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Banday AZ, Nisar R, Patra PK, Kaur A, Sadanand R, Chaudhry C, Bukhari STA, Banday SZ, Bhattarai D, Notarangelo LD. Clinical and Immunological Features, Genetic Variants, and Outcomes of Patients with CD40 Deficiency. J Clin Immunol 2023; 44:17. [PMID: 38129705 PMCID: PMC11252661 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-023-01633-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Inherited deficiencies of CD40 and CD40 ligand (CD40L) reflect the crucial immunological functions of CD40-CD40L interaction/signaling. Although numerous studies have provided a detailed description of CD40L deficiency, reports of CD40 deficiency are scarce. Herein, we describe the characteristics of all reported patients with CD40 deficiency. METHODS The PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases were searched for relevant literature published till 7th August 2023. Study deduplication and identification of relevant reports was performed using the online PICO Portal. The data were extracted using a pre-designed data extraction form and the SPSS software was used for analysis. RESULTS Systematic literature review revealed 40 unique patients with CD40 deficiency. Respiratory tract and gastrointestinal infections were the predominant clinical manifestations (observed in 93% and 57% patients, respectively). Sclerosing cholangitis has been reported in nearly one-third of patients. Cryptosporidium sp. (29%) and Pneumocystis jirovecii (21%) were the most common microbes identified. Very low to undetectable IgG levels and severely reduced/absent switch memory B cells were observed in all patients tested/reported. Elevated IgM levels were observed in 69% patients. Overall, splice-site and missense variants were the most common (36% and 32%, respectively) molecular defects identified. All patients were managed with immunoglobulin replacement therapy and antimicrobial prophylaxis was utilized in a subset. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been performed in 45% patients (curative outcome observed in 73% of these patients). Overall, a fatal outcome was reported in 21% patients. CONCLUSIONS We provide a comprehensive description of all important aspects of CD40 deficiency. HSCT is a promising curative treatment option for CD40 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaqib Zaffar Banday
- Department of Pediatrics, Government Medical College (GMC), Srinagar, India
- Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Khyber Medical Institute, Srinagar, India
- Rheumatology Division, Kashmir Clinics Group, Srinagar, India
| | - Rahila Nisar
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College (GMC), Baramulla, India
| | - Pratap Kumar Patra
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Patna, 801507, India.
| | - Anit Kaur
- Department of Translational & Regenerative Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Rohit Sadanand
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Chakshu Chaudhry
- Suma Genomics, Manipal, India
- Department of Pediatrics, Maharishi Markandeshwar College of Medical Sciences and Research, Ambala, India
| | | | - Saquib Zaffar Banday
- Department of Medical-Hematoncology and Stem Cell Transplant, Paras Hospital, Srinagar, India
| | | | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Grama A, Mititelu A, Sîrbe C, Benţa G, Pop TL. Immune-mediated cholangiopathies in children: the need to better understand the pathophysiology for finding the future possible treatment targets. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1206025. [PMID: 37928553 PMCID: PMC10623351 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1206025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiopathies are defined as focal or extensive damage of the bile ducts. According to the pathogenetic mechanism, it may be immune-mediated or due to genetic, infectious, toxic, vascular, and obstructive causes. Their chronic evolution is characterized by inflammation, obstruction of bile flow, cholangiocyte proliferation, and progression toward fibrosis and cirrhosis. Immune-mediated cholangiopathies comprise primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), autoimmune cholangitis and IgG4-associated cholangitis in adults and biliary atresia (BA), neonatal sclerosing cholangitis (NSC) in children. The main purpose of this narrative review was to highlight the similarities and differences among immune-mediated cholangiopathies, especially those frequent in children in which cholangiocyte senescence plays a key role (BA, NSC, and PSC). These three entities have many similarities in terms of clinical and histopathological manifestations, and the distinction between them can be hard to achieve. In BA, bile duct destruction occurs due to aggression of the biliary cells due to viral infections or toxins during the intrauterine period or immediately after birth. The consequence is the activation of the immune system leading to severe inflammation and fibrosis of the extrahepatic biliary tract, lumen stenosis, and impairment of the biliary flow. PSC is characterized by inflammation and fibrosis of intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts, leading to secondary biliary cirrhosis. It is a multifactorial disease that occurs because of genetic predisposition [human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and non-HLA haplotypes], autoimmunity (cellular immune response, autoantibodies, association with inflammatory bowel disease), environmental factors (infections or toxic bile), and host factors (intestinal microbiota). NSC seems to be a distinct subgroup of childhood PSC that appears due to the interaction between genetic predisposition (HLA B8 and DR3) and the disruption of the immune system, validated by elevated IgG levels or specific antibodies [antinuclear antibody (ANA), anti-smooth muscle antibody (ASMA)]. Currently, the exact mechanism of immune cholangiopathy is not fully understood, and further data are required to identify individuals at high risk of developing these conditions. A better understanding of the immune mechanisms and pathophysiology of BA, NSC, and PSC will open new perspectives for future treatments and better methods of preventing severe evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Grama
- 2Pediatric Discipline, Department of Mother and Child, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- 2Pediatric Clinic and Center of Expertise in Pediatric Liver Rare Disorders, Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandra Mititelu
- 2Pediatric Discipline, Department of Mother and Child, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- 2Pediatric Clinic and Center of Expertise in Pediatric Liver Rare Disorders, Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Claudia Sîrbe
- 2Pediatric Discipline, Department of Mother and Child, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- 2Pediatric Clinic and Center of Expertise in Pediatric Liver Rare Disorders, Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gabriel Benţa
- 2Pediatric Discipline, Department of Mother and Child, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- 2Pediatric Clinic and Center of Expertise in Pediatric Liver Rare Disorders, Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Tudor Lucian Pop
- 2Pediatric Discipline, Department of Mother and Child, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- 2Pediatric Clinic and Center of Expertise in Pediatric Liver Rare Disorders, Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Detection of unusual Cryptosporidium parvum subtype in patients with gastrointestinal cancer in Egypt. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:597-606. [PMID: 36539638 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07761-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
While the importance of cryptosporidiosis in immunocompromised persons is well known, the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in cancer patients is not clear. The current study was designed to assess the occurrence and genetic characteristics of Cryptosporidium spp. in patients with gastrointestinal (GI) cancer in Egypt. Stool samples were collected from 100 patients with GI malignancies and 20 healthy individuals without any GI manifestations (control group). They were screened by microscopy and the immunochromatographic RIDA®QUICK Cryptosporidium kit. Subtyping of Cryptosporidium spp. was conducted by sequence analysis of the glycoprotein 60 (gp60) locus. Sociodemographic, environmental data and information on GI symptoms, cancer types, and clinical treatment were obtained via a questionnaire. By microscopy and RIDA®QUICK, only 7% (7/100) of GI cancer patients were positive for Cryptosporidium, compared with 40% (40/100) by gp60 nPCR. No positives were obtained from the control group. Male sex (P = 0.02) and younger age (P = 0.004) were major Cryptosporidium risk factors for infection. The occurrence of Cryptosporidium was also significantly more frequent (P = 0.003) in watery stool samples. Sequence analysis of the gp60 amplicons (~ 400 bp) identified a novel C. parvum subtype with nine TCA repeats and eleven ACATCA repeats. A formal subtype designation could not be made due to the short sequence length. More studies should be conducted to verify the common occurrence of this unusual C. parvum subtype and establish its genetic identity.
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4
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Certad G. Is Cryptosporidium a hijacker able to drive cancer cell proliferation? Food Waterborne Parasitol 2022; 27:e00153. [PMID: 35498550 PMCID: PMC9044164 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2022.e00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiological mechanisms of Cryptosporidium infection are multifactorial and not completely understood. Some advances achieved recently revealed that the infection by Cryptosporidium parvum induces cytoskeleton remodeling and actin reorganization through the implication of several intracellular signals involving, for example, PI3K, Src, Cdc42 and GTPases. It has also been reported that the infection by C. parvum leads to the activation of NF-κβ, known to induce anti-apoptotic mechanisms and to transmit oncogenic signals to epithelial cells. Despite the growing evidence about the hijacking of cellular pathways, potentially being involved in cancer onset, this information has rarely been linked to the tumorigenic potential of the parasite. However, several evidences support an association between Cryptosporidium infection and the development of digestive neoplasia. To explore the dynamics of Cryptosporidium infection, an animal model of cryptosporidiosis using corticoid dexamethasone-treated adult SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency) mice, orally infected with C. parvum or Cryptosporidium muris oocysts was implemented. C. parvum-infected animals developed digestive adenocarcinoma. When mechanisms involved in this neoplastic process were explored, the pivotal role of the Wnt pathway together with the alteration of the cytoskeleton was confirmed. Recently, a microarray assay allowed the detection of cancer-promoting genes and pathways highly up regulated in the group of C. parvum infected animals when compared to non-infected controls. Moreover, different human cases/control studies reported significant higher prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection among patients with recently diagnosed colon cancer before any treatment when compared to the control group (patients without colon neoplasia but with persistent digestive symptoms). These results suggest that Cryptosporidium is a potential oncogenic agent involved in cancer development beyond the usual suspects. If Cryptosporidium is able to hijack signal transduction, then is very likely that this contributes to transformation of its host cell. More research in the field is required in order to identify mechanisms and molecular factors involved in this process and to develop effective treatment interventions.
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Assessment of chitosan nanoparticles in improving the efficacy of nitazoxanide on cryptosporidiosis in immunosuppressed and immunocompetent murine models. J Parasit Dis 2021; 45:606-619. [PMID: 34475640 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01337-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is one of the major causes of diarrhea in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. It is self-limited in immunocompetent individuals. However, in the immunocompromised it can cause life-threatening diarrhea and results in chronic malabsorption of fluids, vitamins and electrolytes resulting in wasting. Our study is concerned with assessing and comparing the efficacy of nitazoxanide (NTZ) alone and NTZ loaded chitosan nanoparticles (NTZ loaded CS NPs) in the treatment of experimental cryptosporidiosis using parasitological and histopathological parameters. One hundred mice were divided into 5 groups (20 mice each). Each group was divided into 2 subgroups according to the immune status [a-immunocompetent, b-immunosuppressed]. group 1: control (healthy), group 2: control infected by Cryptosporidium oocysts, group 3: infected treated by NTZ, group 4: infected then treated by NTZ loaded CS NPs and group 5: infected then treated by chitosan nanoparticles (CS NPs) alone. Treatment of Cryptosporidium infected mice with NTZ loaded on CS NPs resulted in the highest significant reduction in oocysts shedding in both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed groups followed by treatment with NTZ form then by treatment with CS NPs alone. The treatment with NTZ loaded CS NPs displayed a remarkable improvement of the histopathological changes of the intestine, liver and lung while NTZ treated group showed some improvement. Treatment with NTZ loaded CS NPs in murine cryptosporidiosis gave the best results as it caused marked reduction in fecal oocysts counts and improvement of histopathological changes in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed groups.
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Sawant M, Baydoun M, Creusy C, Chabé M, Viscogliosi E, Certad G, Benamrouz-Vanneste S. Cryptosporidium and Colon Cancer: Cause or Consequence? Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1665. [PMID: 33121099 PMCID: PMC7692234 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of cancers attributable to infectious agents represents over 20% of the global cancer burden. The apicomplexan intracellular parasite Cryptosporidium is currently considered one of the major causes of mild and severe diarrhea worldwide. However, less attention has been paid to its tumorigenic potential despite the high exposure of humans and animals to this ubiquitous parasite. Herein, we discuss the potential causal link between Cryptosporidium infection and digestive cancer, with particular emphasis on colon cancer, based on increasing clinical, epidemiological and experimental pieces of evidence supporting this association. In addition, we highlight the current knowledge about the potential mechanisms by which this parasite may contribute to cell transformation and parasite-induced cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasi Sawant
- Université de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (M.S.); (M.B.); (M.C.); (E.V.); (S.B.-V.)
| | - Martha Baydoun
- Université de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (M.S.); (M.B.); (M.C.); (E.V.); (S.B.-V.)
- INSERM, CHU-Lille, U1189-ONCO-THAI-Assisted Laser Therapy and Immunotherapy for Oncology, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Colette Creusy
- Service d’Anatomie et de Cytologie Pathologiques, Groupement des Hôpitaux de l’Institut Catholique de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France;
| | - Magali Chabé
- Université de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (M.S.); (M.B.); (M.C.); (E.V.); (S.B.-V.)
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Eric Viscogliosi
- Université de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (M.S.); (M.B.); (M.C.); (E.V.); (S.B.-V.)
| | - Gabriela Certad
- Université de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (M.S.); (M.B.); (M.C.); (E.V.); (S.B.-V.)
- Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l’Innovation, Groupement des Hôpitaux de l’Institut Catholique de Lille, F-59462 Lomme, France
| | - Sadia Benamrouz-Vanneste
- Université de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (M.S.); (M.B.); (M.C.); (E.V.); (S.B.-V.)
- Equipe Ecologie et Biodiversité, Unité de Recherche Smart and Sustainable Cities, Faculté de Gestion, Economie et Sciences, Institut Catholique de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
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7
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Immune dysregulation in patients with RAG deficiency and other forms of combined immune deficiency. Blood 2020; 135:610-619. [PMID: 31942628 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019000923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, primary immune deficiencies have been defined based on increased susceptibility to recurrent and/or severe infections. However, immune dysregulation, manifesting with autoimmunity or hyperinflammatory disease, has emerged as a common feature. This is especially true in patients affected by combined immune deficiency (CID), a group of disorders caused by genetic defects that impair, but do not completely abolish, T-cell function. Hypomorphic mutations in the recombination activating genes RAG1 and RAG2 represent the prototype of the broad spectrum of clinical and immunological phenotypes associated with CID. The study of patients with RAG deficiency and with other forms of CID has revealed distinct abnormalities in central and peripheral T- and B-cell tolerance as the key mechanisms involved in immune dysregulation. Understanding the pathophysiology of autoimmunity and hyperinflammation in these disorders may also permit more targeted therapeutic interventions.
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Chronic Cholangiopathy Associated with Primary Immune Deficiencies Can Be Resolved by Effective Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. J Pediatr 2019; 209:97-106.e2. [PMID: 30850087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate effects and outcome of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) on sclerosing cholangitis, in pediatric patients with different primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs). STUDY DESIGN From databases in 2 tertiary centers for immunodeficiencies and liver disease, we have identified children with PIDs and sclerosing cholangitis, who have paired clinical, radiologic, and histologic information before and after HSCT and studied their clinical progress and outcome. RESULTS Seven of 13 children (53.8%) died at a median interval of 4 months (range, 3 months-5 years) after HSCT. However, 6 surviving children (46.2%) with different PIDs and less severe cholangiopathies showed an improvement in markers of liver injury within months of successful unrelated reduced intensity conditioning HSCT. The repeated native liver biopsy, performed in 4 patients at a median of 96 (range, 4-144) months post-HSCT, showed a considerable improvement. Biochemical markers of liver function in the survivors completely normalized after a median of 13 months (range, 2-48). All patients continue to have a mildly dilated extrahepatic biliary system on ultrasonography with no intrahepatic ductal changes on magnetic resonance cholangiography after a follow-up of median 18 years (range, 2-20). CONCLUSIONS Effective HSCT has the potential to improve biochemical and histologic features of cholangiopathy in children with PIDs, presumably by clearance of chronic infection following establishment of immune competence. However, careful patient selection is critical as advanced liver injury is often associated with serious complications and mortality.
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Azzu V, Kennard L, Morillo-Gutierrez B, Slatter M, Edgar JDM, Kumararatne DS, Griffiths WJH. Liver disease predicts mortality in patients with X-linked immunodeficiency with hyper-IgM but can be prevented by early hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 141:405-408.e7. [PMID: 28756297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vian Azzu
- Liver Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lucinda Kennard
- Department of Allergy, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Beatriz Morillo-Gutierrez
- Department of Paediatric Immunology, Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Slatter
- Department of Paediatric Immunology, Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - J David M Edgar
- Regional Immunology Service, Royal Victoria Hospital, The Belfast Health & Social Care Trust, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Dinakantha S Kumararatne
- Department of Immunology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - William J H Griffiths
- Liver Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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10
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Wilhelm CL, Yarovinsky F. Apicomplexan infections in the gut. Parasite Immunol 2014; 36:409-20. [PMID: 25201405 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii and Cryptosporidium parvum are intracellular protozoan parasites that establish infection through the small intestinal bowel after the ingestion of contaminated food products. These Apicomplexan parasites have emerged as an important cause of chronic and fatal disease in immunodeficient individuals, in addition to being investigated as possible triggers of inflammatory bowel disease. T. gondii disseminates to the brain and other tissues after infection, whereas C. parvum remains localized to the intestine. In the following review, we will discuss the pathogenesis of these parasitic diseases in the small intestine, the site of initial invasion. Themes include the sequence of invasion, the structure of Th1 immunity provoked by these parasites and the contribution of intestinal microbiota to the development of the mucosal immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Wilhelm
- Departments of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, USA
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11
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Animal Models in Primary Biliary Cirrhosis and Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2014; 48:207-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-014-8442-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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12
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Fickert P, Pollheimer MJ, Beuers U, Lackner C, Hirschfield G, Housset C, Keitel V, Schramm C, Marschall HU, Karlsen TH, Melum E, Kaser A, Eksteen B, Strazzabosco M, Manns M, Trauner M. Characterization of animal models for primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). J Hepatol 2014; 60:1290-303. [PMID: 24560657 PMCID: PMC4517670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic cholangiopathy characterized by biliary fibrosis, development of cholestasis and end stage liver disease, high risk of malignancy, and frequent need for liver transplantation. The poor understanding of its pathogenesis is also reflected in the lack of effective medical treatment. Well-characterized animal models are utterly needed to develop novel pathogenetic concepts and study new treatment strategies. Currently there is no consensus on how to evaluate and characterize potential PSC models, which makes direct comparison of experimental results and effective exchange of study material between research groups difficult. The International Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis Study Group (IPSCSG) has therefore summarized these key issues in a position paper proposing standard requirements for the study of animal models of PSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Fickert
- Research Unit for Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
| | - Marion J. Pollheimer
- Research Unit for Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria,Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Ulrich Beuers
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gideon Hirschfield
- Centre for Liver Research, Institute of Biomedical Research, School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Chantal Housset
- UPMC Univ Paris 06 & INSERM, UMR-S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Verena Keitel
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University Düsseldorf Germany
| | | | - Hanns-Ulrich Marschall
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Sweden
| | - Tom H. Karlsen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway,Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway,Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Espen Melum
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway,Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway,Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arthur Kaser
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooek's Hospital, UK
| | - Bertus Eksteen
- Centre for Liver Research, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham, and The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mario Strazzabosco
- Section of Gastroenterology, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy,Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Michael Manns
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical University Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Trauner
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
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Pollheimer MJ, Fickert P, Stieger B. Chronic cholestatic liver diseases: clues from histopathology for pathogenesis. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 37:35-56. [PMID: 24141039 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic cholestatic liver diseases include fibrosing cholangiopathies such as primary biliary cirrhosis or primary sclerosing cholangitis. These and related cholangiopathies clearly display pathologies associated with (auto)immunologic processes. As the cholangiocyte's apical membrane is exposed to the toxic actions of the bile fluid, the interaction of bile with cholangiocytes and the biliary tree in general must be considered to completely understand the pathogenesis of cholangiopathies. While the molecular processes involved in the hepatocellular formation of bile are well understood in both normal and pathophysiologic conditions, those in the bile ducts of normal liver and in livers with cholangiopathies lag behind. This survey highlights key mechanisms known to date that are important for the formation of bile by hepatocytes and its modification by the biliary tree. It also delineates the clinical pathophysiologic findings for cholangiopathies and puts them in perspective with current experimental models to reveal the pathogenesis of cholangiopathies and develop novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion J Pollheimer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Fickert
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
| | - Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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14
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Bajin İY, Ayvaz DÇ, Ünal S, Özgür TT, Çetin M, Gümrük F, Tezcan İ, de Villartay JP, Sanal Ö. Atypical combined immunodeficiency due to Artemis defect: a case presenting as hyperimmunoglobulin M syndrome and with LGLL. Mol Immunol 2013; 56:354-7. [PMID: 23911390 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
SCID can be caused by various genetic mutations leading to distinctive phenotypes according to the presence of T, B and NK cells. Artemis is a gene encoded on chromosome 10p. The deficiency of this molecule causes an inability to repair DNA double strand breaks and is one of the causes of radiosensitive T-B-NK+ SCID. The syndrome usually presents with opportunistic infections in the first years of life that leads to death if not treated with stem cell transplantation. The spectrum of the disease can be wide because of the heterogeneity of the mutations. Herein we present an atypical SCID (CID) patient with Artemis defect mimicking hyper IgM syndrome. Our patient had high serum IgM with low IgG and IgA levels, lymphocytosis and recurrent infections, intractable diarrhea, growth retardation, systemic CMV infection and sclerosing cholangitis. He also developed large granular lymphocytic leukemia and survived until the age of 6.5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- İnci Yaman Bajin
- Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Ihsan Doğramacı Childrens Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
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15
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HIRSCHFIELD GIDEONM, CHAPMAN ROGERW, KARLSEN TOMH, LAMMERT FRANK, LAZARIDIS KONSTANTINOSN, MASON ANDREWL. The genetics of complex cholestatic disorders. Gastroenterology 2013; 144:1357-74. [PMID: 23583734 PMCID: PMC3705954 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cholestatic liver diseases are caused by a range of hepatobiliary insults and involve complex interactions among environmental and genetic factors. Little is known about the pathogenic mechanisms of specific cholestatic diseases, which has limited our ability to manage patients with these disorders. However, recent genome-wide studies have provided insight into the pathogenesis of gallstones, primary biliary cirrhosis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis. A lithogenic variant in the gene that encodes the hepatobiliary transporter ABCG8 has been identified as a risk factor for gallstone disease; this variant has been associated with altered cholesterol excretion and metabolism. Other variants of genes encoding transporters that affect the composition of bile have been associated with cholestasis, namely ABCB11, which encodes the bile salt export pump, and ABCB4, which encodes hepatocanalicular phosphatidylcholine floppase. In contrast, studies have associated primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis with genes encoding major histocompatibility complex proteins and identified loci associated with microbial sensing and immune regulatory pathways outside this region, such as genes encoding IL12, STAT4, IRF5, IL2 and its receptor (IL2R), CD28, and CD80. These discoveries have raised interest in the development of reagents that target these gene products. We review recent findings from genetic studies of patients with cholestatic liver disease. Future characterization of genetic variants in animal models, stratification of risk alleles by clinical course, and identification of interacting environmental factors will increase our understanding of these complex cholestatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- GIDEON M. HIRSCHFIELD
- Centre for Liver Research, National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England
| | - ROGER W. CHAPMAN
- Department of Gastroenterology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, England
| | - TOM H. KARLSEN
- Research Institute for Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - FRANK LAMMERT
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - KONSTANTINOS N. LAZARIDIS
- Center for Basic Research in Digestive Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - ANDREW L. MASON
- Centre of Excellence in Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Immunity Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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16
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Datta J, Shafi BM, Drebin JA. Extrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Developing in the Setting of AIDS Cholangiopathy. Am Surg 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/000313481307900334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jashodeep Datta
- Department of Surgery University of Pennsylvania Health System Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Bilal M. Shafi
- Department of Surgery University of Pennsylvania Health System Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeffrey A. Drebin
- Department of Surgery University of Pennsylvania Health System Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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17
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Abstract
Most clinicians associate primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDDs) with susceptibility to frequent or severe infections. It is less commonly recognized, however, that PIDDs are frequently associated with autoimmune or rheumatologic manifestations. This review provides a synopsis of the rheumatic manifestations associated with immunodeficiencies in each of the major compartments of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy R Torgerson
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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18
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Benamrouz S, Conseil V, Creusy C, Calderon E, Dei-Cas E, Certad G. Parasites and malignancies, a review, with emphasis on digestive cancer induced by Cryptosporidium parvum (Alveolata: Apicomplexa). Parasite 2012; 19:101-15. [PMID: 22348213 PMCID: PMC3671432 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2012192101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) identifies ten infectious agents (viruses, bacteria, parasites) able to induce cancer disease in humans. Among parasites, a carcinogenic role is currently recognized to the digenetic trematodes Schistosoma haematobium, leading to bladder cancer, and to Clonorchis sinensis or Opisthorchis viverrini, which cause cholangiocarcinoma. Furthermore, several reports suspected the potential association of other parasitic infections (due to Protozoan or Metazoan parasites) with the development of neoplastic changes in the host tissues. The present work shortly reviewed available data on the involvement of parasites in neoplastic processes in humans or animals, and especially focused on the carcinogenic power of Cryptosporidium parvum infection. On the whole, infection seems to play a crucial role in the etiology of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Benamrouz
- Biologie & Diversité des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Émergents (BDEEP), Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille (CIIL), INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR8402, EA4547, Université Lille Nord-de-France, Institut Pasteur de Lille, France
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19
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Fulminant cryptosporidiosis after near-drowning: a human Cryptosporidium parvum strain implicated in invasive gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma in an experimental model. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:1746-51. [PMID: 22247151 DOI: 10.1128/aem.06457-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work, we report the characterization of a Cryptosporidium parvum strain isolated from a patient who nearly drowned in the Deule River (Lille, France) after being discharged from the hospital where he had undergone allogeneic stem cell transplantation. After being rescued and readmitted to the hospital, he developed fulminant cryptosporidiosis. The strain isolated from the patient's stools was identified as C. parvum II2A15G2R1 (subtype linked to zoonotic exposure) and inoculated into SCID mice. In this host, this virulent C. parvum isolate induced not only severe infection but also invasive gastrointestinal and biliary adenocarcinoma. The observation of adenocarcinomas that progressed through all layers of the digestive tract to the subserosa and spread via blood vessels confirmed the invasive nature of the neoplastic process. These results indicate for the first time that a human-derived C. parvum isolate is able to induce digestive cancer. This study is of special interest considering the exposure of a large number of humans and animals to this waterborne protozoan, which is highly tumorigenic when inoculated in a rodent model.
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20
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Abstract
Apicomplexan protozoan parasites of the genus Cryptosporidium infect the gastrointestinal tract and lungs of a wide variety of animals, including humans. The majority of human infections are due to either Cryptosporidium hominis (C. hominis) and/or Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum). The parasite has a complex life cycle that includes both asexual and sexual stages. While there are invasive free living stages, proliferation and differentiation take place within a unique parasitrophorous vacuole under the host cell brush border but outside the host cell cytoplasm. Infection is spread by environmentally resistant spores that primarily contaminate drinking water and occasionally food sources, which may cause significant outbreaks of diarrhea that generally lasts less than 2 w in immunocompetent individuals. In immunodeficient or immunosuppressed individuals, diarrhea may be copious and can result in significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in AIDS patients. Although diagnosis is relatively simple, effective drug treatment, particulary for infections in immunodeficient patients, has not been uniformly successful. This overview summarizes the species known to infect humans, aspects of the parasite life cycle, sources of infection, the pathophysiology of cryptosporidiosis, the immune response to infection, diagnosis, treatment and some aspects of cryptosporidiosis in China.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qing He
- Department Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310-1495, USA
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21
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Pollheimer MJ, Halilbasic E, Fickert P, Trauner M. Pathogenesis of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2011; 25:727-39. [PMID: 22117638 PMCID: PMC3236286 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2011.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) represents a chronic cholestatic liver disease with fibroobliterative sclerosis of intra- and/or extrahepatic bile ducts, eventually leading to biliary cirrhosis. The association with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and non-HLA haplotypes and the presence of autoantibodies in sera of PSC patients support a crucial role for immune-mediated mechanisms in the initiation and progression of PSC. The strong clinical association between PSC and inflammatory bowel diseases led to intriguing pathogenetic concepts, in which the inflamed gut with translocation of bacterial products and homing of gut-primed memory T lymphocytes via aberrantly expressed adhesion molecules plays a fundamental role. Genetically or chemically modified bile composition was shown to induce sclerosing cholangitis and liver fibrosis in a number of animal models ("toxic bile concept"). The potential role of vascular injury with ischemia of bile duct epithelium cells in the development of sclerosing cholangitis is supported by animal models of endothelial cell injury showing close morphological similarities with human PSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion J. Pollheimer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Emina Halilbasic
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Fickert
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Austria,Corresponding author. Tel.:+43 (0) 1 40400 4741; fax: +43 (0) 1 40400 4735.
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22
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Pollheimer MJ, Trauner M, Fickert P. Will we ever model PSC? - "it's hard to be a PSC model!". Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2011; 35:792-804. [PMID: 21703962 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2011.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiopathies such as primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) represent an important group of liver diseases of the intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts frequently causing end-stage liver disease with significant morbidity and mortality due to limited treatment options. The relatively low incidence of PSC and the difficult accessibility of the human bile duct system for longitudinal studies may represent some of the critical reasons for the lack of profound knowledge in regard to PSC pathophysiology. Therefore, there is an urgent need for reliable, well-defined and easily reproducible animal models to learn more about the pathophysiology of PSC and to test novel treatment modalities. In an ideal world, immunogenetically predisposed animals would develop fibrous-obliterative cholangitis of the intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts in association with inflammation of the gut (especially colitis) in a highly reproducible manner allowing to test new drugs. To date, however, no such animal model is available. We aimed to provide a systematic overview of current available rodent models for sclerosing cholangitis and biliary fibrosis and therefore critically analyzed the characteristics of models for chemically-induced cholangitis, knock-out mouse models with cholangitis, cholangitis induced by infectious agents, models of experimental biliary obstruction, models involving enteric bacterial cell-wall components or colitis, and models of primary biliary epithelial and endothelial cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion J Pollheimer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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23
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O'Hara SP, Bogert PST, Trussoni CE, Chen X, LaRusso NF. TLR4 promotes Cryptosporidium parvum clearance in a mouse model of biliary cryptosporidiosis. J Parasitol 2011; 97:813-21. [PMID: 21506806 DOI: 10.1645/ge-2703.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocytes, the epithelial cells lining intrahepatic bile ducts, express multiple toll-like receptors (TLRs) and, thus, have the capacity to recognize and respond to microbial pathogens. In previous work, we demonstrated that TLR4, which is activated by gram-negative lipopolysaccharide (LPS), is upregulated in cholangiocytes in response to infection with Cryptosporidium parvum in vitro and contributes to nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kB) activation. Here, using an in vivo model of biliary cryptosporidiosis, we addressed the functional role of TLR4 in C. parvum infection dynamics and hepatobiliary pathophysiology. We observed that C57BL mice clear the infection by 3 wk post-infection (PI). In contrast, parasites were detected in bile and stool in TLR4-deficient mice at 4 wk PI. The liver enzymes alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST), and the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, and interleukin (IL)-6 peaked at 1 to 2 wk PI and normalized by 4 wk in infected C57BL mice. C57BL mice also demonstrated increased cholangiocyte proliferation (PCNA staining) at 1 wk PI that was resolved by 2 wk PI. In contrast, TLR4-deficient mice showed persistently elevated serum ALT and AST, elevated hepatic IL-6 levels, and histological evidence of hepatocyte necrosis, increased inflammatory cell infiltration, and cholangiocyte proliferation through 4 wk PI. These data suggest that a TLR4-mediated response is required for efficient eradication of biliary C. parvum infection in vivo, and lack of this pattern-recognition receptor contributes to an altered inflammatory response and an increase in hepatobiliary pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P O'Hara
- Center for Basic Research in Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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24
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Certad G, Creusy C, Guyot K, Mouray A, Chassat T, Delaire B, Pinon A, Sitja-Bobadilla A, Alvarez-Pellitero P, Praet M, Cuvelier C, Dei-Cas E. Fulminant cryptosporidiosis associated with digestive adenocarcinoma in SCID mice infected with Cryptosporidium parvum TUM1 strain. Int J Parasitol 2010; 40:1469-75. [PMID: 20708621 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2010.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Revised: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that Cryptosporidium parvum IOWA strain induces in situ ileo-caecal adenocarcinoma in an animal model. Herein, the ability of another C. parvum strain to induce digestive neoplasia in dexamethasone-treated SCID mice was explored. SCID mice infected with C. parvum TUM1 strain developed a fulminant cryptosporidiosis associated with intramucosal adenocarcinoma, which is considered an early histological sign of invasive cancer. Both evidence of a role of C. parvum in adenocarcinoma induction and the extended prevalence of cryptosporidiosis worldwide, suggest that the risk of C. parvum-induced gastro-intestinal cancer in humans should be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Certad
- Laboratoire Biologie et Diversité des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents (BDEEP), Institut Pasteur de Lille (IFR 142)-Université Lille Nord de France (EA4547), Lille, France.
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25
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Hu G, Gong AY, Liu J, Zhou R, Deng C, Chen XM. miR-221 suppresses ICAM-1 translation and regulates interferon-gamma-induced ICAM-1 expression in human cholangiocytes. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 298:G542-50. [PMID: 20110463 PMCID: PMC2853302 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00490.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant cholangiocyte reactions in response to inflammatory stimuli are important pathogenic factors for the persistent biliary inflammation in patients with cholangiopathies. Overexpression of intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in cholangiocytes is a common pathological feature in inflammatory cholangiopathies and can promote cholangiocyte interactions with effector lymphocytes in the portal region. In this study, we tested the involvement of miRNA-mediated posttranscriptional regulation in IFN-gamma-induced ICAM-1 expression in cholangiocytes. Using both immortalized and nonimmortalized human cholangiocyte cell lines, we found that IFN-gamma activated ICAM-1 transcription and increased ICAM-1 protein expression. Inhibition of ICAM-1 transcription could only partially block IFN-gamma-induced ICAM-1 expression at the protein level. In silico target prediction analysis revealed complementarity of miR-221 to the 3'-untranslated region of ICAM-1 mRNA. Targeting of ICAM-1 3'-untranslated region by miR-221 resulted in translational repression in cholangiocytes but not ICAM-1 mRNA degradation. Functional inhibition of miR-221 with anti-miR-221 induced ICAM-1 protein expression. Moreover, IFN-gamma stimulation decreased miR-221 expression in cholangiocytes in a signal transducer and activator of transcription 1-dependent manner. Transfection of miR-221 precursor abolished IFN-gamma-stimulated ICAM-1 protein expression. In addition, miR-221-mediated expression of ICAM-1 on cholangiocytes showed a significant influence on the adherence of cocultured T cells. These findings indicate that both transcriptional and miRNA-mediated posttranscriptional mechanisms are involved in IFN-gamma-induced ICAM-1 expression in human cholangiocytes, suggesting an important role for miRNAs in the regulation of cholangiocyte inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoku Hu
- Departments of 1Medical Microbiology and Immunology and
| | - Ai-Yu Gong
- Departments of 1Medical Microbiology and Immunology and
| | - Jun Liu
- Departments of 1Medical Microbiology and Immunology and
| | - Rui Zhou
- Departments of 1Medical Microbiology and Immunology and
| | - Caishu Deng
- 2Pathology, Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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26
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Certad G, Creusy C, Ngouanesavanh T, Guyot K, Gantois N, Mouray A, Chassat T, Flament N, Fleurisse L, Pinon A, Delhaes L, Dei-Cas E. Development of Cryptosporidium parvum-induced gastrointestinal neoplasia in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice: severity of lesions is correlated with infection intensity. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010; 82:257-65. [PMID: 20134002 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We reported previously that Cryptosporidium parvum was able to induce intestinal tumors in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice treated with corticoids. To further characterize this Cryptosporidium-induced cell transformation, SCID mice treated with dexamethasone were challenged with C. parvum oocysts, and euthanatized sequentially after infection for histologic examination. Ki-67 was used as a marker of cellular proliferation. Our previous results were confirmed, and it was also found that mice receiving higher inocula (10(6)-10(7)) experienced more severe neoplastic development. Additionally, neoplastic changes were observed not only in the caecum but also in the stomach and duodenum of some animals. Interestingly, SCID mice (6/6) inoculated with 10(5)-10(7) oocysts showed high grade intraepithelial neoplasia or adenomas with high grade dysplasia in the caecum after Day 46 post-infection (PI). Immunohistochemistry for Ki-67 staining indicated the neoplastic process associated to cryptosporidiosis, and evidenced the first immunohistochemical alterations at early stages of the process, even at 3 weeks PI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Certad
- Ecologie du Parasitisme (EA3609 Université de Lille 2), IFR 142, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France.
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27
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Denkinger CM, Harigopal P, Ruiz P, Dowdy LM. Cryptosporidium parvum-associated sclerosing cholangitis in a liver transplant patient. Transpl Infect Dis 2007; 10:133-6. [PMID: 17605744 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3062.2007.00245.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum causes severe long-standing diarrhea in immunocompromised patients. Sclerosing cholangitis caused by C. parvum is a rare complication in transplant recipients. We report herein the presentation of Cryptosporidium-associated cholangitis in an adult liver transplant patient diagnosed by liver biopsy. The patient improved on treatment with azithromycin and paromomycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Denkinger
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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28
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Williams KT, Young SP, Negus A, Young LS, Adams DH, Afford SC. C4b binding protein binds to CD154 preventing CD40 mediated cholangiocyte apoptosis: a novel link between complement and epithelial cell survival. PLoS One 2007; 2:e159. [PMID: 17225862 PMCID: PMC1764644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2006] [Accepted: 12/15/2006] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of CD40 on hepatocytes and cholangiocytes is critical for amplifying Fas-mediated apoptosis in the human liver. C4b-Binding Protein (C4BP) has been reported to act as a potential surrogate ligand for CD40, suggesting that it could be involved in modulating liver epithelial cell survival. Using surface plasmon resonance (BiaCore) analysis supported by gel filtration we have shown that C4BP does not bind CD40, but it forms stable high molecular weight complexes with soluble CD40 ligand (sCD154). These C4BP/sCD154 complexes bound efficiently to immobilised CD40, but when applied to cholangiocytes they failed to induce apoptosis or proliferation or to activate NFkB, AP-1 or STAT 3, which are activated by sCD154 alone. Thus C4BP can modulate CD40/sCD154 interactions by presenting a high molecular weight multimeric sCD154/C4BP complex that suppresses critical intracellular signalling pathways, permitting cell survival without inducing proliferation. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated co-localisation and enhanced expression of C4BP and CD40 in human liver cancers. These findings suggest a novel pathway whereby components of the complement system and TNF ligands and receptors might be involved in modulating epithelial cell survival in chronic inflammation and malignant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T. Williams
- The Liver Research Group and MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Biomedical Research, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Steven P. Young
- Department of Rheumatology, University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Negus
- The Liver Research Group and MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Biomedical Research, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lawrence S. Young
- Cancer Research UK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - David H. Adams
- The Liver Research Group and MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Biomedical Research, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Simon C. Afford
- The Liver Research Group and MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Biomedical Research, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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29
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Zadrozny LM, Stauffer SH, Armstrong MU, Jones SL, Gookin JL. Neutrophils do not mediate the pathophysiological sequelae of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in neonatal piglets. Infect Immun 2006; 74:5497-505. [PMID: 16988224 PMCID: PMC1594902 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00153-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum is a minimally invasive protozoal pathogen of intestinal epithelium that results in villus atrophy, mucosal lipid peroxidation, diarrhea, and diminished barrier function. Influx of neutrophils is a consistent feature of human and animal cryptosporidiosis, and yet their contribution to the pathological sequelae of infection has not been investigated. Accordingly, we used an established neonatal piglet model of C. parvum infection to examine the role of neutrophils in disease pathogenesis by inhibiting their recruitment and activation in vivo using a monoclonal anti-CD18 antibody. Infected piglets were treated daily with anti-CD18 or isotype control immunoglobulin G and euthanized at peak infection, at which time neutrophil infiltrates, lipid peroxidation, severity of infection, and intestinal barrier function were quantified. C. parvum infection resulted in a significant increase in mucosal neutrophil myeloperoxidase activity that was prevented by treatment of piglets with anti-CD18 antibody. Neutrophil recruitment was dependent on mucosal superoxide formation (prevented by treatment of infected piglets with superoxide dismutase). Neutrophils did not contribute to peroxynitrite formation or peroxidative injury of C. parvum-infected mucosa and had no impact on the severity of epithelial infection, villus atrophy, or diarrhea. The presence of neutrophils in C. parvum-infected mucosa was associated with enhanced barrier function that could not be attributed to mucosal elaboration of prostaglandins or stimulation of their synthesis. These studies are the first to demonstrate that neutrophilic inflammation arising in response to infection by a noninvasive epithelial pathogen results in physiologic rather than pathological effects in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah M Zadrozny
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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Widmer G, Yang YL, Bonilla R, Tanriverdi S, Ciociola KM. Preferential infection of dividing cells by Cryptosporidium parvum. Parasitology 2006; 133:131-8. [PMID: 16623967 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182006000151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2006] [Revised: 02/01/2006] [Accepted: 02/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In spite of its limitations, the culture of Cryptosporidium parvum in monolayers of epithelial cells is a suitable model to study the interaction of this protozoan parasite with the host cell, to assay oocyst infectivity, and to screen drugs for anti-cryptosporidial activity. For unknown reasons, growth of Cryptosporidium in culture is limited in time and generally does not lead to the production of significant numbers of oocysts. In monolayers infected with high doses of oocysts, we observed that many cells remain uninfected, suggesting that some cells are less susceptible to the infection. Since C. parvum and the related species C. hominis lack many essential biosynthetic pathways, we tested whether the dependence of the parasite on host cell metabolites may favour the infection of cells in mitosis. The proportion of monolayer cells in stationary (G0/G1) phase and in mitosis (S/G2/M) was determined and the prevalence of infected cells in each subpopulation was quantified. Although C. parvum infects and develops in dividing and stationary cells, a significant preference for cells in S/G2/M phase was observed. Consistent with previous observations showing that C. parvum induces apoptosis in cell monolayers, infection was accompanied by a significant increase in the proportion of mitotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Widmer
- Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA.
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Oertelt S, Invernizzi P, Selmi C, Podda M, Gershwin ME. Soluble CD40L in Plasma of Patients with Primary Biliary Cirrhosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005; 1051:205-10. [PMID: 16126960 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1361.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
CD40 ligand (CD40L) is expressed by activated T cells and interacts with the CD40 molecule present on B cells and endothelial cells, promoting immunoglobulin switching in the former and cytokine upregulation in the latter. CD40L exists in both a soluble (sCD40L) and a membrane-bound form. Because primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is characterized by targeting of small intrahepatic bile ducts by autoreactive T cells, plasma concentrations of sCD40L were investigated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure plasma concentrations of sCD40L in 12 patients with PBC and 12 healthy controls. No difference could be detected between plasma concentrations of sCD40L in patients versus controls (P = 0.977). No correlation between age and plasma levels of sCD40L could be identified (P = 0.24). We concluded that PBC patients do not exhibit higher plasma concentrations of sCD40L than age-matched controls, a finding common to several autoimmune diseases. Further investigation of the CD40-CD40L system is strongly encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Oertelt
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Rodrigues F, Davies EG, Harrison P, McLauchlin J, Karani J, Portmann B, Jones A, Veys P, Mieli-Vergani G, Hadzić N. Liver disease in children with primary immunodeficiencies. J Pediatr 2004; 145:333-9. [PMID: 15343186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate clinical features and to establish optimal management in children with primary immunodeficiency (PID) and liver disease. Study design A retrospective analysis of medical records of 147 children with PID who presented with abnormal liver tests to a tertiary center. RESULTS Clinical evidence of liver disease was documented in 35 (23.8%) patients. Of these, 22 (63%) had hepatomegaly and 14 (40%) had splenomegaly. Sclerosing cholangitis (SC) was diagnosed in 21 children (60%), based on radiological and histological criteria; 4 patients with SC on cholangiography had no biliary changes in the liver biopsy. Ultrasonography demonstrated a dilated biliary system in 14 (67%) children with SC. Of 27 children investigated for Cryptosporidium parvum (CSP), 12 (44%) were positive, including 9 of 12 with SC. Overall, 7 (20%) patients died, including 3 boys with disseminated recurrent CSP infection after successful liver transplantation (LT). Temporary deterioration of liver injury was observed in 2 CSP-positive boys with CD40 ligand deficiency (CD40LD) who were undergoing nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Successive liver and HSCT was curative in 1 patient with CD40LD and end-stage liver disease. CONCLUSION SC is the most common hepatic complication of PID. Mild liver involvement could be arrested by early nonmyeloablative HSCT, whereas advanced disease may warrant combined liver and HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Rodrigues
- Department of Child Health, Institute of Liver Studies and Department of Radiology and King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, United Kingdom
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Tahara M, Pergolizzi RG, Kobayashi H, Krause A, Luettich K, Lesser ML, Crystal RG. Trans-splicing repair of CD40 ligand deficiency results in naturally regulated correction of a mouse model of hyper-IgM X-linked immunodeficiency. Nat Med 2004; 10:835-41. [PMID: 15273748 DOI: 10.1038/nm1086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2004] [Accepted: 06/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
X-linked immunodeficiency with hyper-IgM (HIGM1), characterized by failure of immunoglobulin isotype switching, is caused by mutations of the CD40 ligand (CD40L), which is normally expressed on activated CD4(+) T cells. As constitutive expression of CD40L induces lymphomas, we corrected the mutation while preserving the natural regulation of CD40L using pre-mRNA trans-splicing. Bone marrow from mice lacking CD40L was modified with a lentivirus trans-splicer encoding the normal CD40L exons 2-5 and was administered to syngenic CD40L-knockout mice. Recipient mice had corrected CD40L mRNA, antigen-specific IgG1 responses to keyhole limpet hemocyanin immunization, regulated CD4(+) T-cell CD40L expression after CD3 stimulation in primary and secondary transplanted mice, attenuation of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and no evidence of lymphoproliferative disease over 1 year. Thus, HIGM1 can be corrected by CD40L trans-splicing, leading to functional correction of the genetic defect without the adverse consequences of unregulated expression of the CD40L gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Tahara
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
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Jacobsohn DA, Emerick KM, Scholl P, Melin-Aldana H, O'Gorman M, Duerst R, Kletzel M. Nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplant for X-linked hyper-immunoglobulin m syndrome with cholangiopathy. Pediatrics 2004; 113:e122-7. [PMID: 14754981 DOI: 10.1542/peds.113.2.e122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE X-linked hyper-immunoglobulin M (X-HIM) syndrome is a rare genetic immunodeficiency syndrome caused by mutations in the gene encoding CD40 ligand (CD40L, CD154). Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) offers the prospect of immune reconstitution in X-HIM syndrome. Standard HSCT using high-dose chemoradiotherapy can be followed by serious hepatic problems, including veno-occlusive disease, graft-versus-host disease, and/or drug-induced hepatotoxicity. In patients whose liver function is compromised before HSCT, such as in X-HIM syndrome caused by cholangiopathy and hepatitis related to opportunistic infections, there is a higher likelihood of hepatotoxicity. We explored nonmyeloablative HSCT in 2 patients with X-HIM syndrome. Nonmyeloablative HSCT without liver transplant for X-HIM syndrome, to our knowledge, has not been described previously. METHODS Two children with X-HIM syndrome and persistent infections had documented cholangiopathy on liver biopsy. Both children underwent nonmyeloablative HSCT from HLA-matched siblings with fludarabine, busulfan, and anti-thymocyte globulin as their preparative regimen. Graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis consisted of cyclosporine. RESULTS Both children are >2 years after their HSCT. One remains a mixed chimera, and the other shows 100% donor chimerism. Both children are now free of infections and are no longer dependent on intravenous gammaglobulin. Both show response to immunizations. Both have had resolution of their cholangiopathy. CONCLUSIONS Nonmyeloablative HSCT from HLA-matched siblings can offer immune reconstitution without hepatotoxicity in patients with X-HIM syndrome and preexisting cholangiopathy. Even with stable mixed chimerism after allogeneic HSCT, patients may be able to enjoy a normal phenotype. Nonmyeloablative HSCT warrants additional study in X-HIM syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Jacobsohn
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology/Transplant, Northwestern University, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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Chen C, Gulati P, French SW. Pathologic quiz case: a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and an unusual biliary infection. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2003; 127:243-4. [PMID: 12562247 DOI: 10.5858/2003-127-243-pq] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Pathology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance 90502, USA.
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Ponnuraj EM, Hayward AR. Requirement for TNF-Tnfrsf1 signalling for sclerosing cholangitis in mice chronically infected by Cryptosporidium parvum. Clin Exp Immunol 2002; 128:416-20. [PMID: 12067295 PMCID: PMC1906254 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2002.01861.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An increase in mRNA levels for TNF and Tnfrsf1 in the bile ducts of Tnfsf5-/-(CD40 ligand or CD154 knockout) mice developing cholangitis following infection by Cryptosporidium parvum (CP) is accompanied by staining for TNFalpha in areas of inflammation. To determine whether TNF contributed to the bile duct damage seen in chronically-infected animals, we bred B6 mice with disrupted genes for Tnfrsf1a, Tnfrsf1b and Tnfsf5. Following CP infection, the Tnfsf5-/- Tnfrsf1a & 1b-/- mice were spared from cholangitis, even though their intestinal and bile duct infection by CP persisted. Mice with disruptions of Tnfsf5, and either Tnfrsf1a or Tnfrsf1b, developed bile duct sclerosis similar to that seen in CD40 and Tnfsf5 knockouts. Our data indicate that signalling through either TNF receptor is sufficient for the bile duct damage that follows chronic CP infection in mice, with disruption of the Tnfsf5 molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Ponnuraj
- Department of Immunology, the Barbara Davis Childhood Diabetes Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver 80262, USA.
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Ponnuraj EM, Hayward AR. Intact intestinal mRNAs and intestinal epithelial cell esterase, but not Cryptosporidium parvum, reach mesenteric lymph nodes of infected mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:5321-8. [PMID: 11673548 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.9.5321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells from the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) contain dense esterase-positive inclusions that may originate in effete intestinal epithelial cells and reach MLN without degradation. The MLN esterases have the electrophoretic mobilities of both intestinal and mononuclear cells. Cryptosporidium parvum (CP)-infected mice have CP Ag-positive cells in MLN and also increased numbers of dense esterase-positive cells, but the CP Ag-positive cells do not stain for esterase. To characterize the handling of epithelial cell products by dendritic cells, we analyzed mRNAs in the MLN of control and CP-infected recombination-activating gene(-/-)DO11.10 mice by oligoarrays. mRNAs for 115 proteins were increased in MLN after CP infection, of which the principal increases in trypsin and chymotrypsin approximated to 250-fold. Colipase, reg-1, C-reactive protein-ductin, and amyloid were also up-regulated >10-fold and all returned to baseline by 28 days after infection. mRNAs for the same proteins were detected in intestinal epithelial cells of infected mice by oligoarrays and RT-PCR after infection. mRNA for CP beta-tubulin was detectable in intestinal epithelial cells between 5 and 18 days after infection but was not detected in the MLN throughout the observation period. It appears that host response to CP infection includes expression of mRNA for some pancreatic enzymes by intestinal epithelial cells and their subsequent transport to the MLN. The esterase and trypsin, and mRNAs for chymotrypsin, colipase, and others that may derive from uninfected epithelial cells, appear to be transported to the MLN intact, while mRNA for CP beta-tubulin that is derived from infected cells is degraded.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Ponnuraj
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80262, USA.
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Afford SC, Ahmed-Choudhury J, Randhawa S, Russell C, Youster J, Crosby HA, Eliopoulos A, Hubscher SG, Young LS, Adams DH. CD40 activation-induced, Fas-dependent apoptosis and NF-kappaB/AP-1 signaling in human intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells. FASEB J 2001; 15:2345-54. [PMID: 11689460 DOI: 10.1096/fj.01-0088com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fas-mediated mechanisms of apoptosis are thought to be involved in the bile duct loss that characterizes diseases such as primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). We have previously shown that activation of CD40 on hepatocytes can amplify Fas-mediated apoptosis; in the present study, we investigated interactions between CD40 and Fas in biliary epithelial cells (BEC). We report that the bile ducts in PBC liver tissue frequently express increased levels of Fas, Fas ligand (FasL), and CD40 associated with apoptotic BEC. The portal mononuclear infiltrate contains CD40L+ve T cells and macrophages, thereby demonstrating a potential mechanism for CD40 engagement in vivo. Primary cultures of human BEC also expressed Fas, FasL, and CD40 but not CD40L protein or mRNA. Activation of CD40 on BEC using recombinant CD40L increased transcriptional expression of FasL and induced apoptosis, which was inhibited by neutralizing antibodies to either Fas or FasL. Thus, CD40-induced apoptosis of BEC is mediated through Fas/FasL. We then investigated the intracellular signals and transcription factors activated in BEC and found that NF-kappaB and AP-1 were both activated after CD40 ligation. Increased functional NF-kappaB was seen early after CD40 ligation, but returned to baseline levels after 4 h. In contrast, the rapid up-regulation of AP-1 was sustained over 24 h. This study provides further functional evidence of the ability of CD40 to induce Fas/FasL-dependent apoptosis of liver epithelial cells supporting the importance of cross-talk between tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family members as an amplification step in apoptosis induction. Sustained activation of AP-1 in the absence of NF-kappaB signaling may be a critical factor in determining the outcome of CD40 engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Afford
- The Liver Research Laboratories, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK.
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40
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Abstract
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, and the elimination of apoptotic cells are crucial factors in the maintenance of liver health Apoptosis allows hepatocytes to die without provoking a potentially harmful inflammatory response In contrast to necrosis, apoptosis is tightly controlled and regulated via several mechanisms, including Fas/Fas ligand interactions, the effects of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), and the influence of pro- and antiapoptotic mitochondria-associated proteins of the B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) family. Efficient elimination of apoptotic cells in the liver relies on Kupffer cells and endothelial cells and is thought to be regulated by the expression of certain cell surface receptors. Liver disease is often associated with enhanced hepatocyte apoptosis, which is the case in viral and autoimmune hepatitis, cholestatic diseases, and metabolic disorders. Disruption of apoptosis is responsible for other diseases, for example, hepatocellular carcinoma. Use and abuse of certain drugs, especially alcohol, chemotherapeutic agents, and acetaminophen, have been associated with increased apoptosis and liver damage. Apoptosis also plays a role in transplantation-associated liver damage, both in ischemia/reperfusion injury and graft rejection. The role of apoptosis in various liver diseases and the mechanisms by which apoptosis occurs in the liver may provide insight into these diseases and suggest possible treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Neuman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Since the aetiopathogenesis of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) in humans remains undefined, investigators have studied a variety of animal models to gain insights into immunopathogenetic mechanisms associated with obliterative fibrous cholangitis of intra- and extra-hepatic bile ducts. To date, no animal model has been developed that exhibits all of the attributes of PSC. Rodent models instigated by bacterial cell components or colitis are promising because they may help to explain the strong association between PSC and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Other models of direct injury to biliary epithelia, peribiliary vascular endothelia or portal venous endothelia indicate that inflammation, chemokines and cytokines can produce diffuse sclerosis of bile ducts. Models of toxic, infectious or intra-luminal injury of the biliary tract also exhibit focal biliary sclerosis mediated by inflammation and cytokines. The histopathology of several models suggests a sequence of events beginning with secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by activated hepatic macrophages followed by peribiliary infiltration with CD4 and CD8 T cells with a T helper 1 phenotype. These results strongly suggest co-ordinated, pathogenetic roles for both the innate and adaptive immune responses. However, the stimuli that initiate and perpetuate peribiliary fibrosis remain unknown. Interestingly, several models are also associated with the development of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies that react in a perinuclear and cytoplasmic pattern similar to that observed in patients with ulcerative colitis and/or PSC. Finally, models of extra-hepatic biliary obstruction continue to provide important information about the pathogenesis of portal fibrosis and secondary biliary cirrhosis that occurs in PSC and other diseases with obstruction of bile flow. Future studies in either existing or new animal models should advance our understanding of the pathogenesis of PSC, the major prerequisite for the development of effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Vierling
- Center for Liver Diseases and Transplantation, UCLA School of Medicine, 8635 West Third Street, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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Hayward AR, Cosyns M, Jones M, Ponnuraj EM. Marrow-derived CD40-positive cells are required for mice to clear Cryptosporidium parvum infection. Infect Immun 2001; 69:1630-4. [PMID: 11179337 PMCID: PMC98066 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.3.1630-1634.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To clear a Cryptosporidium parvum infection, mice need CD4+ T cells, major histocompatibility complex class II, and an intact CD40-CD154 signaling pathway. CD40 is constitutively expressed on marrow-derived cells such as dendritic cells and B lymphocytes and is induced by gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) on most somatic cells. To determine whether the CD40 needed to clear a C. parvum infection has to be on marrow-derived mononuclear cells or on the epithelial cells that normally harbor the parasite, we transplanted CD40-/- mice with CD40+/- bone marrow and then infected them with C. parvum. These chimeras cleared the C. parvum infection, while CD40+/- controls transplanted with CD40-/- marrow cells remained infected. CD40 expression on marrow-derived cells therefore suffices for a C. parvum infection to be cleared, while CD40 expression on intestinal epithelial cells is not sufficient. There was no difference between the acquisition of CD69 and CD154 by mesenteric lymph node T cells of C. parvum-infected animals with intact or disrupted CD40-CD154 pathways. CD4 T cells entered the intestinal laminae propriae of C. parvum-infected animals whether or not the CD40 genes of these recipients were intact. These results suggest that, for a C. parvum infection to be cleared, CD40 is not necessary for T-cell activation but may instead contribute to an effector pathway of marrow-derived cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Hayward
- Department of Pediatrics and the Barbara Davis Childhood Diabetes Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, USA.
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Widmer G, Corey EA, Stein B, Griffiths JK, Tzipori S. Host cell apoptosis impairs Cryptosporidium parvum development in vitro. J Parasitol 2000; 86:922-8. [PMID: 11128511 DOI: 10.1645/0022-3395(2000)086[0922:hcaicp]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The absence of a self-sustaining in vitro propagation method for Cryptosporidium parvum is a major obstacle for research on this parasite. Conventional cell monolayers are unsuitable for long-term parasite propagation because the level of infection decreases over time and few oocysts, if any, are produced. The interaction between parasite and host cell was studied to identify factors limiting parasite development in vitro. Loss of substrate adherence and death of parasitized host cells was observed in 2 epithelial cell lines. Nuclear morphology, DNA laddering, annexin V binding, and terminal deoxytransferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling indicated that host cell death occurred by apoptosis. At 6 hr postinfection, only a minority of infected cells remained in the monolayer, and few survived the initial phase of parasite development without losing adherence. Treatment of infected monolayers with caspase inhibitors drastically reduced cell detachment but failed to increase the number of parasites in monolayers. In contrast, cell cultures grown on laminin-coated plates showed a higher proportion of infected cells. These observations indicate that cell detachment and apoptosis in C. parvum-infected cell culture negatively affect parasite survival in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Widmer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536, USA
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44
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Abstract
Recent advances in the understanding of the molecular basis of primary immunodeficiency disorders are reviewed, with particular emphasis on how these provide insights to the normal host's handling of particular microbes. Also reviewed are a number of reports on series of patients with these disorders, documenting the incidence and nature of the infective complications that occur and the effectiveness of treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Graham Davies
- Department of Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Notarangelo
- Istituto di Medicina Molecolare 'Angelo Nocivelli', Department of Paediatrics, University of Brescia, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
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46
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Lukin K, Cosyns M, Mitchell T, Saffry M, Hayward A. Eradication of Cryptosporidium parvum infection by mice with ovalbumin-specific T cells. Infect Immun 2000; 68:2663-70. [PMID: 10768958 PMCID: PMC97473 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.5.2663-2670.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD154 is necessary for mice to clear a Cryptosporidium parvum infection, but whether this ligand has to be expressed on T cells with specificity for C. parvum has not been determined. We infected DO11.10 (ovalbumin specific) T-cell receptor transgenic mice that had been bred to a RAG(-/-) background with C. parvum and found that the infection was cleared within 6 weeks, while RAG(-/-) controls were unable to clear C. parvum infection. Recovery was accompanied by an increase in the number of splenic T cells with the CD44(high) phenotype that characterizes memory cells. To determine whether a C. parvum-infected environment sufficed to activate transgenic T cells, we reconstituted C. parvum-infected BALB/c SCID mice with DO11.10 RAG(-/-) splenocytes. Fecal excretion of C. parvum antigen ceased in the 12 weeks following the adoptive transfer, unless the mice were also injected with tolerizing doses of ovalbumin. DO11.10 T cells were found in the submucosa of C. parvum-infected, but not uninfected, BALB/c SCID hosts within 48 h of injection. The transferred DO11.10 T cells divided and acquired a CD44(high) memory phenotype in C. parvum-infected, but not uninfected, recipients. DO11.10 splenocytes from CD154 knockout donors failed to clear a C. parvum infection, confirming a requirement for CD154 in recovery. In vitro, the DO11.10 cells did not proliferate in response to C. parvum antigen, and a tBlast GenBank search revealed no matches between the ovalbumin peptide and C. parvum DNA sequences. C. parvum-infected SCID mice given RAG(-/-) CD8(+) T cells with a Listeria-specific transgene did not recover from C. parvum infection. Our data suggest that antigen-nonspecific CD4(+) T-cell effector mechanisms in combination with the innate arm of the immune system are sufficient for the eradication of C. parvum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lukin
- Departments of Immunology and Pediatrics and the Barbara Davis Childhood Diabetes Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA
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Trauner M, Boyer JL. Cholestatic syndromes. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2000; 16:239-50. [PMID: 17023881 DOI: 10.1097/00001574-200005000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Continued advances in the field of liver cell biology and molecular biology have provided further insights into the normal physiology of bile secretion and the pathogenesis and therapy for cholestatic syndromes. Important new data have also been published about pathogenesis, clinical features, and treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, drug-induced cholestasis, and cholestatic syndromes caused by viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Karl Franzens University School of Medicine, Graz, Austria
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Lefkowitch JH. Pathology of the liver. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2000; 16:200-7. [PMID: 17023877 DOI: 10.1097/00001574-200005000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
At the close of the 20th century, a selection of articles published in 1999 with relevance to liver pathology reflects the wealth of technological and intellectual progress made during the span of the century. Immunohistochemical staining for hepatitis B virus antigens focused attention on a correlation between cytoplasmic expression of core antigen in individuals with precore mutants and higher activity of hepatitis. Infection of ducklings with a presurface mutant strain of duck hepatitis B virus produced cytopathic liver cell damage. Fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis, originally described as an unusual form of recurrent hepatitis B after liver transplantation, has now been described in hepatitis C virus-positive patients with renal transplants. It may be related to the emergence or selection of hepatitis C virus quasispecies. In biliary tract disease, researchers investigated the canal of Hering as a possible source of hepatic stem cells, sporadic mutations in the JAGGED1 gene (involved in cell differentiation) in Alagille syndrome, and several models of nonsuppurative destructive cholangitis. Further work was accomplished on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, including a proposal of a grading and staging system as well as its detection in workers exposed to volatile petrochemicals. Among hepatic neoplasms and proliferative disorders, epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, angiomyolipoma and Langerhans' cell histiocytosis received coverage in articles describing the diagnostic pathology in collected series of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Lefkowitch
- College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
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Abstract
Apoptosis is the genetically regulated form of cell death that permits the safe disposal of cells at the point in time when they have fulfilled their intended biological function. Examples of apoptosis can be cited throughout the whole of the animal and plant kingdoms. It is a vitally important process during normal development and the adult life of many living organisms. In humans, dysregulation of apoptosis can result in inflammatory, malignant, autoimmune, and neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, infectious agents, including viruses, exploit cellular apoptosis in the host to evade the immune system. This review gives a brief historical perspective of some of the landmark discoveries in apoptosis research. The morphological and biochemical stages of apoptosis are then covered, followed by an overview of how it can be studied in the laboratory. Finally, the implications for therapeutic intervention in disease treatment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Afford
- Liver Research Laboratories, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Edgbaston, UK.
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