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Hu S, Tang B, Lu C, Wang S, Wu L, Lei Y, Tang L, Zhu H, Wang D, Yang S. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG ameliorates triptolide-induced liver injury through modulation of the bile acid-FXR axis. Pharmacol Res 2024; 206:107275. [PMID: 38908615 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Triptolide (TP) is the principal bioactive compound of Tripterygium wilfordii with significant anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activities. However, its severe hepatotoxicity greatly limits its clinical use. The underlying mechanism of TP-induced liver damage is still poorly understood. Here, we estimate the role of the gut microbiota in TP hepatotoxicity and investigate the bile acid metabolism mechanisms involved. The results of the antibiotic cocktail (ABX) and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) experiment demonstrate the involvement of intestinal flora in TP hepatotoxicity. Moreover, TP treatment significantly perturbed gut microbial composition and reduced the relative abundances of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG). Supplementation with LGG reversed TP-induced hepatotoxicity by increasing bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity and reducing the increased conjugated bile acids (BA). LGG supplementation upregulates hepatic FXR expression and inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation in TP-treated mice. In summary, this study found that gut microbiota is involved in TP hepatotoxicity. LGG supplementation protects mice against TP-induced liver damage. The underlying mechanism was associated with the gut microbiota-BA-FXR axis. Therefore, LGG holds the potential to prevent and treat TP hepatotoxicity in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiping Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China; Department of Gastroenterology, No.983 Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Tianjin 300142, China
| | - Bo Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Cheng Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Sumin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Lingyi Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Li Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Hongbin Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, No.983 Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Tianjin 300142, China
| | - Dongxu Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, No.983 Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Tianjin 300142, China.
| | - Shiming Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
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2
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Brüggemann Y, Klöhn M, Wedemeyer H, Steinmann E. Hepatitis E virus: from innate sensing to adaptive immune responses. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024:10.1038/s41575-024-00950-z. [PMID: 39039260 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-024-00950-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections are a major cause of acute viral hepatitis in humans worldwide. In immunocompetent individuals, the majority of HEV infections remain asymptomatic and lead to spontaneous clearance of the virus, and only a minority of individuals with infection (5-16%) experience symptoms of acute viral hepatitis. However, HEV infections can cause up to 30% mortality in pregnant women, become chronic in immunocompromised patients and cause extrahepatic manifestations. A growing body of evidence suggests that the host immune response to infection with different HEV genotypes is a critical determinant of distinct HEV infection outcomes. In this Review, we summarize key components of the innate and adaptive immune responses to HEV, including the underlying immunological mechanisms of HEV associated with acute and chronic liver failure and interactions between T cell and B cell responses. In addition, we discuss the current status of vaccines against HEV and raise outstanding questions regarding the immune responses induced by HEV and treatment of the disease, highlighting areas for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Brüggemann
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Mara Klöhn
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Heiner Wedemeyer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), External Partner Site, Bochum, Germany.
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3
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Wang J, Liu Q, Zhou Y, Cao C, Chen P, Meng G, Zhang J, Xin X, Huang G, Wu Y. Hepatitis B virus-mediated sodium influx contributes to hepatic inflammation via synergism with intrahepatic danger signals. iScience 2024; 27:108723. [PMID: 38283328 PMCID: PMC10819783 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome has been involved in the pathogenesis of various chronic liver diseases. However, its role in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated hepatitis remains unknown. Here we demonstrate the synergistic effect of HBV with potential intrahepatic danger signals on NLRP3 inflammasome activation. HBV exposure at the appropriate temporal points enhances potassium efflux-dependent NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages and also increases NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammation in HBV-transgenic mouse model. HBV-mediated synergism with intrahepatic signals represented by ATP molecules on NLRP3 activation was observed via relevance analysis, confocal microscopy, and co-immunoprecipitation, and its effector cytokines exhibit positive associations with hepatic inflammation in patients with severe hepatitis B. Furthermore, the synergism of HBV on NLRP3 inflammasome activation owes to increased sodium influx into macrophages. Our data demonstrate that HBV contributes to hepatic inflammation via sodium influx-dependent synergistic activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, which provides a deeper understanding of immune pathogenesis in HBV-associated hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxue Wang
- Department of Immunology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Yiwen Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Chunhao Cao
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Affiliate Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Penghui Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Gang Meng
- Department of Pathology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojuan Xin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Guangyu Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Yuzhang Wu
- Department of Immunology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
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4
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Tilg H, Adolph TE, Tacke F. Therapeutic modulation of the liver immune microenvironment. Hepatology 2023; 78:1581-1601. [PMID: 37057876 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a hallmark of progressive liver diseases such as chronic viral or immune-mediated hepatitis, alcohol-associated liver disease, and NAFLD. Preclinical and clinical studies have provided robust evidence that cytokines and related cellular stress sensors in innate and adaptive immunity orchestrate hepatic disease processes. Unresolved inflammation and liver injury result in hepatic scarring, fibrosis, and cirrhosis, which may culminate in HCC. Liver diseases are accompanied by gut dysbiosis and a bloom of pathobionts, fueling hepatic inflammation. Anti-inflammatory strategies are extensively used to treat human immune-mediated conditions beyond the liver, while evidence for immunomodulatory therapies and cell therapy-based strategies in liver diseases is only emerging. The development and establishment of novel immunomodulatory therapies for chronic liver diseases has been dampened by several clinical challenges, such as invasive monitoring of therapeutic efficacy with liver biopsy in clinical trials and risk of DILI in several studies. Such aspects prevented advancements of novel medical therapies for chronic inflammatory liver diseases. New concepts modulating the liver immune environment are studied and eagerly awaited to improve the management of chronic liver diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Tilg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Timon E Adolph
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
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5
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Yang H, Wen J, Zhang Q, Chen C, Ma H, Zhao L, Li J. Clinical characteristics of 1279 patients with hepatitis E in Tianjin. Epidemiol Infect 2023; 151:e157. [PMID: 37704376 PMCID: PMC10548536 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268823001516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus infection is a major cause of acute hepatitis, typically self-limiting but occasionally leading to liver failure. Understanding disease progression factors could inform prevention strategies. This study aimed to analyse the characteristics of a large cohort of hospitalised hepatitis E patients in Tianjin, China, and explore factors influencing their progression to liver failure. A total of 1279 hospitalised patients with hepatitis E were included in this cross-sectional study in Tianjin, China. Student's t-test and the Mann-Whitney U-test were used for comparisons. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to explore the association. Among these 1279 patients, 107 (8.4%) developed liver failure. Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.150-2.887, p = 0.011), liver cirrhosis (95% [CI] 2.229-7.224, p < 0.001), and hepatitis B (95% [CI] 1.159-4.512, p = 0.017) were more likely to progress to liver failure. Hepatitis E patients with comorbid DM, liver cirrhosis, or hepatitis B virus co-infection have higher risks of developing liver failure. Hepatitis E vaccination may be recommended for these vulnerable patients to curb disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Wen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Clinical School of the Second People's Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Haixia Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, Tianjin, China
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6
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Li Y, Wang Y, Li Y, de Vries AC, Li P, Peppelenbosch MP, Pan Q. Seasonal coronavirus infections trigger NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages but is therapeutically targetable. Antiviral Res 2023; 216:105674. [PMID: 37459896 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal coronaviruses widely circulate in the global population, and severe complications can occur in specific vulnerable populations. Little is known on their pathogenic mechanisms and no approved treatment is available. Here, we present anecdotal evidence that the level of IL-1β, a hallmark of inflammasome activation, appears elevated in a subset of seasonal coronavirus infected patients. We found that cultured human macrophages support the full life cycle of three cultivatable seasonal coronaviruses. Their infections effectively activate NLRP3 inflammasome activation through TLR4 ligation and NF-κB activation. This activation can be attenuated by specific pharmacological inhibitors and clinically used medications including dexamethasone and flufenamic acid. Interestingly, combination of antiviral and anti-inflammatory drugs simultaneously inhibit seasonal coronavirus-triggered inflammatory response and viral replication. Collectively, these findings show that the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 axis drives seasonal coronavirus triggered-inflammatory response, which in turn represents a viable therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yining Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yunlong Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Annemarie C de Vries
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pengfei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maikel P Peppelenbosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Qiuwei Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
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7
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Deng CH, Li TQ, Zhang W, Zhao Q, Wang Y. Targeting Inflammasome Activation in Viral Infection: A Therapeutic Solution? Viruses 2023; 15:1451. [PMID: 37515138 PMCID: PMC10384481 DOI: 10.3390/v15071451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammasome activation is exclusively involved in sensing activation of innate immunity and inflammatory response during viral infection. Accumulating evidence suggests that the manipulation of inflammasome assembly or its interaction with viral proteins are critical factors in viral pathogenesis. Results from pilot clinical trials show encouraging results of NLRP3 inflammasome suppression in reducing mortality and morbidity in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. In this article, we summarize the up-to-date understanding of inflammasomes, including NLRP3, AIM2, NLRP1, NLRP6, and NLRC4 in various viral infections, with particular focus on RNA viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, HIV, IAV, and Zika virus and DNA viruses such as herpes simplex virus 1. We also discuss the current achievement of the mechanisms involved in viral infection-induced inflammatory response, host defense, and possible therapeutic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Han Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao 999078, China
| | - Tian-Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao 999078, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Av. Wai Long, Taipa, Macao 999078, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Cancer Centre, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
- MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao 999078, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao 999078, China
- MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao 999078, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao 999078, China
- Minister of Education Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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8
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Liu YR, Wang JQ, Li J. Role of NLRP3 in the pathogenesis and treatment of gout arthritis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1137822. [PMID: 37051231 PMCID: PMC10083392 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1137822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Gout arthritis (GA) is a common and curable type of inflammatory arthritis that has been attributed to a combination of genetic, environmental and metabolic factors. Chronic deposition of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals in articular and periarticular spaces as well as subsequent activation of innate immune system in the condition of persistent hyperuricemia are the core mechanisms of GA. As is well known, drugs for GA therapy primarily consists of rapidly acting anti-inflammatory agents and life-long uric acid lowering agents, and their therapeutic outcomes are far from satisfactory. Although MSU crystals in articular cartilage detected by arthrosonography or in synovial fluid found by polarization microscopy are conclusive proofs for GA, the exact molecular mechanism of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the course of GA still remains mysterious, severely restricting the early diagnosis and therapy of GA. On the one hand, the activation of Nod-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome requires nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-dependent transcriptional enhancement of NLRP3, precursor (pro)-caspase-1 and pro-IL-1β, as well as the assembly of NLRP3 inflammasome complex and sustained release of inflammatory mediators and cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-18 and caspase-1. On the other hand, NLRP3 inflammasome activated by MSU crystals is particularly relevant to the initiation and progression of GA, and thus may represent a prospective diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target. As a result, pharmacological inhibition of the assembly and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome may also be a promising avenue for GA therapy. Herein, we first introduced the functional role of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and relevant biological mechanisms in GA based on currently available evidence. Then, we systematically reviewed therapeutic strategies for targeting NLRP3 by potentially effective agents such as natural products, novel compounds and noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) in the treatment of MSU-induced GA mouse models. In conclusion, our present review may have significant implications for the pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy of GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-ru Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- The Grade 3 Pharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Ya-ru Liu, ; Jun Li,
| | - Jie-quan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Fourth People’s Hospital, Hefei, China
- Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Ya-ru Liu, ; Jun Li,
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Xu Z, Wang C, Luan Z, Zhang D, Dong B. Exploring the potential targets of the Abrus cantoniensis Hance in the treatment of hepatitis E based on network pharmacology. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1155677. [PMID: 37035802 PMCID: PMC10076809 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1155677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E is a disease of public health significance caused by the cross-species transmission of zoonotic hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection. There are no specific drugs. In this study, network pharmacology was used to reveal the mechanism of treatment of the active constituents of the Abrus cantoniensis Hance on hepatitis E. Based on the previously published representative components of A. cantoniensis Hance, we were screened the active components with OB ≥ 20% and DL ≥ 0.1 in A. cantoniensis Hance based on the TCMSP, predicted the target online through Swiss target prediction, and integrated the hepatitis E target in the GeneCards and DisGenet databases. Then, the core target was screened and the GO and KEGG enrichment and the network of the drug-active-ingredient-disease-pathway-target analysis were performed by the Cytoscape software. There were 11,046 hepatitis E targets, including PI3K-AKt, SRC, MAPK, PTPN11, EGFR, STAT1 and so on. The core ingredients include Oleanolic acid, Butin, β-sitosterol, Soyasapogenol E, 5,7-dihydroxy-2-methyl-8-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one, Stigmasterol, Emodin, Physcion, and Enoxolone. A total of 1,410 GO enrichment results of core targets, including 1,246 biological process, 51 cell composition and 113 molecular function results. KEGG pathway was enriched in 150 related pathways, suggesting that A. cantoniensis Hance acts on cancer signaling pathway, endocrine resistance pathway, PI3K-AKt signaling pathway, MAPK, TNF and other signaling pathway. Through key components such as Oleanolic acid, Butin, β-sitosterol, Stigmasterol, and Enoxolone and other components interferes with AKT1, IL-6 and TNF, and regulates pathway in cancer, PI3K-AKt signaling pathway and MAPK pathway to play a therapeutic role in hepatitis E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziheng Xu
- School of Public Health and Management, Guang University of Chinese Medical, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Can Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zuxiang Luan
- Department of Employment, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Dapei Zhang
- School of Public Health and Management, Guang University of Chinese Medical, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Baiqing Dong
- School of Public Health and Management, Guang University of Chinese Medical, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- *Correspondence: Baiqing Dong
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Liu T, Wang L, Wang L. Animal Models for Hepatitis E Virus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1417:171-184. [PMID: 37223866 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-1304-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Animal models are one of the most important tools in the study of human hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection. They are particularly important in light of the major limitations of the cell culture system for HEV. Besides nonhuman primates, which are extremely valuable because of their susceptibility to HEV genotypes 1-4, animals like swine, rabbit, and humanized mice are also potential models for studies of pathogenesis, cross-species infection, and the molecular biology of HEV. Identification of a useful animal model for human HEV infection studies is crucial to further investigations into this ubiquitous yet poorly understood virus and facilitate the development of antiviral therapeutics and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxu Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
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11
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Zhou YH, Zhao H. Immunobiology and Host Response to HEV. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1417:93-118. [PMID: 37223861 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-1304-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) usually causes acute self-limiting hepatitis but sometimes leads to chronic infection in immunocompromised persons. HEV is not directly cytopathic. Immunologically mediated events after HEV infection are believed to play important roles in the pathogenesis and clearance of infection. The anti-HEV antibody responses have been largely clarified since the determination of major antigenic determinant of HEV, which is located in the C-terminal portion of ORF2. This major antigenic determinant also forms the conformational neutralization epitopes. Robust anti-HEV immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG responses usually develop 3-4 weeks after infection in experimentally infected nonhuman primates. In humans, potent specific IgM and IgG responses occur in the very early phase of the disease and are critical in eliminating the virus, in concert with the innate and adaptive T-cell immune responses. Testing anti-HEV IgM is valuable in the diagnosis of acute hepatitis E. The long-term persistence and protection of anti-HEV IgG provide the basis for estimating the prevalence of HEV infection and for the development of a hepatitis E vaccine. Although human HEV has four genotypes, all the viral strains are considered to belong to a single serotype. It is becoming increasingly clear that the innate and adaptive T-cell immune responses play critical roles in the clearance of the virus. Potent and multispecific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses to the ORF2 protein occur in patients with acute hepatitis E, and weaker HEV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses appear to be associated with chronic hepatitis E in immunocompromised individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hua Zhou
- Departments of Experimental Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Hospital of Nanjing, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
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12
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Huang B, Gui M, Ni Z, He Y, Zhao J, Peng J, Lin J. Chemotherapeutic Drugs Induce Different Gut Microbiota Disorder Pattern and NOD/RIP2/NF-κB Signaling Pathway Activation That Lead to Different Degrees of Intestinal Injury. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0167722. [PMID: 36222691 PMCID: PMC9769542 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01677-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), irinotecan (CPT-11), oxaliplatin (L-OHP), and calcium folinate (CF) are widely used chemotherapeutic drugs to treat colorectal cancer. However, chemotherapeutic use is often accompanied by intestinal inflammation and gut microbiota disorder. Changes in gut microbiota may destroy the intestinal barrier, which contributes to the severity of intestinal injury. However, intestinal injury and gut microbiota disorder have yet to be compared among 5-FU, CPT-11, L-OHP, and CF in detail, thereby limiting the development of targeted detoxification therapy after chemotherapy. In this study, a model of chemotherapy-induced intestinal injury in tumor-bearing mice was established by intraperitoneally injecting chemotherapeutic drugs at a clinically equivalent dose. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to detect gut microbiota. We found that 5-FU, CPT-11, and l-OHP caused intestinal injury, inflammatory cytokine (gamma interferon [IFN-γ], tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α], interleukin-1β [IL-1β], and IL-6) secretion, and gut microbiota disorder. We established a complex but clear network between the pattern of changes in gut microbiota and degree of intestinal damage induced by different chemotherapeutic drugs. L-OHP caused the most severe damage in the intestine and disorder of the gut microbiota and showed a considerable overlap of the pattern of changes in microbiota with 5-FU and CPT-11. Analysis by Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt v.1.0) showed that the microbiota disorder pattern induced by 5-FU, CPT-11, and L-OHP was related to the NOD-like signaling pathway. Therefore, we detected the protein expression of the NOD/RIP2/NF-κB signaling pathway and found that L-OHP most activated this pathway. Redundancy analysis/canonical correlation analysis (RDA/CCA) revealed that Bifidobacterium, Akkermansia, Allobaculum, Catenibacterium, Mucispirillum, Turicibacter, Helicobacter, Proteus, Escherichia Shigella, Alloprevotealla, Vagococcus, Streptococcus, and "Candidatus Saccharimonas" were highly correlated with the NOD/RIP2/NF-κB signaling pathway and influenced by chemotherapeutic drugs. IMPORTANCE Chemotherapy-induced intestinal injury limits the clinical use of drugs. Intestinal injury involves multiple signaling pathways and gut microbiota disruption. Our results suggested that the degree of intestinal injury caused by different drugs of the first-line colorectal chemotherapy regimen is related to the pattern of changes in microbiota. The activation of the NOD/RIP2/NF-κB signaling pathway was also related to the pattern of changes in microbiota. l-OHP caused the most severe damage to the intestine and showed a considerable overlap of the pattern of changes in microbiota with 5-FU and CPT-11. Thirteen bacterial genera were related to different levels of intestinal injury and correlated with the NOD/RIP2/NF-κB pathway. Here, we established a network of different chemotherapeutic drugs, gut microbiota, and the NOD/RIP2/NF-κB signaling pathway. This study likely provided a new basis for further elucidating the mechanism and clinical treatment of intestinal injury caused by chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Huang
- Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine of Fujian Province University, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengxuan Gui
- Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhuona Ni
- Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanbin He
- Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinyan Zhao
- Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine of Fujian Province University, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Peng
- Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine of Fujian Province University, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiumao Lin
- Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine of Fujian Province University, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
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13
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Qiang R, Li Y, Dai X, Lv W. NLRP3 inflammasome in digestive diseases: From mechanism to therapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:978190. [PMID: 36389791 PMCID: PMC9644028 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.978190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Digestive system diseases remain a formidable challenge to human health. NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is the most characteristic multimeric protein complex and is involved in a wide range of digestive diseases as intracellular innate immune sensors. It has emerged as a research hotspot in recent years. In this context, we provide a comprehensive review of NLRP3 inflammasome priming and activation in the pathogenesis of digestive diseases, including clinical and preclinical studies. Moreover, the scientific evidence of small-molecule chemical drugs, biologics, and phytochemicals, which acts on different steps of the NLRP3 inflammasome, is reviewed. Above all, deep interrogation of the NLRP3 inflammasome is a better insight of the pathomechanism of digestive diseases. We believe that the NLRP3 inflammasome will hold promise as a novel valuable target and research direction for treating digestive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Qiang
- *Correspondence: Rui Qiang, ; Yanbo Li, ; Wenliang Lv,
| | - Yanbo Li
- *Correspondence: Rui Qiang, ; Yanbo Li, ; Wenliang Lv,
| | | | - Wenliang Lv
- *Correspondence: Rui Qiang, ; Yanbo Li, ; Wenliang Lv,
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14
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Sayed IM, Karam-Allah Ramadan H, Hafez MHR, Elkhawaga AA, El-Mokhtar MA. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) open reading frame 2: Role in pathogenesis and diagnosis in HEV infections. Rev Med Virol 2022; 32:e2401. [PMID: 36209386 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection occurs worldwide. The HEV genome includes three to four open reading frames (ORF1-4). ORF1 proteins are essential for viral replication, while the ORF3 protein is an ion channel involved in the exit of HEV from the infected cells. ORF2 proteins form the viral capsid required for HEV invasion and assembly. They also suppress interferon production and inhibit antibody-mediated neutralisation of HEV, allowing the virus to hijack the host immune response. ORF2 is the only detectable viral protein in the human liver during HEV infection and it is secreted in the plasma, stool, and urine of HEV-infected patients, making it a reliable diagnostic marker. The plasma HEV ORF2 antigen level can predict the outcome of HEV infections. Hence, monitoring HEV ORF2 antigen levels may be useful in assessing the efficacy of anti-HEV therapy. The ORF2 antigen is immunogenic and includes epitopes that can induce neutralising antibodies; therefore, it is a potential HEV vaccine candidate. In this review, we highlighted the different forms of HEV ORF2 protein and their roles in HEV pathogenesis, diagnosis, monitoring the therapeutic efficacy, and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M Sayed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Haidi Karam-Allah Ramadan
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud H R Hafez
- International Scholar, African Leadership Academy, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Amal A Elkhawaga
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A El-Mokhtar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.,Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sphinx University, Assiut, Egypt
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15
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Ma Z, de Man RA, Kamar N, Pan Q. Chronic hepatitis E: Advancing research and patient care. J Hepatol 2022; 77:1109-1123. [PMID: 35605741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The hepatitis E virus (HEV) was initially thought to exclusively cause acute hepatitis. However, the first diagnosis of chronic hepatitis E in transplant recipients in 2008 profoundly changed our understanding of this pathogen. We have now begun to understand that specific HEV genotypes can cause chronic infection in certain immunocompromised populations. Over the past decade, dedicated clinical and experimental research has substantiated knowledge on the epidemiology, transmission routes, pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnosis, clinical features and treatment of chronic HEV infection. Nevertheless, many gaps and major challenges remain, particularly regarding the translation of knowledge into disease prevention and improvement of clinical outcomes. This article aims to highlight the latest developments in the understanding and management of chronic hepatitis E. More importantly, we attempt to identify major knowledge gaps and discuss strategies for further advancing both research and patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongren Ma
- Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Robert A de Man
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nassim Kamar
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Organ Transplantation, CHU Rangueil, INSERM UMR 1291, Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Disease (Infinity), University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Qiuwei Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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16
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Chen C, Zhang SY, Chen L. Review of clinical characteristics, immune responses and regulatory mechanisms of hepatitis E-associated liver failure. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:6341-6348. [PMID: 35979284 PMCID: PMC9294909 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i19.6341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the most common cause of acute liver failure (LF) and one of the most common factors causing acute injury in acute-on-chronic LF (ACLF). When HEV-related LF occurs, a series of changes take place in both the intrahepatic environment and extrahepatic microenvironment. The changed types and distribution of immune cells (infiltrating macrophages and increased lymphocytes) in liver tissue, as well the increased proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the blood, indicate that the occurrence and progression of HEV-related LF are closely related to immune imbalance. The clinical features and immune reaction in the body during HEV-related acute LF (ALF) and ACLF are complicated. This review highlights recent progress in elucidating the clinical manifestations of HEV-associated ALF and ACLF and discusses the corresponding systemic immune changes and possible regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Chen
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Shu-Ye Zhang
- Department of Hepatology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Hepatology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai 201508, China
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17
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Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus N Protein Is a Critical Proinflammation Factor That Promotes MyD88 and NLRP3 Complex Assembly. J Virol 2022; 96:e0030922. [PMID: 35502911 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00309-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory responses play a central role in host defense against invading pathogens. Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) causes highly contagious acute or subacute disease of small ruminants. However, the precise mechanism by which PPRV regulates inflammatory responses remains unknown. Here, we revealed a novel mechanism by which PPRV induces inflammation. Our study showed that PPRV induced the secretion of interleukin 1β (IL-1β) by activating the NF-κB signaling pathway and the NLRP3 inflammasome. Moreover, PPRV replication and protein synthesis were essential for NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Importantly, PPRV N protein promoted NF-κB signaling pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome via direct binding of MyD88 and NLPR3, respectively, and induced caspase-1 cleavage and IL-1β maturation. Biochemically, N protein interacted with MyD88 to potentiate the assembly of MyD88 complex and interacted with NLPR3 to facilitate NLRP3 inflammasome complex assembly by forming an N-NLRP3-ASC ring-like structure, leading to IL-1β secretion. These findings demonstrate a new function of PPRV N protein as an important proinflammation factor and identify a novel underlying mechanism modulating inflammasome assembly and function induced by PPRV. IMPORTANCE An important part of the innate immune response is the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway and NLPR3 inflammasome, which is induced upon exposure to pathogens. Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is a highly contagious virus causing fever, stomatitis, and pneumoenteritis in goats by inducing many proinflammatory cytokines. Although the NF-κB signaling pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome play an important role in regulating host immunity and viral infection, the precise mechanism by which PPRV regulates inflammatory responses remains unknown. This study demonstrates that PPRV induces inflammatory responses. Mechanistically, PPRV N protein facilitates the MyD88 complex assembly by directly binding to MyD88 and promotes the NLRP3 inflammasome complex assembly by directly binding to NLRP3 to form ring-like structures of N-NLRP3-ASC. These findings provide insights into the prevention and treatment of PPRV infection.
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18
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Ratho RK, Thakur V, Arya S, Singh MP, Suri V, Das A. Placenta as a site of HEV replication and inflammatory cytokines modulating the immunopathogenesis of HEV in pregnant women. J Med Virol 2022; 94:3457-3463. [PMID: 35257382 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Viral hepatitis E is an under-estimated clinical entity with high mortality (20-30%) especially in the third trimester of pregnancy. As complications due to HEV in pregnancy is much more, it is hypothesized that HEV may cross the placenta and replicate in placental tissues even weeks after clearance from the blood, and cytokines may play a role in the immunopathogenesis of HEV in pregnancy. METHODS Twelve pregnant women with features of AVH/ALF and positive for either HEV-IgM/HEV-RNA and thirty pregnant women negative for HEV RNA/IgM/IgG were enrolled as study subjects and healthy controls respectively. Following delivery, 5 ml blood was collected from the mother for HEV-RNA. Replicative RNA and viral load in placental tissue were detected through Real-Time PCR. Placental tissues from the maternal/fetal sides were stained for HEV antigen using HEV-ORF2 antibody by immunohistochemistry and for histopathological changes by H&E. Plasma samples were tested for IL-1β and IL-18 cytokine levels using Duo-R&D ELISA kit, whereas PBMCs were used to study the inflammasomes and IL-1β and IL-18 cytokine genes expression. RESULTS Of the 10 HEV RNA-positive sera, 9 had HEV RNA either in the maternal/fetal side of the placenta with the mean viral load of 137.4 IU/ml. Of the 10 HEV RNA-positive pregnant women, stillbirth in two and fetal and maternal death in one case was reported. Immunohistochemistry revealed strong brownish cytoplasmic staining (HEV antigen) in cytotrophoblasts, and syncytiotrophoblast cells in positive samples. The maternal/fetal side of the infected placenta showed irregular intervillous fibrin deposition as well as tissue necrosis. The mean levels of IL-1β and IL-18 cytokine in serum of infected subjects were significantly higher than the healthy controls (17.31±4.462 vs 8.85±4.36 pg/ml; p<0.0001*** and 2275±536.9 vs 1085±531.7 pg/ml; p<0.0001***) respectively. CONCLUSION Detecting replicative HEV RNA and HEV antigen in placental tissues indicated the extra-hepatic replication of HEV. Further, placental tissue necrosis and a significant rise of cytokine levels in HEV-infected pregnant women might be contributing to the HEV pathogenesis in pregnancy. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radha Kanta Ratho
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, PGIMER, Sector-12, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Vikram Thakur
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, PGIMER, Sector-12, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Shallu Arya
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, PGIMER, Sector-12, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Mini P Singh
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, PGIMER, Sector-12, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Vanita Suri
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, PGIMER, Sector-12, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Ashim Das
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, PGIMER, Sector-12, Chandigarh, 160012, India
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19
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Li Y, Li P, de Man RA, Peppelenbosch MP, Pan Q. Probing the direct effects of antiretroviral drugs on hepatitis E virus replication in cell culture models. Liver Int 2022; 42:716-717. [PMID: 35065541 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pengfei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert A de Man
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maikel P Peppelenbosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Qiuwei Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation is a Prognostic Marker of Recovery in HEV-Infected Patients. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:44. [PMID: 34982235 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02736-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E contributes to 3.3 million acute hepatitis cases worldwide with 30% mortality in pregnant women. Pathogenesis of Hepatitis E is complex; thus, the present study was aimed at inflammasomes and associated cytokines in the immunopathogenesis of viral hepatitis E. PBMCs were isolated from 45 HEV IgM/HEV RNA-positive AVH/ALF and 19 healthy individuals and processed for mRNA expressions of NLRs, RLRs, and cytokines. PBMCs were cultured and stimulated with HEV-pORF-2 peptide in vitro for mRNA expression by RT-PCR and cytokines levels in serum/culture supernatant by ELISA. siRNA transfection and post-silencing effect in AVH PBMCs were also assessed by NLRP3 gene expression and IL-1β and IL-18 levels by ELISA. The results demonstrated high viral load in ALF than AVH cases. mRNA expression of NLRP3 in AVH patients was found to be positively correlated with IL-18 (r = 0.74) and IL-1β (r = 0.68); P < 0.0001***. Significant levels of serum IL-1β and IL-18 cytokines were observed in AVH as compared to ALF patients. The levels of IL-1β in the culture supernatant in mock and stimulated conditions were significantly higher in AVH than in ALF patients. Significant downregulation in NLRP3 gene expression was correlated with the reduced levels of IL-1β and IL-18 cytokines in NLRP3-siRNA-transfected PBMCs. This study highlighted the significance of upregulated NLRP3 inflammasome leading to increased production of IL-18 and IL-1β cytokines in sera of AVH patients. Thus, it indicated the role of Th1 response acting through the NLRP3 pathway which might have been helpful in the recovery of AVH patients. These promising results open multiple treatment avenues where specific inhibitors can be designed to modulate the progress of disease and its pathogenicity.
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