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Yu C, Liu J, Sakurai R, Wang Y, Afrose L, Gour A, Sharma A, Chandan G, Rehan VK. Perinatal Nicotine Vaping Exposure Induces Pro-myofibroblastic Phenotype in Rat Bone Marrow-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Reprod Toxicol 2024:108673. [PMID: 39059775 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2024.108673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Perinatal nicotine exposure via tobacco smoking results in increased proclivity to chronic lung disease (CLD); however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain incompletely understood. We previously demonstrated that in addition to nicotine's direct effects on the developing lung, there are also adverse molecular alterations in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), which are vital to lung injury repair. Whether perinatal nicotine exposure via electronic-cigarette (e-cig) vaping also adversely affects BMSCs is unknown. This is highly relevant due to marked increase in e-cig vaping including by pregnant women. Hypothesizing that perinatal nicotine exposure via e-cig vaping predisposes BMSCs to a pro-myofibroblastic phenotype, pregnant rat dams were exposed to fresh air (control), vehicle (e-cig without nicotine), or e-cig (e-cig with nicotine) daily during pregnancy and lactation. At postnatal day 21, offspring BMSCs were isolated and studied for cell proliferation, migration, wound healing response, and expression of key Wnt and PPARγ signaling intermediates (β-catenin, LEF-1, PPARγ, ADRP and C/EBPα) and myogenic markers (fibronectin, αSMA, calponin) proteins using immunoblotting. Compared to controls, perinatal e-cig exposure resulted in significant decrease in BMSC proliferation, migration, and wound healing response. The expression of key Wnt signaling intermediates (β-catenin, LEF-1) and myogenic markers (fibronectin, αSMA, calponin) increased significantly, while PPARγ signaling intermediates (PPARγ, ADRP, and C/EBPα) decreased significantly. Based on these data, we conclude that perinatally e-cig exposed BMSCs demonstrate pro-myofibroblastic phenotype and impaired injury-repair potential, indicating a potentially similar susceptibility to CLD following perinatal nicotine exposure via vaping as seen following parenteral perinatal nicotine exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute of Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA, 90502, USA
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute of Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA, 90502, USA
| | - Reiko Sakurai
- Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute of Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA, 90502, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute of Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA, 90502, USA
| | - Leela Afrose
- Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute of Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA, 90502, USA
| | - Abhishek Gour
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Abhisheak Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Gourav Chandan
- Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute of Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA, 90502, USA
| | - Virender K Rehan
- Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute of Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA, 90502, USA.
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Li X, Yuan L, Wang F. Health outcomes of electronic cigarettes. Chin Med J (Engl) 2024:00029330-990000000-01135. [PMID: 38973260 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000003098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The usage of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) sparked an outbreak of unidentified vaping-related lung disease in the US during late 2019. With e-cigarettes becoming more and more popular, smokers have more options other than conventional cigarettes. Under these circumstances, a comprehensive evaluation of the general safety of new tobacco and tobacco-related products, represented by e-cigarettes, to human health is necessary. In this review, we summarize the current research on potential negative impacts of e-cigarette exposure on human health. In particular, studies detailing the relationship between e-cigarettes and the digestive system are summarized, with mechanisms mainly including hepatic metabolic dysfunction, impaired gut barrier, and worsened outcomes of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Although believed to be safer than traditional cigarettes, e-cigarettes exert adverse effects on systemic health and induce the development of multiple diseases containing asthma, cardiovascular disease, and IBD. Moreover, nicotine-containing e-cigarettes have a negative impact on the childhood development and increase the risk of arterial stiffness compared to the non-nicotine e-cigarettes. However, non-nicotine e-cigarette components have detrimental effects including promoting liver damage and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmeng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Non-resolving Inflammation and Cancer, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Lingzhi Yuan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Fen Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Non-resolving Inflammation and Cancer, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
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She D, Jiang S, Yuan S. Association between serum cotinine and hepatic steatosis and liver fibrosis in adolescent: a population-based study in the United States. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11424. [PMID: 38763979 PMCID: PMC11102917 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61771-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Tobacco exposure is known to be associated with a higher prevalence and incidence of liver diseases. Cotinine, a metabolite of nicotine, is a typical indicator of tobacco exposure. However, the relationship of serum cotinine levels with hepatic steatosis and liver fibrosis remains controversial and these relationships need more research to explored in American teenagers. Cross-sectional data included 1433 participants aged 12-19 from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2017 to 2020 were thoroughly used for this study. The linear relationships between serum cotinine levels and the Liver Stiffness Measurement (LSM) and Controlled Attenuation Parameter (CAP) were examined using multiple linear regression models. Subgroup analysis, interaction tests, and nonlinear interactions were also carried out. Serum cotinine levels > 2.99 ng/ml [β = 0.41 (0.07, 0.76), p = 0.018] and 0.05-2.99 ng/ml [β = 0.24 (0.00, 0.49), p = 0.048] showed a significant positive connection with LSM in multivariate linear regression analysis when compared to serum cotinine levels ≤ 0.05 ng/ml (p for trend = 0.006). Moreover, we discovered an inverted U-shaped association of log2-transformed cotinine with LSM with an inflection point of 4.53 using a two-stage linear regression model. However, according to multiple regression analysis, serum cotinine and CAP did not significantly correlate (p = 0.512). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that smoking cessation and keep away from secondhand smoking may beneficial for liver health in American teenagers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan She
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Shangming Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China.
| | - Siqi Yuan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
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Rivera JC, Espinoza-Derout J, Hasan KM, Molina-Mancio J, Martínez J, Lao CJ, Lee ML, Lee DL, Wilson J, Sinha-Hikim AP, Friedman TC. Hepatic steatosis induced by nicotine plus Coca-Cola™ is prevented by nicotinamide riboside (NR). Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1282231. [PMID: 38756999 PMCID: PMC11097688 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1282231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cigarettes containing nicotine (Nic) are a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. We reported that Nic delivered via injections or e-cigarette vapor led to hepatic steatosis in mice fed with a high-fat diet. High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is the main sweetener in sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) in the US. Increased consumption of SSBs with HFCS is associated with increased risks of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Nicotinamide riboside (NR) increases mitochondrial nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and protects mice against hepatic steatosis. This study evaluated if Nic plus Coca-Cola™ (Coke) with HFCS can cause hepatic steatosis and that can be protected by NR. Methods C57BL/6J mice received twice daily intraperitoneal (IP) injections of Nic or saline and were given Coke (HFCS), or Coke with sugar, and NR supplementation for 10 weeks. Results Our results show that Nic+Coke caused increased caloric intake and induced hepatic steatosis, and the addition of NR prevented these changes. Western blot analysis showed lipogenesis markers were activated (increased cleavage of the sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 [SREBP1c] and reduction of phospho-Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase [p-ACC]) in the Nic+Coke compared to the Sal+Water group. The hepatic detrimental effects of Nic+Coke were mediated by decreased NAD+ signaling, increased oxidative stress, and mitochondrial damage. NR reduced oxidative stress and prevented mitochondrial damage by restoring protein levels of Sirtuin1 (Sirt1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1) signaling. Conclusion We conclude that Nic+Coke has an additive effect on producing hepatic steatosis, and NR is protective. This study suggests concern for the development of NAFLD in subjects who consume nicotine and drink SSBs with HFCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Rivera
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jorge Espinoza-Derout
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kamrul M. Hasan
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jocelyn Molina-Mancio
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jason Martínez
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Candice J. Lao
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Martin L. Lee
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Biostatistics Department, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Desean L. Lee
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Julian Wilson
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Amiya P. Sinha-Hikim
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Theodore C. Friedman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Hernandez A, Belfleur L, Migaud M, Gassman NR. A tipping point in dihydroxyacetone exposure: mitochondrial stress and metabolic reprogramming alter survival in rat cardiomyocytes H9c2 cells. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 394:110991. [PMID: 38582340 PMCID: PMC11069339 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.110991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Exogenous exposures to the triose sugar dihydroxyacetone (DHA) occur from sunless tanning products and electronic cigarette aerosol. Once inhaled or absorbed, DHA enters cells, is converted to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), and incorporated into several metabolic pathways. Cytotoxic effects of DHA vary across the cell types depending on the metabolic needs of the cells, and differences in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell cycle arrest, and mitochondrial dysfunction have been reported. We have shown that cytotoxic doses of DHA induced metabolic imbalances in glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in liver and kidney cell models. Here, we examine the dose-dependent effects of DHA on the rat cardiomyocyte cell line, H9c2. Cells begin to experience cytotoxic effects at low millimolar doses, but an increase in cell survival was observed at 2 mM DHA. We confirmed that 2 mM DHA increased cell survival compared to the low cytotoxic 1 mM dose and investigated the metabolic differences between these two low DHA doses. Exposure to 1 mM DHA showed changes in the cell's fuel utilization, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), and transient changes in the glycolysis and mitochondrial energetics, which normalized 24 h after exposure. The 2 mM dose induced robust changes in mitochondrial flux through acetyl CoA and elevated expression of fatty acid synthase. Distinct from the 1 mM dose, the 2 mM exposure increased mitochondrial ROS and NAD(P)H levels, and sustained changes in LDHA/LDHB and acetyl CoA-associated enzymes were observed. Although the cells were exposed to low cytotoxic (1 mM) and non-cytotoxic (2 mM) acute doses of DHA, significant changes in mitochondrial metabolic pathways occurred. Further, the proliferation increase at the acute 2 mM DHA dose suggests a metabolic adaption occurred with sustained consequences in survival and proliferation. With increased exogenous exposure to DHA through e-cigarette aerosol, this work suggests cell metabolic changes induced by acute or potentially chronic exposures could impact cell function and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlet Hernandez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave S, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Luxene Belfleur
- Department of Pharmacology, Whiddon College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Ave, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA
| | - Marie Migaud
- Department of Pharmacology, Whiddon College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Ave, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA
| | - Natalie R Gassman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave S, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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Ali N, Xavier J, Engur M, Pv M, Bernardino de la Serna J. The impact of e-cigarette exposure on different organ systems: A review of recent evidence and future perspectives. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 457:131828. [PMID: 37320902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) is rapidly increasing worldwide and is promoted as a smoking cessation tool. The impact of traditional cigs on human health has been well-defined in both animal and human studies. In contrast, little is known about the adverse effects of e-cigs exposure on human health. This review summarizes the impact of e-cigs exposure on different organ systems based on the rapidly expanding recent evidence from experimental and human studies. A number of growing studies have shown the adverse effects of e-cigs exposure on various organ systems. The summarized data in this review indicate that while e-cigs use causes less adverse effects on different organs compared to traditional cigs, its long-term exposure may lead to serious health effects. Data on short-term organ effects are limited and there is no sufficient evidence on long-term organ effects. Moreover, the adverse effects of secondhand and third hand e-cigs vapour exposure have not been thoroughly investigated in previous studies. Although some studies demonstrated e-cigs used as a smoking cessation tool, there is a lack of strong evidence to support it. While some researchers suggested e-cigs as a safer alternative to tobacco smoking, their long-term exposure health effects remain largely unknown. Therefore, more epidemiological and prospective studies including mechanistic studies are needed to address the potential adverse health effects of e-cigs to draw a firm conclusion about their safe use. A wide variation in e-cigs products and the lack of standardized testing methods are the major barriers to evaluating the existing data. Specific regulatory guidelines for both e-cigs components and the manufacturing process may be effective to protect consumer health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurshad Ali
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh.
| | - Joseph Xavier
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Poojapura, Trivandrum 695012, Kerala, India.
| | - Melih Engur
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Mohanan Pv
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Poojapura, Trivandrum 695012, Kerala, India.
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Hasan KM, Parveen M, Pena A, Bautista F, Rivera JC, Huerta RR, Martinez E, Espinoza-Derout J, Sinha-Hikim AP, Friedman TC. Fatty Acid Excess Dysregulates CARF to Initiate the Development of Hepatic Steatosis. Cells 2023; 12:1069. [PMID: 37048142 PMCID: PMC10093423 DOI: 10.3390/cells12071069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CARF (CDKN2AIP) regulates cellular fate in response to various stresses. However, its role in metabolic stress is unknown. We found that fatty livers from mice exhibit low CARF expression. Similarly, overloaded palmitate inhibited CARF expression in HepG2 cells, suggesting that excess fat-induced stress downregulates hepatic CARF. In agreement with this, silencing and overexpressing CARF resulted in higher and lower fat accumulation in HepG2 cells, respectively. Furthermore, CARF overexpression lowered the ectopic palmitate accumulation in HepG2 cells. We were interested in understanding the role of hepatic CARF and underlying mechanisms in the development of NAFLD. Mechanistically, transcriptome analysis revealed that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and oxidative stress pathway genes significantly altered in the absence of CARF. IRE1α, GRP78, and CHOP, markers of ER stress, were increased, and the treatment with TUDCA, an ER stress inhibitor, attenuated fat accumulation in CARF-deficient cells. Moreover, silencing CARF caused a reduction of GPX3 and TRXND3, leading to oxidative stress and apoptotic cell death. Intriguingly, CARF overexpression in HFD-fed mice significantly decreased hepatic steatosis. Furthermore, overexpression of CARF ameliorated the aberrant ER function and oxidative stress caused by fat accumulation. Our results further demonstrated that overexpression of CARF alleviates HFD-induced insulin resistance assessed with ITT and GTT assay. Altogether, we conclude that excess fat-induced reduction of CARF dysregulates ER functions and lipid metabolism leading to hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamrul M. Hasan
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Meher Parveen
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Alondra Pena
- California State University Dominguez Hills, Carson, CA 90747, USA
| | | | - Juan Carlos Rivera
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Roxana Ramirez Huerta
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Erica Martinez
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Jorge Espinoza-Derout
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Amiya P. Sinha-Hikim
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Theodore C. Friedman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Han M, Jeong S, Song J, Park SJ, Min Lee C, Lee K, Park SM. Association between the dual use of electronic and conventional cigarettes and NAFLD status in Korean men. Tob Induc Dis 2023; 21:31. [PMID: 36844383 PMCID: PMC9951190 DOI: 10.18332/tid/159167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study investigated the association between smoking types, including dual use (usage of both combustible cigarettes and e-cigarettes), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) status in Korean men. METHODS Data from the 7th and 8th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2016-2020 were used. The presence of NAFLD was defined by the respective cut-off values for the Hepatic Steatosis Index (HSI), NAFLD Ridge Score (NRS), and Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey NAFLD score (KNS). Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to determine the associations between smoking types and NAFLD as determined by HSI, NRS, and KNS. RESULTS After adjustment for confounders, an independent association was observed between dual use and NAFLD (HSI: AOR=1.47; 95% CI: 1.08-1.99, p=0.014; NRS: AOR=2.21; 95% CI: 1.70-2.86, p=0.000; KNS: AOR=1.35; 95% CI: 1.01-1.81, p=0.045). Cigarette only smokers also had significantly higher odds of NAFLD compared to never smokers for all of the NAFLD indices (HSI: AOR=1.22; 95% CI: 1.05-1.42, p=0.008; NRS: AOR=2.13; 95% CI: 1.87-2.42, p=0.000; KNS: AOR=1.33; 95% CI: 1.14-1.55, p=0.000). In subgroup analyses, no significant interaction effects were found for age, BMI, alcohol consumption, income, physical activity, and the diagnosis of T2DM. Moreover, cigarette only smokers and dual users differed significantly in terms of log-transformed urine cotinine and pack-years. The relationship between smoking type and pack-years was attenuated after stratification by age. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that the dual use of e-cigarettes and combustible cigarettes is associated with NAFLD. Age differences may explain why dual users, with a greater proportion of young people, appear to have fewer pack-years than cigarette only smokers. Further research should be conducted to investigate the adverse effects of dual use on hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjung Han
- Department of Family Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Seogsong Jeong
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea,Institute for Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihun Song
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Jae Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Min Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiheon Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Min Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Jang YS, Joo HJ, Park YS, Park EC, Jang SI. Association between smoking cessation and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease using NAFLD liver fat score. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1015919. [PMID: 36875368 PMCID: PMC9982128 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1015919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Smoking is well known to be associated with a higher prevalence and incidence of liver diseases such as advanced fibrosis. However, the impact of smoking on developing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease remains controversial, and clinical data on this is limited. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association between smoking history and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Methods Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2019-2020 were used for the analysis. NAFLD was diagnosed according to an NAFLD liver fat score of >-0.640. Smoking status was classified as into nonsmokers, ex-smokers, and current smokers. Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the association between smoking history and NAFLD in the South Korean population. Results In total, 9,603 participants were enrolled in this study. The odds ratio (OR) for having NAFLD in ex-smokers and current smokers in males was 1.12 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.90-1.41) and 1.38 (95% CI: 1.08-1.76) compared to that in nonsmokers, respectively. The OR increased in magnitude with smoking status. Ex-smokers who ceased smoking for <10 years (OR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.00-1.77) were more likely to have a strong correlation with NAFLD. Furthermore, NAFLD had a dose-dependent positive effect on pack-years, which was 10 to 20 (OR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.04-1.86) and over 20 (OR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.14-2.00). Conclusion This study found that smoking may contribute to NAFLD. Our study suggests cessation of smoking may help management of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Seo Jang
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Joo
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Shin Park
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Cheol Park
- Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-In Jang
- Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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10
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Mumtaz H, Hameed M, Sangah AB, Zubair A, Hasan M. Association between smoking and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Southeast Asia. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1008878. [PMID: 36582387 PMCID: PMC9793992 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1008878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An estimated 8 million people die each year from tobacco smoking, with an increasing frequency recently being observed in Southeast Asian countries, which is a preventable risk factor for mortality. NAFLD, fibrosis, advancement of hepatocellular carcinoma, and prognosis for those with severe liver disease are all negatively influenced. NAFLD and cigarette usage seem to be a direct link. Oxidative stress and oncogenic signals have been implicated in cancer development in animal models and human clinical trials. The elevated risk of cardiovascular disease and malignancies in those with steatohepatitis and those who have had liver transplants is exacerbated by smoking. We found that smoking cessation may increase treatment response and fibrosis regression rates, decrease hepatocellular carcinoma incidence, and improve liver transplant outcomes. In the last segment, we'll look at electronic cigarettes, a hot subject in public health right now, as well as additional repercussions of smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Mumtaz
- Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan,*Correspondence: Hassan Mumtaz
| | - Madiha Hameed
- Department of Medicine, AJK Medical College, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Basit Sangah
- Department of Medicine, Liaquat National Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Amraha Zubair
- Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Hasan
- Department of Medicine, Jinnah Post Graduate Medical Centre, Karachi, Pakistan
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11
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Ren X, Lin L, Sun Q, Li T, Sun M, Sun Z, Duan J. Metabolomics-based safety evaluation of acute exposure to electronic cigarettes in mice. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 839:156392. [PMID: 35660447 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A growing number of epidemiological evidence reveals that electronic cigarettes (E-cigs) were associated with pneumonia, hypertension and atherosclerosis, but the toxicological evaluation and mechanism of E-cigs were largely unknown. OBJECTIVE Our study was aimed to explore the adverse effects on organs and metabolomics changes in C57BL/6J mice after acute exposure to E-cigs. METHODS AND RESULTS Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining found pathological changes in tissues after acute exposure to E-cigs, such as inflammatory cell infiltration, nuclear pyknosis, and intercellular interstitial enlargement. E-cigs could increase apoptosis-positive cells in a time-dependent way using Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Oxidative damage indicators of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonena (4-HNE) were also elevated after E-cigs exposure. There was an increasing trend of total glycerol and cholesterol in serum, while the glucose and liver enzymes including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (γ-GT) had no significant change compared to that of control. Further, Q Exactive high field (HF) mass spectrometer was used to conduct metabolomics, which revealed that differential metabolites including l-carnitine, Capryloyl glycine, etc. Trend analysis showed the type of compounds that change over time. Pathway enrichment analysis indicated that E-cigs affected 24 metabolic pathways, which were mainly regulated amino acid metabolism, further affected the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Additionally, metabolites-diseases network analysis found that the type 2 diabetes mellitus, propionic acidemia, defect in long-chain fatty acids transport and lung cancer may be related to E-cigs exposure. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provided important clues for metabolites biomarkers of E-cigs acute exposure and are beneficial for disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoke Ren
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Lisen Lin
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Qinglin Sun
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Tianyu Li
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Mengqi Sun
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China.
| | - Junchao Duan
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China.
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12
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Marti-Aguado D, Clemente-Sanchez A, Bataller R. Cigarette smoking and liver diseases. J Hepatol 2022; 77:191-205. [PMID: 35131406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a preventable risk factor for premature morbidity and mortality. A history of smoking is observed in approximately 40% of patients with liver disease, while a growing number of studies are investigating the potential impact of smoking in chronic liver diseases. This review discusses the effects of smoking on liver diseases, at multiple levels, with a focus on its potential causal role. Clinical evidence indicates that cigarette smoking negatively impacts the incidence and severity of fatty liver disease, fibrosis progression, hepatocellular carcinoma development, and the outcomes of patients with advanced liver disease. The underlying mechanisms are complex and involve different pathophysiological pathways including oxidative stress and oncogenic signals. Importantly, smoking promotes cardiovascular disease and extrahepatic cancers in patients with steatohepatitis and in transplant recipients. We discuss how promoting smoking cessation could improve the rates of treatment response (in clinical trials) and fibrosis regression, while reducing the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and improving liver transplant outcomes. Finally, we discuss current challenges such as the referral of smokers to specialised units for smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Marti-Aguado
- Digestive Disease Department, Clinic University Hospital, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain; Center for Liver Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ana Clemente-Sanchez
- Center for Liver Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Liver Unit and Digestive Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramon Bataller
- Center for Liver Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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13
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Virgili F, Nenna R, Ben David S, Mancino E, Di Mattia G, Matera L, Petrarca L, Midulla F. E-cigarettes and youth: an unresolved Public Health concern. Ital J Pediatr 2022; 48:97. [PMID: 35701844 PMCID: PMC9194784 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-022-01286-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarette) and vaping devices started as a potential aid for cessation and reducing the harmful consequences of cigarette smoking, mainly in the adult population. Today e-cigarette use is highly increasing in vulnerable populations, especially young and pregnant women, due to the misconception of its harmless use. Despite the growing acknowledgment in e-cigarette as a potential harmful device, and due to mixed information found concerning its beneficial aid for smokers, along with an insufficient clinical study done in human models, it is important to further evaluate the possible benefits and risks of non-combusting, vaping nicotine or non-nicotine delivery devices. In this review we tried to summarize the latest updated information found in the literature, concentrating mainly in the variety of adverse effects of e-cigarette use and its contribution for recent and future health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Virgili
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaella Nenna
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Shira Ben David
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrica Mancino
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Greta Di Mattia
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Matera
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Petrarca
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Midulla
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
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14
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Liu J, Yao Q, Xie X, Cui Q, Jiang T, Zhao Z, Du X, Lai B, Xiao L, Wang N. Procyanidin B2 Attenuates Nicotine-Induced Hepatocyte Pyroptosis through a PPARγ-Dependent Mechanism. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091756. [PMID: 35565726 PMCID: PMC9103831 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Procyanidin B2 (PCB2), a natural flavonoid, has been demonstrated to exert anti-oxidation and anti-inflammatory effects on hepatic diseases. Increasing evidence shows the hepatoxicity of nicotine. However, whether PCB2 protects against nicotine-induced hepatoxicity and the underlying mechanisms remains uncharacterized. Here, we reported that nicotine promoted hepatocyte pyroptosis, as evidenced by the elevation of propidium iodide (PI)-positive cells, the activation of Caspase-1 and gasdermin D (GSDMD), the enhanced expression of NOD-like receptor containing pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) and the increased release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. The silencing of GSDMD by small interfering RNA (siRNA) efficiently inhibited the release of LDH and the secretion of IL-1β and IL-18. In addition, rosiglitazone (RGZ) prevented hepatocyte pyroptosis induced by nicotine. Furthermore, we showed that PCB2 attenuated nicotine-induced pyroptosis through the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) in hepatocytes. Moreover, administration of PCB2 ameliorated liver injury and hepatocyte pyroptosis in nicotine-treated mice. Hence, our findings demonstrated that PCB2 attenuated pyroptosis and liver damage in a PPARγ-dependent manner. Our results suggest a new mechanism by which PCB2 exerts its liver protective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China; (J.L.); (Q.Y.); (X.X.); (X.D.); (B.L.); (L.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education of China, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Qinyu Yao
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China; (J.L.); (Q.Y.); (X.X.); (X.D.); (B.L.); (L.X.)
| | - Xinya Xie
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China; (J.L.); (Q.Y.); (X.X.); (X.D.); (B.L.); (L.X.)
| | - Qi Cui
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (Q.C.); (T.J.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Tingting Jiang
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (Q.C.); (T.J.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Ziwei Zhao
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (Q.C.); (T.J.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Xiong Du
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China; (J.L.); (Q.Y.); (X.X.); (X.D.); (B.L.); (L.X.)
| | - Baochang Lai
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China; (J.L.); (Q.Y.); (X.X.); (X.D.); (B.L.); (L.X.)
| | - Lei Xiao
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China; (J.L.); (Q.Y.); (X.X.); (X.D.); (B.L.); (L.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education of China, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Nanping Wang
- Health Science Center, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-021-62235057
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15
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Espinoza-Derout J, Shao XM, Lao CJ, Hasan KM, Rivera JC, Jordan MC, Echeverria V, Roos KP, Sinha-Hikim AP, Friedman TC. Electronic Cigarette Use and the Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:879726. [PMID: 35463745 PMCID: PMC9021536 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.879726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes or e-cigarettes are the most frequently used tobacco product among adolescents. Despite the widespread use of e-cigarettes and the known detrimental cardiac consequences of nicotine, the effects of e-cigarettes on the cardiovascular system are not well-known. Several in vitro and in vivo studies delineating the mechanisms of the impact of e-cigarettes on the cardiovascular system have been published. These include mechanisms associated with nicotine or other components of the aerosol or thermal degradation products of e-cigarettes. The increased hyperlipidemia, sympathetic dominance, endothelial dysfunction, DNA damage, and macrophage activation are prominent effects of e-cigarettes. Additionally, oxidative stress and inflammation are unifying mechanisms at many levels of the cardiovascular impairment induced by e-cigarette exposure. This review outlines the contribution of e-cigarettes in the development of cardiovascular diseases and their molecular underpinnings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Espinoza-Derout
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Xuesi M. Shao
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Candice J. Lao
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kamrul M. Hasan
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Juan Carlos Rivera
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Maria C. Jordan
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Valentina Echeverria
- Research and Development Service, Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, Bay Pines, FL, United States
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile
| | - Kenneth P. Roos
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Amiya P. Sinha-Hikim
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Theodore C. Friedman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Friends Research Institute, Cerritos, CA, United States
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16
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Chen H, Li G, Chan YL, Zhang HE, Gorrell MD, Pollock CA, Saad S, Oliver BG. Differential Effects of 'Vaping' on Lipid and Glucose Profiles and Liver Metabolic Markers in Obese Versus Non-obese Mice. Front Physiol 2021; 12:755124. [PMID: 34803738 PMCID: PMC8599937 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.755124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking increases the risk of metabolic disorders due to the combination of harmful chemicals, whereas pure nicotine can improve glucose tolerance. E-cigarette vapour contains nicotine and some of the harmful chemicals found in cigarette smoke at lower levels. To investigate how e-vapour affects metabolic profiles, male Balb/c mice were exposed to a high-fat diet (HFD, 43% fat, 20kJ/g) for 16weeks, and e-vapour in the last 6weeks. HFD alone doubled fat mass and caused dyslipidaemia and glucose intolerance. E-vapour reduced fat mass in HFD-fed mice; only nicotine-containing e-vapour improved glucose tolerance. In chow-fed mice, e-vapour increased lipid content in both blood and liver. Changes in liver metabolic markers may be adaptive responses rather than causal. Future studies can investigate how e-vapour differentially affects metabolic profiles with different diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gerard Li
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yik Lung Chan
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hui Emma Zhang
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Carol A Pollock
- Renal Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sonia Saad
- Renal Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brian G Oliver
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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17
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Godbee M, Jakate S, Eswaran S. A Case of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) Liver Injury. Hepatology 2021; 73:1230-1232. [PMID: 32691436 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Godbee
- Department of Internal medicineRush University Medical CenterChicagoIL
| | - Shriram Jakate
- Section of HepatologyRush University Medical CenterChicagoIL
| | - Sheila Eswaran
- Department of PathologyRush University Medical CenterChicagoIL
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18
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Adverse effects of fetal exposure of electronic-cigarettes and high-fat diet on male neonatal hearts. Exp Mol Pathol 2020; 118:104573. [PMID: 33212125 PMCID: PMC8501912 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2020.104573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases in children born to mothers who smoked during pregnancy. The cardiovascular risk in the offspring associated with in utero nicotine exposure is further exaggerated by maternal obesity. The consumption of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) is alarmingly increasing among adolescents and young adults without the knowledge of their harmful health effects. There has also been a substantial increase in e-cigarette use by women of reproductive age. This study investigates the detrimental effects of gestational exposure of e-cigarette and a high-fat diet (HFD) on neonatal hearts. Time-mated pregnant mice were fed a HFD and exposed to saline or e-cigarette aerosol with 2.4% nicotine from embryonic day 4 (E4) to E20. We demonstrated that in utero exposure of e-cigarettes and HFD from E4 to E20 triggers cardiomyocyte (CM) apoptosis in the offspring at postnatal day1 (PND1), PND3, and PND14. Induction of CM apoptosis following gestational exposure of e-cigarettes and HFD was associated with inactivation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), increased cardiac oxidative stress coupled with perturbation of cardiac BAX/ BCL-2 ratio and activation of caspase 3 at PND 14. Electron microscopy further revealed that left ventricles of pups at PND14 after e-cigarette exposure exhibited apoptotic nuclei, convoluted nuclear membranes, myofibrillar derangement, and enlarged mitochondria occasionally showing signs of crystolysis, indicative of cardiomyopathy and cardiac dysfunction. Our results show profound adverse effects of prenatal exposure of e-cigarette plus HFD in neonatal hearts that may lead to long-term adverse cardiac consequences in the adult.
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19
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Electronic Cigarette Use and Metabolic Syndrome Development: A Critical Review. TOXICS 2020; 8:toxics8040105. [PMID: 33212878 PMCID: PMC7711672 DOI: 10.3390/toxics8040105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome is a combination of several metabolic disorders, such as cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, and type 2 diabetes. Lifestyle modifications, including quitting smoking, are recommended to reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome and its associated complications. Not much research has been conducted in the field of e-cigarettes and the risk of metabolic syndrome. Furthermore, taking into account the influence of e-cigarettes vaping on the individual components of metabolic syndrome, i.e, abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and elevated arterial blood pressure, the results are also ambiguous. This article is a review and summary of existing reports on the impact of e-cigarettes on the development of metabolic syndrome as well as its individual components. A critical review for English language articles published until 30 June 2020 was made, using a PubMed (including MEDLINE), Cochrane, CINAHL Plus, and Web of Science data. The current research indicated that e-cigarettes use does not affect the development of insulin resistance, but could influence the level of glucose and pre-diabetic state development. The lipid of profile an increase in the TG level was reported, while the influence on the level of concentration of total cholesterol, LDL fraction, and HDL fraction differed. In most cases, e-cigarettes use increased the risk of developing abdominal obesity or higher arterial blood pressure. Further research is required to provide more evidence on this topic.
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20
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Hasan KM, Friedman TC, Parveen M, Espinoza-Derout J, Bautista F, Razipour MM, Shao XM, Jordan MC, Roos KP, Mahata SK, Sinha-Hikim AP. Electronic cigarettes cause alteration in cardiac structure and function in diet-induced obese mice. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239671. [PMID: 33002059 PMCID: PMC7529198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of the widespread use of electronic cigarettes, also known as e-cigarettes, and the proposed adverse cardiac effects of nicotine, the detrimental effects of e-cigarettes on the heart are not well known. This study examines the detrimental effects of e-cigarettes with nicotine at doses that yield circulating nicotine and cotinine in the ranges similar to the levels found in habitual smokers, and a high fat diet (HFD) on cardiac structure and function in a commonly used model of diet-induced obesity (DIO). C57BL/6J mice on an HFD were exposed to e-cigarette in the presence (2.4% nicotine) or absence (0% nicotine) of nicotine and saline aerosol for 12 weeks. Echocardiographic data demonstrated a decrease in left ventricular (LV) fractional shortening, LV ejection fraction, and velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (VCF) in mice treated with e-cigarette (2.4% nicotine) compared to e-cigarette (0% nicotine) or saline exposed mice. Cardiomyocytes (CMs) of mice treated with e-cigarette (2.4% nicotine) exhibited LV abnormalities, including lipid accumulation (ventricular steatosis), myofibrillar derangement and destruction, and mitochondrial hypertrophy, as revealed by transmission electron microscopy. The detrimental effects of e-cigarettes (2.4% nicotine) on cardiac structure and function was accompanied by increased oxidative stress, plasma free fatty acid levels, CM apoptosis, and inactivation of AMP-activated protein kinase and activation of its downstream target, acetyl-CoA-carboxylase. Our results indicate profound adverse effects of e-cigarettes (2.4% nicotine) on the heart in obese mice and raise questions about the safety of the nicotine e-cigarettes use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamrul M. Hasan
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KMH); (APSH)
| | - Theodore C. Friedman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Meher Parveen
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Jorge Espinoza-Derout
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Francisco Bautista
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Mohammad M. Razipour
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Xuesi M. Shao
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Maria C. Jordan
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Kenneth P. Roos
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Sushil K. Mahata
- VA San Diego Health Care System and University of California, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Amiya P. Sinha-Hikim
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KMH); (APSH)
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Marczylo T. How bad are e-cigarettes? What can we learn from animal exposure models? J Physiol 2020; 598:5073-5089. [PMID: 32500527 DOI: 10.1113/jp278366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes divide opinions. Some consider them key to reducing smoking incidence while others are concerned over potential for detrimental health consequences. It will take many years to identify the health consequences of e-cigarette use if we rely only upon human data. However, there is a growing body of work using rodent models that inform on these potential toxicities. These studies have focused upon the pulmonary, cardiovascular and central nervous systems. Observations include perturbations of pro-inflammatory, pro-fibrotic and oxidative stress markers, sometimes together with DNA damage and downregulation of DNA repair and antioxidant enzymes. However, the markers affected are often different between studies. A more consistent observation has been the increase in airway hyperresponsiveness, a characteristic of asthma, on exposure to electronic cigarettes, across mouse strains, sex and ages. Detrimental effects in this and other susceptible animal models such as the apolipoprotein E knock-out mouse model of atherosclerosis, suggest greater risk where there is an existing predisposition. Other adverse reactions, including weight loss, oxidative stress and angiogenesis, are reported in animal studies with nicotine-containing devices. These effects remain less severe than cigarette smoke, where investigated. Animal studies have identified therefore that e-cigarettes are potentially hazardous, especially in susceptible populations, nicotine is integral to risk of health effects, but overall e-cigarettes are much less hazardous than cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Marczylo
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 ORQ, UK
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23
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Zhang Q, Fan X, Yue Y, Zheng R. Electronic cigarettes: Emerging trends and research hotspots. Tob Induc Dis 2020; 18:16. [PMID: 32256280 PMCID: PMC7107908 DOI: 10.18332/tid/118719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Research on electronic cigarettes is an emerging field, with the number of articles in this field noted to have grown exponentially over recent years. We used a bibliometric analysis method (co-word analysis) to analyze the emerging trends and research hotspots in this field. METHODS Publication data on electronic cigarettes from 2010 to 2018 were retrieved and downloaded from the PubMed database. Theme trends and knowledge structures were analyzed on the relevant research fields of electronic cigarettes by using a biclustering analysis, strategic diagram analysis, and social network analysis methods. Research hotspots were extracted and compared from three periods. RESULTS Core topics that have continuously develop between the years 2010 and 2018 include: tobacco use cessation devices; tobacco products; tobacco use cessation devices/adverse effects; smoking prevention and adverse effects; electronic nicotine delivery systems/economics; and public health. Some currently undeveloped topics that could be considered as new future research directions include: tobacco use disorder/therapy; tobacco use disorder/epidemiology; students/psychology; students/statistics and numerical data; adolescent behavior/psychology; nicotine/toxicity; nicotinic agonists/administration and dosage; and electronic nicotine delivery systems/legislation and jurisprudence. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that some currently immature topics in strategic coordinates and emerging hotspots in social network graphs can be used as future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinyue Fan
- Student Affairs Department, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuanyi Yue
- Department of Gastroenterology Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Rui Zheng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Merecz-Sadowska A, Sitarek P, Zielinska-Blizniewska H, Malinowska K, Zajdel K, Zakonnik L, Zajdel R. A Summary of In Vitro and In Vivo Studies Evaluating the Impact of E-Cigarette Exposure on Living Organisms and the Environment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020652. [PMID: 31963832 PMCID: PMC7013895 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide use of electronic cigarettes has been rapidly expanding over recent years, but the long-term effect of e-cigarette vapor exposure on human health and environment is not well established; however, its mechanism of action entails the production of reactive oxygen species and trace metals, and the exacerbation of inflammation, which are associated with potential cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. The present study examines the effects of selected liquid chemicals used in e-cigarettes, such as propylene glycol/vegetable glycerin, nicotine and flavorings, on living organisms; the data collected indicates that exposure to e-cigarette liquid has potentially detrimental effects on cells in vitro, and on animals and humans in vivo. While e-liquid exposure can adversely influence the physiology of living organisms, vaping is recommended as an alternative for tobacco smoking. The study also compares the impact of e-cigarette liquid exposure and traditional cigarette smoke on organisms and the environmental impact. The environmental influence of e-cigarette use is closely connected with the emission of airborne particulate matter, suggesting the possibility of passive smoking. The obtained data provides an insight into the impact of nicotine delivery systems on living organisms and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Merecz-Sadowska
- Department of Economic Informatics, University of Lodz, 90-214 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (L.Z.); (R.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-663-626-667
| | - Przemyslaw Sitarek
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lodz, 90-151 Lodz, Poland;
| | | | - Katarzyna Malinowska
- Department of Economic Informatics, University of Lodz, 90-214 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (L.Z.); (R.Z.)
- Department of Allergology and Respiratory Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, 90-725 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Karolina Zajdel
- Department of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-645 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Lukasz Zakonnik
- Department of Economic Informatics, University of Lodz, 90-214 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (L.Z.); (R.Z.)
| | - Radoslaw Zajdel
- Department of Economic Informatics, University of Lodz, 90-214 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (L.Z.); (R.Z.)
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Verhaegen A, Van Gaal L. Vaping and Cardiovascular Health: the Case for Health Policy Action. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12170-019-0634-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Modeling drug exposure in rodents using e-cigarettes and other electronic nicotine delivery systems. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 330:108458. [PMID: 31614162 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Smoking tobacco products is the leading cause of preventable death worldwide. Coordinated efforts have successfully reduced tobacco cigarette smoking in the United States; however, electronic cigarettes (e-cigarette) and other electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) recently have replaced traditional cigarettes for many users. While the clinical risks associated with long-term ENDS use remain unclear, advancements in preclinical rodent models will enhance our understanding of their overall health effects. This review examines the peripheral and central effects of ENDS-mediated exposure to nicotine and other drugs of abuse in rodents and evaluates current techniques for implementing ENDS in preclinical research.
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A mouse model for chronic intermittent electronic cigarette exposure exhibits nicotine pharmacokinetics resembling human vapers. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 326:108376. [PMID: 31361999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (E-cig) use is increasing rapidly, particularly among youths. Animal models for E-cig exposure with pharmacokinetics resembling human E-cig users are lacking. We developed an E-cig aerosol exposure system for rodents and a chronic intermittent delivery method that simulates E-cig users who vape episodically during wakefulness and abstain during sleep. Mice were exposed to E-cig in a programmed schedule at very low, low, medium, or high doses defined by duration of each puff, number of puffs per delivery episode and frequency of episodes in the dark phase of a 12/12-h circadian cycle for 9 consecutive days. The plasma nicotine/cotinine levels and their time courses were determined using LC/MS-MS. We assessed the body weight, food intake and locomotor activity of Apolipoprotein E null (ApoE-/-) mice exposed to chronic intermittent E-cig aerosol. Plasma nicotine and cotinine levels were positively correlated with exposure doses. Nicotine and cotinine levels showed a circadian variation as they increased with time up to the maximum nicotine level of 21.8 ± 7.1 ng/mL during the daily intermittent E-cig exposure in the 12-h dark phase and then declined during the light phase when there was no E-cig delivery. Chronic E-cig exposure to ApoE-/- mice decreased body weight, food intake and increased locomotion. Our rodent E-cig exposure system and chronic intermittent exposure method yield clinically relevant nicotine pharmacokinetics associated with behavioral and metabolic changes. The methodologies are essential tools for in vivo studies of the health impacts of E-cig exposure on CNS, cardiovascular, pulmonary, hepatic systems, metabolism and carcinogenesis.
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Espinoza-Derout J, Shao XM, Bankole E, Hasan KM, Mtume N, Liu Y, Sinha-Hikim AP, Friedman TC. Hepatic DNA Damage Induced by Electronic Cigarette Exposure Is Associated With the Modulation of NAD+/PARP1/SIRT1 Axis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:320. [PMID: 31214115 PMCID: PMC6558099 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of electronic cigarette (e-cigarettes) use has rapidly increased worldwide. Use of tobacco products has been associated with DNA damage and metabolic syndrome. Using Apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE-/-) mice on a western diet (WD), a mouse model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), we recently demonstrated that nicotine in e-cigarettes activates hepatocyte apoptosis, and causes hepatic steatosis. This study examines the harmful effects of e-cigarettes on the liver with a special emphasis on DNA damage and mitochondrial dysfunction. ApoE-/- mice were exposed to saline, e-cigarettes without nicotine or e-cigarettes with 2.4% nicotine for 12 weeks using our newly developed mouse e-cigarette exposure model system that delivers nicotine to mice leading to equivalent serum cotinine levels found in human cigarette users. Mice exposed to e-cigarette (2.4% nicotine) had increased apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites, a manifestation of DNA damage. Additionally, e-cigarette (2.4% nicotine) produced a decrease in NAD+/NADH ratio and increased oxidative stress in hepatic cells, in comparison with saline and e-cigarette (0%). Western blot analysis showed that mice treated with e-cigarette (2.4% nicotine) had increased poly (ADP ribose) polymerase (PARP1) activity associated with reduced levels of Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1). Furthermore, mitochondrial DNA mutations and PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) were increased in mice treated with e-cigarette (2.4% nicotine). Transmission electron microscopy revealed that hepatocytes of mice treated with e-cigarette (2.4% nicotine) exhibited increased vacuolization of the mitochondria and a reduction in cellular organelles. These results demonstrate the adverse effects of e-cigarettes exposure leading to NAD+ deficiency which may suggest a mechanistic link between e-cigarette-induced hepatic DNA damage and mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Espinoza-Derout
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Jorge Espinoza-Derout
| | - Xuesi M. Shao
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Emmanuel Bankole
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kamrul M. Hasan
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Norma Mtume
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yanjun Liu
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Amiya P. Sinha-Hikim
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Theodore C. Friedman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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