, Japan
| | - Tatehiro Kagawa
- 2 Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokai University , Isehara, Japan
| | - Yutaka Inagaki
- 3 Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Center for Matrix Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokai University , Isehara, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mine
- 2 Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokai University , Isehara, Japan
| | - Akihide Kamiya
- 1 Laboratory of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Innovative Science and Technology, Tokai University , Isehara, Japan
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32
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New Tools in Experimental Cellular Therapy for the Treatment of Liver Diseases. CURRENT TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2015; 2:202-210. [PMID: 26317066 DOI: 10.1007/s40472-015-0059-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The current standard of care for end stage liver disease is orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Through improvement in surgical techniques, immunosuppression, and general medical care, liver transplantation has become an effective treatment over the course of the last half-century. Unfortunately, due to the limited availability of donor organs, there is a finite limit to the number of patients who will benefit from this therapy. This review will discuss current research in experimental cellular therapies for acute, chronic, and metabolic liver failure that may be appropriate when liver transplantation is not an immediate option.
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33
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Dollé L, Boulter L, Leclercq IA, van Grunsven LA. Next generation of ALDH substrates and their potential to study maturational lineage biology in stem and progenitor cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 308:G573-8. [PMID: 25656041 PMCID: PMC4385895 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00420.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
High aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity is a feature of stem cells from normal and cancerous tissues and a reliable universal marker used to isolate them. There are numerous ALDH isoforms with preferred substrate specificity variably expressed depending on tissue, cell type, and organelle and cell status. On the other hand, a given substrate may be metabolized by several enzyme isoforms. Currently ALDH activity is evidenced by using Aldefluor, a fluorescent substrate likely to be metabolized by numerous ALDH isoforms. Therefore, isolation techniques based on ALDH activity detection select a heterogeneous population of stem or progenitor cells. Despite active research in the field, the precise role(s) of different ALDH isoforms in stem cells remains enigmatic. Understanding the metabolic role of different ALDH isoform in the control of stem cell phenotype and cell fate during development, tissue homeostasis, or repair, as well as carcinogenesis, should open perspectives to significant discoveries in tissue biology. In this perspective, novel ALDH substrates are being developed. Here we describe how new substrates could be instrumental for better isolation of cell population with stemness potential and for defining hierarchy of cell populations in tissue. Finally, we speculate on other potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Dollé
- Liver Cell Biology Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Luke Boulter
- 2MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and
| | - Isabelle A. Leclercq
- 3Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Leo A. van Grunsven
- 1Liver Cell Biology Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium;
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34
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Guimarães EL, Stradiot L, Mannaerts I, Schroyen B, van Grunsven LA. P311 modulates hepatic stellate cells migration. Liver Int 2015; 35:1253-64. [PMID: 25243526 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Liver fibrosis is induced by the accumulation of extracellular matrix, deposited mainly by activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). One key characteristic of stellate cell activation is the directional migration to the site of injury during the wound-healing process. P311 is a protein that has been shown to play a role in migration and we aimed to study a possible role for this protein during stellate cell migration. METHODS Mouse stellate cells were isolated and cultured in vitro to investigate P311 protein and gene expression during HSC activation by immunocytochemistry and RT-qPCR respectively. Expression of P311 during in vivo activation was evaluated in CCl4 and bile duct ligation-induced liver fibrosis. Production of reactive oxygen species was determined using the fluorescent probe DCFH-DA. By siRNA-mediated knockdown of P311, we investigated a possible effect on proliferation by incorporation of EdU and on migration by Boyden chamber assays. RESULTS P311 gene expression was increased during both in vitro and in vivo activation of HSCs. siRNA-mediated knockdown led to a decrease in reactive oxygen production and cell proliferation. Migration induced by different chemokines, such as PDGF-bb and MCP-1 was inhibited by knockdown of P311. CONCLUSIONS P311 is central to reactive oxygen species-mediated HSC migration induced by different chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo L Guimarães
- Liver Cell Biology Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, 1090, Belgium
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35
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Best J, Manka P, Syn WK, Dollé L, van Grunsven LA, Canbay A. Role of liver progenitors in liver regeneration. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2015; 4:48-58. [PMID: 25713804 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2304-3881.2015.01.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
During massive liver injury and hepatocyte loss, the intrinsic regenerative capacity of the liver by replication of resident hepatocytes is overwhelmed. Treatment of this condition depends on the cause of liver injury, though in many cases liver transplantation (LT) remains the only curative option. LT for end stage chronic and acute liver diseases is hampered by shortage of donor organs and requires immunosuppression. Hepatocyte transplantation is limited by yet unresolved technical difficulties. Since currently no treatment is available to facilitate liver regeneration directly, therapies involving the use of resident liver stem or progenitor cells (LPCs) or non-liver stem cells are coming to fore. LPCs are quiescent in the healthy liver, but may be activated under conditions where the regenerative capacity of mature hepatocytes is severely impaired. Non-liver stem cells include embryonic stem cells (ES cells) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). In the first section, we aim to provide an overview of the role of putative cytokines, growth factors, mitogens and hormones in regulating LPC response and briefly discuss the prognostic value of the LPC response in clinical practice. In the latter section, we will highlight the role of other (non-liver) stem cells in transplantation and discuss advantages and disadvantages of ES cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS), as well as MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Best
- 1 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany ; 2 Liver Cell Biology Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium ; 3 Regeneration and Repair, The Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK ; 4 Liver Unit, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK ; 5 Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago, USA
| | - Paul Manka
- 1 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany ; 2 Liver Cell Biology Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium ; 3 Regeneration and Repair, The Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK ; 4 Liver Unit, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK ; 5 Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago, USA
| | - Wing-Kin Syn
- 1 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany ; 2 Liver Cell Biology Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium ; 3 Regeneration and Repair, The Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK ; 4 Liver Unit, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK ; 5 Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago, USA
| | - Laurent Dollé
- 1 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany ; 2 Liver Cell Biology Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium ; 3 Regeneration and Repair, The Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK ; 4 Liver Unit, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK ; 5 Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago, USA
| | - Leo A van Grunsven
- 1 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany ; 2 Liver Cell Biology Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium ; 3 Regeneration and Repair, The Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK ; 4 Liver Unit, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK ; 5 Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago, USA
| | - Ali Canbay
- 1 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany ; 2 Liver Cell Biology Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium ; 3 Regeneration and Repair, The Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK ; 4 Liver Unit, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK ; 5 Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago, USA
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Dollé L, Theise ND, Schmelzer E, Boulter L, Gires O, van Grunsven LA. EpCAM and the biology of hepatic stem/progenitor cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 308:G233-50. [PMID: 25477371 PMCID: PMC4329473 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00069.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a transmembrane glycoprotein, which is frequently and highly expressed on carcinomas, tumor-initiating cells, selected tissue progenitors, and embryonic and adult stem cells. During liver development, EpCAM demonstrates a dynamic expression, since it can be detected in fetal liver, including cells of the parenchyma, whereas mature hepatocytes are devoid of EpCAM. Liver regeneration is associated with a population of EpCAM-positive cells within ductular reactions, which gradually lose the expression of EpCAM along with maturation into hepatocytes. EpCAM can be switched on and off through a wide panel of strategies to fine-tune EpCAM-dependent functional and differentiative traits. EpCAM-associated functions relate to cell-cell adhesion, proliferation, maintenance of a pluripotent state, regulation of differentiation, migration, and invasion. These functions can be conferred by the full-length protein and/or EpCAM-derived fragments, which are generated upon regulated intramembrane proteolysis. Control by EpCAM therefore not only depends on the presence of full-length EpCAM at cellular membranes but also on varying rates of the formation of EpCAM-derived fragments that have their own regulatory properties and on changes in the association of EpCAM with interaction partners. Thus spatiotemporal localization of EpCAM in immature liver progenitors, transit-amplifying cells, and mature liver cells will decisively impact the regulation of EpCAM functions and might be one of the triggers that contributes to the adaptive processes in stem/progenitor cell lineages. This review will summarize EpCAM-related molecular events and how they relate to hepatobiliary differentiation and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Dollé
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Liver Cell Biology Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Neil D. Theise
- 2Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Beth Israel Medical Center of Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York;
| | - Eva Schmelzer
- 3McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania;
| | - Luke Boulter
- 4Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, Scotland; and
| | - Olivier Gires
- 5Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Leo A. van Grunsven
- 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, Liver Cell Biology Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium;
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Verhulst S, Best J, van Grunsven LA, Dollé L. Advances in hepatic stem/progenitor cell biology. EXCLI JOURNAL 2015; 14:33-47. [PMID: 26600740 PMCID: PMC4650945 DOI: 10.17179/excli2014-576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The liver is famous for its strong regenerative capacity, employing different modes of regeneration according to type and extent of injury. Mature liver cells are able to proliferate in order to replace the damaged tissue allowing the recovery of the parenchymal function. In more severe scenarios hepatocytes are believed to arise also from a facultative liver progenitor cell compartment. In human, severe acute liver failure and liver cirrhosis are also both important clinical targets in which regeneration is impaired, where the role of this stem cell compartment seems more convincing. In animal models, the current state of ambiguity regarding the identity and role of liver progenitor cells in liver physiology dampens the enthusiasm for the potential use of these cells in regenerative medicine. The aim of this review is to give the basics of liver progenitor cell biology and discuss recent results vis-à-vis their identity and contribution to liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefaan Verhulst
- Liver Cell Biology Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jan Best
- Liver Cell Biology Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Leo A. van Grunsven
- Liver Cell Biology Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurent Dollé
- Liver Cell Biology Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
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Stem/Progenitor Cells in Liver Development, Homeostasis, Regeneration, and Reprogramming. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 14:561-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Bogaerts E, Heindryckx F, Vandewynckel YP, Van Grunsven LA, Van Vlierberghe H. The roles of transforming growth factor-β, Wnt, Notch and hypoxia on liver progenitor cells in primary liver tumours (Review). Int J Oncol 2014; 44:1015-22. [PMID: 24504124 PMCID: PMC3977811 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary liver tumours have a high incidence and mortality. The most important forms are hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, both can occur together in the mixed phenotype hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma. Liver progenitor cells (LPCs) are bipotential stem cells activated in case of severe liver damage and are capable of forming both cholangiocytes and hepatocytes. Possibly, alterations in Wnt, transforming growth factor-β, Notch and hypoxia pathways in these LPCs can cause them to give rise to cancer stem cells, capable of driving tumourigenesis. In this review, we summarize and discuss current knowledge on the role of these pathways in LPC activation and differentiation during hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliene Bogaerts
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 1K12, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Femke Heindryckx
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yves-Paul Vandewynckel
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 1K12, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Leo A Van Grunsven
- Department of Cell Biology, Liver Cell Biology Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hans Van Vlierberghe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 1K12, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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40
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Chiba T, Suzuki E, Yuki K, Zen Y, Oshima M, Miyagi S, Saraya A, Koide S, Motoyama T, Ogasawara S, Ooka Y, Tawada A, Nakatsura T, Hayashi T, Yamashita T, Kaneko S, Miyazaki M, Iwama A, Yokosuka O. Disulfiram eradicates tumor-initiating hepatocellular carcinoma cells in ROS-p38 MAPK pathway-dependent and -independent manners. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84807. [PMID: 24454751 PMCID: PMC3890271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-initiating cells (TICs) play a central role in tumor development, metastasis, and recurrence. In the present study, we investigated the effect of disulfiram (DSF), an inhibitor of aldehyde dehydrogenase, toward tumor-initiating hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. DSF treatment suppressed the anchorage-independent sphere formation of both HCC cells. Flow cytometric analyses showed that DSF but not 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) drastically reduces the number of tumor-initiating HCC cells. The sphere formation assays of epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM)+ HCC cells co-treated with p38-specific inhibitor revealed that DSF suppresses self-renewal capability mainly through the activation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-p38 MAPK pathway. Microarray experiments also revealed the enrichment of the gene set involved in p38 MAPK signaling in EpCAM+ cells treated with DSF but not 5-FU. In addition, DSF appeared to downregulate Glypican 3 (GPC3) in a manner independent of ROS-p38 MAPK pathway. GPC3 was co-expressed with EpCAM in HCC cell lines and primary HCC cells and GPC3-knockdown reduced the number of EpCAM+ cells by compromising their self-renewal capability and inducing the apoptosis. These results indicate that DSF impaired the tumorigenicity of tumor-initiating HCC cells through activation of ROS-p38 pathway and in part through the downregulation of GPC3. DSF might be a promising therapeutic agent for the eradication of tumor-initiating HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuhiro Chiba
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan ; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan ; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kaori Yuki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan ; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoh Zen
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Motohiko Oshima
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Satoru Miyagi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsunori Saraya
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shuhei Koide
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tenyu Motoyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sadahisa Ogasawara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Ooka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akinobu Tawada
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nakatsura
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Research Center for Innovative Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Takehiro Hayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Taro Yamashita
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Syuichi Kaneko
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masaru Miyazaki
- Department of General Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Iwama
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Osamu Yokosuka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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Okabe H, Ishimoto T, Mima K, Nakagawa S, Hayashi H, Kuroki H, Imai K, Nitta H, Saito S, Hashimoto D, Chikamoto A, Ishiko T, Watanabe M, Nagano O, Beppu T, Saya H, Baba H. CD44s signals the acquisition of the mesenchymal phenotype required for anchorage-independent cell survival in hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2013; 110:958-66. [PMID: 24300972 PMCID: PMC3929866 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) have an important role in metastatic processes, but details of their basic characteristics remain elusive. We hypothesised that CD44-expressing CTCs show a mesenchymal phenotype and high potential for survival in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: Circulating CD44+CD90+ cells, previously shown to be tumour-initiating cells, were sorted from human blood and their genetic characteristics were compared with those of tumour cells from primary tissues. The mechanism underlying the high survival potential of CD44-expressing cells in the circulatory system was investigated in vitro. Results: CD44+CD90+ cells in the blood acquired epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and CD44 expression remarkably increased from the tissue to the blood. In Li7 and HLE cells, the CD44high population showed higher anoikis resistance and sphere-forming ability than did the CD44low population. This difference was found to be attributed to the upregulation of Twist1 and Akt signal in the CD44high population. Twist1 knockdown showed remarkable reduction in anoikis resistance, sphere formation, and Akt signal in HLE cells. In addition, mesenchymal markers and CD44s expression were downregulated in the Twist1 knockdown. Conclusions: CD44s symbolises the acquisition of a mesenchymal phenotype regulating anchorage-independent capacity. CD44s-expressing tumour cells in peripheral blood are clinically important therapeutic targets in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Okabe
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - T Ishimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - K Mima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - S Nakagawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - H Hayashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - H Kuroki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - K Imai
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - H Nitta
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - S Saito
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - D Hashimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - A Chikamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - T Ishiko
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - M Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - O Nagano
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, School of Medicine, Keio University, Minato, Japan
| | - T Beppu
- 1] Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan [2] Department of Multidisciplinary Treatment for Gastroenterological Cancer, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - H Saya
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, School of Medicine, Keio University, Minato, Japan
| | - H Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
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Liu WH, Ren LN, Chen T, You N, Liu LY, Wang T, Yan HT, Luo H, Tang LJ. Unbalanced distribution of materials: the art of giving rise to hepatocytes from liver stem/progenitor cells. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 18:1-14. [PMID: 24286303 PMCID: PMC3916112 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver stem/progenitor cells (LSPCs) are able to duplicate themselves and differentiate into each type of cells in the liver, including mature hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. Understanding how to accurately control the hepatic differentiation of LSPCs is a challenge in many fields from preclinical to clinical treatments. This review summarizes the recent advances made to control the hepatic differentiation of LSPCs over the last few decades. The hepatic differentiation of LSPCs is a gradual process consisting of three main steps: initiation, progression and accomplishment. The unbalanced distribution of the affecting materials in each step results in the hepatic maturation of LSPCs. As the innovative and creative works for generating hepatocytes with full functions from LSPCs are gradually accumulated, LSPC therapies will soon be a new choice for treating liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hui Liu
- General Surgery Center of PLA, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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Lanzoni G, Oikawa T, Wang Y, Cui CB, Carpino G, Cardinale V, Gerber D, Gabriel M, Dominguez-Bendala J, Furth ME, Gaudio E, Alvaro D, Inverardi L, Reid LM. Concise review: clinical programs of stem cell therapies for liver and pancreas. Stem Cells 2013; 31:2047-60. [PMID: 23873634 PMCID: PMC3812254 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine is transitioning into clinical programs using stem/progenitor cell therapies for repair of damaged organs. We summarize those for liver and pancreas, organs that share endodermal stem cell populations, biliary tree stem cells (hBTSCs), located in peribiliary glands. They are precursors to hepatic stem/progenitors in canals of Hering and to committed progenitors in pancreatic duct glands. They give rise to maturational lineages along a radial axis within bile duct walls and a proximal-to-distal axis starting at the duodenum and ending with mature cells in the liver or pancreas. Clinical trials have been ongoing for years assessing effects of determined stem cells (fetal-liver-derived hepatic stem/progenitors) transplanted into the hepatic artery of patients with various liver diseases. Immunosuppression was not required. Control subjects, those given standard of care for a given condition, all died within a year or deteriorated in their liver functions. Subjects transplanted with 100-150 million hepatic stem/progenitor cells had improved liver functions and survival extending for several years. Full evaluations of safety and efficacy of transplants are still in progress. Determined stem cell therapies for diabetes using hBTSCs remain to be explored but are likely to occur following ongoing preclinical studies. In addition, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are being used for patients with chronic liver conditions or with diabetes. MSCs have demonstrated significant effects through paracrine signaling of trophic and immunomodulatory factors, and there is limited evidence for inefficient lineage restriction into mature parenchymal or islet cells. HSCs' effects are primarily via modulation of immune mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Lanzoni
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL. 33136
- Department of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Tsunekazu Oikawa
- Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Yunfang Wang
- The Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, PR China, 100850
| | - Cai-Bin Cui
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Guido Carpino
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Rome “ForoItalico”, Rome, Italy
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Fondazione Eleonora Lorillard Spencer Cenci, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cardinale
- Department of Scienze e Biotecnologie Medico-Chirurgiche, Fondazione Eleonora Lorillard Spencer Cenci, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - David Gerber
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Mara Gabriel
- MGabriel Consulting, 3621 Sweeten Creek Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
| | - Juan Dominguez-Bendala
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL. 33136
| | - Mark E. Furth
- Wake Forest Innovations, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Fondazione Eleonora Lorillard Spencer Cenci, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Scienze e Biotecnologie Medico-Chirurgiche, Fondazione Eleonora Lorillard Spencer Cenci, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Inverardi
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL. 33136
| | - Lola M. Reid
- Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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44
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Best J, Dollé L, Manka P, Coombes J, van Grunsven LA, Syn WK. Role of liver progenitors in acute liver injury. Front Physiol 2013; 4:258. [PMID: 24133449 PMCID: PMC3783932 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute liver failure (ALF) results from the acute and rapid loss of hepatocyte function and frequently exhibits a fulminant course, characterized by high mortality in the absence of immediate state-of-the-art intensive care and/or emergency liver transplantation (ELT). The role of hepatocyte-mediated liver regeneration during acute and chronic liver injury has been extensively investigated, and recent studies suggest that hepatocytes are not exclusively responsible for the regeneration of the injured liver during fulminant liver injury. Liver progenitor cells (LPC) (or resident liver stem cells) are quiescent in the healthy liver, but may be activated under conditions where the regenerative capacity of mature hepatocytes is severely impaired. This review aims to provide an overview of the role of the LPC population during ALF, and the role of putative cytokines, growth factors, mitogens, and hormones in the LPC response. We will highlight the potential interaction among cellular compartments during ALF, and discuss the possible prognostic value of the LPC response on ALF outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Best
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen Essen, Germany ; Liver Cell Biology Lab (LIVR), Department of Cell Biology (CYTO), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels, Belgium
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45
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The road to regenerative liver therapies: the triumphs, trials and tribulations. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:1085-93. [PMID: 24055818 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The liver is one of the few organs that possess a high capacity to regenerate after liver failure or liver damage. The parenchymal cells of the liver, hepatocytes, contribute to the majority of the regeneration process. Thus, hepatocyte transplantation presents an alternative method to treating liver damage. However, shortage of hepatocytes and difficulties in maintaining primary hepatocytes still remain key obstacles that researchers must overcome before hepatocyte transplantation can be used in clinical practice. The unique properties of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have provided an alternative approach to generating enough functional hepatocytes for cellular therapy. In this review, we will present a brief overview on the current state of hepatocyte differentiation from PSCs and iPSCs. Studies of liver regenerative processes using different cell sources (adult liver stem cells, hepatoblasts, hepatic progenitor cells, etc.) will be described in detail as well as how this knowledge can be applied towards optimizing culture conditions for the maintenance and differentiation of these cells towards hepatocytes. As the outlook of stem cell-derived therapy begins to look more plausible, researchers will need to address the challenges we must overcome in order to translate stem cell research to clinical applications.
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46
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Merrick BA, Phadke DP, Auerbach SS, Mav D, Stiegelmeyer SM, Shah RR, Tice RR. RNA-Seq profiling reveals novel hepatic gene expression pattern in aflatoxin B1 treated rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61768. [PMID: 23630614 PMCID: PMC3632591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep sequencing was used to investigate the subchronic effects of 1 ppm aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a potent hepatocarcinogen, on the male rat liver transcriptome prior to onset of histopathological lesions or tumors. We hypothesized RNA-Seq would reveal more differentially expressed genes (DEG) than microarray analysis, including low copy and novel transcripts related to AFB1’s carcinogenic activity compared to feed controls (CTRL). Paired-end reads were mapped to the rat genome (Rn4) with TopHat and further analyzed by DESeq and Cufflinks-Cuffdiff pipelines to identify differentially expressed transcripts, new exons and unannotated transcripts. PCA and cluster analysis of DEGs showed clear separation between AFB1 and CTRL treatments and concordance among group replicates. qPCR of eight high and medium DEGs and three low DEGs showed good comparability among RNA-Seq and microarray transcripts. DESeq analysis identified 1,026 differentially expressed transcripts at greater than two-fold change (p<0.005) compared to 626 transcripts by microarray due to base pair resolution of transcripts by RNA-Seq, probe placement within transcripts or an absence of probes to detect novel transcripts, splice variants and exons. Pathway analysis among DEGs revealed signaling of Ahr, Nrf2, GSH, xenobiotic, cell cycle, extracellular matrix, and cell differentiation networks consistent with pathways leading to AFB1 carcinogenesis, including almost 200 upregulated transcripts controlled by E2f1-related pathways related to kinetochore structure, mitotic spindle assembly and tissue remodeling. We report 49 novel, differentially-expressed transcripts including confirmation by PCR-cloning of two unique, unannotated, hepatic AFB1-responsive transcripts (HAfT’s) on chromosomes 1.q55 and 15.q11, overexpressed by 10 to 25-fold. Several potentially novel exons were found and exon refinements were made including AFB1 exon-specific induction of homologous family members, Ugt1a6 and Ugt1a7c. We find the rat transcriptome contains many previously unidentified, AFB1-responsive exons and transcripts supporting RNA-Seq’s capabilities to provide new insights into AFB1-mediated gene expression leading to hepatocellular carcinoma.
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MESH Headings
- Aflatoxin B1/toxicity
- Animals
- Carcinogens/toxicity
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/chemically induced
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/chemically induced
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- E2F1 Transcription Factor/physiology
- Exons
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Gene Regulatory Networks
- Glucuronosyltransferase/genetics
- Glucuronosyltransferase/metabolism
- High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/chemically induced
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Male
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Precancerous Conditions/chemically induced
- Precancerous Conditions/metabolism
- Principal Component Analysis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Sequence Analysis, RNA
- Transcriptome
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Affiliation(s)
- B Alex Merrick
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America.
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2013; 18:241-50. [PMID: 23486386 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e32835f5709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Suzuki E, Chiba T, Zen Y, Miyagi S, Tada M, Kanai F, Imazeki F, Miyazaki M, Iwama A, Yokosuka O. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 is associated with recurrence-free survival but not stem cell-like properties in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Res 2012; 42:1100-11. [PMID: 22583771 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2012.01028.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM It has been reported that aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 A1 (ALDH1) could be not only a normal stem cell marker but also a cancer stem cell marker. ALDH1 expression could be a predictor of poor prognosis in a wide range of cancers. However, the role of ALDH1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. METHOD We conducted loss-of-function assays for ALDH1 by using short-hairpin RNA in HCC cells and evaluated the correlation between ALDH1 expression and clinicopathological features based on immunohistochemical assessment of 49 primary HCC tissues. RESULTS Neither cell proliferation nor the anchorage-independent sphere formation ability of HCC cells were altered after ALDH1 knockdown. Flow cytometric analyses revealed that ALDH1 knockdown showed no remarkable change in the proportion of epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM)(+) tumor-initiating cells. Although non-tumor tissues in primary HCC samples diffusely and homogenously expressed ALDH1 at low levels, tumor tissues contained cells with high levels of ALDH1 expression at varying frequencies. Primary HCC samples were categorized as ALDH1-high or ALDH1-low based on the percentage of ALDH1-overexpressing cells. ALDH1-high HCC was characterized by low serum levels of α-fetoprotein (P < 0.01) and well-differentiated pathology (P = 0.03). Multivariate analysis showed that high ALDH1 expression was a favorable prognostic factor in recurrence-free survival of HCC (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION Our findings show that ALDH1 expression has little association with stem cell-like features in HCC cells. ALDH1 might function as a differentiation marker rather than a stem cell marker in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiichiro Suzuki
- Departments of Medicine and Clinical Oncology Cellular and Molecular Medicine General Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan King's College Hospital, Institute of Liver Studies, Denmark Hill, London, UK
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Bibliography. Cardiovascular medicine (CM). Current world literature. Curr Opin Pediatr 2012; 24:656-60. [PMID: 22954957 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0b013e328358bc78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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