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Zheng H, Choi H, Oh D, Kim M, Cai L, Jawad A, Kim S, Lee J, Hyun SH. Supplementation with fibroblast growth factor 7 during in vitro maturation of porcine cumulus-oocyte complexes improves oocyte maturation and early embryonic development. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1250551. [PMID: 38026656 PMCID: PMC10662523 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1250551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro generation of porcine embryos is an indispensable method in the realms of both agriculture and biomedicine. Nonetheless, the extant procedures encounter substantial obstacles pertaining to both the caliber and efficacy of the produced embryos, necessitating extensive research to in vitro maturation (IVM), the seminal commencement phase. One potentially fruitful approach may lie in refining the media and supplements composition utilized for oocyte maturation. Fibroblast growth factor-7 (FGF7), alternatively termed keratinocyte growth factor, is a theca-derived cytokine integral to folliculogenesis. This study aimed to examine the ramifications of supplementing FGF7 during the IVM phase. To determine the FGF7 location and its receptor in porcine ovaries, immunohistochemistry was executed based on follicle size categories (1-2, 3-6, and 7-9 mm). Regardless of follicle size, it was determined that FGF7 was expressed in theca and granulosa cells (GCs), whereas the FGF7 receptor was only expressed in the GCs of the larger follicles. During the IVM process, the maturation medium was supplied with various concentrations of FGF7, aiming to mature porcine cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs). The data indicated a significant augmentation in the nuclear maturation rate only within the group treated with 10 ng/mL of FGF7 (p < 0.05). Post-IVM, the oocytes diameter exhibited a significant expansion in all groups that received FGF7 supplementation (p < 0.05). Additionally, all FGF7-supplemented groups exhibited a substantial elevation in intracellular glutathione levels, coupled with a noticeable reduction in reactive oxygen species levels (p < 0.05). With respect to gene expressions related to apoptosis, FGF7 treatment elicited a downregulation of pro-apoptotic genes and an upregulation of anti-apoptotic genes. The expression of genes associated with antioxidants underwent a significant enhancement (p < 0.05). In terms of the FGF7 signaling pathway-associated genes, there was a significant elevation in the mRNA expression of ERK1, ERK2, c-kit, and KITLG (p < 0.05). Remarkably, the group of 10 ng/mL of FGF7 demonstrated an appreciable uptick in the blastocyst formation rate during embryonic development post-parthenogenetic activation (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the FGF7 supplementation during IVM substantially augments the quality of matured oocytes and facilitates the subsequent development of parthenogenetically activated embryos. These results offer fresh perspectives on improved maturation and following in vitro evolution of porcine oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haomiao Zheng
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology (VETEMBIO), Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Research Institute for Natural Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyerin Choi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology (VETEMBIO), Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Research Institute for Natural Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongjin Oh
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology (VETEMBIO), Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Research Institute for Natural Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mirae Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology (VETEMBIO), Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Research Institute for Natural Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Lian Cai
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Ali Jawad
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology (VETEMBIO), Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Research Institute for Natural Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohee Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology (VETEMBIO), Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Research Institute for Natural Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohyeong Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology (VETEMBIO), Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Research Institute for Natural Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hwan Hyun
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology (VETEMBIO), Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Research Institute for Natural Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Veterinary Biosecurity and Protection, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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Hu Y, Hu X, Luo J, Huang J, Sun Y, Li H, Qiao Y, Wu H, Li J, Zhou L, Zheng S. Liver organoid culture methods. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:197. [PMID: 37915043 PMCID: PMC10619312 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01136-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Organoids, three-dimensional structures cultured in vitro, can recapitulate the microenvironment, complex architecture, and cellular functions of in vivo organs or tissues. In recent decades, liver organoids have been developed rapidly, and their applications in biomedicine, such as drug screening, disease modeling, and regenerative medicine, have been widely recognized. However, the lack of repeatability and consistency, including the lack of standardized culture conditions, has been a major obstacle to the development and clinical application of liver organoids. It is time-consuming for researchers to identify an appropriate medium component scheme, and the usage of some ingredients remains controversial. In this review, we summarized and compared different methods for liver organoid cultivation that have been published in recent years, focusing on controversial medium components and discussing their advantages and drawbacks. We aimed to provide an effective reference for the development and standardization of liver organoid cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Hu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Xiaoyi Hu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jia Luo
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jiacheng Huang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Yaohan Sun
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Haoyu Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Yinbiao Qiao
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jianhui Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital, Zhejiang Shuren University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310015, China
- The Organ Repair and Regeneration Medicine Institute of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, 250117, China.
| | - Shusen Zheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital, Zhejiang Shuren University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310015, China.
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, 250117, China.
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Wang J, Sun H, Liu Y. The proliferative and anti-apoptosis functions of KGF/KGFR contributes to bronchial epithelial repair in asthma. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2020; 63:101931. [PMID: 32818548 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2020.101931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) on the apoptosis, proliferation, damage repair, intercellular adhesion, and inflammatory cytokine release of cultured 16HBE 14o-bronchial ECs in vitro. Bronchial epithelial cells (ECs) from all subjects were obtained by bronchoscopic brushing. The expression levels of KGF and its receptor KGFR in collected cells were determined using RT-qPCR and Western blotting. The apoptosis and adhesion molecules expression by KGF administration were determined using flow cytometry and Western blotting. This occurred when 16HBE 14o-cell lines cultured and were exposed to interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in vitro. The role of KGF on proliferation and damage repair were analyzed using CCK-8, EdU and wound closure assays after 16HBE 14o-cells were scraped. The effect of KGF on the release of inflammation related cytokines by damaged ECs was measured using ELISA kits. Compared with healthy controls, the KGF and KGFR expression and apoptosis significantly increased in collected cells from asthma patients. In vitro, treatment of KGF may limit IFN-γ and TNF-α induced apoptosis by inhibiting apoptosis-associated markers in the TNF signaling pathway. Besides, KGF could limit the release of TSLP, IL-25 and IL-33 by damaged 16HBE 14o-cells. On the contrary, KGF could promote the intercellular adhesion and wound closure of cultured 16HBE 14o-cells via the increased expression level of intercellular junction proteins ICAM-1, β-catenin, E-cad, and Dsc3. In conclusion, KGF and KGFR may help bronchial ECs repair in asthma via the inhibition apoptosis of ECs while the promotion of proliferation and migration of ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiongbo Wang
- The Clinic of Retired Cadres, Qingdao Municipal Hospital (East Campus), Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Hongju Sun
- Department of General Medicine, Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Yunshun Liu
- The Clinic of Retired Cadres, Qingdao Municipal Hospital (East Campus), Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Highly efficient expression of functional recombinant human keratinocyte growth factor 1 and its protective effects on hepatocytes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:3933-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5520-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Gottschalk S, Zwingmann C, Raymond VA, Hohnholt MC, Chan TS, Bilodeau M. Hepatocellular apoptosis in mice is associated with early upregulation of mitochondrial glucose metabolism. Apoptosis 2012; 17:143-53. [PMID: 22109881 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-011-0669-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte death due to apoptosis is a hallmark of almost every liver disease. Manipulation of cell death regulatory steps during the apoptotic process is therefore an obvious goal of biomedical research. To clarify whether metabolic changes occur prior to the characteristic apoptotic events, we used ex vivo multinuclear NMR-spectroscopy to study metabolic pathways of [U-(13)C]glucose in mouse liver during Fas-induced apoptosis. We addressed whether these changes could be associated with protection against apoptosis afforded by Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF). Our results show that serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferase levels, caspase-3 activity, BID cleavage and changes in cellular energy stores were not observed before 3 h following anti-Fas injection. However, as early as 45 min after anti-Fas treatment, we observed upregulation of carbon entry (i.e. flux) from glucose into the Krebs-cycle via pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and pyruvate carboxylase (PC) (up to 139% and 123% of controls, respectively, P < 0.001). This was associated with increased glutathione synthesis. EGF treatment significantly attenuated Fas-induced apoptosis, liver injury and the late decrease in energy stores, as well as the early fluxes through PDH and PC which were comparable to untreated controls. Using ex vivo multinuclear NMR-spectroscopic analysis, we have shown that Fas receptor activation in mouse liver time-dependently affects specific metabolic pathways of glucose. These early upregulations in glucose metabolic pathways occur prior to any visible signs of apoptosis and may have the potential to contribute to the initiation of apoptosis by maintaining mitochondrial energy production and cellular glutathione stores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Gottschalk
- Centre de recherche, Centre hospitalier du l'Université de Montréal, Hôpital Saint-Luc, Montréal, QC, H2X 1P1, Canada.
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Moteki H, Kimura M, Ogihara M. Activation of extracellular-signal regulated kinase by epidermal growth factor is potentiated by cAMP-elevating agents in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes. Biol Pharm Bull 2012; 34:1542-52. [PMID: 21963493 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.34.1542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of α- and β-adrenergic agonists on epidermal growth factor (EGF)-stimulated extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) isoforms in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes. Hepatocytes were isolated and cultured with EGF (20 ng/ml) and/or α(1)-, α(2)- and β(2)-adrenergic agonists. Phosphorylated ERK isoforms (ERK1; p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and ERK2; p42 MAPK) were detected by Western blotting analysis using anti-phospho-ERK1/2 antibody. The results show that EGF induced a 2.5-fold increase in ERK2-, but not ERK1-, phosphorylation within 3 min. This EGF-induced ERK2 activation was abolished by treatment with the EGF-receptor kinase inhibitor AG1478 (10(-7) M) or the MEK (MAPK kinase) inhibitor PD98059 (10(-6) M). The α(2)-adrenergic and β(2)-adrenergic agonists, UK14304 (10(-6) M) and metaproterenol (10(-6) M), respectively, had no effect in the absence of EGF, but metaproterenol significantly potentiated EGF-induced ERK2 phosphorylation. Moreover, the cell-permeable cAMP analog 8-bromo cAMP (10(-7) M), also potentiated EGF-induced ERK2 phosphorylation. The effects of these analogs were antagonized by the protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor H-89 (10(-7) M). These results suggest that direct or indirect activation of PKA represents a positive regulatory mechanism for EGF stimulation of ERK2 induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Moteki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Sakado, Saitama 350–02, Japan
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Gesche J, Fehrenbach H, Koslowski R, Ohler FM, Pynn CJ, Griese M, Poets CF, Bernhard W. rhKGF stimulates lung surfactant production in neonatal rats in vivo. Pediatr Pulmonol 2011; 46:882-95. [PMID: 21462359 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.21443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Surfactant deficiency and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), major obstacles in preterm infants, are addressed with pre- and postnatal glucocorticoids which also evoke harmful catabolic side-effects. Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) accelerates surfactant production in fetal type II pneumocytes (PN-II), protects epithelia from injury and is deficient in lungs developing BPD, highlighting its potential efficacy in neonates. Neonatal rats were treated with recombinant human (rh)KGF, betamethasone, or their combination for 48 hr prior to sacrifice after which body weight, surfactant, and tissue phosphatidylcholines (PC) were investigated at postnatal d3, d7, d15, and d21. Pneumocyte proliferation, surfactant protein (SP) expression and SP-B/C in lung lavage fluid (LLF) were also determined at d7 and d21 to identify broader surfactant changes occurring at the beginning and end of the initial alveolarization phase. While all treatments increased secreted surfactant PC, BM compromised animal growth whereas rhKGF did not. At d3 rhKGF was more effective in male compared to female rats. Single treatments became less effective towards d21. Neither treatment altered PC composition in LLF. BM inhibited PN-II proliferation and increased surfactant PCs at the expense of tissue PCs. rhKGF however increased surfactant PCs without decreasing other PC species. Whereas SP-B/C gene expression was induced by all treatments, the changes in secreted SP-B/C mirrored those observed for surfactant PC. Our results encourage investigation of the mechanisms by which rhKGF improves surfactant homoeostasis, and detailed examination of its efficacy in neonatal lung injury models with a view to implementing it as a non-catabolic surfactant-increasing therapeutic in neonatal intensive care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Gesche
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neonatology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
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8
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Tsai SM, Wang WP. Expression and function of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 7 during liver regeneration. Cell Physiol Biochem 2011; 27:641-52. [PMID: 21691082 DOI: 10.1159/000330073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Previous studies have shown that fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are involved in the process of liver injury repair. Liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PH) is impaired in transgenic mice expressing dominant-negative FGFR2b in hepatocytes. Although FGF7, a ligand specifically bound to FGFR2b, is expressed by activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in fibrotic livers, the expressions and functions of FGF7 and FGFR2b after PH remain unexplored. Therefore, this study sought to examine the potential role of FGF7 signaling during liver regeneration. METHODS We examined the expression of FGF7 and FGFR2b in normal and regenerating livers. Effects of FGF7 on hepatocytes were examined in vitro using primary hepatocyte culture with FGF7 recombinant protein and in vivo by hydrodynamic-based gene transfer method. RESULTS We found that FGF7 expression was increased according to the activation status of HSCs after PH. The receptor, FGFR2b, was also increased in hepatocytes during liver regeneration. In vitro treatment with FGF7 protein activated ERK1/2 and promoted proliferation of hepatocytes isolated from regenerating livers. In vivo overexpression of exogenous FGF7 could notably promote hepatic proliferation and activate MAPKs after PH. CONCLUSION This study suggests a role for activated HSC-expressed FGF7 in stimulating FGF signaling pathways in hepatocytes and regulating liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Mei Tsai
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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Amann T, Bataille F, Spruss T, Dettmer K, Wild P, Liedtke C, Mühlbauer M, Kiefer P, Oefner PJ, Trautwein C, Bosserhoff AK, Hellerbrand C. Reduced expression of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2IIIb in hepatocellular carcinoma induces a more aggressive growth. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 176:1433-42. [PMID: 20093481 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 isoform b (FGFR2-IIIb) is highly expressed in hepatocytes and plays an important role in liver homeostasis and regeneration. Here, we analyzed the expression and function of FGFR2-IIIb in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). FGFR2-IIIb expression in HCC tissues and cell lines was lower than in primary human hepatocytes and nontumorous tissue. FGFR2-IIIb-negative HCCs showed a significantly higher Ki-67 labeling index, and loss of FGFR2-IIIb expression correlated significantly with vascular invasion and more advanced tumor stages. A decrease in FGFR-2IIIb expression in HCC cell lines was not related to promoter hypermethylation. However, PCR analysis indicated that chromosomal deletion at 10q accounted for the loss of FGFR2 expression in a subset of HCC cells. FGFR2-IIIb re-expression in stable transfected HCC cell lines induced a higher basal apoptosis rate and a significantly reduced proliferation and migratory potential in vitro. In nude mice, FGFR2-IIIb re-expressing HCC cells grew significantly slower, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assay revealed higher apoptosis rates. The antitumorigenic effects of FGFR2-IIIb expression in HCC cells were not affected by keratinocyte growth factor or an inhibitor of FGFR-phosphorylation, indicating that they are independent of tyrosine kinase activation. In conclusion, our data indicate that FGFR2-IIIb inhibits tumorigenicity of HCC cells. Identification of the molecular mechanisms promoting regeneration in normal tissue while suppressing malignancy may lead to novel therapeutic targets of this highly aggressive tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Amann
- University of Regensburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, D-93042 Regensburg, Germany
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Bertolani C, Sancho-Bru P, Failli P, Bataller R, Aleffi S, DeFranco R, Mazzinghi B, Romagnani P, Milani S, Ginés P, Colmenero J, Parola M, Gelmini S, Tarquini R, Laffi G, Pinzani M, Marra F. Resistin as an intrahepatic cytokine: overexpression during chronic injury and induction of proinflammatory actions in hepatic stellate cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007. [PMID: 17148667 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and insulin resistance accelerate the progression of fibrosis during chronic liver disease. Resistin antagonizes insulin action in rodents, but its role in humans is still controversial. The aims of this study were to investigate resistin expression in human liver and to evaluate whether resistin may affect the biology of activated human hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), key modulators of hepatic fibrogenesis. Resistin gene expression was low in normal human liver but was increased in conditions of severe fibrosis. Up-regulation of resistin during chronic liver damage was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. In a group of patients with alcoholic hepatitis, resistin expression correlated with inflammation and fibrosis, suggesting a possible action on HSCs. Exposure of cultured HSCs to recombinant resistin resulted in increased expression of the proinflammatory chemokines monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and interleukin-8, through activation of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB. Resistin induced a rapid increase in intracellular calcium concentration, mainly through calcium release from intracellular inositol triphosphate-sensitive pools. The intracellular calcium chelator BAPTA-AM blocked resistin-induced NF-kappaB activation and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression. In conclusion, this study shows a role for resistin as an intrahepatic cytokine exerting proinflammatory actions in HSCs, via a Ca2+/NF-kappaB-dependent pathway and suggests involvement of this adipokine in the pathophysiology of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Bertolani
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni, 85, I-50134 Florence, Italy, and the Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
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Finch PW, Rubin JS. Keratinocyte growth factor expression and activity in cancer: implications for use in patients with solid tumors. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 98:812-24. [PMID: 16788155 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djj228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) is a locally acting epithelial mitogen that is produced by cells of mesenchymal origin and has an important role in protecting and repairing epithelial tissues. Use of recombinant human KGF (palifermin) in patients with hematologic malignancies reduces the incidence and duration of severe oral mucositis experienced after intensive chemoradiotherapy. These results suggest that KGF may be useful in the treatment of patients with other kinds of tumors, including those of epithelial origin. However, its application in this context raises issues that were not pertinent to its use in hematologic cancer because epithelial tumor cells, unlike blood cells, often express the KGF receptor (FGFR2b). Thus, it is important to examine whether KGF could promote the growth of epithelial tumors or protect such tumor cells from the effects of chemotherapy agents. Analyses of KGF and FGFR2b expression in tumor specimens and of KGF activity on transformed cells in vitro and in vivo do not indicate a definitive role for KGF in tumorigenesis. On the contrary, restoring FGFR2b expression to certain malignant cells can induce cell differentiation or apoptosis. However, other observations suggest that, in specific situations, KGF may contribute to epithelial tumorigenesis. Thus, further studies are warranted to examine the nature and extent of KGF involvement in these settings. In addition, clinical trials in patients with solid tumors are underway to assess the potential benefits of using KGF to protect normal tissue from the adverse effects of chemoradiotherapy and its possible impact on clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Finch
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Building 37, Room 2042, 37 Convent Drive, MSC 4256, Bethesda, MD 20892-4256, USA
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Li W, Cai S, Cai L, Li X. Anti-apoptotic effect of hepatocyte growth factor from actinomycin D in hepatocyte-derived HL7702 cells is associated with activation of PI3K/Akt signaling. Toxicol Lett 2006; 165:142-8. [PMID: 16616440 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2006.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2006] [Revised: 02/24/2006] [Accepted: 02/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Actinomycin D (ActD) is a well-known cytotoxic chemotherapeutic reagent and the prevention of ActD-induced apoptotic cell death has been an attractive issue for biomedical investigators. Since phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway is essential for cell survival, the present study has examined whether the preventive effect of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) on ActD-induced apoptotic cell death in a human hepatocyte-derived cell line (HL7702) is associated with PI3K/Akt activation. Apoptotic cell death was measured by several methods including Hoechst 33342 staining, DNA fragmentation, and flow cytometry. We found that ActD caused a significant increase in apoptotic cell death, an effect significantly prevented by pre-addition of HGF in the cultures. HGF was found to significantly activate Akt phosphorylation while pre-treatment with PI3K specific inhibitor wortmannin further enhanced ActD-induced apoptotic effect, and also significantly prevented HGF's protection against ActD-induced apoptosis. These results suggest that HGF's prevention of ActD-induced apoptotic cell death in HL7702 cells is associated with the activation of PI3K/Akt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, PR China
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13
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Drucker C, Parzefall W, Teufelhofer O, Grusch M, Ellinger A, Schulte-Hermann R, Grasl-Kraupp B. Non-parenchymal liver cells support the growth advantage in the first stages of hepatocarcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2005; 27:152-61. [PMID: 16081514 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma almost always arises in chronically inflamed livers. We developed a culture model to study the role of non-parenchymal cells (NPCs) for inflammation-driven hepatocarcinogenesis. Rats were treated with the carcinogen N-nitrosomorpholine, which induced initiated hepatocytes expressing the marker placental glutathione-S-transferase (GSTp). After 21 days two preparations of hepatocytes were made: (i) conventional ones (Hep-conv) containing NPCs and (ii) hepatocytes purified of NPCs (Hep-pur). Initiated hepatocytes, being positive for GSTp (GSTp-pos) were present in both preparations and were cultured along with normal hepatocytes, being negative for GSTp (GSTp-neg). Under any culture condition DNA synthesis was approximately 4-fold higher in GSTp-pos than in GSTp-neg hepatocytes demonstrating the inherent growth advantage of the first stages of hepatocarcinogenesis. Hepatocytes showed approximately 3-fold lower rates of DNA synthesis in Hep-pur than in Hep-conv, which was elevated above Hep-conv levels by addition of NPC or NPC-supernatant. Pretreatment of NPCs with proinflammatory lipopolysaccharide (LPS) further increased DNA synthesis. Thus, NPCs release soluble growth stimulators. Next we investigated the effect of specific cytokines produced by NPCs. Tumour necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 6 barely altered DNA synthesis, whereas hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) and the heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) were potent inducers of DNA replication in both, GSTp-neg and GSTp-pos cells. In conclusion, DNA synthesis of hepatocytes is increased by factors released from NPCs, an effect augmented by LPS-stimulation. NPC-derived cytokines, such as KGF, HGF and HB-EGF, stimulate DNA synthesis preferentially in initiated hepatocytes, presumably resulting in tumour promotion. Similar mechanisms may contribute to carcinogenesis in human inflammatory liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Drucker
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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14
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Jeschke MG, Schubert T, Krickhahn M, Polykandriotis E, Klein D, Perez-Polo JR, Przkora R, Herndon DN. Interaction of exogenous liposomal insulin-like growth factor-I cDNA gene transfer with growth factors on collagen expression in acute wounds. Wound Repair Regen 2005; 13:269-77. [PMID: 15953046 DOI: 10.1111/j.1067-1927.2005.130309.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Growth factors have been shown to modulate the complex cascade of wound healing, however, interaction between different growth factors during dermal and epidermal regeneration is still not entirely defined. We have recently shown that exogenous liposomal gene transfer of cDNA results in physiologic expression and response in an acute wound. In the present study we determined the interaction between insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), a mesenchymal growth factor, administered as liposomal cDNA, with other dermal and epidermal growth factors on collagen synthesis in an acute wound. Sprague-Dawley rats were given a scald burn to inflict an acute wound and divided into two groups to receive weekly subcutaneous injections of liposomes plus a beta-galactosidase containing plasmid (Lac Z [0.2 microg, vehicle]), or liposomes plus the IGF-I cDNA containing plasmid (2.2 microg) and Lac Z (0.2 microg). Immunological assays, histological and immunohistochemical techniques were used to determine growth factor concentration and different types of collagen (I, III, and IV) after IGF-I cDNA gene transfer. IGF-I cDNA transfer accelerated reepithelization and was associated with increased levels of IGF-I, fibroblast growth factor, keratinocyte growth factor, vascular endothelial cell growth factor, and platelet-derived growth factor protein expression. IGF-I cDNA had no effect on transforming growth factor-beta. IGF-I cDNA significantly increased type IV collagen while it had no effect on types I and III collagen. Exogenously administered IGF-I cDNA increased protein concentrations of keratinocyte growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, and type IV collagen. We conclude that liposomal IGF-I gene transfer can accelerate wound healing without causing an increase in types I and III collagen expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc G Jeschke
- Shriners Hospital for Children, University Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77550, USA.
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15
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Jeschke MG, Sandmann G, Schubert T, Klein D. Effect of oxidized regenerated cellulose/collagen matrix on dermal and epidermal healing and growth factors in an acute wound. Wound Repair Regen 2005; 13:324-31. [PMID: 15953053 DOI: 10.1111/j.1067-1927.2005.130316.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Rapid healing of acute wounds, e.g., in burned patients, can be essential for survival. Oxidized regenerated cellulose/collagen (ORC/collagen) has been shown to improve wound healing of chronic wounds. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of ORC/collagen on dermal and epidermal healing as well as growth factor concentration in acute wounds. Rats received a full-thickness excision wound and were treated with either ORC/collagen plus a hydrocolloid dressing or a hydrocolloid dressing alone. Planimetry, immunological assays, histological and immunohistochemical techniques were used to determine dermal and epidermal regeneration, protein concentration, and growth factor concentration. In addition, dermal vascularization and structure were determined. Wounds treated with ORC/collagen showed a significantly faster reepithelization than those treated with hydrocolloid alone, p < 0.05. This accelerated wound healing rate may be explained by significantly higher levels of platelet-derived growth factor, keratinocyte growth factor, insulin-like growth factor-I, and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 in the ORC/collagen group leading to antiapoptotic effects of skin cells, p < 0.05. There were no significant differences in collagen morphology or deposition, neo-angiogenesis, or vascular endothelial growth factor concentration between both treatment groups. We conclude that ORC/collagen matrix accelerates epidermal regeneration and locally increases growth factor concentrations. Increased reepithelization was associated with decreased skin cell apoptosis. Based on our data we hypothesize that the ORC/collagen matrix may also have beneficial effects on acute wounds in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc G Jeschke
- Department of Surgery, University of Regensburg, Germany.
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16
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Hiramatsu K, Matsumoto Y, Miyazaki M, Tsubouchi H, Yamamoto I, Gohda E. Inhibition of Hepatocyte Growth Factor Production in Human Fibroblasts by Ursodeoxycholic Acid. Biol Pharm Bull 2005; 28:619-24. [PMID: 15802798 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.28.619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) stimulates the proliferation of hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells and protects hepatocytes from apoptosis induced by various stimuli. In view of HGF induction by interferons, substances used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C, this study was conducted to determine whether ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), which is widely used for the treatment of cholestatic liver diseases, modulates HGF production. UDCA did not induce HGF production in human dermal fibroblasts, but it potently inhibited phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)- and cholera-toxin-induced HGF production without affecting cell viability. The inhibitory effects of UDCA were as potent as those of transforming growth factor-beta1 and dexamethasone. Up-regulations of HGF gene expression induced by PMA and cholera toxin were also inhibited by UDCA. Moreover, UDCA dose-dependently inhibited high constitutive HGF production by MRC-5 cells without decreasing cell viability. Deoxycholate, chenodeoxycholate, taurochenodeoxycholate and glycochenodeoxycholate also inhibited cholera-toxin-induced HGF production at non-cytotoxic doses. UDCA, however, had no apparent effect on PMA-induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase, which is crucial for HGF induction by PMA. These results indicate that non-cytotoxic doses of UDCA inhibited constitutive and induced HGF production and suggest that UDCA supplemented with HGF or HGF inducers could have a more potential therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Hiramatsu
- Department of Immunochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Japan
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17
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Finch PW, Rubin JS. Keratinocyte growth factor/fibroblast growth factor 7, a homeostatic factor with therapeutic potential for epithelial protection and repair. Adv Cancer Res 2004; 91:69-136. [PMID: 15327889 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(04)91003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) is a paracrine-acting, epithelial mitogen produced by cells of mesenchymal origin. It is a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, and acts exclusively through a subset of FGF receptor isoforms (FGFR2b) expressed predominantly by epithelial cells. The upregulation of KGF after epithelial injury suggested it had an important role in tissue repair. This hypothesis was reinforced by evidence that intestinal damage was worse and healing impaired in KGF null mice. Preclinical data from several animal models demonstrated that recombinant human KGF could enhance the regenerative capacity of epithelial tissues and protect them from a variety of toxic exposures. These beneficial effects are attributed to multiple mechanisms that collectively act to strengthen the integrity of the epithelial barrier, and include the stimulation of cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, survival, DNA repair, and induction of enzymes involved in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species. KGF is currently being evaluated in clinical trials to test its ability to ameliorate severe oral mucositis (OM) that results from cancer chemoradiotherapy. In a phase 3 trial involving patients who were treated with myeloablative chemoradiotherapy before autologous peripheral blood progenitor cell transplantation for hematologic malignancies, KGF significantly reduced both the incidence and duration of severe OM. Similar investigations are underway in patients being treated for solid tumors. On the basis of its success in ameliorating chemoradiotherapy-induced OM in humans and tissue damage in a variety of animal models, additional clinical applications of KGF are worthy of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Finch
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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18
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Steiling H, Mühlbauer M, Bataille F, Schölmerich J, Werner S, Hellerbrand C. Activated hepatic stellate cells express keratinocyte growth factor in chronic liver disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2004; 165:1233-41. [PMID: 15466389 PMCID: PMC1618645 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63383-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, is a specific mitogen for different types of epithelial cells and a potent survival factor for these cells under stress conditions. KGF expression increases strongly after injury to various tissues, including the skin and the intestine, and signaling via the KGF receptor was shown to be crucial for repair of skin wounds and for liver regeneration. Here we demonstrate an increased expression of KGF in chronic liver disease associated with fibrosis. The extent of KGF overexpression correlated strongly with the stage of fibrosis. As the cellular source of KGF we identified activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs)/myofibroblasts. In contrast to the ligand, the KGF receptor, FGFR2-IIIb, was exclusively expressed by hepatocytes, but not by activated HSCs or other parenchymal or nonparenchymal liver cells. Based on the known effects of KGF on hepatocytes in vitro, our findings suggest that HSC/myofibroblast-derived KGF may enhance liver regeneration and/or hepatocyte survival in patients with chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Steiling
- Department of Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
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19
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Jeschke MG, Klein D. Liposomal gene transfer of multiple genes is more effective than gene transfer of a single gene. Gene Ther 2004; 11:847-55. [PMID: 14961069 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Liposomal gene transfer is an effective therapeutic approach for the treatment of several pathophysiologic states. The purpose of the present study was to define whether gene transfer of multiple genes is a feasible approach and whether this approach would be more effective than the single transfer of cDNA. Rats were inflicted an acute wound and divided into four groups to receive weekly subcutaneous injections of liposomes plus the Lac-Z gene (0.22 microg, vehicle), or liposomes plus the insulin like-growth factor-I (IGF-I)cDNA (2.2 microg) and Lac Z gene (0.22 microg), or liposomes plus the keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) cDNA (2.2 microg) and Lac Z gene (0.22 microg), or liposomes plus the IGF-I/KGF cDNA (2.2 microg) and Lac Z gene (0.22 microg). Planimetry, immunological assays, histological and immunohistochemical techniques were used to determine molecular mechanisms after gene transfer, protein expression, dermal and epidermal regeneration. IGF-I/KGF cDNA transfer increased IGF-I and KGF protein concentration and caused concomitant cellular responses, for example,by increasing IGFBP-3, P<0.05. IGF-I/KGF cDNA gene transfer improved epidermal regeneration by exhibiting the most rapid area and linear wound re-epithelization by almost 250% compared to control and each growth factor given individually, P<0.001, which was probably due to promitogenic and antiapoptotic effects on basal keratinocytes when compared to controls, P<0.001. Dermal regeneration was improved in IGF-I/KGF cDNA-treated animals by an increased collagen deposition and morphology when compared with vehicle, IGF-I and KGF, P<0.001. IGF-I/KGF cDNA increased VEGF concentrations and thus neovascularization when compared with vehicle, IGF-I and KGF, P<0.001. In the present study, we showed that exogenous gene transfer of multiple cDNA sequences have an additive effect on intracellular and biological responses when compared to the same gene administered as a single cDNA sequence. Our findings demonstrate that gene therapy with multiple genes is feasible, and that the gene transfer of multiple genes can enhance and accelerate physiologic and biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Jeschke
- Plastic and Hand Surgery, University of Erlangen, University Hospital, Krankenhausstrasse 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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20
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Jeschke MG, Schubert T, Klein D. Exogenous liposomal IGF-I cDNA gene transfer leads to endogenous cellular and physiological responses in an acute wound. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2004; 286:R958-66. [PMID: 15068969 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00541.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine whether exogenous liposomal cDNA gene transfer is recognized by the cell and causes endogenous cellular and physiological responses. When administered as a protein, IGF-I is known to cause adverse side effects due to lack of cellular responses. Therefore, we used IGF-I cDNA as a vector to study cellular and physiological effects after liposomal administration to wounded skin. Sprague-Dawley rats were given a scald burn to inflict an acute wound and were divided into two groups to receive weekly subcutaneous injections of liposomes plus the Lac-Z gene (0.2 μg vehicle) or liposomes plus the IGF-I cDNA (2.2 μg) and Lac Z gene (0.22 μg). Transfection was confirmed by histochemical assays for β-galactosidase. Planimetry, immunological assays, and histological and immunohistochemical techniques were used to determine molecular mechanisms after gene transfer, protein expression, and dermal and epidermal regeneration. IGF-I cDNA transfer increased IGF-I protein expression and caused concomitant cellular responses by increasing IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-3 and decreasing IGFBP-1. IGF-I cDNA gene transfer increased keratinocyte growth factor expression and exerted promitogenic antiapoptotic effects on basal keratinocytes, thus improving epidermal regeneration. IGF-I cDNA improved dermal regeneration by an increased collagen deposition and morphology. IGF-I cDNA increased VEGF concentrations and thus neovascularization. Exogenous-administered IGF-I cDNA is recognized by the cell and leads to similar intracellular responses as the endogenous gene. Liposomal IGF-I gene transfer further leads to improved dermal and epidermal regeneration by interacting with other growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc G Jeschke
- Klinik für Chirurgie, Abteilung für Plastische und Handchirurgie, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen, Krankenhausstrasse 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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21
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Firth JD, Putnins EE. Keratinocyte growth factor 1 inhibits wound edge epithelial cell apoptosis in vitro. J Invest Dermatol 2004; 122:222-31. [PMID: 14962112 DOI: 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2003.22124.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability of keratinocyte growth factor 1 to modulate apoptosis in the absence of proliferation was studied in vitro. A HaCaT scrape wound model was developed in which dense monolayers prior to wounding were cultured to quiescence in defined media with hydroxyurea at concentrations that blocked proliferation without loss of cell viability. Scrape wounding was then found to induce apoptosis, originating at the wound edge, but subsequently radiating away over a 24 h period to encompass areas not originally damaged. Keratinocyte growth factor 1 inhibited this radial progression of apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner up to 20 ng per mL with induced migration present at the wound edge. The extent of this rescue was modulated by the concentration of Ca2+ prior to wounding. In control wound cultures apoptotic bodies were found in cells adjacent to the wound interface but were greatly reduced in keratinocyte-growth-factor-1-treated groups. Keratinocyte growth factor 1 receptor expression was significantly induced within two to three cell widths of the scraped wound edge, at levels far exceeding those found at the leading edge of a nonwounded epithelial sheet. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (1-5 ng per mL) or Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (10-50 ng per mL) exacerbated scrape-induced early apoptosis (1-4 h), but was largely ameliorated by coculture with keratinocyte growth factor 1. Keratinocyte growth factor 1 protection was associated with a reduction in both caspase-3 activation and cytokeratin-19 loss. Protected wound edges were also associated with the maintenance of e-cadherin expression and induction of beta1 integrin and actin stress fiber organization. These results suggest that keratinocyte growth factor 1 may play a role in limiting mechanically induced apoptotic processes at the epithelial wound edge in a manner that is distinct from its proliferative function.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Firth
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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22
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Schulze-Bergkamen H, Brenner D, Krueger A, Suess D, Fas SC, Frey CR, Dax A, Zink D, Büchler P, Müller M, Krammer PH. Hepatocyte growth factor induces Mcl-1 in primary human hepatocytes and inhibits CD95-mediated apoptosis via Akt. Hepatology 2004; 39:645-54. [PMID: 14999683 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
CD95 (APO-1/Fas)-mediated apoptosis of hepatocytes plays a central role in the pathophysiology of various human liver diseases. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) was shown to exert antiapoptotic functions in rodent hepatocytes. We previously showed that primary human hepatocytes (PHH) are a valuable tool for the investigation of apoptotic processes in liver cells. In this study, we analyzed the influence of HGF on CD95-mediated apoptosis of PHH and its molecular determinants. HGF significantly inhibited CD95-mediated apoptosis of PHH as well as cleavage of caspase-8 and poly (ADP-ribose)polymerase. HGF transcriptionally induced the expression of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1). In contrary, HGF did not alter the expression levels of Bcl-2 or Bcl-x(L). HGF activated survival pathways such as the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway, the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase/ERK and the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway. Notably, HGF triggered serine(727)--but not tyrosine(705)--phosphorylation of STAT3. Pretreatment of PHH with the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 as well as adenoviral transduction of dominant negative Akt1 prevented HGF-mediated Mcl-1 induction and reversed the antiapoptotic effects of HGF. In conclusion, HGF confers survival of PHH by activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. PI3K/Akt activation by HGF results in the induction of antiapoptotic proteins such as Mcl-1. Thus, application of HGF may be a therapeutic approach to prevent CD95-mediated hepatocellular damage in human liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Schulze-Bergkamen
- Tumor Immunology Program, Division of Immunogenetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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23
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Steiling H, Wüstefeld T, Bugnon P, Brauchle M, Fässler R, Teupser D, Thiery J, Gordon JI, Trautwein C, Werner S. Fibroblast growth factor receptor signalling is crucial for liver homeostasis and regeneration. Oncogene 2003; 22:4380-8. [PMID: 12853974 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Several growth factors have been suggested to play a crucial role in liver regeneration, but a functional proof is still missing. Since fibroblast growth factors are important for the initiation of mammalian liver development, we determined the roles of these mitogens in liver repair by targeted expression of a dominant-negative fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) in hepatocytes of transgenic mice. The liver of young animals appeared histologically normal, and liver function was not obviously impaired. In aged transgenic mice, the frequency of fatty liver development was strongly increased compared to control animals. Following partial hepatectomy, transgenic mice showed markedly reduced hepatocyte proliferation because of an arrest in the late G(1) phase of the cell cycle. These data demonstrate a key role of FGFR signalling in repair after liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Steiling
- Institute of Cell Biology, ETH Zürich, Hönggerberg, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Wildhaber BE, Yang H, Teitelbaum DH. Total parenteral nutrition-induced apoptosis in mouse intestinal epithelium: modulation by keratinocyte growth factor. J Surg Res 2003; 112:144-51. [PMID: 12888331 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-4804(03)00160-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) induces epithelial cell (EC) apoptosis. Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) increases EC growth; however, little is known of its effect on apoptosis. This study aimed to determine the effect of recombinant human KGF (rHuKGF) on small bowel EC apoptosis. We further determined mRNA expression of Bcl-2 family members (major mediators of epithelial cell apoptosis) with TPN and whether KGF administration influences Bcl-2 family expression in EC. METHODS C57BL/6J mice (n = 6/group) received oral feeding (Control); TPN; or TPN plus daily intravenous rHuKGF (TPN+KGF). After 7 days, intestines were harvested and EC isolated. Villus height was determined by microscopy and EC proliferation by immunohistochemistry using incorporation of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). Apoptosis was identified by Annexin V as well as by TUNEL staining. EC mRNA expression of Bcl-2 family members was measured by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Bcl-2 protein level by immunoblot analysis. RESULTS Villus height in Controls was 310 +/- 42 microm. This decreased with TPN to 210 +/- 45 microm; however, villus height was preserved in TPN + KGF mice (273 +/- 39 microm). EC proliferation rates decreased significantly in TPN mice, and this decline was prevented by administration of rHuKGF. EC apoptotic rate in Controls was 14.4 +/- 5.1%; TPN administration resulted in doubling of largely prevented TPN-induced EC apoptosis (29.4 +/- 11.3%) rHuKGF administration largely prevented TPN-induced EC apoptosis (17.2 +/- 5.6%). Proapoptotic Bcl-2 members changed minimally with TPN or rHuKGF; however, the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 changed significantly: Control 0.78 +/- 0.24; TPN 0.10 +/- 0.13; rHuKGF administration prevented the decline in Bcl-2 expression observed with TPN (0.76 +/- 0.36). EC Bcl-2 protein levels were: Control 0.16 +/- 0.13; TPN 0.18 +/- 0.16; and TPN+KGF 0.47 +/- 0.19. CONCLUSIONS TPN-induced apoptosis was associated with decreased Bcl-2 mRNA expression. rHuKGF decreased TPN-induced EC apoptosis and increased Bcl-2 expression. rHuKGF administration may have benefit in patients on TPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara E Wildhaber
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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25
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Movassat J, Beattie GM, Lopez AD, Portha B, Hayek A. Keratinocyte growth factor and beta-cell differentiation in human fetal pancreatic endocrine precursor cells. Diabetologia 2003; 46:822-9. [PMID: 12802496 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-003-1117-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2002] [Revised: 02/24/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS AND HYPOTHESIS Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) is a member of the heparin-binding fibroblast growth factor family with a high degree of specificity for epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo. Our aim was to study the effect of KGF on beta-cell growth and differentiation on islet-like cell clusters derived from human fetal pancreas. METHODS We investigated the effects of KGF, in vitro, on beta-cell differentiation from undifferentiated pancreatic precursor cells and in vivo after transplantating human fetal pancreatic cells into athymic rats treated with KGF. RESULTS Treatment of islet-like cell clusters with KGF in vitro did not change the number of insulin producing cells, as measured by the measurement of insulin content or DNA. The in vivo treatment of recipient rats with KGF increased the number of beta cells within the grafts 8 weeks after transplantation. At this time, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was evaluated by glucose stimulation tests in rats bearing the transplants. Measurements of human C-peptide concentrations after glucose challenge showed that the newly differentiated beta cells in the KGF-treated group were functionally competent as opposed to the control group, where the graft failed to release insulin appropriately. CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION These findings suggest that in vivo, KGF is capable of inducing human fetal beta-cell expansion. The growth promoting effect of KGF on beta cells occurred mainly through the activation of ductal cell proliferation and their subsequent differentiation into beta cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Movassat
- Islet Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego Medical School, 9894 Genesee Ave., La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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26
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Wildhaber BE, Yang H, Teitelbaum DH. Keratinocyte growth factor decreases total parenteral nutrition-induced apoptosis in mouse intestinal epithelium via Bcl-2. J Pediatr Surg 2003; 38:92-6; discussion 92-6. [PMID: 12592627 DOI: 10.1053/jpsu.2003.50018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) induces epithelial cell (EC) apoptosis. Keratinocyte Growth Factor (KGF) increases EC-growth; however, little is known of its effect on apoptosis. This study aims to determine if mRNA expression of Bcl-2 proteins (major mediators of epithelial cell apoptosis) is altered with TPN, and if KGF-administration influences Bcl-2 family expression. METHODS C57BL/6J mice (n = 6 per group) received oral feeding (control), TPN (TPN), or TPN plus intravenous KGF daily (TPN + KGF). After 7 days, intestine was harvested and EC isolated. Apoptosis was identified using flow cytometry. EC mRNA expression of Bcl-2 family members was measured by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; Bcl-2 protein level was measured by immunoblot analysis. RESULTS EC apoptotic rates were: control, 14.4% +/- 5.1%; TPN, 29.4% +/- 11.3%; KGF, 17.2% +/- 5.6%. Pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins changed minimally with TPN or KGF; however, the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 changed significantly: control, 0.78 +/- 0.24; TPN, 0.10 +/- 0.13; KGF, 0.76 +/- 0.36. EC Bcl-2 protein levels were: control, 0.16 +/- 0.13; TPN 0.18 +/- 0.16; and TPN + KGF 0.47 +/- 0.19. CONCLUSIONS TPN-induced apoptosis decreased Bcl-2 mRNA expression. KGF decreased EC apoptosis and increased Bcl-2 expression. Modalities to increase endogenous KGF, or KGF-administration may have benefit in patients on TPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara E Wildhaber
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatric Surgery, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Galun E, Axelrod JH. The role of cytokines in liver failure and regeneration: potential new molecular therapies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1592:345-58. [PMID: 12421677 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(02)00326-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The liver is a unique organ, and first in line, the hepatocytes encounter the potential to proliferate during cell mass loss. This phenomenon is tightly controlled and resembles in some way the embryonal co-inhabitant cell lineage of the liver, the embryonic hematopoietic system. Interestingly, both the liver and hematopoietic cell proliferation and growth are controlled by various growth factors and cytokines. IL-6 and its signaling cascade inside the cells through STAT3 are both significantly important for liver regeneration as well as for hematopoietic cell proliferation. The process of liver regeneration is very complex and is dependent on the etiology and extent of liver damage and the genetic background. In this review we will initially describe the clinical relevant condition, portraying a number of available animal models with an emphasis on the relevance of each one to the human condition of fulminant hepatic failure (FHF). The discussion will then be focused on the role of cytokines in liver failure and regeneration, and suggest potential new therapeutic modalities for FHF. The recent findings on the role of IL-6 in liver regeneration and the activity of the designer IL-6/sIL-6R fusion protein, hyper-IL-6, in particular, suggest that this molecule could significantly enhance liver regeneration in humans, and as such could be a useful treatment for FHF in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eithan Galun
- The Goldyne Savad Institute for Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Zhu XQ, Yue TF, Zhang Y, Hui J, Wang DH. Influence of neoadjuvant intraarterial infusion chemotherapy on apoptosis and multidrug resistance associated genes of endometrial cancer. Chin J Cancer Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/s11670-002-0049-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Jeschke MG, Richter G, Höfstädter F, Herndon DN, Perez-Polo JR, Jauch KW. Non-viral liposomal keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) cDNA gene transfer improves dermal and epidermal regeneration through stimulation of epithelial and mesenchymal factors. Gene Ther 2002; 9:1065-74. [PMID: 12140734 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2002] [Accepted: 03/12/2002] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) stimulates epithelial cell differentiation and proliferation, which are of major importance for wound healing. Local protein administration, however, has been shown to be ineffective due to enzymes and proteases in the wound fluid. We hypothesized that delivering KGF as a non-viral liposomal cDNA gene complex is a new approach that would effectively enhance dermal and epidermal regeneration. Twenty-two rats were given an acute wound and divided into two groups to receive weekly subcutaneous injections of liposomes plus the LacZ gene (0.2 microg, vehicle), or liposomes plus the KGF cDNA (2.2 microg) and LacZ cDNA (0.2 microg). Transfection was confirmed by histochemical assays for beta-galactosidase. Planimetry, histological and immunohistochemical techniques were used to determine protein expression, dermal and epidermal regeneration. Transfection and subsequent KGF expression was found in diving cells in the granulation tissue. Epidermal regeneration was improved by 170% in rats receiving the KGF cDNA constructs by exhibiting the most rapid area and linear wound re-epithelialization, P < 0.0001. KGF improved epidermal cell net balance by increasing skin cell proliferation and decreasing skin cell apoptosis, P < 0.0001. Dermal regeneration was further improved in KGF cDNA treated animals by an increased collagen deposition and morphology, P < 0.0001. KGF cDNA increased neo-vascularization and concomitant VEGF concentrations when compared with vehicle, P < 0.01. KGF cDNA did not only stimulate epithelial cells, but also mesenchymal cells through increases in IGF-I concentration, P < 0.005. Liposomes containing the KGF cDNA gene constructs were effective in improving epidermal and dermal regeneration. KGF gene transfer to acute wounds may represent a new therapeutic strategy to enhance wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Jeschke
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Chirurgie, University of Regensburg, Germany
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Ware LB, Matthay MA. Keratinocyte and hepatocyte growth factors in the lung: roles in lung development, inflammation, and repair. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2002; 282:L924-40. [PMID: 11943656 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00439.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates that the epithelial-specific growth factors keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-10, and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) play important roles in lung development, lung inflammation, and repair. The therapeutic potential of these growth factors in lung disease has yet to be fully explored. KGF has been best studied and has impressive protective effects against a wide variety of injurious stimuli when given as a pretreatment in animal models. Whether this protective effect could translate to a treatment effect in humans with acute lung injury needs to be investigated. FGF-10 and HGF may also have therapeutic potential, but more extensive studies in animal models are needed. Because HGF lacks true epithelial specificity, it may have less potential than KGF and FGF-10 as a targeted therapy to facilitate lung epithelial repair. Regardless of their therapeutic potential, studies of the unique roles played by these growth factors in the pathogenesis and the resolution of acute lung injury and other lung diseases will continue to enhance our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of inflammation and repair in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine B Ware
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles 90024, USA
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31
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Wirth K, Mertelsmann R. Cytoprotective function of keratinocyte growth factor in tumour therapy-induced tissue damage. Br J Haematol 2002; 116:505-10. [PMID: 11849205 DOI: 10.1046/j.0007-1048.2001.03290.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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32
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Müller M, Morotti A, Ponzetto C. Activation of NF-kappaB is essential for hepatocyte growth factor-mediated proliferation and tubulogenesis. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22:1060-72. [PMID: 11809798 PMCID: PMC134627 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.22.4.1060-1072.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its receptor, Met, regulate a number of biological functions in epithelial and nonepithelial cells, such as survival, motility, proliferation, and tubular morphogenesis. The transcription factor NF-kappaB is activated in response to a wide variety of stimuli, including growth factors, and is involved in biological responses in part overlapping with those triggered by HGF. In this work we used the liver-derived MLP29 cell line to study the possible involvement of NF-kappaB in HGF/Met signaling. HGF stimulates NF-kappaB DNA binding and transcriptional activation via the canonical IkappaB phosphorylation-degradation cycle and via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase is not involved in Met-mediated NF-kappaB activation. Blockage of NF-kappaB activation in MLP29 cells by forced expression of the NF-kappaB super-repressor IkappaB(alpha)2A does not interfere with HGF-induced scatter but inhibits proliferation and tubulogenesis. Surprisingly, in the same cells NF-kappaB appears to be dispensable for the antiapoptotic function of HGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Müller
- Department of Anatomy and Pharmacology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
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Gorla Junior JA, Fagundes DJ, Parra OM, Zaia CTBV, Bandeira COP. Fatores hepatotróficos e regeneração hepática. Parte II: fatores de crescimento. Acta Cir Bras 2001. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86502001000400013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Várias substâncias identificáveis estão implicadas no processo de crescimento hepático, entre elas os fatores de crescimento. A maioria deles possui diferentes ações, estimulando a proliferação de células, ou mesmo inibindo na dependência de suas concentrações. Dentre os fatores de crescimento, ou somatomedinas, com ação sobre o fígado pode-se destacar: HGF; EGF; TGF-alpha; TGF b ; Interleucina 6; IGF; FGF; VEGF; KGF; HSS e ALR. A ação conjunta dos hormônios HGF, TGF-alpha, IL-6, TNF-alpha, norepinefrina, EGF, permite que insulina, glucagon e o próprio EGF manifestem seus efeitos. O HGF tem papel vital, talvez o principal "gatilho" deste processo, gerando um sinal endócrino que ativa fortemente a mitogênese nos hepatócitos já "preparados" pelo EGF, IL-6, insulina, matriz remanescente e outros, levando à síntese de DNA. Admite-se que o EGF também participe dos eventos iniciais do processo logo após a hepatectomia e que FGF, VEGF e KGF também participem dos eventos ligados à recomposição de outros tecidos.
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Jeschke MG, Richter G, Herndon DN, Geissler EK, Hartl M, Hofstätter F, Jauch KW, Perez-Polo JR. Therapeutic success and efficacy of nonviral liposomal cDNA gene transfer to the skin in vivo is dose dependent. Gene Ther 2001; 8:1777-84. [PMID: 11803397 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2001] [Accepted: 10/01/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
It is well documented that responses to growth factor treatment typically display bell-shaped dose responses that can significantly affect efficacy. Here we tested the hypothesis that nonviral liposomal gene delivery also displays this characteristic. We chose two different growth factors, keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) CMV-driven transfecting constructs at three different concentrations and assessed efficacy on several physiological parameters that are descriptive of wound healing progress in a burn-wound healing model. Rats were given a 60% TBSA scald burn and randomly divided into one of seven groups to receive weekly subcutaneous injections of liposomes containing the cDNA for KGF (0.2 microg, 2.2 microg, or 22.2 microg), or liposomes containing the cDNA for IGF-I (0.2 microg, 2.2 microg, or 22.2 microg) at various concentrations, but constant liposome:DNA ratios and a LacZ gene (0.2 microg) CMV-driven construct for beta-galactosidase as vehicle and marker gene. Transfection was confirmed by histology for beta-galactosidase. Physiological efficacy was evaluated by measuring the wound healing parameters that define dermal and epidermal regeneration. Transfection products were found in the cytoplasm of rapidly dividing cells of the granulation tissue. Different doses of the nonviral cDNA gene transfer coding for KGF or IGF-I resulted in different outcomes for dermal and epidermal regeneration. There was a dose-dependent response to both growth factor gene transfers that was not dissimilar from that typically displayed by treatment with growth factor proteins. Both concentrations below and above the optimal concentration of DNA:liposomal preparations did not yield the results observed at the optimal concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Jeschke
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Chirurgie, University of Regensburg, Germany
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Abstract
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, and the elimination of apoptotic cells are crucial factors in the maintenance of liver health Apoptosis allows hepatocytes to die without provoking a potentially harmful inflammatory response In contrast to necrosis, apoptosis is tightly controlled and regulated via several mechanisms, including Fas/Fas ligand interactions, the effects of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), and the influence of pro- and antiapoptotic mitochondria-associated proteins of the B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) family. Efficient elimination of apoptotic cells in the liver relies on Kupffer cells and endothelial cells and is thought to be regulated by the expression of certain cell surface receptors. Liver disease is often associated with enhanced hepatocyte apoptosis, which is the case in viral and autoimmune hepatitis, cholestatic diseases, and metabolic disorders. Disruption of apoptosis is responsible for other diseases, for example, hepatocellular carcinoma. Use and abuse of certain drugs, especially alcohol, chemotherapeutic agents, and acetaminophen, have been associated with increased apoptosis and liver damage. Apoptosis also plays a role in transplantation-associated liver damage, both in ischemia/reperfusion injury and graft rejection. The role of apoptosis in various liver diseases and the mechanisms by which apoptosis occurs in the liver may provide insight into these diseases and suggest possible treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Neuman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Gilbert S, Loranger A, Daigle N, Marceau N. Simple epithelium keratins 8 and 18 provide resistance to Fas-mediated apoptosis. The protection occurs through a receptor-targeting modulation. J Cell Biol 2001; 154:763-73. [PMID: 11514590 PMCID: PMC2196458 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200102130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratins 8 and 18 belong to the keratin family of intermediate filament (IF) proteins and constitute a hallmark for all simple epithelia, including the liver. Hepatocyte IFs are made solely of keratins 8 and 18 (K8/K18). In these cells, the loss of one partner via a targeted null mutation in the germline results in hepatocytes lacking K8/K18 IFs, thus providing a model of choice for examining the function(s) of simple epithelium keratins. Here, we report that K8-null mouse hepatocytes in primary culture and in vivo are three- to fourfold more sensitive than wild-type (WT) mouse hepatocytes to Fas-mediated apoptosis after stimulation with Jo2, an agonistic antibody of Fas ligand. This increased sensitivity is associated with a higher and more rapid caspase-3 activation and DNA fragmentation. In contrast, no difference in apoptosis is observed between cultured K8-null and WT hepatocytes after addition of the Fas-related death-factors tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha or TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. Analyses of the Fas distribution in K8-null and WT hepatocytes in culture and in situ demonstrate a more prominent targeting of the receptor to the surface membrane of K8-null hepatocytes. Moreover, altering Fas trafficking by disrupting microtubules with colchicine reduces by twofold the protection generated against Jo2-induced lethal action in K8-null versus WT hepatocytes. Together, the results strongly suggest that simple epithelium K8/K18 provide resistance to Fas-mediated apoptosis and that this protection occurs through a modulation of Fas targeting to the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gilbert
- Centre de recherche en cancérologie et Département de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, G1K 7P4, Canada
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37
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Gu Y, Zou Y, Aikawa R, Hayashi D, Kudoh S, Yamauchi T, Uozumi H, Zhu W, Kadowaki T, Yazaki Y, Komuro I. Growth hormone signalling and apoptosis in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Mol Cell Biochem 2001; 223:35-46. [PMID: 11681720 DOI: 10.1023/a:1017941625858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) has been reported to be useful to treat heart failure. To elucidate whether GH has direct beneficial effects on the heart, we examined effects of GH on oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in cardiac myocytes. TUNEL staining and DNA ladder analysis revealed that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced apoptosis of cardiomyocytes was significantly suppressed by the pretreatment with GH. GH strongly activated extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) in cardiac myocytes and the cardioprotective effect of GH was abolished by inhibition of ERKs. Overexpression of dominant negative mutant Ras suppressed GH-stimulated ERK activation. Overexpression of Csk that inactivates Src family tyrosine kinases also inhibited ERK activation evoked by GH. A broad-spectrum inhibitor of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs), genistein, strongly suppressed GH-induced ERK activation and the cardioprotective effect of GH against apoptotic cell death. GH induced tyrosine phosphorylation of EGF receptor and JAK2 in cardiac myocytes, and an EGF receptor inhibitor tyrphostin AG1478 and a JAK2 inhibitor tyrphostin B42 completely inhibited GH-induced ERK activation. Tyrphostin B42 also suppressed the phosphorylation of EGF receptor stimulated by GH. These findings suggest that GH has a direct protective effect on cardiac myocytes against apoptosis and that the effect of GH is attributed at least in part to the activation of ERKs through Ras and PTKs including JAK2, Src, and EGF receptor tyrosine kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Gu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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Kasper M, Roehlecke C, Witt M, Fehrenbach H, Hofer A, Miyata T, Weigert C, Funk RH, Schleicher ED. Induction of apoptosis by glyoxal in human embryonic lung epithelial cell line L132. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2000; 23:485-91. [PMID: 11017913 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.23.4.4117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been suggested to play a central role in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis and lung epithelial cell apoptosis is considered to be a key event during fibrogenesis. Studies from various laboratories have indicated that metabolic conditions may initiate oxidative stress, thereby contributing to epithelial cell death. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that glyoxal, an intermediate product in the glycation reaction leading to advanced glycation end products (AGEs), may induce lung epithelial cell apoptosis. We investigated the in vitro effects of glyoxal on fetal human lung epithelial L132 cells. Immunocytochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded cells and fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis revealed a dose-dependent accumulation of the glycoxidation product (epsilon)N-carboxymethyllysine (CML) in all compartments of the cell. It has been shown that CML modification of proteins may serve as an indicator for oxidative stress. To examine the role of apoptosis in epithelial lung cells we investigated glyoxal-dependent changes in pro- and antiapoptotic mediators bax and activated caspase-3, and galectin-3 and bcl-2, respectively. Increasing concentrations of glyoxal (50 to 400 microM) induced an increase in the number of apoptotic cells. The apoptotic changes were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Immunocytochemical analysis of treated cells revealed the presence of other AGEs such as pentosidine as well as products of lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kasper
- Institute of Anatomy and Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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Ka H, Spencer TE, Johnson GA, Bazer FW. Keratinocyte growth factor: expression by endometrial epithelia of the porcine uterus. Biol Reprod 2000; 62:1772-8. [PMID: 10819782 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod62.6.1772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratinocyte growth factor/fibroblast growth factor-7 (KGF/FGF-7) is an established paracrine mediator of hormone-regulated epithelial growth and differentiation. In all organs studied, KGF is uniquely expressed in cells of mesenchymal origin. To determine whether KGF and its receptor, keratinocyte growth factor receptor (KGFR) or fibroblast growth factor receptor-2IIIb, were expressed in the porcine uterus as a potential paracrine system mediating progesterone action, we cloned KGF and KGFR partial cDNAs from the porcine endometrium. KGF and KGFR expression was detected in endometrium by Northern blot hybridization. Interestingly, in situ hybridization results demonstrated that KGF was expressed by endometrial epithelia and was particularly abundant between Days 12 and 15 of the estrous cycle and pregnancy. KGF secretion into the lumen of the porcine uterus was also detected on Day 12 of the estrous cycle and pregnancy. KGFR was expressed in both endometrial epithelia and conceptus trophectoderm. These novel findings suggest that KGF may act on the uterine endometrial epithelium in an autocrine manner and on the conceptus trophectoderm in a paracrine manner in the pig, which is the only species possessing a true epitheliochorial type of placentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ka
- Center for Animal Biotechnology and Genomics, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center and Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2471
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Rampino T, Arbustini E, Gregorini M, Guallini P, Libetta C, Maggio M, Ranghino A, Silini E, Soccio G, Dal Canton A. Hemodialysis prevents liver disease caused by hepatitis C virus: role of hepatocyte growth factor. Kidney Int 1999; 56:2286-91. [PMID: 10594807 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.00791.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hemodialysis prevents liver disease caused by hepatitis C virus: Role of hepatocyte growth factor. BACKGROUND Hemodialysis increases markedly the serum levels of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) so that regular dialysis treatment (RDT) mimics the regular administration of HGF as a drug. Therefore, we have studied the effects of dialysis-associated HGF production on the severity of liver damage caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV). METHODS Biochemical tests of liver function and liver biopsy were performed in 10 patients on RDT and in 11 patients without renal disease (WRD) converted to anti-HCV serum-positive test for the same time (48 +/- 4 months). The HGF serum concentration was measured by enzyme immunoassay. In patients on RDT, HGF was measured just before starting a dialysis session (T0), at 15 and 240 minutes of dialysis (T15 and T240), and 24 hours later (T24 hr). RESULTS Serum HGF was similar in WRD (average 0.17 ng/ml) as in RDT at T0 (0.25 ng/ml). In RDT serum HGF increased markedly at T15 and T240 (5.51 and 2.67 ng/ml, respectively, P < 0. 001 vs. WRD and T0) and was still higher than baseline at T24 hr (0. 41 ng/ml, P < 0.05). Both grade of necroinflammatory activity and stage of fibrosis were significantly lower in RDT than in WRD (both, P < 0.001). The number of apoptotic hepatocytes was also significantly reduced in patients on RDT compared with patients WRD. CONCLUSION These results show that HCV-related liver disease is more benign in patients on RDT. The phenomenon may depend on the marked and prolonged HGF release caused by dialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rampino
- Unità di Nefrologia e Dialisi and Servizio di Anatomia Patologica, Università ed IRCCS Ospedale San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
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Meng X, Sawamura D, Baba T, Ina S, Ita K, Tamai K, Hanada K, Hashimoto I. Transgenic TNF-alpha causes apoptosis in epidermal keratinocytes after subcutaneous injection of TNF-alpha DNA plasmid. J Invest Dermatol 1999; 113:856-7. [PMID: 10571746 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00752.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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42
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Abstract
Out of the almost 17 members of the TNF superfamily, TNF is probably the most potent inducer of apoptosis. TNF activates both cell-survival and cell-death mechanisms simultaneously. Activation of NF-kB-dependent genes regulates the survival and proliferative effects pf TNF, whereas activation of caspases regulates the apoptotic effects. TNF-induced apoptosis is mediated primarily through the activation of type I receptors, the death domain of which recruits more than a dozen different signaling proteins, which together are considered part of an apoptotic cascade. This cascade does not, however, account for the role of reactive oxygen intermediates, ceramide, phospholipases, and serine proteases which are also implicated in TNF-induced apoptosis. This cascade also does not explain how type II TNF receptors which lack the death domain, induce apoptosis. Nevertheless, this review of apoptosis signaling will be limited to those proteins that makeup the cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Rath
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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