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Choi YJ, Kim Y, Hwang S. Role of Neutrophils in the Development of Steatotic Liver Disease. Semin Liver Dis 2024. [PMID: 39117322 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1789207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
This review explores the biological aspects of neutrophils, their contributions to the development of steatotic liver disease, and their potential as therapeutic targets for the disease. Although alcohol-associated and metabolic dysfunction-associated liver diseases originate from distinct etiological factors, the two diseases frequently share excessive lipid accumulation as a common contributor to their pathogenesis, thereby classifying them as types of steatotic liver disease. Dysregulated lipid deposition in the liver induces hepatic injury, triggering the activation of the innate immunity, partially through neutrophil recruitment. Traditionally recognized for their role in microbial clearance, neutrophils have recently garnered attention for their involvement in sterile inflammation, a pivotal component of steatotic liver disease pathogenesis. In conclusion, technological innovations, including single-cell RNA sequencing, have gradually disclosed the existence of various neutrophil subsets; however, how the distinct subsets of neutrophil population contribute differentially to the development of steatotic liver disease remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Jin Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonsoo Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonghwan Hwang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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2
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Qian S, Wang X, Chen Y, Zai Q, He Y. Inflammation in Steatotic Liver Diseases: Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Targets. Semin Liver Dis 2024. [PMID: 38838739 DOI: 10.1055/a-2338-9261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), two main types of steatotic liver disease (SLDs), are characterized by a wide spectrum of several different liver disorders, including simple steatosis, steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Multiple immune cell-mediated inflammatory responses not only orchestrate the killing and removal of infected/damaged cells but also exacerbate the development of SLDs when excessive or persistent inflammation occurs. In recent years, single-cell and spatial transcriptome analyses have revealed the heterogeneity of liver-infiltrated immune cells in ALD and MASLD, revealing a new immunopathological picture of SLDs. In this review, we will emphasize the roles of several key immune cells in the pathogenesis of ALD and MASLD and discuss inflammation-based approaches for effective SLD intervention. In conclusion, the study of immunological mechanisms, especially highly specific immune cell population functions, may provide novel therapeutic opportunities for this life-threatening disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengying Qian
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingfen Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuhong Zai
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong He
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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3
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Lu H. Inflammatory liver diseases and susceptibility to sepsis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2024; 138:435-487. [PMID: 38571396 DOI: 10.1042/cs20230522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Patients with inflammatory liver diseases, particularly alcohol-associated liver disease and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), have higher incidence of infections and mortality rate due to sepsis. The current focus in the development of drugs for MAFLD is the resolution of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and prevention of progression to cirrhosis. In patients with cirrhosis or alcoholic hepatitis, sepsis is a major cause of death. As the metabolic center and a key immune tissue, liver is the guardian, modifier, and target of sepsis. Septic patients with liver dysfunction have the highest mortality rate compared with other organ dysfunctions. In addition to maintaining metabolic homeostasis, the liver produces and secretes hepatokines and acute phase proteins (APPs) essential in tissue protection, immunomodulation, and coagulation. Inflammatory liver diseases cause profound metabolic disorder and impairment of energy metabolism, liver regeneration, and production/secretion of APPs and hepatokines. Herein, the author reviews the roles of (1) disorders in the metabolism of glucose, fatty acids, ketone bodies, and amino acids as well as the clearance of ammonia and lactate in the pathogenesis of inflammatory liver diseases and sepsis; (2) cytokines/chemokines in inflammatory liver diseases and sepsis; (3) APPs and hepatokines in the protection against tissue injury and infections; and (4) major nuclear receptors/signaling pathways underlying the metabolic disorders and tissue injuries as well as the major drug targets for inflammatory liver diseases and sepsis. Approaches that focus on the liver dysfunction and regeneration will not only treat inflammatory liver diseases but also prevent the development of severe infections and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, U.S.A
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4
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Wu S, Wang J, Zhang Z, Jin X, Xu Y, Si Y, Liang Y, Ge Y, Zhan H, Peng L, Bi W, Luo D, Li M, Meng B, Guan Q, Zhao J, Gao L, He Z. Shank3 deficiency elicits autistic-like behaviors by activating p38α in hypothalamic AgRP neurons. Mol Autism 2024; 15:14. [PMID: 38570876 PMCID: PMC10993499 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-024-00595-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains protein 3 (SHANK3) monogenic mutations or deficiency leads to excessive stereotypic behavior and impaired sociability, which frequently occur in autism cases. To date, the underlying mechanisms by which Shank3 mutation or deletion causes autism and the part of the brain in which Shank3 mutation leads to the autistic phenotypes are understudied. The hypothalamus is associated with stereotypic behavior and sociability. p38α, a mediator of inflammatory responses in the brain, has been postulated as a potential gene for certain cases of autism occurrence. However, it is unclear whether hypothalamus and p38α are involved in the development of autism caused by Shank3 mutations or deficiency. METHODS Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis and immunoblotting were used to assess alternated signaling pathways in the hypothalamus of Shank3 knockout (Shank3-/-) mice. Home-Cage real-time monitoring test was performed to record stereotypic behavior and three-chamber test was used to monitor the sociability of mice. Adeno-associated viruses 9 (AAV9) were used to express p38α in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) or agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons. D176A and F327S mutations expressed constitutively active p38α. T180A and Y182F mutations expressed inactive p38α. RESULTS We found that Shank3 controls stereotypic behavior and sociability by regulating p38α activity in AgRP neurons. Phosphorylated p38 level in hypothalamus is significantly enhanced in Shank3-/- mice. Consistently, overexpression of p38α in ARC or AgRP neurons elicits excessive stereotypic behavior and impairs sociability in wild-type (WT) mice. Notably, activated p38α in AgRP neurons increases stereotypic behavior and impairs sociability. Conversely, inactivated p38α in AgRP neurons significantly ameliorates autistic behaviors of Shank3-/- mice. In contrast, activated p38α in pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons does not affect stereotypic behavior and sociability in mice. LIMITATIONS We demonstrated that SHANK3 regulates the phosphorylated p38 level in the hypothalamus and inactivated p38α in AgRP neurons significantly ameliorates autistic behaviors of Shank3-/- mice. However, we did not clarify the biochemical mechanism of SHANK3 inhibiting p38α in AgRP neurons. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that the Shank3 deficiency caused autistic-like behaviors by activating p38α signaling in AgRP neurons, suggesting that p38α signaling in AgRP neurons is a potential therapeutic target for Shank3 mutant-related autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital & Medical Integration, and Practice Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Prevention and Control Engineering Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital & Medical Integration, and Practice Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Prevention and Control Engineering Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Zicheng Zhang
- School of Modern Posts, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Xinchen Jin
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital & Medical Integration, and Practice Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Prevention and Control Engineering Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Youwen Si
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences,East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Yixiao Liang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital & Medical Integration, and Practice Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Prevention and Control Engineering Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Yueping Ge
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital & Medical Integration, and Practice Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Prevention and Control Engineering Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Huidong Zhan
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital & Medical Integration, and Practice Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Prevention and Control Engineering Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Li Peng
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital & Medical Integration, and Practice Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Prevention and Control Engineering Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Wenkai Bi
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital & Medical Integration, and Practice Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Prevention and Control Engineering Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Dandan Luo
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital & Medical Integration, and Practice Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Prevention and Control Engineering Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Mengzhu Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital & Medical Integration, and Practice Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Prevention and Control Engineering Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Bo Meng
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences,East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Qingbo Guan
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital & Medical Integration, and Practice Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Prevention and Control Engineering Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Jiajun Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital & Medical Integration, and Practice Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Prevention and Control Engineering Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Ling Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital & Medical Integration, and Practice Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Prevention and Control Engineering Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Zhao He
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital & Medical Integration, and Practice Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Prevention and Control Engineering Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, 544 Jingsi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
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5
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Candia AA, Lean SC, Zhang CXW, McKeating DR, Cochrane A, Gulacsi E, Herrera EA, Krause BJ, Sferruzzi-Perri AN. Obesogenic Diet in Mice Leads to Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in the Mother in Association with Sex-Specific Changes in Fetal Development, Inflammatory Markers and Placental Transcriptome. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:411. [PMID: 38671859 PMCID: PMC11047652 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13040411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity during pregnancy is related to adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Factors involved in these outcomes may include increased maternal insulin resistance, inflammation, oxidative stress, and nutrient mishandling. The placenta is the primary determinant of fetal outcomes, and its function can be impacted by maternal obesity. The aim of this study on mice was to determine the effect of obesity on maternal lipid handling, inflammatory and redox state, and placental oxidative stress, inflammatory signaling, and gene expression relative to female and male fetal growth. METHODS Female mice were fed control or obesogenic high-fat/high-sugar diet (HFHS) from 9 weeks prior to, and during, pregnancy. On day 18.5 of pregnancy, maternal plasma, and liver, placenta, and fetal serum were collected to examine the immune and redox states. The placental labyrinth zone (Lz) was dissected for RNA-sequencing analysis of gene expression changes. RESULTS the HFHS diet induced, in the dams, hepatic steatosis, oxidative stress (reduced catalase, elevated protein oxidation) and the activation of pro-inflammatory pathways (p38-MAPK), along with imbalanced circulating cytokine concentrations (increased IL-6 and decreased IL-5 and IL-17A). HFHS fetuses were asymmetrically growth-restricted, showing sex-specific changes in circulating cytokines (GM-CSF, TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-γ). The morphology of the placenta Lz was modified by an HFHS diet, in association with sex-specific alterations in the expression of genes and proteins implicated in oxidative stress, inflammation, and stress signaling. Placental gene expression changes were comparable to that seen in models of intrauterine inflammation and were related to a transcriptional network involving transcription factors, LYL1 and PLAG1. CONCLUSION This study shows that fetal growth restriction with maternal obesity is related to elevated oxidative stress, inflammatory pathways, and sex-specific placental changes. Our data are important, given the marked consequences and the rising rates of obesity worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro A. Candia
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; (A.A.C.); (C.X.W.Z.); (D.R.M.); (A.C.); (E.G.)
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of O’Higgins, Rancagua 2841959, Chile;
- Pathophysiology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7500922, Chile;
- Department for the Woman and Newborn Health Promotion, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Samantha C. Lean
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; (A.A.C.); (C.X.W.Z.); (D.R.M.); (A.C.); (E.G.)
| | - Cindy X. W. Zhang
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; (A.A.C.); (C.X.W.Z.); (D.R.M.); (A.C.); (E.G.)
| | - Daniel R. McKeating
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; (A.A.C.); (C.X.W.Z.); (D.R.M.); (A.C.); (E.G.)
| | - Anna Cochrane
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; (A.A.C.); (C.X.W.Z.); (D.R.M.); (A.C.); (E.G.)
| | - Edina Gulacsi
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; (A.A.C.); (C.X.W.Z.); (D.R.M.); (A.C.); (E.G.)
| | - Emilio A. Herrera
- Pathophysiology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7500922, Chile;
| | - Bernardo J. Krause
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of O’Higgins, Rancagua 2841959, Chile;
| | - Amanda N. Sferruzzi-Perri
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; (A.A.C.); (C.X.W.Z.); (D.R.M.); (A.C.); (E.G.)
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6
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Greatorex S, Kaur S, Xirouchaki CE, Goh PK, Wiede F, Genders AJ, Tran M, Jia Y, Raajendiran A, Brown WA, McLean CA, Sadoshima J, Watt MJ, Tiganis T. Mitochondria- and NOX4-dependent antioxidant defense mitigates progression to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in obesity. J Clin Invest 2023; 134:e162533. [PMID: 38060313 PMCID: PMC10849767 DOI: 10.1172/jci162533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is prevalent in the majority of individuals with obesity, but in a subset of these individuals, it progresses to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (0NASH) and fibrosis. The mechanisms that prevent NASH and fibrosis in the majority of patients with NAFLD remain unclear. Here, we report that NAD(P)H oxidase 4 (NOX4) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NFE2L2) were elevated in hepatocytes early in disease progression to prevent NASH and fibrosis. Mitochondria-derived ROS activated NFE2L2 to induce the expression of NOX4, which in turn generated H2O2 to exacerbate the NFE2L2 antioxidant defense response. The deletion or inhibition of NOX4 in hepatocytes decreased ROS and attenuated antioxidant defense to promote mitochondrial oxidative stress, damage proteins and lipids, diminish insulin signaling, and promote cell death upon oxidant challenge. Hepatocyte NOX4 deletion in high-fat diet-fed obese mice, which otherwise develop steatosis, but not NASH, resulted in hepatic oxidative damage, inflammation, and T cell recruitment to drive NASH and fibrosis, whereas NOX4 overexpression tempered the development of NASH and fibrosis in mice fed a NASH-promoting diet. Thus, mitochondria- and NOX4-derived ROS function in concert to drive a NFE2L2 antioxidant defense response to attenuate oxidative liver damage and progression to NASH and fibrosis in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer Greatorex
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | - Supreet Kaur
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | | | - Pei K. Goh
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | - Florian Wiede
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | - Amanda J. Genders
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | - Melanie Tran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | - YaoYao Jia
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | - Arthe Raajendiran
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | - Wendy A. Brown
- Department of Surgery, Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Junichi Sadoshima
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Matthew J. Watt
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tony Tiganis
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
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7
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Cho YE, Kim Y, Kim SJ, Lee H, Hwang S. Overexpression of Interleukin-8 Promotes the Progression of Fatty Liver to Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15489. [PMID: 37895168 PMCID: PMC10607753 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is an advanced stage of fatty liver disease characterized by liver damage, inflammation, and fibrosis. Although neutrophil infiltration is consistently observed in the livers of patients with NASH, the precise role of neutrophil-recruiting chemokines and infiltrating neutrophils in NASH pathogenesis remains poorly understood. Here, we aimed to elucidate the role of neutrophil infiltration in the transition from fatty liver to NASH by examining hepatic overexpression of interleukin-8 (IL8), a major chemokine responsible for neutrophil recruitment in humans. Mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 3 months developed fatty liver without concurrent liver damage, inflammation, and fibrosis. Subsequent infection with an adenovirus overexpressing human IL8 for an additional 2 weeks increased IL8 levels, neutrophil infiltration, and liver injury in mice. Mechanistically, IL8-induced liver injury was associated with the upregulation of components of the NADPH oxidase 2 complex, which participate in neutrophil oxidative burst. IL8-driven neutrophil infiltration promoted macrophage aggregate formation and upregulated the expression of chemokines and inflammatory cytokines. Notably, IL8 overexpression amplified factors associated with fibrosis, including collagen deposition and hepatic stellate cell activation, in HFD-fed mice. Collectively, hepatic overexpression of human IL8 promotes neutrophil infiltration and fatty liver progression to NASH in HFD-fed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Eun Cho
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; (Y.E.C.); (Y.K.); (H.L.)
| | - Yeonsoo Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; (Y.E.C.); (Y.K.); (H.L.)
| | - Seung-Jin Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea;
| | - Haeseung Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; (Y.E.C.); (Y.K.); (H.L.)
| | - Seonghwan Hwang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; (Y.E.C.); (Y.K.); (H.L.)
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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8
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Park KH, Makki HMM, Kim SH, Chung HJ, Jung J. Narirutin ameliorates alcohol-induced liver injury by targeting MAPK14 in zebrafish larvae. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 166:115350. [PMID: 37633055 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) encompasses a range of hepatic abnormalities, including isolated alcoholic steatosis, steatohepatitis, and cirrhosis. The flavanone-7-O-glycoside narirutin (NRT), the primary flavonoid in citrus peel, has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and lipid-lowering activity. We investigated the effects of NRT on liver injury induced by alcohol and explored the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Zebrafish larvae were used to investigate the effects of NRT on acute exposure to ethanol (EtOH). Liver phenotypic, morphological, and biochemical assessments were performed to evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of NRT. Network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses were conducted to identify candidate targets of NRT in EtOH-induced liver injury. A drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) assay was conducted to evaluate the binding of NRT to mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 (MAPK14). The mechanism of action of NRT was validated by reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blot analysis. RESULTS The liver phenotypic, morphological, and biochemical assessments revealed that NRT has potential therapeutic effects against acute EtOH-induced liver injury. RT-qPCR confirmed that NRT reversed the change in the expression of genes related to oxidative stress, lipogenesis, and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/unfolded protein response pathway. Network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses identified potential targets of NRT's protective effects and confirmed that NRT regulates the p38 MAPK signaling pathway by targeting mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 (MAPK14). CONCLUSIONS NRT mitigates alcohol-induced liver injury by preventing lipid formation, protecting the antioxidant system, and suppressing ER stress-induced apoptosis through MAPK14 modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Hoon Park
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Seo-gu, Busan 49267, South Korea; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, South Korea
| | - Haytham Mohamedelfatih Mohamed Makki
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, South Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Graduation School, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, South Korea
| | - Seok-Hyung Kim
- Sarcopenia Total Solution Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, South Korea.
| | - Hyung-Joo Chung
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Seo-gu, Busan 49267, South Korea.
| | - Junyang Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, South Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Graduation School, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, South Korea; Department of Precision Medicine, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, South Korea.
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9
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Liu L, Xu Y, Yang L, Jiang Z, Li X. Analysis of the mechanism of action of Euphorbia fischeriana Steud on cirrhosis based on network pharmacology. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e35118. [PMID: 37713886 PMCID: PMC10508540 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to employ network pharmacology to elucidate the mechanism by which Euphorbia fischeriana Steud (EFS) exhibits the efficacy on cirrhosis. The compounds and targets of EFS were retrieved from Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Database and Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP). Next, these compounds and targets were analyzed based on protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Furthermore, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) signaling network was established based on KEGG database. We constructed a compound-compound target-intersection target-pathway PPI network, including 20 compounds, 19 intersection targets between compound targets and EFS targets. Among the 20 compounds, 8-Isopentenyl-kaempferol has the most targets, with 27 targets, followed by 3,4',5-Trihydroxy-7-methoxy-8-isopentenylflavone, Formononetin, Isoxanthohumol, and Isokurarinone with potential targets of 26, 22, 18, and 14, respectively. Top 5 targets are HSP90AA1, PTGS2, NOS2, MAPK14, and PPARG. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that pathways such as Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Lipid and atherosclerosis, and AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications were closely related to the infection and abnormal metabolism of the liver. The application of network pharmacology could identify potential targets of EFS with a low false-positive rate and provide novel insight into the mechanism of action of EFS on cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Qiqihar, Qiqihaer, PR China
| | - Yinliang Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Qiqihar, Qiqihaer, PR China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Qiqihar, Qiqihaer, PR China
| | - Zhenzhong Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Qiqihar, Qiqihaer, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Qiqihar, Qiqihaer, PR China
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10
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Huang C, Fan X, Shen Y, Shen M, Yang L. Neutrophil subsets in noncancer liver diseases: Cellular crosstalk and therapeutic targets. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250324. [PMID: 37495829 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant circulating granulocytes, linking innate and adaptive immunity. Neutrophils can regulate inflammatory and immune responses through degranulation, reactive oxygen species generation, the production of cytokines and chemokines, and NETosis. Emerging evidence has indicated that neutrophils contribute to the pathogenesis of various noncancer liver diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, alcohol-associated liver disease, hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury, and liver fibrosis. Cellular interactions among neutrophils, other immune cells, and nonimmune cells constitute a complex network that regulates the immune microenvironment of the liver. This review summarizes novel neutrophil subtypes, including CD177+ neutrophils and low-density neutrophils. Moreover, we provide an overview of the cellular cros stalk of neutrophils in noncancer liver diseases, aiming to shed new light on mechanistic studies of novel neutrophil subtypes. In addition, we discuss the potential of neutrophils as therapeutic targets in noncancer liver diseases, including inhibitors targeting NETosis, granule proteins, and chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoli Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengyi Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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11
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Wang H, Shen H, Seo W, Hwang S. Experimental models of fatty liver diseases: Status and appraisal. Hepatol Commun 2023; 7:e00200. [PMID: 37378635 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty liver diseases, including alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), affect a large number of people worldwide and become one of the major causes of end-stage liver disease, such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Unfortunately, there are currently no approved pharmacological treatments for ALD or NAFLD. This situation highlights the urgent need to explore new intervention targets and discover effective therapeutics for ALD and NAFLD. The lack of properly validated preclinical disease models is a major obstacle to the development of clinical therapies. ALD and NAFLD models have been in the development for decades, but there are still no models that recapitulate the full spectrum of ALD and NAFLD. Throughout this review, we summarize the current in vitro and in vivo models used for research on fatty liver diseases and discuss the advantages and limitations of these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Haiyuan Shen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wonhyo Seo
- Laboratory of Hepatotoxicity, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonghwan Hwang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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12
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Tan Y, Martin TG, Harrison BC, Leinwand LA. Utility of the burmese Python as a model for studying plasticity of extreme physiological systems. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2023; 44:95-106. [PMID: 36316565 PMCID: PMC10149580 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-022-09632-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Non-traditional animal models present an opportunity to discover novel biology that has evolved to allow such animals to survive in extreme environments. One striking example is the Burmese python (Python molurus bivittatus), which exhibits extreme physiological adaptation in various metabolic organs after consuming a large meal following long periods of fasting. The response to such a large meal in pythons involves a dramatic surge in metabolic rate, lipid overload in plasma, and massive but reversible organ growth through the course of digestion. Multiple studies have reported the physiological responses in post-prandial pythons, while the specific molecular control of these processes is less well-studied. Investigating the mechanisms that coordinate organ growth and adaptive responses offers the opportunity to gain novel insight that may be able to treat various pathologies in humans. Here, we summarize past research on the post-prandial physiological changes in the Burmese python with a focus on the gastrointestinal tract, heart, and liver. Specifically, we address our recent molecular discoveries in the post-prandial python liver which demonstrate transient adaptations that may reveal new therapeutic targets. Lastly, we explore new biology of the aquaporin 7 gene that is potently upregulated in mammalian cardiac myocytes by circulating factors in post-prandial python plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Tan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder. 3415 Colorado Ave, UCB 596, 80309, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Thomas G Martin
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder. 3415 Colorado Ave, UCB 596, 80309, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Brooke C Harrison
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder. 3415 Colorado Ave, UCB 596, 80309, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Leslie A Leinwand
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder. 3415 Colorado Ave, UCB 596, 80309, Boulder, CO, USA.
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Yang L, Hao Y, Boeckmans J, Rodrigues RM, He Y. Immune cells and their derived microRNA-enriched extracellular vesicles in nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases: Novel therapeutic targets. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 243:108353. [PMID: 36738973 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. Despite extensive research and multiple clinical trials, there are still no FDA-approved therapies to treat the most severe forms of NAFLD. This is largely due to its complicated etiology and pathogenesis, which involves visceral obesity, insulin resistance, gut dysbiosis, etc. Although inflammation is generally believed to be one of the critical factors that drive the progression of simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the exact type of inflammation and how it contributes to NASH pathogenesis remain largely unknown. Liver inflammation is accompanied by the elevation of inflammatory mediators, including cytokines and chemokines and consequently intrahepatic infiltration of multiple types of immune cells. Recent studies revealed that extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from inflammatory cells and hepatocytes play an important role in controlling liver inflammation during NASH. In this review, we highlight the roles of innate and adaptive immune cells and their microRNA-enriched EVs during NAFLD development and discuss potential drugs that target inflammatory pathways for the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yawen Hao
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Joost Boeckmans
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Robim M Rodrigues
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Yong He
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Xu Z, Wu FW, Niu X, Lu XP, Li YR, Zhang ST, Ou JZ, Wang XM. Integrated strategy of RNA-sequencing and network pharmacology for exploring the protective mechanism of Shen-Shi-Jiang-Zhuo formula in rat with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2022; 60:1819-1838. [PMID: 36124995 PMCID: PMC9518293 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2022.2106250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Shen-Shi-Jiang-Zhuo formula (SSJZF) exhibits a definite curative effect in the clinical treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). OBJECTIVE To explore the therapeutic effect and mechanism of SSJZF on NAFLD. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into control, NAFLD, positive drug (12 mg/kg/day), SSJZF high-dose (200 mg/kg/day), SSJZF middle-dose (100 mg/kg/day), and SSJZF low-dose (50 mg/kg/day) groups. After daily intragastric administration of NAFLD rats for 8 weeks, lipid metabolism and hepatic fibrosis were evaluated by biochemical indices and histopathology. Then we uncovered the main active compounds and mechanism of SSJZF against NAFLD by integrating RNA-sequencing and network pharmacology, and PI3K/AKT pathway activity was verified by western blot. RESULTS High dose SSJZF had the best inhibitory effect on hepatic lipid accumulation and fibrosis in rats with NAFLD, which significantly down-regulated total triglycerides (58%), cholesterol (62%), aspartate aminotransferase (57%), alanine aminotransferase (41%) andγ-glutamyl transpeptidase (36%), as well as the expression of ACC (5.3-fold), FAS (12.1-fold), SREBP1C (2.3-fold), and CD36 (4.4-fold), and significantly reduced collagen deposition (67%). Then we identified 23 compounds of SSJZF that acted on 25 key therapeutic targets of NAFLD by integrating RNA-sequencing and network pharmacology. Finally, we also confirmed that high dose SSJZF increased p-PI3K/PI3K (1.6-fold) and p-AKT/AKT (1.6-fold) in NAFLD rats. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION We found for first time that SSJZF improved NAFLD in rats by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway. These findings provide scientific support for SSJZF in the clinical treatment of NAFLD and contribute to the development of new NAFLD drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xu
- Liu Pai Chinese Medical Center, The Seventh Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan-Wei Wu
- Liu Pai Chinese Medical Center, The Seventh Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuan Niu
- Liu Pai Chinese Medical Center, The Seventh Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiao-Peng Lu
- Liu Pai Chinese Medical Center, The Seventh Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan-Rong Li
- Liu Pai Chinese Medical Center, The Seventh Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- Graduate School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Ting Zhang
- Liu Pai Chinese Medical Center, The Seventh Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Agriculture and Reclamation Central Hospital, Zhanjiang, Guangdong
| | - Jun-Zhao Ou
- Liu Pai Chinese Medical Center, The Seventh Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- Graduate School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Mei Wang
- Liu Pai Chinese Medical Center, The Seventh Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- Graduate School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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15
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Ma Y, Bao Y, Wu L, Ke Y, Tan L, Ren H, Song J, Zhang Q, Jin Y. IL-8 exacerbates CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in human IL-8-expressing mice via the PI3K/Akt/HIF-1α pathway. Mol Immunol 2022; 152:111-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Min RWM, Aung FWM, Liu B, Arya A, Win S. Mechanism and Therapeutic Targets of c-Jun-N-Terminal Kinases Activation in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10082035. [PMID: 36009582 PMCID: PMC9406172 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10082035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) is the most common chronic liver disease. Activation of mitogen-activated kinases (MAPK) cascade, which leads to c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation occurs in the liver in response to the nutritional and metabolic stress. The aberrant activation of MAPKs, especially c-Jun-N-terminal kinases (JNKs), leads to unwanted genetic and epi-genetic modifications in addition to the metabolic stress adaptation in hepatocytes. A mechanism of sustained P-JNK activation was identified in acute and chronic liver diseases, suggesting an important role of aberrant JNK activation in NASH. Therefore, modulation of JNK activation, rather than targeting JNK protein levels, is a plausible therapeutic application for the treatment of chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bryant Liu
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Ave., HMR 612, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Aliza Arya
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Ave., HMR 612, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Sanda Win
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Ave., HMR 612, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Correspondence:
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Yong Z, Zibao H, Zhi Z, Ning M, Ruiqi W, Mimi C, Xiaowen H, Lin D, Zhixuan X, Qiang L, Weiying L, Xiaopo Z. Nootkatone, a Sesquiterpene Ketone From Alpiniae oxyphyllae Fructus, Ameliorates Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver by Regulating AMPK and MAPK Signaling. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:909280. [PMID: 35865940 PMCID: PMC9294377 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.909280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is becoming more common due to lifestyle changes. A long-term high-fat and high-glucose diet induces glycolipid metabolism disorders in the liver, which results in the development of MAFLD. To date, there is no specific clinically useful therapeutics for this disease. Natural products or synthetic compounds were screened and investigated to find effective agents for treating MAFLD. In this study, nootkatone (Nok), a natural sesquiterpene ketone isolated from Alpiniae oxyphyllae fructus, was explored for its potential to treat MAFLD, and underlying mechanisms were studied. Our results show that Nok dramatically ameliorated the disordered lipid and glucose metabolism in MAFLD mice, decreased fat accumulation in hepatic tissue, and improved liver injury. Inflammation, metabolic disorder, and oxidative stress were ameliorated in liver tissue based on RNA-seq transcriptome comparison between a Nok-treated group and an MAFLD model group. Furthermore, Nok significantly activated AMPK activity and inhibited MAPK activity, especially the p38 and JNK signaling pathways, in vivo based on western blot analysis. The pharmaceutical effects and potential signaling pathways impacted by Nok were also investigated in L02 cells. Nok significantly promoted the consumption of glucose and decreased the deposition of triglycerides in vitro. The p-AMPKα level was notably upregulated by Nok, indicating dramatic AMPK activation. In addition, Nok decreased the levels of p-ERK1/2, p-p38, and p-JNK. Nok also inhibited the activation of MAPK signaling and, thus, alleviated MAFLD development. Our results suggest that Nok may be useful in treating MAFLD. Nok may ameliorate MAFLD by regulating glycolipid metabolism disorders by activating AMPK and inhibiting MAPK activity. Collectively, this study suggests that Nok is an effective compound for the treatment of MAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Yong
- Department of Pharmacology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Huang Zibao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhou Zhi
- Reproductive Medical Center, Hainan Women and Children’s Medical Center, Haikou, China
| | - Ma Ning
- Reproductive Medical Center, Hainan Women and Children’s Medical Center, Haikou, China
| | - Wang Ruiqi
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Chen Mimi
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - He Xiaowen
- Public Research Laboratory, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Dong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Xia Zhixuan
- Department of Pharmacology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Liu Qiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Lu Weiying
- Reproductive Medical Center, Hainan Women and Children’s Medical Center, Haikou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhang Xiaopo, ; Lu Weiying,
| | - Zhang Xiaopo
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhang Xiaopo, ; Lu Weiying,
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18
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Meng D, Zhang B, Wang Y, Zheng T, Hu R, Wang B, Otsu K, Wang Y, Huang G. p38α Deficiency in T Cells Ameliorates Diet-Induced Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Adipose Tissue Senescence. Diabetes 2022; 71:1205-1217. [PMID: 35349644 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue-resident T cells play vital roles in regulating inflammation and metabolism in obesity, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we show that high-fat diet (HFD) feeding enhances p38 activity in adipose-resident T cells. T cell-specific deletion of p38α, an essential subunit of p38 expressed in most immune cells, protected mice from HFD-induced obesity, hepatic steatosis, adipose tissue inflammation, and insulin resistance. Mice with p38α deletion in T cells exhibited higher energy expenditure. Mechanistically, p38α promoted T-cell glycolysis through mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling, leading to enhanced Th1 differentiation. Accordingly, genetic deletion of p38α alleviated ongoing diet-induced obesity. Unexpectedly, p38α signaling in T cells promoted adipose tissue senescence during obesity and aging. Taken together, our results identify p38α in T cells as an essential regulator of obesity, insulin resistance, and adipose tissue senescence, and p38α may be a therapeutic target for obese- or aging-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyun Meng
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Baohua Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Tingting Zheng
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Ran Hu
- Basic Department of Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Kinya Otsu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, London, U.K
| | - Ying Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gonghua Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
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19
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Chung KW, Cho YE, Kim SJ, Hwang S. Immune-related pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Arch Pharm Res 2022; 45:229-244. [PMID: 35391713 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-022-01379-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome and has become prevalent in the adult population worldwide, given the ongoing obesity pandemic. NAFLD comprises several hepatic disorders, ranging from fatty liver to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis, and carcinoma. Excessive fat accumulation in the liver can induce the development of fatty liver, whereas the progression of fatty liver to NASH involves various complex factors. The crucial difference between fatty liver and NASH is the presence of inflammation and fibrosis, the emergence of which is closely associated with the action of immune cells and immunological factors, such as chemokines and cytokines. Thus, expanding our understanding of immunological mechanisms contributing to NASH pathogenesis will lead to the identification of therapeutic targets and the development of viable therapeutics against NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Wung Chung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Eun Cho
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jin Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon Institute of Inclusive Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.,Global/Gangwon Innovative Biologics-Regional Leading Research Center (GIB-RLRC), Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonghwan Hwang
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Magida JA, Tan Y, Wall CE, Harrison BC, Marr TG, Peter AK, Riquelme CA, Leinwand LA. Burmese pythons exhibit a transient adaptation to nutrient overload that prevents liver damage. J Gen Physiol 2022; 154:213093. [PMID: 35323838 PMCID: PMC8958269 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202113008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
As an opportunistic predator, the Burmese python (Python molurus bivittatus) consumes large and infrequent meals, fasting for up to a year. Upon consuming a large meal, the Burmese python exhibits extreme metabolic responses. To define the pathways that regulate these postprandial metabolic responses, we performed a comprehensive profile of plasma metabolites throughout the digestive process. Following ingestion of a meal equivalent to 25% of its body mass, plasma lipoproteins and metabolites, such as chylomicra and bile acids, reach levels observed only in mammalian models of extreme dyslipidemia. Here, we provide evidence for an adaptive response to postprandial nutrient overload by the python liver, a critical site of metabolic homeostasis. The python liver undergoes a substantial increase in mass through proliferative processes, exhibits hepatic steatosis, hyperlipidemia-induced insulin resistance indicated by PEPCK activation and pAKT deactivation, and de novo fatty acid synthesis via FASN activation. This postprandial state is completely reversible. We posit that Burmese pythons evade the permanent hepatic damage associated with these metabolic states in mammals using evolved protective measures to inactivate these pathways. These include a transient activation of hepatic nuclear receptors induced by fatty acids and bile acids, including PPAR and FXR, respectively. The stress-induced p38 MAPK pathway is also transiently activated during the early stages of digestion. Taken together, these data identify a reversible metabolic response to hyperlipidemia by the python liver, only achieved in mammals by pharmacologic intervention. The factors involved in these processes may be relevant to or leveraged for remediating human hepatic pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Magida
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO.,Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA
| | - Yuxiao Tan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
| | - Christopher E Wall
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO.,Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA
| | - Brooke C Harrison
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
| | | | - Angela K Peter
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
| | - Cecilia A Riquelme
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leslie A Leinwand
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
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21
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Wang X, Xie Q. Metabolic Dysfunction-associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD) and Viral Hepatitis. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2022; 10:128-133. [PMID: 35233381 PMCID: PMC8845159 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2021.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A new definition of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) was proposed in 2020. The change from nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to MAFLD highlights the metabolic abnormalities that accompany fatty liver. The diagnosis of MAFLD does not require exclusion of secondary causes of liver diseases and alcohol consumption. Thus, MAFLD may coexist with other types of liver diseases, such as viral hepatitis, a disease that remains the most common cause of liver disease-related death. With the increasing prevalence of MAFLD, patients with coincidental MAFLD and viral hepatitis are frequently encountered in clinical practice. In this review, we mainly summarize the mutual relationship between hepatitis B/C and systematic metabolism dysfunction related to MAFLD. We discuss the impact of MAFLD on progression of viral hepatitis and the therapies. Some unaddressed clinical problems related to concomitant MAFLD and viral hepatitis are also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Xie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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22
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Farnesoid X Receptor Deficiency Induces Hepatic Lipid and Glucose Metabolism Disorder via Regulation of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase 4. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:3589525. [PMID: 35251469 PMCID: PMC8896157 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3589525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptors (FXR) are bile acid receptors that play roles in lipid, glucose, and energy homeostasis. Synthetic FXR-specific agonists have been developed for treating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients. However, the detailed mechanism remains unclear. To investigate the effects of FXR on NAFLD and the possible mechanism, FXR-null mice were fed either a normal or a high-fat diet. The FXR-null mice developed hepatomegaly, steatosis, accumulation of lipid droplets in liver cells, glucose metabolism disorder, and elevated serum lipid levels. Transcriptomic results showed increased expression of key lipid synthesis and glucose metabolism-related proteins. We focused on pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4), a key enzyme involved in the regulation of glucose and fatty acid (FA) metabolism and homeostasis. Subsequently, we confirmed an increase in PDK4 expression in FXR knockout cells. Moreover, inhibition of PDK4 expression alleviated lipid accumulation in hepatocytes caused by FXR deficiency in vivo and in vitro. Our results identify FXR as a nuclear transcription factor that regulates glucose and lipid metabolism balance through PDK4, providing further insights into the mechanism of FXR agonists in the treatment of metabolic diseases.
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23
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Kim AD, Kim SE, Leszczynska A, Kaufmann B, Reca A, Kim DJ, Feldstein AE. Dual role of neutrophils in modulating liver injury and fibrosis during development and resolution of diet-induced murine steatohepatitis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24194. [PMID: 34921208 PMCID: PMC8683497 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03679-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory changes in the liver represent a key feature of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the progressive form of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Innate immune activation including hepatic neutrophilic infiltration acts as an important inflammatory trigger as well as a potential mediator of inflammation resolution. In this study, we dissected the effects of neutrophil depletion via anti-lymphocyte antigen 6 complex locus G6D (Ly6G) antibodies administration during ongoing high fat-fructose-cholesterol (FFC) diet-induced murine NASH and during inflammation resolution by switching into a low-fat control diet. During NASH progression, protective effects were shown as HSC activation, cell infiltration and activation of pro-inflammatory macrophages were ameliorated. Furthermore, these changes were contrasted with the effects observed when neutrophil depletion was performed during the resolution phase. Impaired resolving mechanisms, such as a failure to balance the pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines ratio, deficient macrophage phenotypic switch into a pro-restorative profile, and defective repair and remodeling processes were observed when neutrophils were depleted in this scenario. This study described phase-dependent contrasting roles of neutrophils as triggers and pro-resolutive mediators of liver injury and fibrosis associated with diet-induced NASH in mice. These findings have important translational implications at the time of designing NASH therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea D Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Sung Eun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Benedikt Kaufmann
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
- Department of Surgery, TUM School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Agustina Reca
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Dong Joon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ariel E Feldstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA.
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24
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Arafa ESA, Refaey MS, Abd El-Ghafar OAM, Hassanein EHM, Sayed AM. The promising therapeutic potentials of ginsenosides mediated through p38 MAPK signaling inhibition. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08354. [PMID: 34825082 PMCID: PMC8605069 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 MAPK) is a 38kD polypeptide recognized as the target for many potential anti-inflammatory agents. Accumulating evidence indicates that p38 MAPK could perform many roles in human disease pathophysiology. Therefore, great therapeutic benefits can be attained from p38 MAPK inhibitors. Ginseng is an exceptionally valued medicinal plant of the family Araliaceae (Panax genus). Recently, several studies targeted the therapeutic effects of purified individual ginsenoside, the most significant active ingredient of ginseng, and studied its particular molecular mechanism(s) of action rather than whole-plant extracts. Interestingly, several ginsenosides: ginsenosides compound K, F1, Rb1, Rb3, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2, Rg3, Rg5, Rh1, Rh2, Ro, notoginsenoside R1, and protopanaxadiol have shown to possess great therapeutic potentials mediated by their ability to downregulate p38 MAPK signaling in different cell lines and experimental animal models. Our review compiles the research findings of various ginsenosides as potent anti-inflammatory agents, highlighting the crucial role of p38 MAPK suppression in their pharmacological actions. In addition, in silico studies were conducted to explore the probable binding of these ginsenosides to p38 MAPK. The results obtained proposed p38 MAPK involvement in the beneficial pharmacological activities of ginsenosides in different ailments. p38 MAPK plays many roles in human disease pathophysiology. Therefore, great therapeutic benefits can be attained from p38 MAPK inhibitors. Several ginsenosides showed to possess great therapeutic potentials mediated by its ability to downregulate p38 MAPK signaling. in silico studies were conducted to explore the binding of these ginsenosides to p38 MAPK and evidenced the promising their inhibitory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- El-Shaimaa A Arafa
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.,Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Refaey
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Menoufiya, 32958, Egypt
| | - Omnia A M Abd El-Ghafar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Emad H M Hassanein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Sayed
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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25
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Liu W, Sun C, Yan Y, Cao H, Niu Z, Shen S, Liu S, Wu Y, Li Y, Hui L, Li Y, Zhao L, Hu C, Ding Q, Jiang J, Ying H. Hepatic P38 Activation Modulates Systemic Metabolism Through Fgf21-Mediated Interorgan Communication. Diabetes 2021; 71:db210240. [PMID: 34957482 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of steatosis and insulin resistance in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease remain elusive. Increased phosphorylation of hepatic p38 has long been noticed in fatty liver; however, whether the activation of hepatic p38 is a cause or consequence of liver steatosis is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that hepatic p38 activation by MKK6 overexpression in the liver of mice induces severe liver steatosis, reduces fat mass, and elevates circulating fatty acid levels in a hepatic p38α- and FGF21-dependent manner. Mechanistically, through increasing the FGF21 production from liver, hepatic p38 activation increases the influx of fatty acids from adipose tissue to liver, leading to hepatic ectopic lipid accumulation and insulin resistance. Although hepatic p38 activation exhibits favorable effects in peripheral tissues, it impairs the hepatic FGF21 action by facilitating the ubiquitination and degradation of FGF21 receptor cofactor β-Klotho. Consistently, we show that p38 phosphorylation and FGF21 expffression are increased, β-Klotho protein levels are decreased in the fatty liver of either mice or patients. In conclusion, our study reveals previously undescribed effects of hepatic p38 activation on systemic metabolism and provides new insights into the roles of hepatic p38α, FGF21, and β-Klotho in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of 1CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Sciences; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of 1CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Sciences; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of 1CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Sciences; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongchao Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of 1CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Sciences; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhoumin Niu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of 1CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Sciences; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Siyi Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of 1CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Sciences; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengnan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of 1CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Sciences; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuting Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of 1CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Sciences; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Lijian Hui
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuying Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of 1CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Sciences; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Hu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiurong Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of 1CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Sciences; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Ying
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of 1CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Sciences; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Innovation Center for Intervention of Chronic Disease and Promotion of Health
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
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26
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Identification of a 17-gene-signature in Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis and Its Relationship with Immune Cell Infiltration. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.116366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Background: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma, but the understanding of the regulatory mechanisms driving NASH is not comprehensive. Objectives: We aimed to identify the potential markers of NASH and explore their relationship with immune cell populations. Methods: Five gene expression datasets for NASH were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus and European Bioinformatics Institute Array Express databases. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between NASH and controls were screened. Gene Ontology-Biological Process (GO-BP) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were performed for functional enrichment analysis of DEGs. Among the candidate genes selected from the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and module analysis, DEG signatures were further identified using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression analysis. The Spearman correlation coefficient was calculated to assess the correlation between DEG signatures and immune cell abundance based on the CIBERSORT algorithm. Results: We screened 403 upregulated, and 158 downregulated DEGs for NASH, and they were mainly enriched in GO-BP, including the inflammatory response, innate immune response, signal transduction, and KEGG pathways, such as the pathways involved in cancer (e.g., the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway), and focal adhesion. We then screened 73 candidate genes from the PPI network and module analysis and finally identified 17 DEG signatures. By evaluating their relationship with immune cell populations, 12 DEG signatures were found to correlate with activated dendritic cells, resting dendritic cells, M2 macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, and resting memory CD4 T cells, which were significantly different between the NASH and control tissues. Conclusions: We identified a 17-DEG-signature as a candidate biomarker for NASH and analyzed its relationship with immune infiltration in NASH.
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27
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Li L, Xia Y, Ji X, Wang H, Zhang Z, Lu P, Ding Q, Wang D, Liu M. MIG/CXCL9 exacerbates the progression of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease by disrupting Treg/Th17 balance. Exp Cell Res 2021; 407:112801. [PMID: 34461107 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CD4+CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells and Th17 cells play important roles in the progression of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). However, the contribution of monokine induced by interferon-gamma (MIG)/CXCL9 to the Treg/Th17 imbalance in MAFLD is only partially understood. In the present study, we detected increased levels of MIG/CXCL9 and a Treg/Th17 imbalance in the setting of metabolic-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). Recombinant adeno-associated virus-mediated gene transfer and silencing of MIG/CXCL9 expression in mice alleviated MASH and increased the Treg/Th17 ratio. Furthermore, the percentage of Th17 cells, but not Treg cells, differentiated from splenic CD4+ T cells was significantly increased by administration of MIG/CXCL9. MIG/CXCL9 also promoted Th17 cell proliferation, and its effects were dose dependent. Levels of phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) decreased dramatically when MIG/CXCL9 was inhibited in a murine MASH model. In cultured Treg cells, phosphorylated JNK levels decreased dose-dependently in response to MIG/CXCL9 inhibition, but increased in cultured Th17 cells. This effect was blocked in the presence of a JNK inhibitor. These findings underline the fundamental importance of MIG/CXCL9 in maintaining the Treg/Th17 balance in MAFLD and provide the foundations for a novel approach to preventing and treating MAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, PR China.
| | - Yujia Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, PR China.
| | - Xiaoyu Ji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, PR China.
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, PR China.
| | - Zerui Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, PR China.
| | - Panpan Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, PR China.
| | - Qiang Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, PR China.
| | - Deqiong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, PR China.
| | - Mei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, PR China.
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28
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Rodrigues RM, He Y, Hwang S, Bertola A, Mackowiak B, Ahmed YA, Seo W, Ma J, Wang X, Park SH, Guan Y, Fu Y, Vanhaecke T, Feng D, Gao B. E-Selectin-Dependent Inflammation and Lipolysis in Adipose Tissue Exacerbate Steatosis-to-NASH Progression via S100A8/9. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 13:151-171. [PMID: 34390865 PMCID: PMC8593619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a leading cause of chronic liver disease, characterized by steatosis and hallmark liver neutrophil infiltration. NASH also is associated with adipose tissue inflammation, but the role of adipose tissue inflammation in NASH pathogenesis remains obscure. The aim of this study was to investigate the interplay between neutrophil recruitment in adipose tissue and the progression of NASH. METHODS A mouse model of NASH was obtained by high-fat diet (HFD) feeding plus adenovirus-Cxcl1 overexpression (HFD+AdCxcl1). Genetic deletion of E-selectin (Sele) and treatment with an S100A9 inhibitor (Paquinimod) were investigated using this model. RESULTS By analyzing transcriptomic data sets of adipose tissue from NASH patients, we found that E-selectin, a key adhesion molecule for neutrophils, is the highest up-regulated gene among neutrophil recruitment-related factors in adipose tissue of NASH patients compared with those in patients with simple steatosis. A marked up-regulation of Sele in adipose tissue also was observed in HFD+AdCxcl1 mice. The HFD+AdCxcl1-induced NASH phenotype was ameliorated in Sele knockout mice and was accompanied by reduced lipolysis and inflammation in adipose tissue, which resulted in decreased serum free fatty acids and proinflammatory adipokines. S100A8/A9, a major proinflammatory protein secreted by neutrophils, was highly increased in adipose tissue of HFD+AdCxcl1 mice. This increase was blunted in the Sele knockout mice. Therapeutically, treatment with the S100A9 inhibitor Paquinimod reduced lipolysis, inflammation, and adipokine production, ameliorating the NASH phenotype in mice. CONCLUSIONS E-selectin plays an important role in inducing neutrophil recruitment in adipose tissue, which subsequently promotes inflammation and lipolysis via the production of S100A8/A9, thereby exacerbating the steatosis-to-NASH progression. Targeting adipose tissue inflammation therefore may represent a potential novel therapy for treatment of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robim M. Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland,Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yong He
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Seonghwan Hwang
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Adeline Bertola
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Bryan Mackowiak
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yeni Ait Ahmed
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Wonhyo Seo
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jing Ma
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Seol Hee Park
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yukun Guan
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yaojie Fu
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dechun Feng
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Bin Gao, MD, PhD, Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, Maryland 20892. fax: (301) 480-0257.
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Tripartite motif 16 ameliorates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by promoting the degradation of phospho-TAK1. Cell Metab 2021; 33:1372-1388.e7. [PMID: 34146477 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-related hepatocellular carcinoma and liver disorders have become the leading causes for the need of liver transplantation in developed countries. Lipotoxicity plays a central role in NASH progression by causing endoplasmic reticulum stress and disrupting protein homeostasis. To identify key molecules that mitigate the detrimental consequences of lipotoxicity, we performed integrative multiomics analysis and identified the E3 ligase tripartite motif 16 (TRIM16) as a candidate molecule. In particular, we found that lipid accumulation and inflammation in a mouse NASH model is mitigated by TRIM16 overexpression but aggravated by its depletion. Multiomics analysis showed that TRIM16 suppressed NASH progression by attenuating the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway; specifically, by preferentially interacting with phospho-TAK1 to promote its degradation. Together, these results identify TRIM16 as a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of NASH.
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Abstract
One third of the western population suffers from nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which may ultimately develop into hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The molecular event(s) that triggers the disease are not clear. Current understanding, known as the multiple hits model, suggests that NAFLD is a result of diverse events at several tissues (e.g., liver, adipose tissues, and intestine) combined with changes in metabolism and microbiome. In contrast to this prevailing concept, we report that fatty liver could be triggered by a single mutated protein expressed only in the liver. We established a transgenic system that allows temporally controlled activation of the MAP kinase p38α in a tissue-specific manner by induced expression of intrinsically active p38α allele. Here we checked the effect of exclusive activation in the liver. Unexpectedly, induction of p38α alone was sufficient to cause macrovesicular fatty liver. Animals did not become overweight, showing that fatty liver can be imposed solely by a genetic modification in liver per se and can be separated from obesity. Active p38α-induced fatty liver is associated with up-regulation of MUC13, CIDEA, PPARγ, ATF3, and c-jun mRNAs, which are up-regulated in human HCC. Shutting off expression of the p38α mutant resulted in reversal of symptoms. The findings suggest that p38α plays a direct causative role in fatty liver diseases and perhaps in other chronic inflammatory diseases. As p38α activity was induced by point mutations, it could be considered a proto-inflammatory gene (proto-inflammagene).
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31
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Wang X, Seo W, Park SH, Fu Y, Hwang S, Rodrigues RM, Feng D, Gao B, He Y. MicroRNA-223 restricts liver fibrosis by inhibiting the TAZ-IHH-GLI2 and PDGF signaling pathways via the crosstalk of multiple liver cell types. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:1153-1167. [PMID: 33867837 PMCID: PMC8040312 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.58365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims: Liver fibrosis is a common consequence of chronic liver injury and is characterized by the accumulation of extracellular matrix mainly generated from activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). At present, the mechanisms underlying liver fibrogenesis remain obscure and effective pharmacological therapies are lacking. Neutrophil-specific microRNA-223 (miR-223) plays an important role in controlling the development of various liver diseases; however, its role in HSC activation and liver fibrosis remains unclear. Methods: Liver fibrosis was induced by chronic carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) injection of miR-223 knockout (miR-223KO) mice and littermate wild-type controls. MiR-223 was overexpressed in cultured HSCs to determine its function and targets during HSC activation and proliferation. The expression of miR-223 and pri-miR-223 was examined in primary HSCs isolated from CCl4-treated mice and in cultured HSCs. The communication between HSCs and neutrophils was studied by performing in vitro co-culture experiments. Results: Genetic deletion of miR-223 exacerbated chronic CCl4-induced liver fibrosis. Administration of miR-223 inhibited liver fibrosis by inhibiting the transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ)-Indian hedgehog (IHH)-GLI Family Zinc Finger 2 (GLI2) pathway via the crosstalk between hepatocytes and HSCs. Overexpression of miR-223 also directly attenuated Gli2 as well as platelet-derived growth factor receptor α/β (Pdgfra/b) expression in HSCs, thereby suppressing HSC activation and proliferation. The expression of pri-miR-223 and miR-223 was downregulated during HSC activation in vitro. Expression of pri-miR-223 was also decreased in activated HSCs in vivo in fibrotic livers but mature miR-223 expression was not reduced. Finally, in co-culture experiments, activated HSCs were able to take up miR-223-enriched extracellular vesicles from neutrophils, resulting in elevation of miR-223. Conclusion: MiR-223 restricts liver fibrosis by targeting multiple genes in hepatocytes and HSCs, providing potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Wang
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Wonhyo Seo
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Seol Hee Park
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yaojie Fu
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Seonghwan Hwang
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robim M. Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dechun Feng
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yong He
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Cicuéndez B, Ruiz-Garrido I, Mora A, Sabio G. Stress kinases in the development of liver steatosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Metab 2021; 50:101190. [PMID: 33588102 PMCID: PMC8324677 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an important component of metabolic syndrome and one of the most prevalent liver diseases worldwide. This disorder is closely linked to hepatic insulin resistance, lipotoxicity, and inflammation. Although the mechanisms that cause steatosis and chronic liver injury in NAFLD remain unclear, a key component of this process is the activation of stress-activated kinases (SAPKs), including p38 and JNK in the liver and immune system. This review summarizes findings which indicate that the dysregulation of stress kinases plays a fundamental role in the development of steatosis and are important players in inducing liver fibrosis. To avoid the development of steatohepatitis and liver cancer, SAPK activity must be tightly regulated not only in the hepatocytes but also in other tissues, including cells of the immune system. Possible cellular mechanisms of SAPK actions are discussed. Hepatic JNK triggers steatosis and insulin resistance, decreasing lipid oxidation and ketogenesis in HFD-fed mice. Decreased liver expression of p38α/β in HFD increases lipogenesis. Hepatic p38γ/δ drive insulin resistance and inhibit autophagy, which may lead to steatosis. Macrophage p38α/β promote cytokine production and M1 polarization, leading to lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. Myeloid p38γ/δ contribute to cytokine production and neutrophil migration, protecting against steatosis, diabetes and NAFLD. JNK1 and p38γ induce HCC while p38α blocks it. However, deletion of hepatic JNK1/2 induces cholangiocarcinoma. SAPK are potential therapeutic target for metabolic disorders, steatohepatitis and liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Cicuéndez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Ruiz-Garrido
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Mora
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Guadalupe Sabio
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Canovas B, Nebreda AR. Diversity and versatility of p38 kinase signalling in health and disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:346-366. [PMID: 33504982 PMCID: PMC7838852 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-020-00322-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability of cells to deal with different types of stressful situations in a precise and coordinated manner is key for survival and involves various signalling networks. Over the past 25 years, p38 kinases — in particular, p38α — have been implicated in the cellular response to stress at many levels. These span from environmental and intracellular stresses, such as hyperosmolarity, oxidative stress or DNA damage, to physiological situations that involve important cellular changes such as differentiation. Given that p38α controls a plethora of functions, dysregulation of this pathway has been linked to diseases such as inflammation, immune disorders or cancer, suggesting the possibility that targeting p38α could be of therapeutic interest. In this Review, we discuss the organization of this signalling pathway focusing on the diversity of p38α substrates, their mechanisms and their links to particular cellular functions. We then address how the different cellular responses can be generated depending on the signal received and the cell type, and highlight the roles of this kinase in human physiology and in pathological contexts. p38α — the best-characterized member of the p38 kinase family — is a key mediator of cellular stress responses. p38α is activated by a plethora of signals and functions through a multitude of substrates to regulate different cellular behaviours. Understanding context-dependent p38α signalling provides important insights into p38α roles in physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Canovas
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angel R Nebreda
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain. .,ICREA, Barcelona, Spain.
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Inhibition of hyaluronan synthesis by 4-methylumbelliferone ameliorates non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined diet-induced murine model. Arch Pharm Res 2021; 44:230-240. [PMID: 33486695 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-021-01309-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) as a glycosaminoglycan can bind to cell-surface receptors, such as TLR4, to regulate inflammation, tissue injury, repair, and fibrosis. 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU), an inhibitor of HA synthesis, is a drug used for the treatment of biliary spasms. Currently, therapeutic interventions are not available for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). In this study, we investigated the effects of 4-MU on NASH using a choline-deficient amino acid (CDAA) diet model. CDAA diet-fed mice showed NASH characteristics, including hepatocyte injury, hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrogenesis. 4-MU treatment significantly reduced hepatic lipid contents in CDAA diet-fed mice. 4-MU reversed CDAA diet-mediated inhibition of Ppara and induction of Srebf1 and Slc27a2. Analysis of serum ALT and AST levels revealed that 4-MU treatment protected against hepatocellular damage induced by CDAA diet feeding. TLR4 regulates low molecular weight-HA-induced chemokine expression in hepatocytes. In CDAA diet-fed, 4-MU-treated mice, the upregulated chemokine/cytokine expression, such as Cxcl1, Cxcl2, and Tnf was attenuated with the decrease of macrophage infiltration into the liver. Moreover, HA inhibition repressed CDAA diet-induced mRNA expression of fibrogenic genes, Notch1, and Hes1 in the liver. In conclusion, 4-MU treatment inhibited liver steatosis and steatohepatitis in a mouse model of NASH, implicating that 4-MU may have therapeutic potential for NASH.
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Hwang S, Yun H, Moon S, Cho YE, Gao B. Role of Neutrophils in the Pathogenesis of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:751802. [PMID: 34707573 PMCID: PMC8542869 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.751802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) includes a spectrum of liver disorders, from fatty liver to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Compared with fatty liver, NASH is characterized by increased liver injury and inflammation, in which liver-infiltrating immune cells, with neutrophil infiltration as a hallmark of NASH, play a critical role in promoting the progression of fatty liver to NASH. Neutrophils are the first responders to injury and infection in various tissues, establishing the first line of defense through multiple mechanisms such as phagocytosis, cytokine secretion, reactive oxygen species production, and neutrophil extracellular trap formation; however, their roles in the pathogenesis of NASH remain obscure. The current review summarizes the roles of neutrophils that facilitate the progression of fatty liver to NASH and their involvement in inflammation resolution during NASH pathogenesis. The notion that neutrophils are potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of NASH is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonghwan Hwang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Hwayoung Yun
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Sungwon Moon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Ye Eun Cho
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Westenberger G, Sellers J, Fernando S, Junkins S, Han SM, Min K, Lawan A. Function of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases in Hepatic Inflammation. JOURNAL OF CELLULAR SIGNALING 2021; 2:172-180. [PMID: 34557866 PMCID: PMC8457364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The western diet and overuse of anti-inflammatory medication have caused a great deal of stress on the liver. Obesity and the associated inflammatory state in insulin-responsive tissues result in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokine that activates the stress-responsive MAPKs, p38 MAPK, and JNK. These MAPKs have figured prominently as critical effectors in physiological and pathophysiological hepatic inflammation. In contrast, evidence for a role for ERK1/2 in hepatic inflammation has been less well developed. In this review article, we describe recent insights into the physiology and pathophysiology of the role of stress-responsive MAPKs in hepatic inflammation during obesity and liver injury with a focus on macrophages, hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells. In response to metabolic stress and liver injury, JNK activation in macrophages and hepatocytes promotes the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and macrophage and neutrophil infiltration. p38 MAPK plays an important role in contributing to the progression of hepatic inflammation in response to various hepatic cellular stresses, although the precise substrates mediating these effects in hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells remain to be identified. Both JNK and p38 MAPK promotes profibrotic behavior in hepatic stellate cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Westenberger
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama 35899, USA
| | - Jacob Sellers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama 35899, USA
| | - Savanie Fernando
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama 35899, USA
| | - Sadie Junkins
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama 35899, USA
| | - Sung Min Han
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Institute of Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Kisuk Min
- Division of Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, USA
| | - Ahmed Lawan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama 35899, USA,Correspondence should be addressed to Ahmed Lawan;
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Wang Z, Li B, Jiang H, Ma Y, Bao Y, Zhu X, Xia H, Jin Y. IL-8 exacerbates alcohol-induced fatty liver disease via the Akt/HIF-1α pathway in human IL-8-expressing mice. Cytokine 2020; 138:155402. [PMID: 33352397 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD) is a disease that causes liver damage due to chronic heavy drinking. AFLD is related to lipid accumulation in liver cells caused by alcohol intake. Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is an inflammatory cytokine associated with chemotaxis (deletion in mice) that has robust effects on the occurrence and development of disease by activating related signal transduction pathways to promote inflammation and cell proliferation. There is significantly increased IL-8 expression in liver disease, which may be related to the pathogenesis of AFLD. In this study, we used hydrodynamic injection to deliver the liver-specific expression vector pLIVE-hIL-8 into mice. We found that hIL-8 can exacerbate alcohol-induced fatty liver disease via the Akt/HIF-1α pathway. Exacerbated liver lipid degeneration in mice, which is characterized by excessive accumulation of triglycerides, and liver damage markers were significantly increased. Moreover, hIL-8 could increase the alcohol-induced release of ROS in fatty liver caused by alcohol and exacerbate fatty liver disease. The expression of liver lipid metabolism-related gene sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) was increased. Furthermore, the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), which is related to liver fatty acid oxidation, was decreased. The findings obtained in this study of hIL-8 will help identify a potential target for the clinical treatment of AFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 230032 Hefei, China; The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 230032 Hefei, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, 230032 Hefei, China
| | - Biao Li
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 230032 Hefei, China; The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 230032 Hefei, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, 230032 Hefei, China
| | - Haiyan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 230032 Hefei, China; The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 230032 Hefei, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, 230032 Hefei, China
| | - Yuchen Ma
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 230032 Hefei, China; The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 230032 Hefei, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, 230032 Hefei, China
| | - Yanni Bao
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 230032 Hefei, China; The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 230032 Hefei, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, 230032 Hefei, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 230032 Hefei, China
| | - Hongguang Xia
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 230032 Hefei, China
| | - Yong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 230032 Hefei, China; The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 230032 Hefei, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, 230032 Hefei, China.
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Li X, Wang H. Multiple organs involved in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:140. [PMID: 33372630 PMCID: PMC7720519 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-00507-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents the leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide and the anticipated health burden is huge. There are limited therapeutic approaches for NAFLD now. It’s imperative to get a better understanding of the disease pathogenesis if new treatments are to be discovered. As the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome, this disease involves complex interactions between different organs and regulatory pathways. It’s increasingly clear that brain, gut and adipose tissue all contribute to NAFLD pathogenesis and development, in view of their roles in energy homeostasis. In the present review, we try to summarize currently available data regarding NAFLD pathogenesis and to lay a particular emphasis on the inter-organ crosstalk evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China. .,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, China.
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He Y, Hwang S, Ahmed YA, Feng D, Li N, Ribeiro M, Lafdil F, Kisseleva T, Szabo G, Gao B. Immunopathobiology and therapeutic targets related to cytokines in liver diseases. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 18:18-37. [PMID: 33203939 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00580-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver injury with any etiology can progress to fibrosis and the end-stage diseases cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The progression of liver disease is controlled by a variety of factors, including liver injury, inflammatory cells, inflammatory mediators, cytokines, and the gut microbiome. In the current review, we discuss recent data on a large number of cytokines that play important roles in regulating liver injury, inflammation, fibrosis, and regeneration, with a focus on interferons and T helper (Th) 1, Th2, Th9, Th17, interleukin (IL)-1 family, IL-6 family, and IL-20 family cytokines. Hepatocytes can also produce certain cytokines (such as IL-7, IL-11, and IL-33), and the functions of these cytokines in the liver are briefly summarized. Several cytokines have great therapeutic potential, and some are currently being tested as therapeutic targets in clinical trials for the treatment of liver diseases, which are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong He
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Seonghwan Hwang
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yeni Ait Ahmed
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Université Paris-Est, UMR-S955, UPEC, F-94000, Créteil, France
| | - Dechun Feng
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Na Li
- Department of Medicine and Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Marcelle Ribeiro
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fouad Lafdil
- Université Paris-Est, UMR-S955, UPEC, F-94000, Créteil, France.,INSERM, U955, F-94000, Créteil, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, F-75231, Cedex 05, France
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Medicine and Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Gyongyi Szabo
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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40
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Liu K, Wang FS, Xu R. Neutrophils in liver diseases: pathogenesis and therapeutic targets. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 18:38-44. [PMID: 33159158 PMCID: PMC7852892 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00560-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, it was assumed that peripheral neutrophils are a homogeneous population that displays antimicrobial functions. However, recent data have revealed that neutrophils are heterogeneous and are additionally involved in tissue damage and immune regulation. The phenotypic and functional plasticity of neutrophils has been identified in patients with cancer, inflammatory disorders, infections, and other diseases. Currently, neutrophils, with their autocrine, paracrine, and immune modulation functions, have been shown to be involved in liver diseases, including viral hepatitis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, liver failure, and liver cancer. Accordingly, this review summarizes the role of neutrophils in liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- Peking University 302 Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China.,Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Fu-Sheng Wang
- Peking University 302 Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China. .,Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.
| | - Ruonan Xu
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.
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41
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Hwang S, Ren T, Gao B. Obesity and binge alcohol intake are deadly combination to induce steatohepatitis: A model of high-fat diet and binge ethanol intake. Clin Mol Hepatol 2020; 26:586-594. [PMID: 32937687 PMCID: PMC7641546 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2020.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and binge drinking often coexist and work synergistically to promote steatohepatitis; however, the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. In this mini-review, we briefly summarize clinical evidence of the synergistical effect of obesity and heavy drinking on steatohepatitis and discuss the underlying mechanisms obtained from the study of several mouse models. High-fat diet (HFD) feeding and binge ethanol synergistically induced steatohepatitis and fibrosis in mice with significant intrahepatic neutrophil infiltration; such HFD-plus-ethanol treatment markedly up-regulated the hepatic expression of many chemokines with the highest fold (approximately 30-fold) induction of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (Cxcl1), which contributes to hepatic neutrophil infiltration and liver injury. Furthermore, HFD feeding activated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma that subsequently inhibited CXCL1 upregulation in hepatocytes, thereby forming a negative feedback loop to prevent neutrophil overaction; whereas binge ethanol blocked this loop and then exacerbated CXCL1 elevation, neutrophil infiltration, and liver injury. Interestingly, inflamed mouse hepatocytes attracted neutrophils less effectively than inflamed human hepatocytes due to the lower induction of CXCL1 and the lack of the interleukin (IL)-8 gene in the mouse genome, which may be one of the reasons for difficulty in development of mouse models of alcoholic steatohepatitis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Hepatic overexpression of Cxcl1 and/or IL-8 promoted steatosis-to-NASH progression in HFD-fed mice by inducing neutrophil infiltration, oxidative stress, hepatocyte death, fibrosis, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. Collectively, obesity and binge drinking synergistically promote steatohepatitis via the induction of CXCL1 and subsequent hepatic neutrophil infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonghwan Hwang
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tianyi Ren
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Ma J, Cao H, Rodrigues RM, Xu M, Ren T, He Y, Hwang S, Feng D, Ren R, Yang P, Liangpunsakul S, Sun J, Gao B. Chronic-plus-binge alcohol intake induces production of proinflammatory mtDNA-enriched extracellular vesicles and steatohepatitis via ASK1/p38MAPKα-dependent mechanisms. JCI Insight 2020; 5:136496. [PMID: 32544093 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.136496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol-associated liver disease is a spectrum of liver disorders with histopathological changes ranging from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Recent data suggest that chronic-plus-binge ethanol intake induces steatohepatitis by promoting release by hepatocytes of proinflammatory mitochondrial DNA-enriched (mtDNA-enriched) extracellular vesicles (EVs). The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of the stress kinase apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38) in chronic-plus-binge ethanol-induced steatohepatitis and mtDNA-enriched EV release. Microarray analysis revealed the greatest hepatic upregulation of metallothionein 1 and 2 (Mt1/2), which encode 2 of the most potent antioxidant proteins. Genetic deletion of the Mt1 and Mt2 genes aggravated ethanol-induced liver injury, as evidenced by elevation of serum ALT, neutrophil infiltration, oxidative stress, and ASK1/p38 activation in the liver. Inhibition or genetic deletion of Ask1 or p38 ameliorated ethanol-induced liver injury, inflammation, ROS levels, and expression of phagocytic oxidase and ER stress markers in the liver. In addition, inhibition of ASK1 or p38 also attenuated ethanol-induced mtDNA-enriched EV secretion from hepatocytes. Taken together, these findings indicate that induction of hepatic mtDNA-enriched EVs by ethanol is dependent on ASK1 and p38, thereby promoting alcoholic steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Haixia Cao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robim M Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mingjiang Xu
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tianyi Ren
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yong He
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Seonghwan Hwang
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dechun Feng
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ruixue Ren
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peixin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Science, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Suthat Liangpunsakul
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, and.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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43
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Hwang S, Feng D, Gao B. Interleukin-22 acts as a mitochondrial protector. Theranostics 2020; 10:7836-7840. [PMID: 32685023 PMCID: PMC7359092 DOI: 10.7150/thno.48022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-22 has been increasingly recognized as a promising therapeutic option for various types of diseases. This commentary summarizes the novel mechanistic aspects of IL-22 for the treatment of liver diseases including the study by Chen et al. published in the recent issue of the Theranostics that elucidated the novel function of IL-22 as a mitochondrial protector for the adaptive defense against liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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