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Lu D, Huang A, Tong X, Zhang X, Li S, Yu X. Nobiletin protects against alcohol-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and liver injury by regulating the hepatic NRF1-TFAM signaling pathway. Redox Rep 2024; 29:2395779. [PMID: 39221774 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2024.2395779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Alcohol and its metabolites, such as acetaldehyde, induced hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction play a pathological role in the development of alcohol-related liver disease (ALD). METHODS In this study, we investigated the potential of nobiletin (NOB), a polymethoxylated flavone, to counter alcohol-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and liver injury. RESULTS Our findings demonstrate that NOB administration markedly attenuated alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, and tissue damage in mice. NOB reversed hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in both alcohol-fed mice and acetaldehyde-treated hepatocytes. Mechanistically, NOB restored the reduction of hepatic mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) at both mRNA and protein levels. Notably, the protective effects of NOB against acetaldehyde-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death were abolished in hepatocytes lacking Tfam. Furthermore, NOB administration reinstated the levels of hepatocellular NRF1, a key transcriptional regulator of TFAM, which were decreased by alcohol and acetaldehyde exposure. Consistent with these findings, hepatocyte-specific overexpression of Nrf1 protected against alcohol-induced hepatic Tfam reduction, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and liver injury. CONCLUSIONS Our study elucidates the involvement of the NRF1-TFAM signaling pathway in the protective mechanism of NOB against chronic-plus-binge alcohol consumption-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and liver injury, suggesting NOB supplementation as a potential therapeutic strategy for ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Lu
- Department of Digestion, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiping Huang
- Department of Blood donation service, Blood Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Tong
- Department of Nutrition, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Songtao Li
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Yu
- Department of Nutrition, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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2
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McGlone ER, Hope DCD, Davies I, Dore M, Goldin R, Jones B, Liu Z, Li JV, Vorkas PA, Khoo B, Carling D, Minnion J, Bloom SR, Tan TMM. Chronic treatment with glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon receptor co-agonist causes weight loss-independent improvements in hepatic steatosis in mice with diet-induced obesity. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 176:116888. [PMID: 38861859 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Co-agonists at the glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon receptors (GLP1R/GCGR) show promise as treatments for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Although most co-agonists to date have been heavily GLP1R-biased, glucagon directly acts on the liver to reduce fat content. The aims of this study were to investigate a GCGR-biased co-agonist as treatment for hepatic steatosis in mice. METHODS Mice with diet-induced obesity (DIO) were treated with Dicretin, a GLP1/GCGR co-agonist with high potency at the GCGR, Semaglutide (GLP1R monoagonist) or food restriction over 24 days, such that their weight loss was matched. Hepatic steatosis, glucose tolerance, hepatic transcriptomics, metabolomics and lipidomics at the end of the study were compared with Vehicle-treated mice. RESULTS Dicretin lead to superior reduction of hepatic lipid content when compared to Semaglutide or equivalent weight loss by calorie restriction. Markers of glucose tolerance and insulin resistance improved in all treatment groups. Hepatic transcriptomic and metabolomic profiling demonstrated many changes that were unique to Dicretin-treated mice. These include some known targets of glucagon signaling and others with as yet unclear physiological significance. CONCLUSIONS Our study supports the development of GCGR-biased GLP1/GCGR co-agonists for treatment of MASLD and related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Rose McGlone
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - David C D Hope
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Iona Davies
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Marian Dore
- Genomics facility, MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences (LMS), Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rob Goldin
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ben Jones
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Zhigang Liu
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jia V Li
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Panagiotis A Vorkas
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (INAB|CERTH), Thessaloniki 57001, Greece; School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Bernard Khoo
- Endocrinology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - David Carling
- Cellular Stress group, MRC LMS, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - James Minnion
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen R Bloom
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tricia M-M Tan
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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3
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Lu Y, George J. Interaction between fatty acid oxidation and ethanol metabolism in liver. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2024; 326:G483-G494. [PMID: 38573193 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00281.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Fatty acid oxidation (FAO) releases the energy stored in fat to maintain basic biological processes. Dehydrogenation is a major way to oxidize fatty acids, which needs NAD+ to accept the released H+ from fatty acids and form NADH, which increases the ratio of NADH/NAD+ and consequently inhibits FAO leading to the deposition of fat in the liver, which is termed fatty liver or steatosis. Consumption of alcohol (ethanol) initiates simple steatosis that progresses to alcoholic steatohepatitis, which constitutes a spectrum of liver disorders called alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD). ALD is linked to ethanol metabolism. Ethanol is metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), microsomal ethanol oxidation system (MEOS), mainly cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), and catalase. ADH also requires NAD+ to accept the released H+ from ethanol. Thus, ethanol metabolism by ADH leads to increased ratio of NADH/NAD+, which inhibits FAO and induces steatosis. CYP2E1 directly consumes reducing equivalent NADPH to oxidize ethanol, which generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) that lead to cellular injury. Catalase is mainly present in peroxisomes, where very long-chain fatty acids and branched-chain fatty acids are oxidized, and the resultant short-chain fatty acids will be further oxidized in mitochondria. Peroxisomal FAO generates hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which is locally decomposed by catalase. When ethanol is present, catalase uses H2O2 to oxidize ethanol. In this review, we introduce FAO (including α-, β-, and ω-oxidation) and ethanol metabolism (by ADH, CYP2E1, and catalase) followed by the interaction between FAO and ethanol metabolism in the liver and its pathophysiological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongke Lu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards College of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, United States
| | - Joseph George
- Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
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4
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Fu Y, Maccioni L, Wang XW, Greten TF, Gao B. Alcohol-associated liver cancer. Hepatology 2024:01515467-990000000-00837. [PMID: 38607725 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Heavy alcohol intake induces a wide spectrum of liver diseases ranging from steatosis, steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and HCC. Although alcohol consumption is a well-known risk factor for the development, morbidity, and mortality of HCC globally, alcohol-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (A-HCC) is poorly characterized compared to viral hepatitis-associated HCC. Most A-HCCs develop after alcohol-associated cirrhosis (AC), but the direct carcinogenesis from ethanol and its metabolites to A-HCC remains obscure. The differences between A-HCC and HCCs caused by other etiologies have not been well investigated in terms of clinical prognosis, genetic or epigenetic landscape, molecular mechanisms, and heterogeneity. Moreover, there is a huge gap between basic research and clinical practice due to the lack of preclinical models of A-HCC. In the current review, we discuss the pathogenesis, heterogeneity, preclinical approaches, epigenetic, and genetic profiles of A-HCC, and discuss the current insights into and the prospects for future research on A-HCC. The potential effect of alcohol on cholangiocarcinoma and liver metastasis is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaojie Fu
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Luca Maccioni
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Xin Wei Wang
- Liver Carcinogenesis Section, Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Liver Cancer Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tim F Greten
- Liver Cancer Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Gastrointestinal Malignancies Section, Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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5
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Mackowiak B, Fu Y, Maccioni L, Gao B. Alcohol-associated liver disease. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e176345. [PMID: 38299591 PMCID: PMC10836812 DOI: 10.1172/jci176345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is a major cause of chronic liver disease worldwide, and comprises a spectrum of several different disorders, including simple steatosis, steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and superimposed hepatocellular carcinoma. Although tremendous progress has been made in the field of ALD over the last 20 years, the pathogenesis of ALD remains obscure, and there are currently no FDA-approved drugs for the treatment of ALD. In this Review, we discuss new insights into the pathogenesis and therapeutic targets of ALD, utilizing the study of multiomics and other cutting-edge approaches. The potential translation of these studies into clinical practice and therapy is deliberated. We also discuss preclinical models of ALD, interplay of ALD and metabolic dysfunction, alcohol-associated liver cancer, the heterogeneity of ALD, and some potential translational research prospects for ALD.
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Koyanagi YN, Nakatochi M, Namba S, Oze I, Charvat H, Narita A, Kawaguchi T, Ikezaki H, Hishida A, Hara M, Takezaki T, Koyama T, Nakamura Y, Suzuki S, Katsuura-Kamano S, Kuriki K, Nakamura Y, Takeuchi K, Hozawa A, Kinoshita K, Sutoh Y, Tanno K, Shimizu A, Ito H, Kasugai Y, Kawakatsu Y, Taniyama Y, Tajika M, Shimizu Y, Suzuki E, Hosono Y, Imoto I, Tabara Y, Takahashi M, Setoh K, Matsuda K, Nakano S, Goto A, Katagiri R, Yamaji T, Sawada N, Tsugane S, Wakai K, Yamamoto M, Sasaki M, Matsuda F, Okada Y, Iwasaki M, Brennan P, Matsuo K. Genetic architecture of alcohol consumption identified by a genotype-stratified GWAS and impact on esophageal cancer risk in Japanese people. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eade2780. [PMID: 38277453 PMCID: PMC10816704 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade2780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
An East Asian-specific variant on aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2 rs671, G>A) is the major genetic determinant of alcohol consumption. We performed an rs671 genotype-stratified genome-wide association study meta-analysis of alcohol consumption in 175,672 Japanese individuals to explore gene-gene interactions with rs671 behind drinking behavior. The analysis identified three genome-wide significant loci (GCKR, KLB, and ADH1B) in wild-type homozygotes and six (GCKR, ADH1B, ALDH1B1, ALDH1A1, ALDH2, and GOT2) in heterozygotes, with five showing genome-wide significant interaction with rs671. Genetic correlation analyses revealed ancestry-specific genetic architecture in heterozygotes. Of the discovered loci, four (GCKR, ADH1B, ALDH1A1, and ALDH2) were suggested to interact with rs671 in the risk of esophageal cancer, a representative alcohol-related disease. Our results identify the genotype-specific genetic architecture of alcohol consumption and reveal its potential impact on alcohol-related disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriko N. Koyanagi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Department of Preventive Medicine, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakatochi
- Public Health Informatics Unit, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinichi Namba
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Isao Oze
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Department of Preventive Medicine, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hadrien Charvat
- Faculty of International Liberal Arts, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of International Health Policy Research, Institute for Cancer Control, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
- Cancer Surveillance Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Akira Narita
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takahisa Kawaguchi
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ikezaki
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Comprehensive General Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Asahi Hishida
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Megumi Hara
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Toshiro Takezaki
- Department of International Island and Community Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Teruhide Koyama
- Department of Epidemiology for Community Health and Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yohko Nakamura
- Cancer Prevention Center, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sadao Suzuki
- Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Sakurako Katsuura-Kamano
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kiyonori Kuriki
- Laboratory of Public Health, Division of Nutritional Sciences, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Nakamura
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Kenji Takeuchi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of International and Community Oral Health, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
- Division for Regional Community Development, Liaison Center for Innovative Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hozawa
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kengo Kinoshita
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoichi Sutoh
- Division of Biomedical Information Analysis, Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Kozo Tanno
- Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
- Division of Clinical Research and Epidemiology, Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shimizu
- Division of Biomedical Information Analysis, Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
- Division of Biomedical Information Analysis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Hidemi Ito
- Division of Cancer Information and Control, Department of Preventive Medicine, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Descriptive Cancer Epidemiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yumiko Kasugai
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Department of Preventive Medicine, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yukino Kawakatsu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Department of Preventive Medicine, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yukari Taniyama
- Division of Cancer Information and Control, Department of Preventive Medicine, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tajika
- Department of Endoscopy, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Shimizu
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Etsuji Suzuki
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yasuyuki Hosono
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Issei Imoto
- Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Tabara
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Graduate School of Public Health, Shizuoka Graduate University of Public Health, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Meiko Takahashi
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuya Setoh
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Koichi Matsuda
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiori Nakano
- Division of Epidemiology, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Goto
- Division of Epidemiology, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Health Data Science, Graduate School of Data Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ryoko Katagiri
- Division of Cohort Research, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Tokyo, Japan
- National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taiki Yamaji
- Division of Epidemiology, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norie Sawada
- Division of Cohort Research, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Tsugane
- Division of Cohort Research, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Tokyo, Japan
- National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Wakai
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Makoto Sasaki
- Division of Ultrahigh Field MRI, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
- Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Matsuda
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukinori Okada
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Motoki Iwasaki
- Division of Epidemiology, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Cohort Research, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Paul Brennan
- Genomic Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Keitaro Matsuo
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Department of Preventive Medicine, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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7
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Aasarey R, Yadav K, Kashyap BK, Prabha S, Kumar P, Kumar A, Ruokolainen J, Kesari KK. Role of Immunological Cells in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Disease and Associated Pathways. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2023; 6:1801-1816. [PMID: 38093838 PMCID: PMC10714437 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains one of the predominant causes of cancer-related mortality across the globe. It is attributed to obesity, excessive alcohol consumption, smoking, and infection by the hepatitis virus. Early diagnosis of HCC is essential, and local treatments such as surgical excision and percutaneous ablation are effective. Palliative systemic therapy, primarily with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor Sorafenib, is used in advanced cases. However, the prognosis for advanced HCC remains poor. This Review additionally describes the pathophysiological mechanisms of HCC, which include aberrant molecular signaling, genomic instability, persistent inflammation, and the paradoxical position of the immune system in promoting and suppressing HCC. The paper concludes by discussing the growing body of research on the relationship between mitochondria and HCC, suggesting that mitochondrial dysfunction may contribute to the progression of HCC. This Review focuses on immunological interactions between different mechanisms of HCC progression, including obesity, viral infection, and alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Aasarey
- Department
of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute
of Medical Science, New Delhi-11029, India
| | - Kajal Yadav
- Department
of Biotechnology, All India Institute of
Medical Science, New Delhi-11029, India
| | - Brijendra Kumar Kashyap
- Department
of Biotechnology Engineering, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi-284128, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sarit Prabha
- Department
of Biological Science and Engineering, Maulana
Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal-462003, Madhya Pradesh,India
| | - Pramod Kumar
- Indian
Council of Medical Research, National Institute
of Cancer Prevention and Research (NICPR), l-7, Sector-39, Noida-201301, National Capital Region, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department
of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Cheri-Manatu, Karmre, Kanke-835222, Ranchi, India
| | - Janne Ruokolainen
- Department
of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto
University, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Kavindra Kumar Kesari
- Department
of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto
University, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
- Research
and Development Cell, Lovely Professional
University, Phagwara-144411, Punjab, India
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8
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Qi D, Lu M, Xu P, Yao X, Chen Y, Gan L, Li Y, Cui Y, Tong X, Liu S, Zhao J, Liu N, Ye X. Transcription factor ETV4 promotes the development of hepatocellular carcinoma by driving hepatic TNF-α signaling. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2023; 43:1354-1372. [PMID: 37670477 PMCID: PMC10693303 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic inflammation is the major risk factor of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the underlying mechanism by which hepatic inflammation progresses to HCC is poorly understood. This study was designed to investigate the role of ETS translocation variant 4 (ETV4) in linking hepatic inflammation to HCC. METHODS Quantitative real-time PCR and immunoblotting were used to detect the expression of ETV4 in HCC tissues and cell lines. RNA sequencing and luciferase reporter assays were performed to identify the target genes of ETV4. Hepatocyte-specific ETV4-knockout (ETV4fl/fl, alb-cre ) and transgenic (ETV4Hep-TG ) mice and diethylnitrosamine-carbon tetrachloride (DEN-CCL4 ) treatment experiments were applied to investigate the function of ETV4 in vivo. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database mining and pathological analysis were carried out to determine the correlation of ETV4 with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and mitogen-activated protein kinase 11 (MAPK11). RESULTS We revealed that ETV4 was highly expressed in HCC. High levels of ETV4 predicted a poor survival rate of HCC patients. Then we identified ETV4 as a transcription activator of TNF-α and MAPK11. ETV4 was positively correlated with TNF-α and MAPK11 in HCC patients. As expected, an increase in hepatic TNF-α secretion and macrophage accumulation were observed in the livers of ETV4Hep-TG mice. The protein levels of TNF-α, MAPK11, and CD68 were significantly higher in the livers of ETV4Hep-TG mice compared with wild type mice but lower in ETV4fl/fl, alb-cre mice compared with ETV4fl/fl mice as treated with DEN-CCL4 , indicating that ETV4 functioned as a driver of TNF-α/MAPK11 expression and macrophage accumulation during hepatic inflammation. Hepatocyte-specific knockout of ETV4 significantly prevented development of DEN-CCL4 -induced HCC, while transgenic expression of ETV4 promoted growth of HCC. CONCLUSIONS ETV4 promoted hepatic inflammation and HCC by activating transcription of TNF-α and MAPK11. Both the ETV4/TNF-α and ETV4/MAPK11 axes represented two potential therapeutic targets for highly associated hepatic inflammation and HCC. ETV4+TNF-α were potential prognostic markers for HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and ImmunologyInstitute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingP. R. China
| | - Min Lu
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and ImmunologyInstitute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingP. R. China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army General HospitalBeijingP. R. China
| | - Xinli Yao
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and ImmunologyInstitute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingP. R. China
| | - Yongchen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and ImmunologyInstitute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingP. R. China
| | - Lipeng Gan
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and ImmunologyInstitute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingP. R. China
| | - Yong Li
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and ImmunologyInstitute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingP. R. China
| | - Yahua Cui
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhuiP. R. China
| | - Xiaomei Tong
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and ImmunologyInstitute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingP. R. China
| | - Shuhong Liu
- The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army General HospitalBeijingP. R. China
| | - Jingmin Zhao
- The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army General HospitalBeijingP. R. China
| | - Ningning Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and ImmunologyInstitute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingP. R. China
| | - Xin Ye
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and ImmunologyInstitute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingP. R. China
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9
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Huang Y, Liangpunsakul S, Rudraiah S, Ma J, Keshipeddy SK, Wright D, Costa A, Burgess D, Zhang Y, Huda N, Wang L, Yang Z. HMGB2 is a potential diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Hepatol Commun 2023; 7:e0299. [PMID: 37930124 PMCID: PMC10629741 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High mobility group proteins 1 and 2 (HMGB1 and HMGB2) are 80% conserved in amino acid sequence. The function of HMGB1 in inflammation and fibrosis has been extensively characterized. However, an unaddressed central question is the role of HMGB2 on liver fibrosis. In this study, we provided convincing evidence that the HMGB2 expression was significantly upregulated in human liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, as well as in several mouse liver fibrosis models. METHODS The carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver fibrosis mouse model was used. AAV8-Hmgb2 was utilized to overexpress Hmgb2 in the liver, while Hmgb2-/- mice were used for loss of function experiments. The HMGB2 inhibitor inflachromene and liposome-shHMGB2 (lipo-shHMGB2) were employed for therapeutic intervention. RESULTS The serum HMGB2 levels were also markedly elevated in patients with liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Deletion of Hmgb2 in Hmgb2-/- mice or inhibition of HMGB2 in mice using a small molecule ICM slowed the progression of CCl4-induced liver fibrosis despite constant HMGB1 expression. In contrast, AAV8-mediated overexpression of Hmgb2 enchanced CCl4-incuded liver fibrosis. Primary hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) isolated from Hmgb2-/- mice showed significantly impaired transdifferentiation and diminished activation of α-SMA, despite a modest induction of HMGB1 protein. RNA-seq analysis revealed the induction of top 45 CCl4-activated genes in multiple signaling pathways including integrin signaling and inflammation. The activation of these genes by CCl4 were abolished in Hmgb2-/- mice or in ICM-treated mice. These included C-X3-C motif chemokine receptor 1 (Cx3cr1) associated with inflammation, cyclin B (Ccnb) associated with cell cycle, DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha (Top2a) associated with intracellular component, and fibrillin (Fbn) and fibromodulin (Fmod) associated with extracellular matrix. CONCLUSION We conclude that HMGB2 is indispensable for stellate cell activation. Therefore, HMGB2 may serve as a potential therapeutic target to prevent HSC activation during chronic liver injury. The blood HMGB2 level may also serve as a potential diagnostic marker to detect early stage of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Huang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Suthat Liangpunsakul
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Medicine Service, Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Swetha Rudraiah
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Santosh K. Keshipeddy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Dennis Wright
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Antonio Costa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Diane Burgess
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yuxia Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Nazmul Huda
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Zhihong Yang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Kim H, Suh HJ, Hong KB, Jung EJ, Ahn Y. Combination of Cysteine and Glutathione Prevents Ethanol-Induced Hangover and Liver Damage by Modulation of Nrf2 Signaling in HepG2 Cells and Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1885. [PMID: 37891964 PMCID: PMC10604027 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12101885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive alcohol consumption increases oxidative stress, leading to alcoholic liver disease. In this study, the protective effects of a mixture of cysteine and glutathione against ethanol-induced hangover and liver damage were evaluated in mice and HepG2 cells. Ethanol (2 mL/kg) was orally administered to the mice 30 min before receiving the test compounds (200 mg/kg), and the behavioral and oxidative stress-related biochemical parameters altered by ethanol were analyzed. Acute ethanol administration increased anxiety behavior and decreased balance coordination in mice (p < 0.001); however, a mixture of cysteine and glutathione (MIX) in a 3:1 ratio improved alcohol-induced behavior more effectively than the individual compounds (p < 0.001). The MIX group showed higher ethanol-metabolizing enzyme activity than the control group (p < 0.001) and significantly suppressed the elevation of serum alcohol (p < 0.01) and acetaldehyde (p < 0.001) levels after 1 h of ethanol administration. In HepG2 cells, 2.5 mM MIX accelerated ethanol metabolism and reduced cytochrome P450 2E1 mRNA expression (p < 0.001). MIX also increased the expression of antioxidant enzymes through the upregulation of nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling and consequently suppressed the overproduction of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde (p < 0.001). Collectively, MIX alleviates the hangover symptoms and attenuates the alcohol-induced oxidative stress by regulating the Nrf2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeongyeong Kim
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; (H.K.); (H.J.S.)
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Healthcare Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Joo Suh
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; (H.K.); (H.J.S.)
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Healthcare Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Bae Hong
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea;
| | - Eun-Jin Jung
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yejin Ahn
- Research Group of Functional Food Materials, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea
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11
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Li ZM, Kong CY, Mao YQ, Chen HL, Zhang SL, Huang JT, Yao JQ, Cai PR, Xie N, Han B, Wang LS. Host ALDH2 deficiency aggravates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis through gut-liver axis. Pharmacol Res 2023; 196:106902. [PMID: 37657657 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the major cause of liver dysfunction. Animal and population studies have shown that mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) is implicated in fatty liver disease. However, the role of ALDH2 in NASH and the underlying mechanisms remains unclear. To address this issue, ALDH2 knockout (ALDH2-/-) mice and wild-type littermate mice were fed a methionine-and choline-deficient (MCD) diet to induce a NASH model. Fecal, serum, and liver samples were collected and analyzed to investigate the impact of the gut microbiota and bile acids on this process. We found that MCD-fed ALDH2-/- mice exhibited increased serum pro-inflammation cytokines, hepatic inflammation and fat accumulation than their wild-type littermates. MCD-fed ALDH2-/- mice exhibited worsened MCD-induced intestinal inflammation and barrier damage, and gut microbiota disorder. Furthermore, mice receiving microbiota from MCD-fed ALDH2-/- mice had increased severity of NASH compared to those receiving microbiota from MCD-fed wild-type mice. Notably, the intestinal Lactobacillus was significantly reduced in MCD-fed ALDH2-/- mice, and gavage with Lactobacillus cocktail significantly improved MCD-induced NASH. Finally, we found that ALDH2-/- mice had reduced levels of bile salt hydrolase and specific bile acids, especially lithocholic acid (LCA), accompanied by downregulated expression of the intestinal FXR-FGF15 pathway. Supplementation of LCA in ALDH2-/- mice upregulated intestinal FXR-FGF15 pathway and alleviated NASH. In summary, ALDH2 plays a critical role in the development of NASH through modulation of gut microbiota and bile acid. The findings suggest that supplementing with Lactobacillus or LCA could be a promising therapeutic approach for treating NASH exacerbated by ALDH2 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Ming Li
- Center for traditional Chinese medicine and gut microbiota, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 201199 Shanghai, China; Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 201199 Shanghai, China.
| | - Chao-Yue Kong
- Center for traditional Chinese medicine and gut microbiota, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 201199 Shanghai, China; Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 201199 Shanghai, China.
| | - Yu-Qin Mao
- Center for traditional Chinese medicine and gut microbiota, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 201199 Shanghai, China; Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 201199 Shanghai, China.
| | - Hui-Ling Chen
- Center for traditional Chinese medicine and gut microbiota, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 201199 Shanghai, China; Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 201199 Shanghai, China.
| | - Shi-Long Zhang
- Center for traditional Chinese medicine and gut microbiota, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 201199 Shanghai, China; Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 201199 Shanghai, China.
| | - Jia-Ting Huang
- Center for traditional Chinese medicine and gut microbiota, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 201199 Shanghai, China; Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 201199 Shanghai, China.
| | - Jin-Qing Yao
- Center for traditional Chinese medicine and gut microbiota, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 201199 Shanghai, China; Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 201199 Shanghai, China.
| | - Pei-Ran Cai
- Center for traditional Chinese medicine and gut microbiota, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 201199 Shanghai, China; Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 201199 Shanghai, China.
| | - Nuo Xie
- Center for traditional Chinese medicine and gut microbiota, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 201199 Shanghai, China; Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 201199 Shanghai, China.
| | - Bing Han
- Center for traditional Chinese medicine and gut microbiota, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 201199 Shanghai, China; Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 201199 Shanghai, China.
| | - Li-Shun Wang
- Center for traditional Chinese medicine and gut microbiota, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 201199 Shanghai, China; Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 201199 Shanghai, China.
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12
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Zhang B, Lu S, Guo H, Xu J, Zhang X, Zhao H, Tang J. The effect of obstructive sleep apnea on fatty liver disease may be obscured by alcohol consumption: An ordinal logistic regression analysis. Sleep Med 2023; 109:82-89. [PMID: 37423023 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2023.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is closely associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The current definition of NAFLD cannot exclude the involvement of alcohol consumption in the development of fatty liver disease (FLD), but alcohol can aggravate OSA and participate in steatosis. There is limited evidence on the relationship between OSA and alcohol and its effect on FLD severity. OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of OSA on FLD severity based on ordinal responses, and its relationship with alcohol consumption, in order to develop strategies for the prevention and treatment of FLD. METHODS Patients with chief complaints of "snoring" who underwent polysomnography and abdominal ultrasound between January 2015 and October 2022 were selected. A total of 325 cases were divided into three groups according to abdominal ultrasound results: no FLD (n = 66), mild FLD (n = 116), and moderately severe FLD (n = 143) group. Patients were also categorized into alcoholic and nonalcoholic groups. Univariate analysis was used to examine the correlation between OSA and FLD severity. Multivariate ordinal logistic regression analysis was further used to identify the determinants of FLD severity and differences between the alcoholic and nonalcoholic groups. RESULTS A higher proportion of moderately severe FLD was observed in the group with an apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) > 30 compared to the AHI<15 group in all participants and in the nonalcoholic population (all p < 0.05). There was no significant difference among these groups in the alcoholic population. Ordinal logistic regression analysis found that in all participants, age [OR = 0.966(0.947-0.986)], BMI [OR = 1.293 (1.205-1.394)], diabetes mellitus [OR = 1.932(1.132-3.343)], hyperlipidemia [OR = 2.432(1.355-4.464)], severe OSA [OR = 2.36(1.315-4.259)] (all p < 0.05) were the independent risk factors for more severe FLD. However, different risk factors applied according to alcohol consumption. In addition to age and BMI, the independent risk factors for the alcoholic group also included diabetes mellitus [OR = 3.323(1.494-7.834)] while in the non-alcoholic group risk factors included hyperlipidemia [OR = 4.094(1.639-11.137)], and severe OSA[OR = 2.956(1.334-6.664)] (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Severe OSA is an independent determinant for developing more severe NAFLD in nonalcoholic population, and alcohol consumption may obscure the effect of OSA on the progression of FLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baokun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Shanshan Lu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University &Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Institute of Neuroimmunology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, China
| | - Huiying Guo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University &Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Institute of Neuroimmunology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, China
| | - Juanjuan Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University &Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Institute of Neuroimmunology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University &Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Institute of Neuroimmunology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, China
| | - Hongyao Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University &Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Institute of Neuroimmunology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, China
| | - Jiyou Tang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China; Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University &Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Institute of Neuroimmunology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, China.
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13
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Liu R, Li D, Xie J, Wang L, Hu Y, Tian Y. Air pollution, alcohol consumption, and the risk of elevated liver enzyme levels: a cross-sectional study in the UK Biobank. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:87527-87534. [PMID: 37428318 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28659-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Evidences on the association between exposure to air pollution and liver enzymes was scarce in low pollution area. We aimed to investigate the association between air pollution and liver enzyme levels and further explore whether alcohol intake influence this association. This cross-sectional study included 425,773 participants aged 37 to 73 years from the UK Biobank. Land Use Regression was applied to assess levels of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and NOx. Levels of liver enzymes including AST, ALT, GGT, and ALP were determined by enzymatic rate method. Long-term low-level exposure to PM2.5 (per 5-μg/m3 increase) was significantly associated with AST (0.596% increase, 95% CI, 0.414 to 0.778%), ALT (0.311% increase, 0.031 to 0.593%), and GGT (1.552% increase, 1.172 to 1.933%); The results were similar for PM10; NOX and NO2 were only significantly correlated with AST and GGT Significant modification effects by alcohol consumption were found (P-interaction < 0.05). The effects of pollutants on AST, ALT, and GGT levels gradually increased along with the weekly alcohol drinking frequency. In conclusion, long-term low-level air pollutants exposure was associated with elevated liver enzyme levels. And alcohol intake may exacerbate the effect of air pollution on liver enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Dankang Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Junqing Xie
- Center for Statistics in Medicine, NDORMS, University of Oxford, The Botnar Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Lulin Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yonghua Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, No.38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yaohua Tian
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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14
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Li L, Dong Y, Liu X, Wang M. Mangiferin for the Management of Liver Diseases: A Review. Foods 2023; 12:2469. [PMID: 37444207 DOI: 10.3390/foods12132469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is a digestive and metabolic organ, and several factors can induce liver damage, which is a severe threat to human health. As a natural polyphenolic compound, mangiferin belongs to xanthone glucoside and mainly exists in many plants, such as mango. It is notorious that mangiferin has remarkable pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antioxidative stress, antiviral and so on. Emerging evidence indicates the therapeutic benefits of mangiferin against liver disease, including liver injury, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, liver fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. This review aims to summarize the possible underlying signaling mediated by mangiferin in liver disease treatment and the available findings of mangiferin, which can be used to treat different liver diseases and may contribute to mangiferin as a therapeutic agent for liver disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisi Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Anti-Tumor Molecular Target Technology Innovation Center, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Yujia Dong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Anti-Tumor Molecular Target Technology Innovation Center, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Xifu Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Anti-Tumor Molecular Target Technology Innovation Center, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Anti-Tumor Molecular Target Technology Innovation Center, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Minzu University of China, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100086, China
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Quintanilla ME, Israel Y. Role of Metabolism on Alcohol Preference, Addiction, and Treatment. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2023. [PMID: 37221350 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2023_422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Studies presented in this chapter show that: (1) in the brain, ethanol is metabolized by catalase to acetaldehyde, which condenses with dopamine forming salsolinol; (2) acetaldehyde-derived salsolinol increases the release of dopamine mediating, via opioid receptors, the reinforcing effects of ethanol during the acquisition of ethanol consumption, while (3) brain acetaldehyde does not influence the maintenance of chronic ethanol intake, it is suggested that a learned cue-induced hyperglutamatergic system takes precedence over the dopaminergic system. However, (4) following a prolonged ethanol deprivation, the generation of acetaldehyde in the brain again plays a role, contributing to the increase in ethanol intake observed during ethanol re-access, called the alcohol deprivation effect (ADE), a model of relapse behavior; (5) naltrexone inhibits the high ethanol intake seen in the ADE condition, suggesting that acetaldehyde-derived salsolinol via opioid receptors also contributes to the relapse-like drinking behavior. The reader is referred to glutamate-mediated mechanisms that trigger the cue-associated alcohol-seeking and that also contribute to triggering relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Elena Quintanilla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Yedy Israel
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, ICM Clinica Alemana-Universidad de Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
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Yan C, Hu W, Tu J, Li J, Liang Q, Han S. Pathogenic mechanisms and regulatory factors involved in alcoholic liver disease. J Transl Med 2023; 21:300. [PMID: 37143126 PMCID: PMC10158301 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04166-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcoholism is a widespread and damaging behaviour of people throughout the world. Long-term alcohol consumption has resulted in alcoholic liver disease (ALD) being the leading cause of chronic liver disease. Many metabolic enzymes, including alcohol dehydrogenases such as ADH, CYP2E1, and CATacetaldehyde dehydrogenases ALDHsand nonoxidative metabolizing enzymes such as SULT, UGT, and FAEES, are involved in the metabolism of ethanol, the main component in alcoholic beverages. Ethanol consumption changes the functional or expression profiles of various regulatory factors, such as kinases, transcription factors, and microRNAs. Therefore, the underlying mechanisms of ALD are complex, involving inflammation, mitochondrial damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, nitrification, and oxidative stress. Moreover, recent evidence has demonstrated that the gut-liver axis plays a critical role in ALD pathogenesis. For example, ethanol damages the intestinal barrier, resulting in the release of endotoxins and alterations in intestinal flora content and bile acid metabolism. However, ALD therapies show low effectiveness. Therefore, this review summarizes ethanol metabolism pathways and highly influential pathogenic mechanisms and regulatory factors involved in ALD pathology with the aim of new therapeutic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuyun Yan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Wanting Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Key Lab of Microanalytical Methods & Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jinqi Tu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College of Wuhu, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, China
| | - Jinyao Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China
| | - Qionglin Liang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Key Lab of Microanalytical Methods & Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shuxin Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China.
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China.
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Yao P, Zhang Z, Liu H, Jiang P, Li W, Du W. p53 protects against alcoholic fatty liver disease via ALDH2 inhibition. EMBO J 2023; 42:e112304. [PMID: 36825429 PMCID: PMC10106987 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022112304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 is critical for tumor suppression, but the regulatory role of p53 in alcohol-induced fatty liver remains unclear. Here, we show a role for p53 in regulating ethanol metabolism via acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2), a key enzyme responsible for the oxidization of alcohol. By repressing ethanol oxidization, p53 suppresses intracellular levels of acetyl-CoA and histone acetylation, leading to the inhibition of the stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1) gene expression. Mechanistically, p53 directly binds to ALDH2 and prevents the formation of its active tetramer and indirectly limits the production of pyruvate that promotes the activity of ALDH2. Notably, p53-deficient mice exhibit increased lipid accumulation, which can be reversed by ALDH2 depletion. Moreover, liver-specific knockdown of SCD1 alleviates ethanol-induced hepatic steatosis caused by p53 loss. By contrast, overexpression of SCD1 in liver promotes ethanol-induced fatty liver development in wild-type mice, while it has a mild effect on p53-/- or ALDH2-/- mice. Overall, our findings reveal a previously unrecognized function of p53 in alcohol-induced fatty liver and uncover pyruvate as a natural regulator of ALDH2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengbo Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical CollegeInstitute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
- School of Life SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zhenxi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical CollegeInstitute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Hongchao Liu
- Department of Laboratory MedicinePeking University Third HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Peng Jiang
- School of Life SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical CollegeInstitute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Wenjing Du
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical CollegeInstitute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
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Villéger R, Chulkina M, Mifflin RC, Markov NS, Trieu J, Sinha M, Johnson P, Saada JI, Adegboyega PA, Luxon BA, Beswick EJ, Powell DW, Pinchuk IV. Loss of alcohol dehydrogenase 1B in cancer-associated fibroblasts: contribution to the increase of tumor-promoting IL-6 in colon cancer. Br J Cancer 2023; 128:537-548. [PMID: 36482184 PMCID: PMC9938173 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-02066-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increases in IL-6 by cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) contribute to colon cancer progression, but the mechanisms involved in the increase of this tumor-promoting cytokine are unknown. The aim of this study was to identify novel targets involved in the dysregulation of IL-6 expression by CAFs in colon cancer. METHODS Colonic normal (N), hyperplastic, tubular adenoma, adenocarcinoma tissues, and tissue-derived myo-/fibroblasts (MFs) were used in these studies. RESULTS Transcriptomic analysis demonstrated a striking decrease in alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (ADH1B) expression, a gene potentially involved in IL-6 dysregulation in CAFs. ADH1B expression was downregulated in approximately 50% of studied tubular adenomas and all T1-4 colon tumors, but not in hyperplastic polyps. ADH1B metabolizes alcohols, including retinol (RO), and is involved in the generation of all-trans retinoic acid (atRA). LPS-induced IL-6 production was inhibited by either RO or its byproduct atRA in N-MFs, but only atRA was effective in CAFs. Silencing ADH1B in N-MFs significantly upregulated LPS-induced IL-6 similar to those observed in CAFs and lead to the loss of RO inhibitory effect on inducible IL-6 expression. CONCLUSION Our data identify ADH1B as a novel potential mesenchymal tumor suppressor, which plays a critical role in ADH1B/retinoid-mediated regulation of tumor-promoting IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Villéger
- Laboratoire Ecologie and Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Marina Chulkina
- Department of Medicine at PennState Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Randy C Mifflin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, UTMB, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Nikolay S Markov
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Judy Trieu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, UTMB, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Mala Sinha
- Institute for Translational Sciences, UTMB, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Paul Johnson
- Department of Surgery, UTMB, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Jamal I Saada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, UTMB, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Patrick A Adegboyega
- Department of Pathology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63106, USA
| | - Bruce A Luxon
- Institute for Translational Sciences, UTMB, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Ellen J Beswick
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Don W Powell
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, UTMB, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UTMB, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Irina V Pinchuk
- Department of Medicine at PennState Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.
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Wu YC, Yao Y, Tao LS, Wang SX, Hu Y, Li LY, Hu S, Meng X, Yang DS, Li H, Xu T. The role of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 in the pathogenesis of liver diseases. Cell Signal 2023; 102:110550. [PMID: 36464104 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Common liver tissue damage is mainly due to the accumulation of toxic aldehydes in lipid peroxidation under oxidative stress. Cumulative toxic aldehydes in the liver can be effectively metabolized by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2), thereby alleviating various liver diseases. Notably, gene mutation of ALDH2 leads to impaired ALDH2 enzyme activity, thus aggravating the progress of liver diseases. However, the relationship and specific mechanism between ALDH2 and liver diseases are not clear. Consequently, the review explains the relationship between ALDH2 and liver diseases such as alcoholic liver disease (ALD), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In addition, this review also discusses ALDH2 as a potential therapeutic target for various liver diseases,and focuses on summarizing the regulatory mechanism of ALDH2 in these liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Cui Wu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, China
| | - Yan Yao
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, China
| | - Liang-Song Tao
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, China
| | - Shu-Xian Wang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, China
| | - Ying Hu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, China
| | - Liang-Yun Li
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, China
| | - Shuang Hu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, China
| | - Xiang Meng
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Lab. of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Da-Shuai Yang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, China
| | - He Li
- The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230001, China.
| | - Tao Xu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, China.
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20
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Xiao L, Xiang J, Liu X, Yang L, Wei Y, Fang S, Li J, Ye Y. Lipidomic changes of cerebral cortex in aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 knock-in heterozygote mice after chronic alcohol exposure. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 15:1053411. [PMID: 36743287 PMCID: PMC9893510 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1053411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alcohol is the main legal drug in the world, and excessive consumption of alcohol seriously damages the morphological structure and function of various organs. The insufficiency of an essential enzyme in ethanol metabolism, aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2), will aggravate the alcohol-induced brain injury. The effect of ALDH2 after chronic alcohol exposure on global lipid profiling of the brain remains unclear. Methods In this study, ALDH2*2 knock-in mice were fed the Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet containing ethanol for 8 weeks. Blood alcohol and acetaldehyde levels were examined, and the mice were tested through novel object recognition and the Y-maze test to evaluate cognitive impairment toward the end of the study. The lipidome profiling of cerebral cortex samples was investigated using a lipidomics method based on ultra-high performance liquid tandem chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOFMS). Results and Discussion Compared with similarly treated wild-type (WT) mice, ALDH2*2 mice exhibited poor cognitive performance, though the result did not achieve statistical significance. The lipidomics results indicated that 74 differential lipid species were selected in WT mice, of which 57 species were up-regulated, and 17 were down-regulated. Moreover, 99 differential lipids were identified in ALDH2*2 mice, of which 73 were up-regulated, and 26 were down-regulated. For ALDH2*2 mice, the number of changed significantly glycerophospholipids (GPs) subtypes was lower than that of WT mice. Interestingly, compared with WT mice, a lower proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) was found in ALDH2*2 mice. Collectively, the results provide clear evidence for a lipidomic signature of marked changes in the cerebral cortex of ALDH2*2 mice after chronic alcohol exposure. Highlights • The cerebral cortex of heterozygous ALDH2*2 mice showed more significant changes in lipidome profiles after chronic alcohol exposure than wild-type mice.• Most lipids were significantly up-regulated in both groups of mice, whereas the increase in TAG was restricted to WT mice.• For ALDH2*2 mice, GPs substances changed significantly, and SHexCer and SM subclasses in sphingolipids also deserved attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiao
- Department of Forensic Toxicological Analysis, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jin Xiang
- Clinical Pharmacology Lab, Clinical Trial Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Forensic Toxicological Analysis, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Wei
- College of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Shiyong Fang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Yi Ye
- Department of Forensic Toxicological Analysis, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,*Correspondence: Yi Ye, ✉
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Qinggan Huoxue Recipe Protects against Experimental Alcoholic Liver Fibrosis through CXCL16 Inhibition. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2023; 2023:5642713. [PMID: 36636609 PMCID: PMC9831707 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5642713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Qinggan Huoxue recipe (QGHXR), a traditional Chinese medicinal formula, has a protective effect against liver fibrosis. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Objective This study investigated the antifibrotic role of QGHXR and its underlying mechanisms. Methods The composition of QGHXR was determined using ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Female C57BL/6J mice were fed either a Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet or pair-fed control diet and intraperitoneally injected with CCl4 for 8 weeks (n = 8). In week 5, the mice were administered 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg QGHXR via oral gavage daily for 4 weeks. Results UPLC-MS result showed that QGHXR contained 45 compounds including salvianolic acid A, scutellarin, baicalin, rutin, and chai saponin D. QGHXR alleviated pathological alterations in the liver. The alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level was reduced to 44.88 ± 4.39 U/L, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) to 76.25 ± 4.17 U/L, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) to 60.75 ± 5.41 U/L, and acetaldehyde to 38.54 ± 1.01 U/L compared with that of the control group (ALT 72.38 ± 5.19 U/L, AST 119.63 ± 9.82 U/L, and ALP 98.63 ± 6.71 U/L and acetaldehyde 64.86 ± 4.70 U/L). QGHXR inhibited lipid overproduction and fibrotic gene expression. The serum concentration of chemokine C-X-C ligand 16 (CXCL16) was reduced to 62.83 ± 6.80 pg/ml compared with that of the control group (130.91 ± 13.72 pg/mL). QGHXR downregulated CXCL16 mRNA and protein expressions. Pharmacological CXCL16 treatment reversed the QGHXR-induced protective effects in ethanol plus CCl4 fed mice. QGHXR reduced CXCL16 levels (91.97 ± 5.86 pg/ml) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells compared with that of the control group (148.68 ± 8.62 pg/ml) and inhibited toll-like receptor 4 and nuclear factor-kappa B phosphorylation. Conclusions This study demonstrated that QGHXR mitigates experimental alcoholic liver fibrosis by CXCL16 inhibition, and may be considered a potential therapeutic agent for treating liver fibrosis.
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Lee W, Kim SJ. Protective effects of isoflavones on alcoholic liver diseases: Computational approaches to investigate the inhibition of ALDH2 with isoflavone analogues. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1147301. [PMID: 36923641 PMCID: PMC10009234 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1147301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive and chronic alcohol intake can lead to the progression of alcoholic liver disease (ALD), which is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. ALD encompasses a pathophysiological spectrum such as simple steatosis, alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH), fibrosis, alcoholic cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) is the most vital enzyme that produces acetate from acetaldehyde and is expressed at high levels in the liver, kidneys, muscles, and heart. The ALDH2*2 allele is found in up to 40% of East Asian populations, and has a significant impact on alcohol metabolism. Interestingly, several studies have shown that individuals with ALDH2 deficiency are more susceptible to liver inflammation after drinking alcohol. Furthermore, there is growing evidence of an association between ALDH2 deficiency and the development of cancers in the liver, stomach, colon, and lung. Isoflavone analogues are low molecular-weight compounds derived from plants, similar in structure and activity to estrogen in mammals, known as phytoestrogens. Recent studies have reported that isoflavone analogues have beneficial effects on the progression of ALD. This mini-review summarizes the current knowledge about the roles of isoflavone analogues in ALD and discusses the therapeutic potential of isoflavone analogues in liver pathophysiology. In particular, we highlight the significance of computational approaches in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wook Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jin Kim
- Kangwon Institute of Inclusive Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.,Global/Gangwon Innovative Biologics-Regional Leading Research Center (GIB-RLRC), Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
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23
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ALDH2 deficiency increases susceptibility to binge alcohol-induced gut leakiness, endotoxemia, and acute liver injury in mice through the gut-liver axis. Redox Biol 2022; 59:102577. [PMID: 36528936 PMCID: PMC9792909 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is the major enzyme responsible for metabolizing toxic acetaldehyde to acetate and acts as a protective or defensive protein against various disease states associated with alcohol use disorder (AUD), including alcohol-related liver disease (ARLD). We hypothesized that Aldh2-knockout (KO) mice are more susceptible to binge alcohol-mediated liver injury than wild-type (WT) mice through increased oxidative stress, gut leakiness and endotoxemia. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the protective role of ALDH2 in binge alcohol-induced gut permeability, endotoxemia, and acute inflammatory liver injury by exposing Aldh2-KO or WT mice to a single oral dose of binge alcohol 3.5, 4.0, or 5.0 g/kg. Our findings showed for the first time that ALDH2 deficiency in Aldh2-KO mice increases their sensitivity to binge alcohol-induced oxidative and nitrative stress, enterocyte apoptosis, and nitration of gut tight junction (TJ) and adherent junction (AJ) proteins, leading to their degradation. These resulted in gut leakiness and endotoxemia in Aldh2-KO mice after exposure to a single dose of ethanol even at 3.5 g/kg, while no changes were observed in the corresponding WT mice. The elevated serum endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) and bacterial translocation contributed to systemic inflammation, hepatocyte apoptosis, and subsequently acute liver injury through the gut-liver axis. Treatment with Daidzin, an ALDH2 inhibitor, exacerbated ethanol-induced cell permeability and reduced TJ/AJ proteins in T84 human colon cells. These changes were reversed by Alda-1, an ALDH2 activator. Furthermore, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of ALDH2 in T84 cells increased alcohol-mediated cell damage and paracellular permeability. All these findings demonstrate the critical role of ALDH2 in alcohol-induced epithelial barrier dysfunction and suggest that ALDH2 deficiency or gene mutation in humans is a risk factor for alcohol-mediated gut and liver injury, and that ALDH2 could be an important therapeutic target against alcohol-associated tissue or organ damage.
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Duryee MJ, Aripova N, Hunter CD, Ruskamp RJ, Tessin MR, Works DR, Mikuls TR, Thiele GM. A novel reactive aldehyde species inhibitor prevents the deleterious effects of ethanol in an animal model of alcoholic liver disease. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Li ZX, Sheng XD, Wang YL, Wen Lv X. Blocking P2X4 purinergic receptor attenuates alcohol-related liver fibrosis by inhibiting hepatic stellate cell activation through PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109326. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Wu X, Liu XQ, Liu ZN, Xia GQ, Zhu H, Zhang MD, Wu BM, Lv XW. CD73 aggravates alcohol-related liver fibrosis by promoting autophagy mediated activation of hepatic stellate cells through AMPK/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109229. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Liu Y, Liu X, Zhou W, Zhang J, Wu J, Guo S, Jia S, Wang H, Li J, Tan Y. Integrated bioinformatics analysis reveals potential mechanisms associated with intestinal flora intervention in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e30184. [PMID: 36086766 PMCID: PMC10980383 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000030184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common chronic liver disease that imposes a huge economic burden on global public health. And the gut-liver axis theory supports the therapeutic role of intestinal flora in the development and progression of NAFLD. To this end, we designed bioinformatics study on the relationship between intestinal flora disorder and NAFLD, to explore the possible molecular mechanism of intestinal flora interfering with NAFLD. METHODS Differentially expressed genes for NAFLD were obtained from the GEO database. And the disease genes for NAFLD and intestinal flora disorder were obtained from the disease databases. The protein-protein interaction network was established by string 11.0 database and visualized by Cytoscape 3.7.2 software. Cytoscape plug-in MCODE and cytoHubba were used to screen the potential genes of intestinal flora disorder and NAFLD, to obtain potential targets for intestinal flora to interfere in the occurrence and process of NAFLD. Enrichment analysis of potential targets was carried out using R 4.0.2 software. RESULTS The results showed that 7 targets might be the key genes for intestinal flora to interfere with NAFLD. CCL2, IL6, IL1B, and FOS are mainly related to the occurrence and development mechanism of NAFLD, while PTGS2, SPINK1, and C5AR1 are mainly related to the intervention of intestinal flora in the occurrence and development of NAFLD. The gene function is mainly reflected in basic biological processes, including the regulation of metabolic process, epithelial development, and immune influence. The pathway is mainly related to signal transduction, immune regulation, and physiological metabolism. The TNF signaling pathway, AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic activity, and NF-Kappa B signaling pathways are important pathways for intestinal flora to interfere with NAFLD. According to the analysis results, there is a certain correlation between intestinal flora disorder and NAFLD. CONCLUSION It is speculated that the mechanism by which intestinal flora may interfere with the occurrence and development of NAFLD is mainly related to inflammatory response and insulin resistance. Nevertheless, further research is needed to explore the specific molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Liu
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xinkui Liu
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyuan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiarui Wu
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Siyu Guo
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Jia
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Haojia Wang
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jialin Li
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Tan
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Yang XM, Wu Z, Wang X, Zhou Y, Zhu L, Li D, Nie HZ, Wang YH, Li J, Ma X. Disulfiram inhibits liver fibrosis in rats by suppressing hepatic stellate cell activation and viability. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2022; 23:54. [PMID: 35864505 PMCID: PMC9306139 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-022-00583-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Liver fibrosis is a wound-healing response to chronic injury, featuring with excess accumulation of extracellular matrix secreted by the activated hepatic stellate cells (HSC). Disulfiram (DSF), also known as Antabuse, has been used for the treatment of alcohol addiction and substance abuse. Recently, overwhelming studies had revealed anti-cancer effects of DSF in multiple cancers, including liver cancer. But the actual effects of DSF on liver fibrosis and liver function remain unknown. Methods In this study, we evaluated the effects of low-dose DSF in CCl4- and Bile Duct Ligation (BDL)—induced hepatic fibrosis rat models. Cell proliferation was detected by using the Cell-Light™ EdU Apollo®567 Cell Tracking Kit. Cell apoptosis was analyzed using a TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) kit, viability was measured with Cell Counting Kit-8(CCK8). Relative mRNA expression of pro-fibrogenic was assessed using quantitative RT-PCR. The degree of liver fibrosis, activated HSCs, were separately evaluated through Sirius Red-staining, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and asparagine aminotransferase (AST) activities were detected with ALT and AST detecting kits using an automated analyzer. Results Liver fibrosis was distinctly attenuated while liver functions were moderately ameliorated in the DSF-treated group. Activation and proliferation of primary rat HSCs isolated from rat livers were significantly suppressed by low-dose DSF. DSF also inhibited the viability of in vitro cultured rat or human HSC cells dose-dependently but had no repressive role on human immortalized hepatocyte THLE-2 cells. Interestingly, upon DSF treatment, the viability of LX-2 cells co-cultured with THLE-2 was significantly inhibited, while that of THLE-2 co-cultured with LX-2 was increased. Further study indicated that HSCs apoptosis was increased in DSF/CCl4-treated liver samples. These data indicated that DSF has potent anti-fibrosis effects and protective effects toward hepatocytes and could possibly be repurposed as an anti-fibrosis drug in the clinic. Conclusions DSF attenuated ECM remodeling through suppressing the transformation of quiet HSCs into proliferative, fibrogenic myofibroblasts in hepatic fibrosis rat models. DSF provides a novel approach for the treatment of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Mei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Dongchuan Road, NO. 800, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Dongchuan Road, NO. 800, Shanghai, 200240, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated to School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Dongchuan Road, NO. 800, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yaoqi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Dongchuan Road, NO. 800, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Dongchuan Road, NO. 800, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Dongxue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Dongchuan Road, NO. 800, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hui-Zhen Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Dongchuan Road, NO. 800, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ya-Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Dongchuan Road, NO. 800, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Dongchuan Road, NO. 800, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Xueyun Ma
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China.
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Yan J, Fang X, Feng Y, Cui X, Li F, Luo W, Ma X, Liang J, Feng J. Identification of key genes associated with the progression of liver fibrosis to hepatocellular carcinoma based on iTRAQ proteomics and GEO database. Ann Hepatol 2022; 27:100681. [PMID: 35124283 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2022.100681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE Liver fibrosis (LF) often leads to cirrhosis and even hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the molecular mechanism remains unclear. The aims of the present study were to identify potential biomarkers for the progression of LF to HCC and explore the associated molecular mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS The isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) was used to detect changes in the protein expression profiles of liver tissues and to screen the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of LF rats and patients were screened by Gene Expression Database (GEO). Subsequently, the clinicopathological analysis of the overlapping genes in different pathological stages in HCC patients based on GEPIA database was conducted. RESULTS iTRAQ proteomic analysis revealed 689, 749 and 585 DEPs in the 6W, 8W and 12W groups, respectively. ALDH2, SLC27A5 and ASNS were not only the DEPs found in rats with LF with different stages but were also the DEGs related to the pathological stages and survival in patients with HCC. CONCLUSIONS ALDH2, SLC27A5 and ASNS were the potential biomarkers associated with the progression of LF to HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiongyi Yan
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Xuewan Fang
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Yinyi Feng
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Xiaojuan Cui
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Fang Li
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Weisheng Luo
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Xiaocong Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Jianqin Liang
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China; Guangxi Superior Proprietary Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine Development Engineering Technology Research Centre, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China.
| | - Jianfang Feng
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China; Guangxi Superior Proprietary Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine Development Engineering Technology Research Centre, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China.
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30
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Lifestyle and metabolic factors for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Mendelian randomization study. Eur J Epidemiol 2022; 37:723-733. [PMID: 35488966 PMCID: PMC9329390 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-022-00868-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The risk factors for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have not been clearly identified. We conducted a Mendelian randomization (MR) study to explore this. Independent genetic variants strongly associated with 5 lifestyle and 9 metabolic factors were selected as instrumental variables from corresponding genome-wide association studies (GWASs). Summary-level data for NAFLD were obtained from a GWAS meta-analysis of 8434 cases and 770,180 non-cases (discovery dataset) and another GWAS meta-analysis of 1483 cases and 17,781 non-cases (replication dataset). Univariable and multivariable MR analyses were performed. There were associations with NAFLD for lifetime smoking index (odds ratio (OR) 1.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.31–1.93 per SD-increase), body mass index (BMI, OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.23–1.43 per SD-increase), waist circumference (OR 1.82; 95% CI 1.48–2.24 per SD-increase), type 2 diabetes (OR 1.21, 95% CI 1.15–1.27 per unit increase in log-transformed odds), systolic blood pressure (OR 1.17; 95% CI 1.07–1.26 per 10 mmHg increase), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.77–0.90 per SD-increase), and triglycerides (OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.15–1.33 per SD-increase). The associations for type 2 diabetes, systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, but not for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol remained strong after adjusting for genetically-predicted BMI. Genetic liability to type 2 diabetes mediated 51.4% (95% CI 13.4–89.3%) of the BMI-effects on NAFLD risk. There were suggestive inverse associations of genetically-predicted alcohol, coffee, and caffeine consumption, and vigorous physical activity with NAFLD risk. This study identified several lifestyle and metabolic factors that may be causally implicated in NAFLD.
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31
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Liu Z, Xu B, Ding Y, Ding X, Yang Z. Guizhi Fuling pill attenuates liver fibrosis in vitro and in vivo via inhibiting TGF-β1/Smad2/3 and activating IFN-γ/Smad7 signaling pathways. Bioengineered 2022; 13:9357-9368. [PMID: 35387552 PMCID: PMC9161976 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2054224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis resulting from chronic liver injuries (CLI) is a common health problem globally. Guizhi Fuling pill (GZFL), a modern preparation from traditional Chinese medicine, exhibited anti-dysmenorrhea, anti-inflammatory, and immune-regulative effects. However, the effect of GZFL on liver fibrosis remains unknown. In this research, LX-2 cells were stimulated with acetaldehyde for mimicking liver fibrosis progression in vitro. In addition, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced mouse model of liver fibrosis was established as well. The data revealed GZFL obviously suppressed the proliferation and triggered the apoptosis of acetaldehyde-stimulated LX-2 cells. In addition, GZFL prevented acetaldehyde-induced activation of LX-2 cells via downregulation of TGF-β1, p-Smad2, p-Smad3, CUGBP1, and upregulation of p-STAT1 and Smad7. Meanwhile, GZFL significantly alleviated CCl4‑induced liver fibrosis, as evidenced by the decrease of ALT and AST levels. Moreover, GZFL downregulated the expressions of TGF-β1, p-Smad2, p-Smad3, and CUGBP1 in CCl4-treated mice. Furthermore, GZFL remarkably elevated the levels of IFN-γ, p-STAT1, and Smad7 in CCl4-treated mice. To sum up, GZFL was able to inhibit liver fibrosis in vitro and in vivo through suppressing TGF-β1/Smad2/3-CUGBP1 signaling and activating IFN-γ/STAT1/Smad7 signaling. Thus, GZFL might have a potential to act as a therapeutic agent for anti-fibrotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongliang Liu
- Department of Oncology, Zhoushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Affiliated to Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Zhoushan, P.R. China
| | - Baogui Xu
- School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Yaping Ding
- Department of Nutrition, Zhoushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Affiliated to Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Zhoushan, P.R. China
| | - Xianjun Ding
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhoushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Affiliated to Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Zhoushan, P.R. China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhoushan Hospital, P.R. China
| | - Zuisu Yang
- School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
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Jiang Y, Xi Y, Li Y, Zuo Z, Zeng C, Fan J, Zhang D, Tao H, Guo Y. Ethanol promoting the upregulation of C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 1(CXCL1) and C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 6(CXCL6) in models of early alcoholic liver disease. Bioengineered 2022; 13:4688-4701. [PMID: 35156518 PMCID: PMC8973977 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2030557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) denotes a series of liver diseases caused by ethanol. Recently, immune-related genes (IRGs) play increasingly crucial role in diseases. However, it’s unclear the role of IRGs in ALD. Bioinformatic analysis was used to discern the core immune-related differential genes (IRDGs) in the present study. Subsequently, Cell Counting Kit-8 say, oil red O staining, and triglyceride detection were employed to explore optimal experimental conditions of establishing hepatocellular models of early ALD. Ultimately, real-time reverse transcription-PCR and immunohistochemistry/immunocytochemistry methods were adopted to verify the expressions of mRNA and proteins of core IRDGs, respectively. C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 1 (Cxcl1) and Cxcl6 were regarded as core IRDGs via integrated bioinformatics analysis. Besides, Lieber Decarli Ethanol feeding and 200 mM and 300 mM ethanol stimulating L02 cells for 36 h can both successfully hepatocellular model. In ethanol groups, the levels of CXCL1 and CXCL6 mRNA were significantly upregulated than pair-fed groups (P < 0.0001). Also, immunohistochemistry revealed that positive particles of CXCL1 and CXCL6 in mice model of early ALD were obviously more than control groups (P < 0.0001). Besides, in L02 hepatocytes stimulated by ethanol, CXCL1 and CXCL6 mRNA were over-expressed, compared with normal L02 cells (P < 0.0001). Meanwhile, immunocytochemistry indicated that CXCL1 and CXCL6 proteins in hepatocellular model of early ALD were higher than normal L02 hepatocytes stimulus (P < 0.0001). Ethanol promoted the upregulation of Cxcl1 and Cxcl6 mRNA and proteins in models of early ALD, denoting their potentiality of acting as biomarkers of ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Jiang
- Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yuge Xi
- Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yiqin Li
- Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zhihua Zuo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Chuyi Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jia Fan
- Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Hualin Tao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yongcan Guo
- Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Gao J, Hao Y, Piao X, Gu X. Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 as a Therapeutic Target in Oxidative Stress-Related Diseases: Post-Translational Modifications Deserve More Attention. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052682. [PMID: 35269824 PMCID: PMC8910853 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) has both dehydrogenase and esterase activity; its dehydrogenase activity is closely related to the metabolism of aldehydes produced under oxidative stress (OS). In this review, we recapitulate the enzyme activity of ALDH2 in combination with its protein structure, summarize and show the main mechanisms of ALDH2 participating in metabolism of aldehydes in vivo as comprehensively as possible; we also integrate the key regulatory mechanisms of ALDH2 participating in a variety of physiological and pathological processes related to OS, including tissue and organ fibrosis, apoptosis, aging, and nerve injury-related diseases. On this basis, the regulatory effects and application prospects of activators, inhibitors, and protein post-translational modifications (PTMs, such as phosphorylation, acetylation, S-nitrosylation, nitration, ubiquitination, and glycosylation) on ALDH2 are discussed and prospected. Herein, we aimed to lay a foundation for further research into the mechanism of ALDH2 in oxidative stress-related disease and provide a basis for better use of the ALDH2 function in research and the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.G.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yue Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.G.); (Y.H.)
| | - Xiangshu Piao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Xianhong Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.G.); (Y.H.)
- Correspondence:
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Zhu Y, Wang X, Zhu L, Tu Y, Chen W, Gong L, Pan T, Lin H, Lin J, Sun H, Ge Y, Wei L, Guo Y, Lu C, Chen Y, Xu L. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG combined with inosine ameliorates alcohol-induced liver injury through regulation of intestinal barrier and Treg/Th1 cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 439:115923. [PMID: 35176292 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.115923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal epithelial barrier disruption and bacterial translocation exacerbates the progression of alcoholic liver disease. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), a probiotic, has been shown benefits in chronic liver disease and in regulating gut dysbiosis. Previous studies showed the protective roles of LGG in ethanol-disrupted gut barrier functions and liver injury. Inosine, a metabolite produced by intestinal bacteria, has the anti-inflammatory and immunregulatory functions. In this study, the synergistic effect of LGG and inosine was investigated in a mouse model of alcohol-induced liver disease (ALD). METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice were fed with a Lieber-DeCarli diet containing 5% alcohol for four weeks to establish a model of alcohol-induced liver injury. LGG or a combination of LGG and inosine were administrated orally to explore a new therapeutic method for alcohol-induced liver disease and to investigate the underlying mechanisms. Liver damage was evaluated by transaminases and pathological changes. Tight junction proteins, composition of the gut microbiome, cytokines, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), F4/80+ macrophages, as well as p38, Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), were determined by qRT-PCR, RNAseq, ELISA, IHC and western blot. Regulatory T (Treg) cells were characterized by positive staining of CD4, CD25 and Foxp3 using flow cytometry. IFN-γ-producing CD4+ T (Th1) cells were examined by intracellular cytokine staining. RESULTS Alcohol consumption induced elevated liver enzymes, steatosis and inflammation, while LGG combined with inosine treatment was more significant to ameliorate these symptoms compared with LGG alone. When LGG combined with inosine were administered to ALD mice, intestinal microecology significantly improved reflected by intestinal villi and tight junction proteins recovery and the restoration of intestinal flora. Combined therapy inhibited phosphorylation of p38 and JNK to alleviate hepatic inflammation. Moreover, flow cytometry analysis showed that long-term excessive alcohol consumption reduced Tregs population while increased Th1 population, which was restored by a combination of LGG and inosine treatment. CONCLUSIONS The findings from the study indicate that the combined LGG and inosine treatment ameliorates ALD by improving the gut ecosystem, intestinal barrier function, immune homeostasis and liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and liver Diseases, Ningbo Medical Centre Lihuili Hospital, Affiliated Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo Institute of Innovation for Combined Medicine and Engineering, Ningbo 315040, China; Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325025, China
| | - Xiaozhi Wang
- Department of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Mindong Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian 355000, China
| | - Lujian Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325025, China
| | - Yulu Tu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325025, China
| | - Wanting Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and liver Diseases, Ningbo Medical Centre Lihuili Hospital, Affiliated Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo Institute of Innovation for Combined Medicine and Engineering, Ningbo 315040, China
| | - Lingwen Gong
- Department of Infectious Diseases and liver Diseases, Ningbo Medical Centre Lihuili Hospital, Affiliated Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo Institute of Innovation for Combined Medicine and Engineering, Ningbo 315040, China
| | - Tongtong Pan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325025, China
| | - Hongwei Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325025, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325025, China
| | - Huiling Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Liver Diseases, Lishui City People's Hospital, Lishui 323020, China
| | - Yuli Ge
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Liver Diseases, Lishui City People's Hospital, Lishui 323020, China
| | - Li Wei
- Department of Infectious Diseases and liver Diseases, Ningbo Medical Centre Lihuili Hospital, Affiliated Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo Institute of Innovation for Combined Medicine and Engineering, Ningbo 315040, China
| | - Yu Guo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and liver Diseases, Ningbo Medical Centre Lihuili Hospital, Affiliated Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo Institute of Innovation for Combined Medicine and Engineering, Ningbo 315040, China
| | - Caide Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Ningbo Medical Centre Lihuili Hospital, Affiliated Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315040, China.
| | - Yongping Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325025, China.
| | - Lanman Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and liver Diseases, Ningbo Medical Centre Lihuili Hospital, Affiliated Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo Institute of Innovation for Combined Medicine and Engineering, Ningbo 315040, China; Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325025, China.
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Lv XF, Zhang AQ, Liu WQ, Zhao M, Li J, He L, Cheng L, Sun YF, Qin G, Lu P, Ji YH, Ji JL. Liver injury changes the biological characters of serum small extracellular vesicles and reprograms hepatic macrophages in mice. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:7509-7529. [PMID: 34887646 PMCID: PMC8613741 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i43.7509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) and their small RNA (sRNA) cargoes could be promising biomarkers for the diagnosis of liver injury. However, the dynamic changes in serum sEVs and their sRNA components during liver injury have not been well characterized. Given that hepatic macrophages can quickly clear intravenously injected sEVs, the effect of liver injury-related serum sEVs on hepatic macrophages deserves to be explored.
AIM To identify the characteristics of serum sEVs and the sRNAs during liver injury and explore their effects on hepatic macrophages.
METHODS To identify serum sEV biomarkers for liver injury, we established a CCL4-induced mouse liver injury model in C57BL/6 mice to simulate acute liver injury (ALI), chronic liver injury (CLI) and recovery. Serum sEVs were obtained and characterized by transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis. Serum sEV sRNAs were profiled by sRNA sequencing. Differentially expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) were compared to mouse liver-enriched miRNAs and previously reported circulating miRNAs related to human liver diseases. The biological significance was evaluated by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of altered sEV miRNAs and conditioned cultures of ALI serum sEVs with primary hepatic macrophages.
RESULTS We found that both ALI and CLI changed the concentration and morphology of serum sEVs. The proportion of serum sEV miRNAs increased upon liver injury, with the liver as the primary contributor. The altered serum sEV miRNAs based on mouse studies were consistent with human liver disease-related circulating miRNAs. We established serum sEV miRNA signatures for ALI and CLI and a panel of miRNAs (miR-122-5p, miR-192-5p, and miR-22-3p) as a common marker for liver injury. The differential serum sEV miRNAs in ALI contributed mainly to liver steatosis and inflammation, while those in CLI contributed primarily to hepatocellular carcinoma and hyperplasia. ALI serum sEVs decreased both CD86 and CD206 expression in monocyte-derived macrophages but increased CD206 expression in resident macrophages in vitro.
CONCLUSION Serum sEVs acquired different concentrations, sizes, morphologies and sRNA contents upon liver injury and could change the phenotype of liver macrophages. Serum sEVs therefore have good diagnostic and therapeutic potential for liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Fang Lv
- Department of Pathology, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Microenvironment and Translational Cancer Research, Science and Technology Bureau of Nantong City, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - An-Qi Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Microenvironment and Translational Cancer Research, Science and Technology Bureau of Nantong City, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei-Qi Liu
- Department of Pathology, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Microenvironment and Translational Cancer Research, Science and Technology Bureau of Nantong City, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Microenvironment and Translational Cancer Research, Science and Technology Bureau of Nantong City, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Pathology, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Li He
- Department of Pathology, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Southeast University Medical College, Jiangyin 214400, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu-Feng Sun
- Department of Pathology, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Microenvironment and Translational Cancer Research, Science and Technology Bureau of Nantong City, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Gang Qin
- Nantong Institute of Liver Diseases, Nantong Third People’s Hospital, Nantong University, Nantong 226006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Peng Lu
- Department of Pathology, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Microenvironment and Translational Cancer Research, Science and Technology Bureau of Nantong City, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu-Hua Ji
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Immunology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ju-Ling Ji
- Department of Pathology, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Microenvironment and Translational Cancer Research, Science and Technology Bureau of Nantong City, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
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Tsai HY, Hsu YJ, Lu CY, Tsai MC, Hung WC, Chen PC, Wang JC, Hsu LA, Yeh YH, Chu P, Tsai SH. Pharmacological Activation Of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 Protects Against Heatstroke-Induced Acute Lung Injury by Modulating Oxidative Stress and Endothelial Dysfunction. Front Immunol 2021; 12:740562. [PMID: 34764958 PMCID: PMC8576434 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.740562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heatstroke (HS) can cause acute lung injury (ALI). Heat stress induces inflammation and apoptosis via reactive oxygen species (ROS) and endogenous reactive aldehydes. Endothelial dysfunction also plays a crucial role in HS-induced ALI. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is a mitochondrial enzyme that detoxifies aldehydes such as 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) protein adducts. A single point mutation in ALDH2 at E487K (ALDH2*2) intrinsically lowers the activity of ALDH2. Alda-1, an ALDH2 activator, attenuates the formation of 4-HNE protein adducts and ROS in several disease models. We hypothesized that ALDH2 can protect against heat stress-induced vascular inflammation and the accumulation of ROS and toxic aldehydes. Homozygous ALDH2*2 knock-in (KI) mice on a C57BL/6J background and C57BL/6J mice were used for the animal experiments. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used for the in vitro experiment. The mice were directly subjected to whole-body heating (WBH, 42°C) for 1 h at 80% relative humidity. Alda-1 (16 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally prior to WBH. The severity of ALI was assessed by analyzing the protein levels and cell counts in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, the wet/dry ratio and histology. ALDH2*2 KI mice were susceptible to HS-induced ALI in vivo. Silencing ALDH2 induced 4-HNE and ROS accumulation in HUVECs subjected to heat stress. Alda-1 attenuated the heat stress-induced activation of inflammatory pathways, senescence and apoptosis in HUVECs. The lung homogenates of mice pretreated with Alda-1 exhibited significantly elevated ALDH2 activity and decreased ROS accumulation after WBH. Alda-1 significantly decreased the WBH-induced accumulation of 4-HNE and p65 and p38 activation. Here, we demonstrated the crucial roles of ALDH2 in protecting against heat stress-induced ROS production and vascular inflammation and preserving the viability of ECs. The activation of ALDH2 by Alda-1 attenuates WBH-induced ALI in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Ya Tsai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Juei Hsu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Heat Stroke, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yo Lu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Min-Chien Tsai
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chu Hung
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chuan Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Chun Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lung-An Hsu
- Cardiovascular Department, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital and School of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsin Yeh
- Cardiovascular Department, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital and School of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Pauling Chu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Heat Stroke, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hung Tsai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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Ethanol-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Alcohol Metabolism Regulation by GABA-Enriched Fermented Smilax china Root Extract in Rats. Foods 2021; 10:foods10102381. [PMID: 34681429 PMCID: PMC8535858 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic alcohol consumption can cause hepatic injury and alcohol-induced toxicities. Extracts from Smilax china root have been widely used in traditional medicine and for their potential pharmacological benefits. We aimed to determine if fermented Smilax china extract (FSC) regulates alcoholic fatty liver and liver injury using two in vivo experiments. Sprague-Dawley rats were administered ethanol (3 g/kg b.w.; po) with or without FSC pretreatment to induce an acute hangover. In another experiment, rats were fed either a normal or Lieber-DeCarli ethanol (6.7%) diet with or without FSC pretreatment (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg b.w.; po) for 28 days. Serum biomarkers, liver histopathology, and the mRNA levels of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, lipogenic, and lipolytic genes were analyzed. FSC pretreatment significantly reduced blood alcohol and acetaldehyde concentrations, upregulated the mRNA expression of alcohol dehydrogenase, aldehyde dehydrogenase, and superoxide dismutase, and decreased the activities of liver enzymes in a dose-dependent manner. It also downregulated SERBP-1c and upregulated PPAR-α and reduced the gene expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 in the liver. The final extract after fermentation had increased GABA content. Furthermore, FSC was found to be safe with no acute oral toxicity in female rats. Thus, FSC increases alcohol metabolism and exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects to induce hepatoprotection against alcohol-induced damage. It may be used as a functional food ingredient after excess alcohol consumption.
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Yue R, Chen GY, Xie G, Hao L, Guo W, Sun X, Jia W, Zhang Q, Zhou Z, Zhong W. Activation of PPARα-catalase pathway reverses alcoholic liver injury via upregulating NAD synthesis and accelerating alcohol clearance. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 174:249-263. [PMID: 34390780 PMCID: PMC8437058 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol metabolism in the liver simultaneously generates toxic metabolites and disrupts redox balance, but the regulatory mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. The study aimed to characterize the role of PPARα in alcohol detoxification. Hepatic PPARα and catalase levels were examined in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis. Mouse studies were conducted to determine the effect of PPARα reactivation by Wy14,643 on alcoholic hepatotoxicity and how catalase is involved in mediating such effects. Cell culture study was conducted to determine the effect of hydrogen peroxide on cellular NAD levels. We found that the protein levels of PPARα and catalase were significantly reduced in the livers of patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis. PPARα reactivation by Wy14,643 effectively reversed alcohol-induced liver damage in mice. Global and targeted metabolites analysis revealed a fundamental role of PPARα in regulating the tryptophan-NAD pathway. Notably, PPARα activation completely switched alcohol metabolism from the CYP2E1 pathway to the catalase pathway along with accelerated alcohol clearance. Catalase knockout mice were incompetent in alcohol metabolism and hydrogen peroxide clearance and were more susceptible to alcohol-induced liver injury. Hydrogen peroxide-treated hepatocytes had a reduced size of cellular NAD pool. These data demonstrate a key role of PPARα in regulating hepatic alcohol detoxification. Catalase-mediated hydrogen peroxide removal represents an underlying mechanism of how PPARα preserves the NAD pool. The study provides a new angle of view about the PPARα-catalase pathway in combating alcohol toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruichao Yue
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Guan-Yuan Chen
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Guoxiang Xie
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes, Mellitus and Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Liuyi Hao
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Wei Guo
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Xinguo Sun
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Wei Jia
- Hong Kong Traditional Chinese Medicine Phenome Research Centre, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Qibin Zhang
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA; Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Zhanxiang Zhou
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA; Department of Nutrition, and University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Wei Zhong
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA; Department of Nutrition, and University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA.
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Im PK, Millwood IY, Kartsonaki C, Guo Y, Chen Y, Turnbull I, Yu C, Du H, Pei P, Lv J, Walters RG, Li L, Yang L, Chen Z. Alcohol drinking and risks of liver cancer and non-neoplastic chronic liver diseases in China: a 10-year prospective study of 0.5 million adults. BMC Med 2021; 19:216. [PMID: 34530818 PMCID: PMC8447782 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-021-02079-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol consumption is an important risk factor for hepatic neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases. Questions remain, however, about the relevance to disease risk of drinking patterns and alcohol tolerability, which differ appreciably between Chinese and Western populations. METHODS The prospective China Kadoorie Biobank included 512,715 adults (41% men) aged 30-79 years recruited from ten areas during 2004-2008, recording alcohol intake, drinking patterns, and other characteristics. After median 10 years' follow-up, 2531 incident liver cancer, 2040 liver cirrhosis, 260 alcoholic liver disease (ALD), and 1262 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) cases were recorded among 492,643 participants without prior cancer or chronic liver disease at baseline. Cox regression was used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HR) relating alcohol intake and drinking patterns to each disease. RESULTS Overall, 33% of men and 2% of women drank alcohol regularly (i.e. at least weekly) at baseline. Among male current regular drinkers, alcohol consumption showed positive dose-response associations with risks of several major chronic liver diseases, with HRs per 280 g/week (i.e. around four drinks/day) higher usual alcohol intake of 1.44 (95% CI 1.23-1.69) for liver cancer (n = 547), 1.83 (1.60-2.09) for liver cirrhosis (n = 388), 2.01 (1.77-2.28) for ALD (n = 200), 1.71 (1.35-2.16) for NAFLD (n = 198), and 1.52 (1.40-1.64) for total liver disease (n = 1775). The association with ALD appeared stronger among men reporting flushing (i.e., with low alcohol tolerance). After adjustment for the total amount of weekly alcohol consumption, daily drinkers had significantly increased risk of ALD (2.15, 1.40-3.31) compared with non-daily drinkers, and drinking without meals was associated with significantly greater risks of liver cancer (1.32, 1.01-1.72), liver cirrhosis (1.37, 1.02-1.85), and ALD (1.60, 1.09-2.33) compared with drinking with meals. Female current regular drinkers had significantly higher risk of ALD, but not other liver diseases, than female abstainers. CONCLUSIONS In Chinese men, alcohol intake was associated with significantly increased risks of several major chronic liver diseases, and certain drinking patterns (e.g. drinking daily, drinking without meals) may further exacerbate the disease risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pek Kei Im
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Iona Y Millwood
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (MRC PHRU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK.
| | - Christiana Kartsonaki
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (MRC PHRU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Yu Guo
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiping Chen
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (MRC PHRU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Iain Turnbull
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Canqing Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Huaidong Du
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (MRC PHRU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Pei Pei
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Lv
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Robin G Walters
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (MRC PHRU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Liming Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (MRC PHRU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK.
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (MRC PHRU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
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40
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Kang H, Kim MB, Park YK, Lee JY. A mouse model of the regression of alcoholic hepatitis: Monitoring the regression of hepatic steatosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and NAD + metabolism upon alcohol withdrawal. J Nutr Biochem 2021; 99:108852. [PMID: 34525389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a well-characterized mouse model of alcoholic hepatitis (AH) regression. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a Lieber-DeCarli (LD) control diet or LD containing 5% ethanol for ten days followed by one binge, which is the chronic-binge model of AH developed by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. To determine AH regression, mice previously exposed to ethanol were put on LD control diet and metabolic and inflammatory features were monitored weekly for three weeks. Serum alcohol, total cholesterol, and alanine transaminase levels were increased in ethanol-fed mice, which declined to those of no ethanol controls within one and three weeks after ethanol withdrawal, respectively. Serum malondialdehyde was increased with ethanol feeding, but it was restored to no ethanol control levels within one week. Ethanol-induced changes in the hepatic expression of genes involved in lipogenesis, fatty acid oxidation, ethanol metabolism, and antioxidant response were restored to those of no ethanol controls after 3 weeks of ethanol withdrawal. Also, ethanol-induced hepatic inflammation was gradually decreased during the 3 weeks of ethanol withdrawal. Hepatic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels and the expression of enzymes involved in the NAD+ salvage pathway were decreased by ethanol feeding, which was mitigated after ethanol withdrawal. Ethanol significantly lowered hepatic sirtuin 1 expression, but its levels were restored with ethanol cessation. This study established a mouse model of AH regression, which can be used as a preclinical model to study the potential of dietary bioactives or therapeutic agents on AH regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunju Kang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mi-Bo Kim
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Young-Ki Park
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.
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El Ayadi A, Salsbury JR, Enkhbaatar P, Herndon DN, Ansari NH. Metal chelation attenuates oxidative stress, inflammation, and vertical burn progression in a porcine brass comb burn model. Redox Biol 2021; 45:102034. [PMID: 34139550 PMCID: PMC8218731 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation may mediate cellular damage and tissue destruction as the burn wound continues to progress after the abatement of the initial insult. Since iron and calcium ions play key roles in oxidative stress, this study tested whether topical application of a metal chelator proprietary lotion (Livionex Formulation (LF) lotion), that contains disodium EDTA as a metal chelator and methyl sulfonyl methane (MSM) as a permeability enhancer, would prevent progression or reduce burn wound severity in a porcine model. We have reported earlier that in a rat burn model, LF lotion reduces thermal injury progression. Here, we used the porcine brass comb burn model that closely mimics the human condition for contact burns and applied LF lotion every 8 h starting 15 min after the injury. We found that LF lotion reduces the depth of cell death as assessed by TUNEL staining and blood vessel blockage in the treated burn sites and interspaces. The protein expression of pro-inflammatory markers IL-6, TNF-a, and TNFα Converting Enzyme (TACE), and lipid aldehyde production (protein-HNE) was reduced with LF treatment. LF lotion reversed the burn-induced decrease in the aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH-1) expression in the burn sites and interspaces. These data show that a topically applied EDTA-containing lotion protects both vertical and horizontal burn progression when applied after thermal injury. Curbing burn wound conversion and halting the progression of second partial burn to third-degree full-thickness burn remains challenging when it comes to burn treatment strategies during the acute phase. Burn wound conversion can be reduced with targeted treatments to attenuate the oxidative and inflammatory response in the immediate aftermath of the injury. Our studies suggest that LF lotion could be such a targeted treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina El Ayadi
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555-0647, USA.
| | - John R Salsbury
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555-0647, USA
| | - Perenlei Enkhbaatar
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555-0647, USA
| | - David N Herndon
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555-0647, USA
| | - Naseem H Ansari
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555-0647, USA
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Shuai C, Xia GQ, Yuan F, Wang S, Lv XW. CD39-mediated ATP-adenosine signalling promotes hepatic stellate cell activation and alcoholic liver disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 905:174198. [PMID: 34033815 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CD39 is associated with diverse physiological and pathological processes, including cell proliferation and differentiation. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is hydrolysed to adenosine by different enzymes including ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1/ENTPD1 (CD39) and ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73), regulating many physiological and pathological processes in various diseases, but these changes and functions in alcoholic liver disease are generally unknown. In this study, an alcoholic liver disease model in vivo was induced by ethanol plus carbon tetrachloride(CCl4) administered to C57BL/6 mice, who were the intraperitoneally injected with the CD39 inhibitor sodium polyoxotungstate (POM1) or colchicine from the 5th week to the 8th week. Meanwhile, hepatic stellate cells were stimulated by acetaldehyde to replicate alcoholic liver fibrosis models in vitro. Exogenous ATP and POM1 were added in turn to the culture system. Pharmacological blockade of CD39 largely prevents liver damage and collagen deposition. We found that blockade or silencing of CD39 prevented acetaldehyde-induced proliferation of HSC-T6 cells and the expression of fibrogenic factors. Moreover, blockade or silencing of CD39 could block the activation of the adenosine A2A and adenosine A2B receptors and the TGF-β/Smad3 pathway, which are essential events in HSC activation. Thus, blockade of CD39 to inhibit the transduction of ATP to adenosine may prevent HSC activation, alleviating alcoholic hepatic fibrosis. The findings from this study suggest ATP-adenosine signalling is a novel therapeutic and preventive target for alcoholic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Shuai
- Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, China
| | - Guo-Qing Xia
- Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, China
| | - Fei Yuan
- Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Yijishan Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241001, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xiong-Wen Lv
- Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, China.
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Acetaldehyde exposure underlies functional defects in monocytes induced by excessive alcohol consumption. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13690. [PMID: 34211048 PMCID: PMC8249592 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93086-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased intestinal permeability and hepatic macrophage activation by endotoxins are involved in alcohol-induced liver injury pathogenesis. Long-term alcohol exposure conversely induces endotoxin immune tolerance; however, the precise mechanism and reversibility are unclear. Seventy-two alcohol-dependent patients with alcohol dehydrogenase-1B (ADH1B, rs1229984) and aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2, rs671) gene polymorphisms admitted for alcohol abstinence were enrolled. Blood and fecal samples were collected on admission and 4 weeks after alcohol cessation and were sequentially analyzed. Wild-type and ALDH2*2 transgenic mice were used to examine the effect of acetaldehyde exposure on liver immune responses. The productivity of inflammatory cytokines of peripheral CD14+ monocytes in response to LPS stimulation was significantly suppressed in alcohol dependent patients on admission relative to that in healthy controls, which was partially restored by alcohol abstinence with little impact on the gut microbiota composition. Notably, immune suppression was associated with ALDH2/ADH1B gene polymorphisms, and patients with a combination of ALDH2*1/*2 and ADH1B*2 genotypes, the most acetaldehyde-exposed group, demonstrated a deeply suppressed phenotype, suggesting a direct role of acetaldehyde. In vitro LPS and malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde adducted protein stimulation induced direct cytotoxicity on monocytes derived from healthy controls, and a second LPS stimulation suppressed the inflammatory cytokines production. Consistently, hepatic macrophages of ethanol-administered ALDH2*2 transgenic mice exhibited suppressed inflammatory cytokines production in response to LPS compared to that in wild-type mice, reinforcing the contribution of acetaldehyde to liver macrophage function. These results collectively provide new perspectives on the systemic influence of excessive alcohol consumption based on alcohol-metabolizing enzyme genetic polymorphisms.
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Hao L, Zhong W, Sun X, Zhou Z. TLR9 Signaling Protects Alcohol-Induced Hepatic Oxidative Stress but Worsens Liver Inflammation in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:709002. [PMID: 34262465 PMCID: PMC8273378 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.709002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-Like Receptor 9 (TLR9) elicits cellular response to nucleic acids derived from pathogens or dead cells. Previous studies have shown that TLR9-driven response may lead to differential impact on the pathogenesis of liver diseases. This study aimed to determine how TLR9 may contribute to chronic alcohol exposure-induced liver pathogenesis. We observed that TLR9 KO mice were more susceptible to alcohol-induced liver injury, which was evidenced by higher serum ALT/AST levels and more lipid accumulation in alcohol-fed TLR9 KO mice than wild-type mice. Alcohol-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction were also exacerbated by TLR9 KO. We found that chronic alcohol exposure-induced hepatic CHOP and ATF6 activation were enhanced in TLR9 KO mice. By using primary hepatocytes and AML-12 cells, we confirmed that TLR9 activation by CpG ODN administration significantly ameliorated acetaldehyde-induced cell injury via suppressing ATF6-CHOP signaling. By using STAT3 knockdown AML12 cells, we showed that TLR9-mediated STAT3 activation inhibited ATF6-CHOP signaling cascade and thereby protecting against acetaldehyde-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and cell injury. Interestingly, we found that TLR9 KO mice ameliorate chronic alcohol exposure-induced CXCL1 induction and neutrophils infiltration in the liver. Furthermore, hepatocyte lack of STAT3 significantly ameliorated CpG ODN and LPS-increased CXCL1 levels in hepatocytes. Overall, our data demonstrate that TLR9 signaling in hepatocytes counteracts alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity but worsens proinflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyi Hao
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Wei Zhong
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Kannapolis, NC, United States.,Department of Nutrition, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Xinguo Sun
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Zhanxiang Zhou
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Kannapolis, NC, United States.,Department of Nutrition, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Kannapolis, NC, United States
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Protopapas AA, Cholongitas E, Chrysavgis L, Tziomalos K. Alcohol consumption in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: yes, or no? Ann Gastroenterol 2021; 34:476-486. [PMID: 34276185 PMCID: PMC8276351 DOI: 10.20524/aog.2021.0641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive alcohol intake is an established risk factor for chronic liver disease. At the same time, moderate alcohol intake appears to reduce cardiovascular morbidity. Accordingly, recommendations for alcohol intake in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), who are at increased risk for liver-related and cardiovascular events, are a point of debate. Some studies have shown beneficial effects of alcohol on cardiovascular and overall mortality in this specific subset of patients. Nonetheless, even light alcohol intake appears to aggravate liver disease and increase the risk of hepatocellular cancer. Therefore, patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis or advanced fibrosis should be advised against consuming alcohol. On the other hand, only light alcohol consumption (<10 g/day) might be permitted in patients without significant hepatic fibrosis, provided that they are carefully followed-up. As the research field focusing on NAFLD keeps widening, more prospective studies regarding this specific subject are expected, and may provide a basis for less ambiguous recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adonis A Protopapas
- First Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (Adonis A. Protopapas, Konstantinos Tziomalos)
| | - Evangelos Cholongitas
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (Evangelos Cholongitas, Lampros Chrysavgis), Greece
| | - Lampros Chrysavgis
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (Evangelos Cholongitas, Lampros Chrysavgis), Greece
| | - Konstantinos Tziomalos
- First Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (Adonis A. Protopapas, Konstantinos Tziomalos)
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Hyun J, Han J, Lee C, Yoon M, Jung Y. Pathophysiological Aspects of Alcohol Metabolism in the Liver. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115717. [PMID: 34071962 PMCID: PMC8197869 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a globally prevalent chronic liver disease caused by chronic or binge consumption of alcohol. The liver is the major organ that metabolizes alcohol; therefore, it is particularly sensitive to alcohol intake. Metabolites and byproducts generated during alcohol metabolism cause liver damage, leading to ALD via several mechanisms, such as impairing lipid metabolism, intensifying inflammatory reactions, and inducing fibrosis. Despite the severity of ALD, the development of novel treatments has been hampered by the lack of animal models that fully mimic human ALD. To overcome the current limitations of ALD studies and therapy development, it is necessary to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying alcohol-induced liver injury. Hence, to provide insights into the progression of ALD, this review examines previous studies conducted on alcohol metabolism in the liver. There is a particular focus on the occurrence of ALD caused by hepatotoxicity originating from alcohol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongeun Hyun
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea;
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
- Department of Regenerative Dental Medicine, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Jinsol Han
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Korea; (J.H.); (C.L.)
| | - Chanbin Lee
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Korea; (J.H.); (C.L.)
| | - Myunghee Yoon
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Korea;
| | - Youngmi Jung
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Korea; (J.H.); (C.L.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-51-510-2262
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Wang W, Cao Z, Liang H, Zhao C, Gong B, Hu J. Effect of low-dose ethanol on NLRP3 inflammasome in diabetes-induced lung injury. Exp Anim 2021; 70:364-371. [PMID: 33814530 PMCID: PMC8390306 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.20-0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To observe the changes in NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in a rat model of diabetes-induced lung injury, and investigate the effect of low-dose ethanol on the production of NLRP3 inflammasome. The type I diabetic mellitus (DM) rat model was established, and the rats were divided into four groups: normal control group (CON group), low-dose ethanol group (EtOH group), diabetes group (DM group) and DM+EtOH group. The rats were fed for 6 and 12 weeks, respectively. The ratio of lung wet weight/body weight (lung/body coefficient) was calculated, and the changes of pulmonary morphology and fibrosis were observed by HE and Masson staining. The changes in pulmonary ultra-structure were examined by electron microscopy. The expressions of mitochondrial acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) and NLRP3 inflammasome key factors, NLRP3, ASC and caspase-1 proteins were detected by western blot. Compared with the CON group, the lung/body coefficient was increased (P<0.05), lung fibrosis occurred, ALDH2 protein expression was decreased, and NLRP3, ASC and caspase-1 protein expressions were increased in the DM rats (P<0.05). Compared with the DM group, the lung/body coefficient and fibrosis degree were decreased, ALDH2 protein expression was increased (P<0.05), and NLRP3, ASC and caspase-1 protein expressions were decreased in the DM+EtOH group (P<0.05). Hence, low-dose ethanol increased ALDH2 protein expression and alleviated diabetes-induced lung injury by inhibiting the production of NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlian Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College; 287 Changhuai Road, Anhui 233004, P.R. China.,Department of Tuberculosis, the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 1-1 Zhongfu Road, Jiangsu 210000, P.R. China
| | - Zhenzhen Cao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College; 287 Changhuai Road, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
| | - Huan Liang
- Department of Physiology, Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Donghai Avenue, Anhui 233030, P.R. China.,Bengbu Medical College Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular Diseases, Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Donghai Avenue, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
| | - Chengling Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College; 287 Changhuai Road, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
| | - Beilei Gong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College; 287 Changhuai Road, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
| | - Junfeng Hu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College; 287 Changhuai Road, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
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The Effects of Systemic Use of Epigallocatechin Gallate in Thermal Injury Progression. Indian J Surg 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12262-021-02771-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor alleviates alcohol induced hepatic steatosis via activating Stat3-mediated autophagy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 550:197-203. [PMID: 33713857 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.02.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD) is induced by alcohol consumption and may progress to more severe liver diseases such as alcoholic steatohepatitis, fibrosis and cirrhosis, and even hepatocellular carcinoma. Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) participates in maintaining lipid homeostasis. However, the role of MANF in the pathogenesis of AFLD remains unclear. We established an AFLD mouse model following the US National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism procedure. Both mRNA and protein levels of MANF were significantly increased in the chronic binge alcohol feeding model. Liver-specific knockout of MANF aggravated hepatic lipid accumulation. Similarly, liver-specific overexpression of MANF alleviated AFLD in mouse livers. MANF affected hepatic lipid metabolism by modulating autophagy. The levels of LC3-II and Atg5-Atg12 were decreased in mouse livers with MANF liver-specific knockout and increased with MANF liver-specific overexpression. Furthermore, MANF changed the phosphorylation of Stat3 and its nuclear localization. MANF may have a protective role in the development of AFLD.
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Wang Q, Chang B, Li X, Zou Z. Role of ALDH2 in Hepatic Disorders: Gene Polymorphism and Disease Pathogenesis. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2021; 9:90-98. [PMID: 33604259 PMCID: PMC7868706 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2020.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is a key enzyme of alcohol metabolism and it is involved in the cellular mechanism of alcohol liver disease. ALDH2 gene mutations exist in about 8% of the world's population, with the incidence reaching 45% in East Asia. The mutations will result in impairment of enzyme activity and accumulation of acetaldehyde, facilitating the progression of other liver diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases, viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma, through adduct formation and inflammatory responses. In this review, we seek to summarize recent research progress on the correlation between ALDH2 gene polymorphism and multiple liver diseases, with an attempt to provide clues for better understanding of the disease mechanism and for strategy making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoling Wang
- Peking University, 302 Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Non-Infectious Liver Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Binxia Chang
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Non-Infectious Liver Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhengsheng Zou
- Peking University, 302 Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Non-Infectious Liver Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Correspondence to: Zhengsheng Zou, The Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Non-Infectious Liver Disease, The General Hospital of Chinese People’s Liberation Army No. 5 Medical Science Center, No. 100 Xisihuan Middle Road, Beijing 100039, China. E-mail:
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