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Ettel P, Weichhart T. Not just sugar: metabolic control of neutrophil development and effector functions. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 116:487-510. [PMID: 38450755 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiae057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The mammalian immune system is constantly surveying our tissues to clear pathogens and maintain tissue homeostasis. In order to fulfill these tasks, immune cells take up nutrients to supply energy for survival and for directly regulating effector functions via their cellular metabolism, a process now known as immunometabolism. Neutrophilic granulocytes, the most abundant leukocytes in the human body, have a short half-life and are permanently needed in the defense against pathogens. According to a long-standing view, neutrophils were thought to primarily fuel their metabolic demands via glycolysis. Yet, this view has been challenged, as other metabolic pathways recently emerged to contribute to neutrophil homeostasis and effector functions. In particular during neutrophilic development, the pentose phosphate pathway, glycogen synthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and fatty acid oxidation crucially promote neutrophil maturation. At steady state, both glucose and lipid metabolism sustain neutrophil survival and maintain the intracellular redox balance. This review aims to comprehensively discuss how neutrophilic metabolism adapts during development, which metabolic pathways fuel their functionality, and how these processes are reconfigured in case of various diseases. We provide several examples of hereditary diseases, in which mutations in metabolic enzymes validate their critical role for neutrophil function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ettel
- Institute for Medical Genetics, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 10, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Weichhart
- Institute for Medical Genetics, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 10, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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2
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Chang N, Liu Y, Li W, Ma Y, Zhou X, Zhao X, Yang L, Li L. Neutrophil-secreted S100A8/A9 participates in fatty liver injury and fibrosis by promoting myofibroblast migration. J Mol Med (Berl) 2024; 102:1117-1133. [PMID: 38995368 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-024-02469-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Fatty liver, which is induced by abnormal lipid metabolism, is one of the most common causes of chronic liver disease globally and causes liver fibrosis. During this process, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) migrate toward the injured liver and participate in fibrogenesis by transdifferentiating into myofibroblasts. S100A8/A9 is a powerful inducer of cell migration and is involved in liver injury. But there are few reports about the effects of S100A8/A9 on BMSC/HSC migration. In the current study, we found that S100A8/A9 expression was increased during fatty liver injury/fibrogenesis. Moreover, S100A8/A9 expression had a positive correlation with fibrosis marker gene expressions in the injured liver. S100A8/A9 was mainly produced by neutrophils in the fibrotic liver. In vitro, neutrophil-secreted S100A8/A9 promoted BMSC/HSC migration via remodeling of microfilaments. Using specific siRNA and inhibitor, we proved that S100A8/A9-induced BMSC/HSC migration is dependent on TLR4/Rho GTPases signaling. Moreover, S100A8/A9 knock-down alleviated liver injury and fibrogenesis in vivo, while injection of S100A9 neutralizing antibody performed similar roles. We proved that S100A8/A9 was involved in liver injury and fibrogenesis via inducing BMSC/HSC migration. Our research reveals a new mechanism underlying BMSC/HSC migration in liver fibrosis and suggests S100A8/A9 as a potential therapeutic target of liver fibrosis. KEY MESSAGES: S100A8/A9 is secreted by neutrophils and increased in fatty liver injury. Neutrophil-secreted S100A8/A9 is a mediator of BMSC/HSC migration in vitro. S100A8/A9-induced BMSC/HSC migration is dependent on TLR4/Rho GTPases signaling. S100A8/A9 blockade alleviates liver injury and fibrogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Chang
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao, You An Men, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yuran Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao, You An Men, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Weiyang Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao, You An Men, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yuehan Ma
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao, You An Men, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao, You An Men, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xinhao Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao, You An Men, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao, You An Men, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Liying Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao, You An Men, Beijing, 100069, China.
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3
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Farzamfar S, Garcia LM, Rahmani M, Bolduc S. Navigating the Immunological Crossroads: Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells as Architects of Inflammatory Harmony in Tissue-Engineered Constructs. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:494. [PMID: 38790361 PMCID: PMC11118848 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11050494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In the dynamic landscape of tissue engineering, the integration of tissue-engineered constructs (TECs) faces a dual challenge-initiating beneficial inflammation for regeneration while avoiding the perils of prolonged immune activation. As TECs encounter the immediate reaction of the immune system upon implantation, the unique immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) emerge as key navigators. Harnessing the paracrine effects of MSCs, researchers aim to craft a localized microenvironment that not only enhances TEC integration but also holds therapeutic promise for inflammatory-driven pathologies. This review unravels the latest advancements, applications, obstacles, and future prospects surrounding the strategic alliance between MSCs and TECs, shedding light on the immunological symphony that guides the course of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Farzamfar
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale/LOEX, Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (S.F.); (M.R.)
| | - Luciana Melo Garcia
- Department of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
- Hematology-Oncology Service, CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Mahya Rahmani
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale/LOEX, Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (S.F.); (M.R.)
| | - Stephane Bolduc
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale/LOEX, Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (S.F.); (M.R.)
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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4
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El-Beltagi HS, Rageb M, El-Saber MM, El-Masry RA, Ramadan KM, Kandeel M, Alhajri AS, Osman A. Green synthesis, characterization, and hepatoprotective effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles from Moringa oleifera leaves in CCl 4-treated albino rats. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30627. [PMID: 38765133 PMCID: PMC11101797 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatotoxin carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) causes liver injury. This research aims to create ZnO-NPs using green synthesis from Moringa oleifera (MO) leaves aqueous extract, and chemically prepared and confirming the synthesis by specialized equipment analysis. The sizes formed of ZnO-NPs were 80 and 55 nm for chemical and green methods, respectively. In addition, to study their ability to protect Wistar Albino male rats against oxidative stress exposed to carbon tetrachloride. MO leaf aqueous extract, green synthesized ZnO-NPs, and ZnO-NPs prepared chemically at 100 and 200 mg/kg BW per day were investigated for their hepatoprotective effects on liver enzyme biomarkers, renal biomarkers, antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation, hematological parameters, and histopathological changes. Compared to the control group, all liver and kidney indicators were considerably elevated after the CCl4 injection. However, the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the liver was significantly reduced after the CCl4 injection. These outcomes indicate that MO leaf aqueous extract, greenly synthesized ZnO-NPs, and ZnO-NPs chemically prepared can restore normal liver and kidney function and activity, as well as hematological and antioxidant enzymes. The highest impact on enhancing the hepatoprotective effect was recorded for rats that received green synthesized ZnO-NPs. The increased drug delivery mechanism of green synthesized ZnO-NPs resulted in a higher protective effect than that of MO leaf aqueous extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam S. El-Beltagi
- Agricultural Biotechnology Department, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Biochemistry Department, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Marwa Rageb
- Biochemistry Department, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M. El-Saber
- Biochemistry Unit, Genetic Resources Department, Desert Research Center, Cairo, 11753, Egypt
| | | | - Khaled M.A. Ramadan
- Central Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Agricultural Biochemistry, Ain Shams University, P.O. Box 68, Hadayek Shobra, Cairo, 11241, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Kandeel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Ahlam Saleh Alhajri
- Food Science and Nutrition Department, College of Agricultural and Food Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Osman
- Biochemistry Department, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
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5
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Gao Y, Zhai W, Sun L, Du X, Wang X, Mulholland MW, Yin Y, Zhang W. Hepatic LGR4 aggravates cholestasis-induced liver injury in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2024; 326:G460-G472. [PMID: 38440827 PMCID: PMC11213478 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00127.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Current therapy for hepatic injury induced by the accumulation of bile acids is limited. Leucine-rich repeat G protein-coupled receptor 4 (LGR4), also known as GPR48, is critical for cytoprotection and cell proliferation. Here, we reported a novel function for the LGR4 in cholestatic liver injury. In the bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced liver injury model, hepatic LGR4 expression was significantly downregulated. Deficiency of LGR4 in hepatocytes (Lgr4LKO) notably decreased BDL-induced liver injury measured by hepatic necrosis, fibrosis, and circulating liver enzymes and total bilirubin. Levels of total bile acids in plasma and liver were markedly reduced in these mice. However, deficiency of LGR4 in macrophages (Lyz2-Lgr4MKO) demonstrated no significant effect on liver injury induced by BDL. Deficiency of LGR4 in hepatocytes significantly attenuated S1PR2 and the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (AKT) induced by BDL. Recombinant Rspo1 and Rspo3 potentiated the taurocholic acid (TCA)-induced upregulation in S1PR2 and phosphorylation of AKT in hepatocytes. Inhibition of S1PR2-AKT signaling by specific AKT or S1PR2 inhibitors blocked the increase of bile acid secretion induced by Rspo1/3 in hepatocytes. Our studies indicate that the R-spondins (Rspos)-LGR4 signaling in hepatocytes aggravates the cholestatic liver injury by potentiating the production of bile acids in a S1PR2-AKT-dependent manner.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Deficiency of LGR4 in hepatocytes alleviates BDL-induced liver injury. LGR4 in macrophages demonstrates no effect on BDL-induced liver injury. Rspos-LGR4 increases bile acid synthesis and transport via potentiating S1PR2-AKT signaling in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Zhai
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueqian Du
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianfeng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Michael W Mulholland
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Yue Yin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weizhen Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
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6
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Rizo-Téllez SA, Filep JG. Beyond host defense and tissue injury: the emerging role of neutrophils in tissue repair. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C661-C683. [PMID: 38189129 PMCID: PMC11193466 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00652.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Neutrophils, the most abundant immune cells in human blood, play a fundamental role in host defense against invading pathogens and tissue injury. Neutrophils carry potentially lethal weaponry to the affected site. Inadvertent and perpetual neutrophil activation could lead to nonresolving inflammation and tissue damage, a unifying mechanism of many common diseases. The prevailing view emphasizes the dichotomy of their function, host defense versus tissue damage. However, tissue injury may also persist during neutropenia, which is associated with disease severity and poor outcome. Numerous studies highlight neutrophil phenotypic heterogeneity and functional versatility, indicating that neutrophils play more complex roles than previously thought. Emerging evidence indicates that neutrophils actively orchestrate resolution of inflammation and tissue repair and facilitate return to homeostasis. Thus, neutrophils mobilize multiple mechanisms to limit the inflammatory reaction, assure debris removal, matrix remodeling, cytokine scavenging, macrophage reprogramming, and angiogenesis. In this review, we will summarize the homeostatic and tissue-reparative functions and mechanisms of neutrophils across organs. We will also discuss how the healing power of neutrophils might be harnessed to develop novel resolution and repair-promoting therapies while maintaining their defense functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma A Rizo-Téllez
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of Montreal and Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - János G Filep
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of Montreal and Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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7
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Azuma I, Mizuno T, Morita K, Suzuki Y, Kusuhara H. Investigation of the usefulness of liver-specific deconvolution method by establishing a liver benchmark dataset. NAR Genom Bioinform 2024; 6:lqad111. [PMID: 38187088 PMCID: PMC10768887 DOI: 10.1093/nargab/lqad111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune responses in the liver are related to the development and progression of liver failure, and precise prediction of their behavior is important. Deconvolution is a methodology for estimating the immune cell proportions from the transcriptome, and it is mainly applied to blood-derived samples and tumor tissues. However, the influence of tissue-specific modeling on the estimation results has rarely been investigated. Here, we constructed a system to evaluate the performance of the deconvolution method on liver transcriptome data. We prepared seven mouse liver injury models using small-molecule compounds and established a benchmark dataset with corresponding liver bulk RNA-Seq and immune cell proportions. RNA-Seq expression for nine leukocyte subsets and four liver-associated cell types were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus to provide a reference. We found that the combination of reference cell sets affects the estimation results of reference-based deconvolution methods and established a liver-specific deconvolution by optimizing the reference cell set for each cell to be estimated. We applied this model to independent datasets and showed that liver-specific modeling is highly extrapolatable. We expect that this approach will enable sophisticated estimation from rich tissue data accumulated in public databases and to obtain information on aggregated immune cell trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iori Azuma
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tadahaya Mizuno
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +81 3 5841 4771; Fax: +81 3 5841 4766;
| | - Katsuhisa Morita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kusuhara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Xie Y, Yao J, Yan M, Lin Y, Wei J, Wang H, Mao Y, Liu P, Li X. Pretreatment of UC-MSCs with IFN-α2 improves treatment of liver fibrosis by recruiting neutrophils. J Transl Med 2023; 21:832. [PMID: 37980535 PMCID: PMC10656886 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04732-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) is a burgeoning method for the treatment of liver cirrhosis. However, the secretory phenotype and regulatory ability of UC-MSCs are easily affected by their microenvironment. Ensuring a specific microenvironment to enhance the UC-MSCs phenotype is a potential strategy for improving their therapeutic efficacy. The aim of this study was to explore therapeutic UC-MSCs phenotypes for improving liver fibrosis. METHODS RNA-sequencing was used to analyze the response pattern of UC-MSCs after exposure to the serum of cirrhotic patients with HBV. Using immunohistochemistry, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and immunofluorescence techniques, we evaluated the therapeutic effect of UC-MSCs pretreated with interferon alpha 2 (IFN-α2) (pre-MSCs) in an animal model of cirrhosis. Immunoblotting, ELISA, and other techniques were used to analyze the signaling pathways underlying the IFN-induced changes in UC-MSCs. RESULTS UC-MSCs exposed to the serum of patients with hepatitis B-induced cirrhosis showed an enhanced response to type I IFN. The activated type I IFN signal induced the highest secretion of colony-stimulating factor 3 (CSF-3), interleukin (IL)-8, and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20 (CCL20) by the UC-MSCs. Pre-MSCs showed a higher therapeutic efficacy than untreated UC-MSCs in an animal model of liver fibrosis. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that pre-MSCs could recruit neutrophils resulting in an increase in the secretion of matrix metalloprotease 8 that alleviated fibrosis. When neutrophils in animals were depleted, the therapeutic effect of pre-MSCs on fibrosis was inhibited. IFN-α2 altered the secretory phenotype of UC-MSCs by activating phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 and 2 (p-STAT1 and p-STAT2). CONCLUSIONS Pre-MSCs exhibited enhanced secretion of CSF-3, IL-8, and CCL20 and recruited neutrophils to alleviate fibrosis. This new strategy can improve cell therapy for liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xie
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jia Yao
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mengchao Yan
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yan Lin
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiayun Wei
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haiping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongcui Mao
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pinyan Liu
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xun Li
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China.
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Ariño S, Aguilar-Bravo B, Coll M, Lee WY, Peiseler M, Cantallops-Vilà P, Sererols-Viñas L, Martínez-García de la Torre RA, Martínez-Sánchez C, Pedragosa J, Zanatto L, Gratacós-Ginès J, Pose E, Blaya D, Almodóvar X, Fernández-Fernández M, Ruiz-Blázquez P, Lozano JJ, Affo S, Planas AM, Ginès P, Moles A, Kubes P, Sancho-Bru P. Ductular reaction-associated neutrophils promote biliary epithelium proliferation in chronic liver disease. J Hepatol 2023; 79:1025-1036. [PMID: 37348790 PMCID: PMC10585421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Ductular reaction expansion is associated with poor prognosis in patients with advanced liver disease. However, the mechanisms promoting biliary cell proliferation are largely unknown. Here, we identify neutrophils as drivers of biliary cell proliferation and the defective wound-healing response. METHODS The intrahepatic localization of neutrophils was evaluated in patients with chronic liver disease. Neutrophil dynamics were analyzed by intravital microscopy and neutrophil-labeling assays in DDC-treated mice. Neutrophil depletion or inhibition of recruitment was achieved using a Ly6g antibody or a CXCR1/2 inhibitor, respectively. Mice deficient in PAD4 (peptidyl arginine deiminase 4) and ELANE/NE (neutrophil elastase) were used to investigate the mechanisms underlying ductular reaction expansion. RESULTS In this study we describe a population of ductular reaction-associated neutrophils (DRANs), which are in direct contact with biliary epithelial cells in chronic liver diseases and whose numbers increased in parallel with disease progression. We show that DRANs are immobilized at the site of ductular reaction for a prolonged period of time. In addition, liver neutrophils display a unique phenotypic and transcriptomic profile, showing a decreased phagocytic capacity and increased oxidative burst. Depletion of neutrophils or inhibition of their recruitment reduces DRANs and the expansion of ductular reaction, while mitigating liver fibrosis and angiogenesis. Mechanistically, neutrophils deficient in PAD4 and ELANE abrogate neutrophil-induced biliary cell proliferation, thus indicating the role of neutrophil extracellular traps and elastase release in ductular reaction expansion. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our study reveals the accumulation of DRANs as a hallmark of advanced liver disease and a potential therapeutic target to mitigate ductular reaction and the maladaptive wound-healing response. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS Our results indicate that neutrophils are highly plastic and can have an extended lifespan. Moreover, we identify a new role of neutrophils as triggers of expansion of the biliary epithelium. Overall, the results of this study indicate that ductular reaction-associated neutrophils (or DRANs) are new players in the maladaptive tissue-healing response in chronic liver injury and may be a potential target for therapeutic interventions to reduce ductular reaction expansion and promote tissue repair in advanced liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ariño
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Aguilar-Bravo
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Coll
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Woo-Yong Lee
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Moritz Peiseler
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Paula Cantallops-Vilà
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Sererols-Viñas
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Celia Martínez-Sánchez
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Pedragosa
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Zanatto
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Gratacós-Ginès
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain; Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisa Pose
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain; Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Delia Blaya
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xènia Almodóvar
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Fernández-Fernández
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paloma Ruiz-Blázquez
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan José Lozano
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Affo
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna M Planas
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Ginès
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain; Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Moles
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paul Kubes
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Pau Sancho-Bru
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain.
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10
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Khan RS, Lalor PF, Thursz M, Newsome PN. The role of neutrophils in alcohol-related hepatitis. J Hepatol 2023; 79:1037-1048. [PMID: 37290590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol-related liver disease is a major cause of liver disease-associated mortality, with inpatient care being a major contributor to its clinical and economic burden. Alcohol-related hepatitis (AH) is an acute inflammatory form of alcohol-related liver disease. Severe AH is associated with high short-term mortality, with infection being a common cause of death. The presence of AH is associated with increased numbers of circulating and hepatic neutrophils. We review the literature on the role of neutrophils in AH. In particular, we explain how neutrophils are recruited to the inflamed liver and how their antimicrobial functions (chemotaxis, phagocytosis, oxidative burst, NETosis) may be altered in AH. We highlight evidence for the existence of 'high-density' and 'low-density' neutrophil subsets. We also describe the potentially beneficial roles of neutrophils in the resolution of injury in AH through their effects on macrophage polarisation and hepatic regeneration. Finally, we discuss how manipulation of neutrophil recruitment/function may be used as a therapeutic strategy in AH. For example, correction of gut dysbiosis in AH could help to prevent excess neutrophil activation, or treatments could aim to enhance miR-223 function in AH. The development of markers that can reliably distinguish neutrophil subsets and of animal models that accurately reproduce human disease will be crucial for facilitating translational research in this important field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reenam S Khan
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Patricia F Lalor
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Mark Thursz
- Hepatology Unit, Imperial College School of Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, London, W21NY, England, UK
| | - Philip N Newsome
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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11
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Abstract
Chronic liver diseases such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or viral hepatitis are characterized by persistent inflammation and subsequent liver fibrosis. Liver fibrosis critically determines long-term morbidity (for example, cirrhosis or liver cancer) and mortality in NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Inflammation represents the concerted response of various hepatic cell types to hepatocellular death and inflammatory signals, which are related to intrahepatic injury pathways or extrahepatic mediators from the gut-liver axis and the circulation. Single-cell technologies have revealed the heterogeneity of immune cell activation concerning disease states and the spatial organization within the liver, including resident and recruited macrophages, neutrophils as mediators of tissue repair, auto-aggressive features of T cells as well as various innate lymphoid cell and unconventional T cell populations. Inflammatory responses drive the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and HSC subsets, in turn, modulate immune mechanisms via chemokines and cytokines or transdifferentiate into matrix-producing myofibroblasts. Current advances in understanding the pathogenesis of inflammation and fibrosis in the liver, mainly focused on NAFLD or NASH owing to the high unmet medical need, have led to the identification of several therapeutic targets. In this Review, we summarize the inflammatory mediators and cells in the diseased liver, fibrogenic pathways and their therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Hammerich
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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12
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Bhattacharya M, Ramachandran P. Immunology of human fibrosis. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:1423-1433. [PMID: 37474654 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01551-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis, defined by the excess deposition of structural and matricellular proteins in the extracellular space, underlies tissue dysfunction in multiple chronic diseases. Approved antifibrotics have proven modest in efficacy, and the immune compartment remains, for the most part, an untapped therapeutic opportunity. Recent single-cell analyses have interrogated human fibrotic tissues, including immune cells. These studies have revealed a conserved profile of scar-associated macrophages, which localize to the fibrotic niche and interact with mesenchymal cells that produce pathological extracellular matrix. Here we review recent advances in the understanding of the fibrotic microenvironment in human diseases, with a focus on immune cell profiles and functional immune-stromal interactions. We also discuss the key role of the immune system in mediating fibrosis regression and highlight avenues for future study to elucidate potential approaches to targeting inflammatory cells in fibrotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallar Bhattacharya
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Prakash Ramachandran
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK.
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13
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Qi J, Ping D, Sun X, Huang K, Peng Y, Liu C. A herbal product inhibits carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis by suppressing the epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 311:116419. [PMID: 37003405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Fuzheng Huayu formula (FZHY), composed of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, Cordyceps sinensis, the seed of Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, the pollen of Pinus massoniana Lamb, Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino and the fruit of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill, is a Chinese herbal compound with demonstrated clinical benefits in liver fibrosis (LF). However, its potential mechanism and molecular targets remain to be elucidated. AIM OF THE STUDY This study was designed to evaluate the anti-fibrotic role of FZHY in hepatic fibrosis and to elucidate the potential mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Network pharmacology was assayed to identify the interrelationships among compounds of FZHY, potential targets and putative pathways on anti-LF. Then the core pharmaceutical target for FZHY against LF was verified by serum proteomic analysis. Further in vivo and in vitro assays were performed to verify the prediction of the pharmaceutical network. RESULTS The network pharmacology analysis revealed that a total of 175 FZHY-LF crossover proteins were filtered into a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network complex and designated as the potential targets of FZHY against LF, and the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway was further explored according to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. Then analytical studies were validated by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced model in vivo. We found FZHY could attenuate CCl4-induced LF, especially decrease p-EGFR expression in α-Smooth Muscle Actin (α-SMA)-positive hepatic stellate cell (HSC) and inhibit the downstream of the EGFR signaling pathway, especially Extracellular Regulated Protein Kinases (ERK) signaling pathway in liver tissue. We further demonstrate that FZHY could inhibit Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)-induced HSC activation, as well as the expression of p-EGFR and the key protein of the ERK signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS FZHY has a good effect against CCl4-induced LF. The action mechanism was associated with the down-regulation of the EGFR signaling pathway in activated HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshu Qi
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Dabing Ping
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yuan Peng
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Chenghai Liu
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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14
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Zhang W, Cui Y, Du Y, Yang Y, Fang T, Lu F, Kong W, Xiao C, Shi J, Reid LM, He Z. Liver cell therapies: cellular sources and grafting strategies. Front Med 2023; 17:432-457. [PMID: 37402953 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-023-1002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
The liver has a complex cellular composition and a remarkable regenerative capacity. The primary cell types in the liver are two parenchymal cell populations, hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, that perform most of the functions of the liver and that are helped through interactions with non-parenchymal cell types comprising stellate cells, endothelia and various hemopoietic cell populations. The regulation of the cells in the liver is mediated by an insoluble complex of proteins and carbohydrates, the extracellular matrix, working synergistically with soluble paracrine and systemic signals. In recent years, with the rapid development of genetic sequencing technologies, research on the liver's cellular composition and its regulatory mechanisms during various conditions has been extensively explored. Meanwhile breakthroughs in strategies for cell transplantation are enabling a future in which there can be a rescue of patients with end-stage liver diseases, offering potential solutions to the chronic shortage of livers and alternatives to liver transplantation. This review will focus on the cellular mechanisms of liver homeostasis and how to select ideal sources of cells to be transplanted to achieve liver regeneration and repair. Recent advances are summarized for promoting the treatment of end-stage liver diseases by forms of cell transplantation that now include grafting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencheng Zhang
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Ji'an Hospital, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200123, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Stem Cells Translational Medicine, Shanghai, 200335, China
- Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Yangyang Cui
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Ji'an Hospital, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200123, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Stem Cells Translational Medicine, Shanghai, 200335, China
- Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, Shanghai, 200120, China
- Postgraduate Training Base of Shanghai East Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, China
| | - Yuan Du
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Ji'an Hospital, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200123, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Ji'an Hospital, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200123, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Ting Fang
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Ji'an Hospital, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200123, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Stem Cells Translational Medicine, Shanghai, 200335, China
- Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Fengfeng Lu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Ji'an Hospital, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200123, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Stem Cells Translational Medicine, Shanghai, 200335, China
- Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Weixia Kong
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Canjun Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, Ji'an Hospital, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Ji'an, 343006, China
| | - Jun Shi
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
- Department of General Surgery, Ji'an Hospital, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Ji'an, 343006, China
| | - Lola M Reid
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology and Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Zhiying He
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Ji'an Hospital, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200123, China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Stem Cells Translational Medicine, Shanghai, 200335, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, Shanghai, 200120, China.
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15
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Siwicki M, Kubes P. Neutrophils in host defense, healing, and hypersensitivity: Dynamic cells within a dynamic host. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 151:634-655. [PMID: 36642653 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are cells of the innate immune system that are extremely abundant in vivo and respond quickly to infection, injury, and inflammation. Their constant circulation throughout the body makes them some of the first responders to infection, and indeed they play a critical role in host defense against bacterial and fungal pathogens. It is now appreciated that neutrophils also play an important role in tissue healing after injury. Their short life cycle, rapid response kinetics, and vast numbers make neutrophils a highly dynamic and potentially extremely influential cell population. It has become clear that they are highly integrated with other cells of the immune system and can thus exert critical effects on the course of an inflammatory response; they can further impact tissue homeostasis and recovery after challenge. In this review, we discuss the fundamentals of neutrophils in host defense and healing; we explore the relationship between neutrophils and the dynamic host environment, including circadian cycles and the microbiome; we survey the field of neutrophils in asthma and allergy; and we consider the question of neutrophil heterogeneity-namely, whether there could be specific subsets of neutrophils that perform different functions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Siwicki
- Immunology Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul Kubes
- Immunology Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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16
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Yang L, Hao Y, Boeckmans J, Rodrigues RM, He Y. Immune cells and their derived microRNA-enriched extracellular vesicles in nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases: Novel therapeutic targets. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 243:108353. [PMID: 36738973 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. Despite extensive research and multiple clinical trials, there are still no FDA-approved therapies to treat the most severe forms of NAFLD. This is largely due to its complicated etiology and pathogenesis, which involves visceral obesity, insulin resistance, gut dysbiosis, etc. Although inflammation is generally believed to be one of the critical factors that drive the progression of simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the exact type of inflammation and how it contributes to NASH pathogenesis remain largely unknown. Liver inflammation is accompanied by the elevation of inflammatory mediators, including cytokines and chemokines and consequently intrahepatic infiltration of multiple types of immune cells. Recent studies revealed that extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from inflammatory cells and hepatocytes play an important role in controlling liver inflammation during NASH. In this review, we highlight the roles of innate and adaptive immune cells and their microRNA-enriched EVs during NAFLD development and discuss potential drugs that target inflammatory pathways for the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yawen Hao
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Joost Boeckmans
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Robim M Rodrigues
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Yong He
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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17
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Du TY, Gao YX, Zheng YS. Identification of key genes related to immune infiltration in cirrhosis via bioinformatics analysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1876. [PMID: 36725885 PMCID: PMC9892033 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26794-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cirrhosis is the most common subclass of liver disease worldwide and correlated to immune infiltration. However, the immune-related molecular mechanism underlying cirrhosis remains obscure. Two gene expression profiles GSE89377 and GSE139602 were investigated to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to cirrhosis. Enrichment analysis for DEGs was conducted. Next, the immune infiltration of DEGs was evaluated using CIBERSORT algorithm. The hub DEGs with tight connectivity were identified using the String and Cytoscape databases, and the expression difference of these hub genes between normal liver and cirrhosis samples was determined. Moreover, in order to evaluate the discriminatory ability of hub genes and obtained the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values in the GSE89377 and GSE139602 datasets. Finally, the association between hub DEGs and immune cell infiltration was explored by Spearman method. Among the 299 DEGs attained, 136 were up-regulated and 163 were down-regulated. Then the enrichment function analysis of DEGs and CIBERSORT algorithm showed significant enrichment in immune and inflammatory responses. And four hub DEGs (ACTB, TAGLN, VIM, SOX9) were identified, which also showed a diagnostic value in the GSE89377 and GSE 139,602 datasets. Finally, the immune infiltration analysis indicated that, these hub DEGs were highly related to immune cells. This study revealed key DEGs involved in inflammatory immune responses of cirrhosis, which could be used as biomarkers for diagnosis or therapeutic targets of cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Yue Du
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No.-1-1, Zhongfu Road, Nanjing, 210003, China
| | - Ya-Xian Gao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No.-1-1, Zhongfu Road, Nanjing, 210003, China
| | - Yi-Shan Zheng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No.-1-1, Zhongfu Road, Nanjing, 210003, China.
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18
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Wu NN, Wang L, Wang L, Xu X, Lopaschuk GD, Zhang Y, Ren J. Site-specific ubiquitination of VDAC1 restricts its oligomerization and mitochondrial DNA release in liver fibrosis. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:269-280. [PMID: 36658227 PMCID: PMC9898252 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00923-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) released through protein oligomers, such as voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1), triggers innate immune activation and thus contributes to liver fibrosis. Here, we investigated the role of Parkin, an important regulator of mitochondria, and its regulation of VDAC1-mediated mtDNA release in liver fibrosis. The circulating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and protein levels of liver Parkin and VDAC1 were upregulated in patients with liver fibrosis. A 4-week CCl4 challenge induced release of mtDNA, activation of STING signaling, a decline in autophagy, and apoptosis in mouse livers, and the knockout of Parkin aggravated these effects. In addition, Parkin reduced mtDNA release and prevented VDAC1 oligomerization in a manner dependent on its E3 activity in hepatocytes. We found that site-specific ubiquitination of VDAC1 at lysine 53 by Parkin interrupted VDAC1 oligomerization and prevented mtDNA release into the cytoplasm under stress. The ubiquitination-defective VDAC1 K53R mutant predominantly formed oligomers that resisted suppression by Parkin. Hepatocytes expressing VDAC1 K53R exhibited mtDNA release and thus activated the STING signaling pathway in hepatic stellate cells, and this effect could not be abolished by Parkin. We propose that the ubiquitination of VDAC1 at a specific site by Parkin confers protection against liver fibrosis by interrupting VDAC1 oligomerization and mtDNA release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ne N. Wu
- grid.413087.90000 0004 1755 3939Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China ,National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Lifeng Wang
- grid.13394.3c0000 0004 1799 3993Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000 China
| | - Lu Wang
- grid.233520.50000 0004 1761 4404Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 China ,grid.233520.50000 0004 1761 4404State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 China
| | - Xihui Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Gary D. Lopaschuk
- grid.17089.370000 0001 2190 316XCardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2 Canada
| | - Yingmei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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19
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Loh W, Vermeren S. Anti-Inflammatory Neutrophil Functions in the Resolution of Inflammation and Tissue Repair. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244076. [PMID: 36552840 PMCID: PMC9776979 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are highly abundant circulating leukocytes that are amongst the first cells to be recruited to sites of infection or sterile injury. Their ability to generate and release powerful cytotoxic products ties with their role in host defence from bacterial and fungal infections. Neutrophilic inflammation is tightly regulated to limit the amount of 'bystander injury' caused. Neutrophils were in the past regarded as short-lived, indiscriminate killers of invading microorganisms. However, this view has changed quite dramatically in recent years. Amongst other insights, neutrophils are now recognised to also have important anti-inflammatory functions that are critical for the resolution of inflammation and return to homeostasis. This minireview focusses on anti-inflammatory neutrophil functions, placing a particular focus on recent findings linked to neutrophil cell death, several types of which may be anti-inflammatory (apoptosis, secondary necrosis, and neutrophil extracellular traps). These are discussed together with features that may further promote the clearance of dead cells by efferocytosis and reprogramming of macrophages to promote resolution and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waywen Loh
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH10 5HF, UK
| | - Sonja Vermeren
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH10 5HF, UK
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20
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The Tumor Microenvironment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Untying an Intricate Immunological Network. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14246151. [PMID: 36551635 PMCID: PMC9776867 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
HCC, the most prevalent form of primary liver cancer, is prototypically an inflammation-driven cancer developing after years of inflammatory insults. Consequently, the hepatic microenvironment is a site of complex immunological activities. Moreover, the tolerogenic nature of the liver can act as a barrier to anti-tumor immunity, fostering cancer progression and resistance to immunotherapies based on immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICB). In addition to being a site of primary carcinogenesis, many cancer types have high tropism for the liver, and patients diagnosed with liver metastasis have a dismal prognosis. Therefore, understanding the immunological networks characterizing the tumor microenvironment (TME) of HCC will deepen our understanding of liver immunity, and it will underpin the dominant mechanisms controlling both spontaneous and therapy-induced anti-tumor immune responses. Herein, we discuss the contributions of the cellular and molecular components of the liver immune contexture during HCC onset and progression by underscoring how the balance between antagonistic immune responses can recast the properties of the TME and the response to ICB.
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21
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Kryl'skii ED, Sinitsyna DA, Popova TN, Shikhaliev KS, Medvedeva SM, Matasova LV, Mittova VO. The new antioxidant 1-benzoyl-6-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline has a protective effect against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic injury in rats. J Biomed Res 2022; 36:423-434. [PMID: 36320149 PMCID: PMC9724163 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.36.20220098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases with the central pathogenetic mechanism of oxidative stress are one of the main causes of mortality worldwide. Therefore, dihydroquinoline derivatives, which are precursors of hepatoprotectors and have antioxidant activity, are of interest. We have previously found that some compounds in this class have the ability to normalize redox homeostasis under experimental conditions. Here, we initially analyzed the hepatoprotective potential of the dihydroquinoline derivative 1-benzoyl-6-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline (BHDQ) for carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4)-induced liver injury in rats. Results suggested that BHDQ normalized the alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in serum. We also observed an improvement in liver tissue morphology related to BHDQ. Animals with CCl 4-induced liver injuries treated with BHDQ had less oxidative stress compared to animals with CCl 4-induced liver injury. BHDQ promoted activation changes in superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione transferase on control values in animals with CCl 4-induced liver injury. BHDQ also activated gene transcription in Sod1 and Gpx1 via nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and forkhead box protein O1 factors. Therefore, the compound of concern has a hepatoprotective effect by inhibiting the development of necrotic processes in the liver tissue, through antioxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii Dmitrievich Kryl'skii
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Voronezh region 394018, Russia,Evgenii Dmitrievich Kryl'skii, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Voronezh State University, Universitetskaya sq. 1, Voronezh, Voronezh region 394018, Russia. Tel: +7-473-2281160 ext. 1111, E-mail:
| | - Darya Andreevna Sinitsyna
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Voronezh region 394018, Russia
| | - Tatyana Nikolaevna Popova
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Voronezh region 394018, Russia
| | | | | | - Larisa Vladimirovna Matasova
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Voronezh region 394018, Russia
| | - Valentina Olegovna Mittova
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Voronezh State Medical University named after N.N. Burdenko, Voronezh, Voronezh region 394036, Russia
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22
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Wang L, Feng J, Deng Y, Yang Q, Wei Q, Ye D, Rong X, Guo J. CCAAT/Enhancer-Binding Proteins in Fibrosis: Complex Roles Beyond Conventional Understanding. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2022; 2022:9891689. [PMID: 36299447 PMCID: PMC9575473 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9891689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPs) are a family of at least six identified transcription factors that contain a highly conserved basic leucine zipper domain and interact selectively with duplex DNA to regulate target gene expression. C/EBPs play important roles in various physiological processes, and their abnormal function can lead to various diseases. Recently, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that aberrant C/EBP expression or activity is closely associated with the onset and progression of fibrosis in several organs and tissues. During fibrosis, various C/EBPs can exert distinct functions in the same organ, while the same C/EBP can exert distinct functions in different organs. Modulating C/EBP expression or activity could regulate various molecular processes to alleviate fibrosis in multiple organs; therefore, novel C/EBPs-based therapeutic methods for treating fibrosis have attracted considerable attention. In this review, we will explore the features of C/EBPs and their critical functions in fibrosis in order to highlight new avenues for the development of novel therapies targeting C/EBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lexun Wang
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaojiao Feng
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanyue Deng
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Yang
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Quxing Wei
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dewei Ye
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianglu Rong
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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23
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Immune mechanisms linking metabolic injury to inflammation and fibrosis in fatty liver disease - novel insights into cellular communication circuits. J Hepatol 2022; 77:1136-1160. [PMID: 35750137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent chronic liver disease and is emerging as the leading cause of cirrhosis, liver transplantation and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). NAFLD is a metabolic disease that is considered the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome; however, during the evolution of NAFLD from steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), to more advanced stages of NASH with liver fibrosis, the immune system plays an integral role. Triggers for inflammation are rooted in hepatic (lipid overload, lipotoxicity, oxidative stress) and extrahepatic (gut-liver axis, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle) systems, resulting in unique immune-mediated pathomechanisms in NAFLD. In recent years, the implementation of single-cell RNA-sequencing and high dimensional multi-omics (proteogenomics, lipidomics) and spatial transcriptomics have tremendously advanced our understanding of the complex heterogeneity of various liver immune cell subsets in health and disease. In NAFLD, several emerging inflammatory mechanisms have been uncovered, including profound macrophage heterogeneity, auto-aggressive T cells, the role of unconventional T cells and platelet-immune cell interactions, potentially yielding novel therapeutics. In this review, we will highlight the recent discoveries related to inflammation in NAFLD, discuss the role of immune cell subsets during the different stages of the disease (including disease regression) and integrate the multiple systems driving inflammation. We propose a refined concept by which the immune system contributes to all stages of NAFLD and discuss open scientific questions arising from this paradigm shift that need to be unravelled in the coming years. Finally, we discuss novel therapeutic approaches to target the multiple triggers of inflammation, including combination therapy via nuclear receptors (FXR agonists, PPAR agonists).
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24
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Kim KH, Cheng N, Lau LF. Cellular communication network factor 1-stimulated liver macrophage efferocytosis drives hepatic stellate cell activation and liver fibrosis. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:2798-2811. [PMID: 35929736 PMCID: PMC9512468 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.2057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Following inflammatory injury in the liver, neutrophils quickly infiltrate the injured tissue to defend against microbes and initiate the repair process; these neutrophils are short lived and rapidly undergo apoptosis. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the principal precursor cells that transdifferentiate into myofibroblast-like cells, which produce a large amount of extracellular matrix that promotes repair but can also lead to fibrosis if the injury becomes chronic. The matricellular protein cellular communication network factor 1 (CCN1) acts as a bridging molecule by binding phosphatidylserine in apoptotic cells and integrin αv β3 in phagocytes, thereby triggering efferocytosis or phagocytic clearance of the apoptotic cells. Here, we show that CCN1 induces liver macrophage efferocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 )-induced liver injury, leading to the production of activated transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, which in turn induces HSC transdifferentiation into myofibroblast-like cells that promote fibrosis development. Consequently, knock-in mice expressing a single amino acid substitution in CCN1 rendering it unable to bind αv β3 or induce efferocytosis are impaired in neutrophil clearance, production of activated TGF-β1, and HSC transdifferentiation, resulting in greatly diminished liver fibrosis following exposure to CCl4 . Conclusion: These results reveal the crucial role of CCN1 in stimulating liver macrophage clearance of apoptotic neutrophils, a process that drives HSC transdifferentiation into myofibroblastic cells and underlies fibrogenesis in chronic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Naiyuan Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lester F Lau
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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25
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Li N, Zhang X, Zhou J, Li W, Shu X, Wu Y, Long M. Multiscale biomechanics and mechanotransduction from liver fibrosis to cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 188:114448. [PMID: 35820602 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of multiscale biomechanical studies has been proposed to highlight the mechanical cues in the development of hepatic fibrosis and cancer. At the cellular level, changes in mechanical microenvironment induce phenotypic and functional alterations of hepatic cells, initiating a positive feedback loop that promotes liver fibrogenesis and hepatocarcinogenesis. Tumor mechanical microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma facilitates tumor cell growth and metastasis, and hinders the drug delivery and immunotherapy. At the molecular level, mechanical forces are sensed and transmitted into hepatic cells via allosteric activation of mechanoreceptors on the cell membrane, leading to the activation of various mechanotransduction pathways including integrin and YAP signaling and then regulating cell function. Thus, the application of mechanomedicine concept in the treatment of liver diseases is promising for rational design and cell-specific delivery of therapeutic drugs. This review mainly discusses the correlation between biomechanical cues and liver diseases from the viewpoint of mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wang Li
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinyu Shu
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mian Long
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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26
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Faccioli LA, Dias ML, Paranhos BA, dos Santos Goldenberg RC. Liver cirrhosis: An overview of experimental models in rodents. Life Sci 2022; 301:120615. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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27
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Wu Y, Lu S, Huang X, Liu Y, Huang K, Liu Z, Xu W, Zhu W, Hou J, Liu H, Zhang X. Targeting cIAPs attenuates CCl 4-induced liver fibrosis by increasing MMP9 expression derived from neutrophils. Life Sci 2022; 289:120235. [PMID: 34914932 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Liver fibrosis is a growing public health concern without effective medical treatment. Recent reports have indicated that inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) were potential targets for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis therapy. However, their roles have not been well identified in liver fibrosis. METHODS The expression of IAPs were examined in human liver tissue and experimental mouse models. Liver fibrosis in CCl4-induced mouse models were investigated by Sirius red staining, RT-PCR, Western blotting after hepatocytes-specific cIAP2 knockout or IAPs inhibitor APG-1387 treatment. The underlying molecular mechanism of APG-1387 action was explored by apoptosis analysis, matrix metalloprotein 9 (MMP9) inhibition, neutrophils depletion, and CC Motif Chemokine Ligand 5 (CCL5) gene knockout in vitro and in vivo. FINDINGS Our study showed that increased expression of cIAP2 was associated with liver fibrosis severity in liver tissues. Deletion of cIAP2 from hepatocytes or degrading cIAPs by APG-1387 ameliorated liver fibrosis induced by CCl4. APG-1387 treatment exhibited increased expression of MMP9 and resulted in higher ratio of MMP9 to tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1. MMP9 was mainly derived from CCL5 chemotactic neutrophils. Further, MMP9 inhibition by CTT peptide, neutrophil depletion by Ly6G antibody or CCL5 deficiency blocked the anti-fibrotic effects of APG-1387 in vivo. SIGNIFICANCE These results suggested that cIAPs, especially cIAP2, might play a novel role in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis, and targeting cIAPs represented a promising therapeutic strategy for liver fibrosis by increasing MMP9 expression induced by CCL5 chemotactic neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Suwen Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Kuiyuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ziying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Weikang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jinlin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Hepatology Unit, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Hongyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Xiaoyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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28
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Zhang X, Zhang B, Zhang C, Sun G, Sun X. Current Progress in Delineating the Roles of Pseudokinase TRIB1 in Controlling Human Diseases. J Cancer 2021; 12:6012-6020. [PMID: 34539875 PMCID: PMC8425202 DOI: 10.7150/jca.51627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tribbles homolog 1 (TRIB1) is a member of the tribbles family of pseudoprotein kinases and is widely expressed in numerous tissues, such as bone marrow, skeletal muscle, liver, heart, and adipose tissue. It is closely associated with acute myeloid leukemia, prostate cancer, and tumor drug resistance, and can interfere with the hematopoietic stem cell cycle, promote tumor cell proliferation, and inhibit apoptosis. Recent studies have shown that TRIB1 can regulate acute and chronic inflammation by affecting the secretion of inflammatory factors, which is closely related to the occurrence of hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular diseases. Given the important biological functions of TRIB1, the reviews published till now are not sufficiently comprehensive. Therefore, this paper reviews the progress in TRIB1 research aimed at exploring its roles in cancer, hyperlipidemia, and cardiovascular disease, and providing a theoretical basis for further studies on the biological roles of TRIB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing 100193, China.,Key Laboratory of efficacy evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glyeolipid Metabolism Disorder Disease, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing 100193, China.,Key Laboratory of efficacy evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glyeolipid Metabolism Disorder Disease, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chenyang Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing 100193, China.,Key Laboratory of efficacy evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glyeolipid Metabolism Disorder Disease, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guibo Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing 100193, China.,Key Laboratory of efficacy evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glyeolipid Metabolism Disorder Disease, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing 100193, China.,Key Laboratory of efficacy evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glyeolipid Metabolism Disorder Disease, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100193, China
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29
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Zuo S, Wang B, Liu J, Kong D, Cui H, Jia Y, Wang C, Xu X, Chen G, Wang Y, Yang L, Zhang K, Ai D, Du J, Shen Y, Yu Y. ER-anchored CRTH2 antagonizes collagen biosynthesis and organ fibrosis via binding LARP6. EMBO J 2021; 40:e107403. [PMID: 34223653 PMCID: PMC8365266 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020107403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, mainly collagen protein, is the hallmark of organ fibrosis. The molecular mechanisms regulating fibrotic protein biosynthesis are unclear. Here, we find that chemoattractant receptor homologous molecule expressed on TH2 cells (CRTH2), a plasma membrane receptor for prostaglandin D2, is trafficked to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane in fibroblasts in a caveolin-1-dependent manner. ER-anchored CRTH2 binds the collagen mRNA recognition motif of La ribonucleoprotein domain family member 6 (LARP6) and promotes the degradation of collagen mRNA in these cells. In line, CRTH2 deficiency increases collagen biosynthesis in fibroblasts and exacerbates injury-induced organ fibrosis in mice, which can be rescued by LARP6 depletion. Administration of CRTH2 N-terminal peptide reduces collagen production by binding to LARP6. Similar to CRTH2, bumetanide binds the LARP6 mRNA recognition motif, suppresses collagen biosynthesis, and alleviates bleomycin-triggered pulmonary fibrosis in vivo. These findings reveal a novel anti-fibrotic function of CRTH2 in the ER membrane via the interaction with LARP6, which may represent a therapeutic target for fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengkai Zuo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory BiologyCenter for Cardiovascular DiseasesKey Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education)Department of PharmacologyThe Province and Ministry Co‐sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical EpigeneticsSchool of Basic Medical SciencesTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Bei Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory BiologyCenter for Cardiovascular DiseasesKey Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education)Department of PharmacologyThe Province and Ministry Co‐sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical EpigeneticsSchool of Basic Medical SciencesTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Jiao Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory BiologyCenter for Cardiovascular DiseasesKey Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education)Department of PharmacologyThe Province and Ministry Co‐sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical EpigeneticsSchool of Basic Medical SciencesTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Deping Kong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory BiologyCenter for Cardiovascular DiseasesKey Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education)Department of PharmacologyThe Province and Ministry Co‐sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical EpigeneticsSchool of Basic Medical SciencesTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Hui Cui
- School of Life Science and TechnologyShanghai Tech UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yaonan Jia
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Chenyao Wang
- Department of Inflammation and ImmunityLerner Research InstituteCleveland ClinicClevelandOHUSA
| | - Xin Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory BiologyCenter for Cardiovascular DiseasesKey Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education)Department of PharmacologyThe Province and Ministry Co‐sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical EpigeneticsSchool of Basic Medical SciencesTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Guilin Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory BiologyCenter for Cardiovascular DiseasesKey Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education)Department of PharmacologyThe Province and Ministry Co‐sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical EpigeneticsSchool of Basic Medical SciencesTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Yuanyang Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory BiologyCenter for Cardiovascular DiseasesKey Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education)Department of PharmacologyThe Province and Ministry Co‐sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical EpigeneticsSchool of Basic Medical SciencesTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Linlin Yang
- Department of PharmacologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Ding Ai
- Department of Physiology and PathophysiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Jie Du
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital of Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel DiseasesBeijingChina
| | - Yujun Shen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory BiologyCenter for Cardiovascular DiseasesKey Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education)Department of PharmacologyThe Province and Ministry Co‐sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical EpigeneticsSchool of Basic Medical SciencesTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Ying Yu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory BiologyCenter for Cardiovascular DiseasesKey Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education)Department of PharmacologyThe Province and Ministry Co‐sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical EpigeneticsSchool of Basic Medical SciencesTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
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30
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Yang L, Guo X, Mao X, Jia X, Zhou Y, Hu Y, Sun L, Guo J, Xiao H, Zhang Z. Hepatic toxicity of fluorene-9-bisphenol (BHPF) on CD-1 mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 219:112298. [PMID: 33989918 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fluorene-9-bisphenol (BHPF), a substitute for bisphenol A (BPA), has been widely used in the synthesis of polyester polymers. Studies have reported multiple BHPF toxicities but its effect on the liver remains unknown. In this study, we performed short-term and subchronic toxicity tests, as well as primary hepatocyte experiments, to investigate the hepatic toxicity of BHPF using CD-1 mice. And microarray was used to analyze the changes of global gene expression in the liver of mice treated with BHPF. The results showed that the liver coefficient and the activities of serum aminotransferases were obviously elevated by BHPF at doses of 27.8 mg/kg body weight (bw)/day or higher in mice treated for 10 days. Histological analysis showed obvious changes, including narrowed hepatic sinuses, dilated central vein, leucocyte infiltration, and cytoplasmic vacuolation, in the livers of mice treated with BHPF at dosages of 2 mg/kg bw/3-day and higher for 36 days. Microarray analyses revealed 2623 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the livers of mice treated with 50 mg/kg bw/day of BHPF for 3 days, which could be enriched in GO terms of T cell activation, leukocyte migration, and leukocyte chemotaxis and KEGG pathways of natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity and autoimmune thyroid disease. The top 10 hub DEGs, including LTF and MMP8, were observed in the protein-protein interaction network obtained via STRING database analysis, and are proposed as potential biomarkers for liver injury studies. Primary hepatocyte experiments demonstrated the hepatotoxicity of BHPF at concentrations of 10-6 M and higher. This study indicates that BHPF could cause liver injury at relatively low levels, suggesting that the risk of human BHPF exposure should be of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xuan Guo
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xingtai Mao
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaojing Jia
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ying Hu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Libei Sun
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jilong Guo
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Han Xiao
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhaobin Zhang
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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31
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Chang ML, Lin YT, Kung HN, Hou YC, Liu JJ, Pan MH, Chen HL, Yu CH, Tsai PJ. A triterpenoid-enriched extract of bitter melon leaves alleviates hepatic fibrosis by inhibiting inflammatory responses in carbon tetrachloride-treated mice. Food Funct 2021; 12:7805-7815. [PMID: 34231603 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00884f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a progression of chronic liver disease characterized by excess deposition of fibrillary collagen. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of a triterpenoid-enriched extract (TEE) from bitter melon leaves against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic fibrosis in mice. Male ICR mice received TEE (100 or 150 mg kg-1) by daily oral gavage for one week before starting CCl4 administration and throughout the entire experimental period. After intraperitoneal injection of CCl4 for nine weeks, serum and liver tissues of the mice were collected for biochemical, histopathological and molecular analyses. Our results showed that TEE supplementation reduced CCl4-induced serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities. Histopathological examinations revealed that CCl4 administration results in hepatic fibrosis, while TEE supplementation significantly suppressed hepatic necroinflammation and collagen deposition. In addition, TEE supplementation decreased α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)-positive staining and protein levels of α-SMA and transforming growth factor-β1. TEE-supplemented mice had lower mRNA expression levels of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and toll-like receptor 4. Moreover, TEE (150 mg kg-1) supplementation significantly reduced intrahepatic inflammatory Ly6C+ monocyte infiltration. We demonstrated that TEE could ameliorate hepatic fibrosis by regulating inflammatory cytokine secretion and α-SMA expression in the liver to reduce collagen accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Chang
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Nutraceutical Biotechnology, Shih Chien University, Taipei 104, Taiwan
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32
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Cho Y, Szabo G. Two Faces of Neutrophils in Liver Disease Development and Progression. Hepatology 2021; 74:503-512. [PMID: 33314193 PMCID: PMC9235297 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils, the most abundant type of leukocyte in human blood, play a major role in host defense against invading pathogens and in sterile injury. Neutrophil infiltration is characteristic of inflammation because of its antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. Neutrophils also actively participate in the resolution of inflammation and subsequent tissue repair by acting as a critical mediator between the inflammation and resolution phases of tissue damage. However, neutrophils that are consistently exposed to inflammatory conditions lose their self-resolving capabilities and maintain an inflammatory phenotype, further exacerbating tissue damage. The current review describes how neutrophils interact with tissue microenvironments and acquire disease-specific phenotypes under chronic inflammatory conditions. Here, we aim to provide a better understanding of neutrophil-mediated pathogenesis of various liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonhee Cho
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA;,Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Gyongyi Szabo
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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33
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Zhu Z, Hu R, Li J, Xing X, Chen J, Zhou Q, Sun J. Alpinetin exerts anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and anti-angiogenic effects through activating the Nrf2 pathway and inhibiting NLRP3 pathway in carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 96:107660. [PMID: 33862553 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alpinetin is the major active ingredient of Alpiniakatsumadai Hayata. As a kind of novel plant-derived flavonoid, alpinetin has shown potent hepatoprotective effect against many liver diseases such as non-alcoholic fatty liver and lipopolysaccharide/d-Galactosamine-induced liver injury. However, its roles in liver fibrosis remain to be determined. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of alpinetin in mice with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis, and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of action. Alpinetin ameliorated the CCl4-induced liver injury and fibrosis in mice, as shown by decreased collagen deposition and the decreased expression of liver fibrosis marker proteins. Alpinetin suppressed the inflammation and oxidative stress in fibrotic livers of mice, as evidenced by decreased levels of proinflammatory factors, the decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and the increased activities of antioxidant enzymes. In addition, alpinetin attenuated the angiogenesis in fibrotic livers of the test animals. Mechanistically, alpinetin inhibited the CCl4-induced expression of NLRP3, ASC, cleaved caspase-1, mature (cleaved-) IL-1β, and IL-18 in livers of mice. Furthermore, alpinetin resulted in an increased in the nuclear expression and a decrease in the cytoplasmic expression of Nrf2, as well as increased protein expression of downstream target enzymes, GCLC, HO-1, NQO1, and GCLM, thus exerting the antioxidant effect. Overall, these findings suggested that the anti-fibrotic effect of alpinetin can be attributed to the inhibition of NLRP3-mediated anti-inflammatory activities and Nrf2-mediated anti-oxidative activities, in addition to the decrement of hepatic angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiheng Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226018, China
| | - Renyue Hu
- Medical School of Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Jidan Li
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226018, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Xing
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226018, China
| | - Jianxin Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226018, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Operating Room, Affiliated Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226018, China.
| | - Jingjun Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226018, China.
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34
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Ahmed O, Robinson MW, O'Farrelly C. Inflammatory processes in the liver: divergent roles in homeostasis and pathology. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:1375-1386. [PMID: 33864004 PMCID: PMC8166849 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00639-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatic immune system is designed to tolerate diverse harmless foreign moieties to maintain homeostasis in the healthy liver. Constant priming and regulation ensure that appropriate immune activation occurs when challenged by pathogens and tissue damage. Failure to accurately discriminate, regulate, or effectively resolve inflammation offsets this balance, jeopardizing overall tissue health resulting from an either overly tolerant or an overactive inflammatory response. Compelling scientific and clinical evidence links dysregulated hepatic immune and inflammatory responses upon sterile injury to several pathological conditions in the liver, particularly nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Murine and human studies have described interactions between diverse immune repertoires and nonhematopoietic cell populations in both physiological and pathological activities in the liver, although the molecular mechanisms driving these associations are not clearly understood. Here, we review the dynamic roles of inflammatory mediators in responses to sterile injury in the context of homeostasis and disease, the clinical implications of dysregulated hepatic immune activity and therapeutic developments to regulate liver-specific immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Ahmed
- School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark W Robinson
- Department of Biology, Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Cliona O'Farrelly
- School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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35
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Vats R, Kaminski TW, Ju EM, Brozska T, Tutuncuoglu E, Tejero J, Novelli EM, Sundd P, Pradhan-Sundd T. P-selectin deficiency promotes liver senescence in sickle cell disease mice. Blood 2021; 137:2676-2680. [PMID: 33619560 PMCID: PMC8120139 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020009779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is caused by a homozygous mutation in the β-globin gene, which leads to erythrocyte sickling, vasoocclusion, and intense hemolysis. P-selectin inhibition has been shown to prevent vasoocclusive events in patients with SCD; however, the chronic effect of P-selectin inhibition in SCD remains to be determined. Here, we used quantitative liver intravital microscopy in our recently generated P-selectin-deficient SCD mice to show that chronic P-selectin deficiency attenuates liver ischemia but fails to prevent hepatobiliary injury. Remarkably, we find that this failure in resolution of hepatobiliary injury in P-selectin-deficient SCD mice is associated with the increase in cellular senescence and reduced epithelial cell proliferation in the liver. These findings highlight the importance of investigating the long-term effects of chronic P-selectin inhibition therapy on liver pathophysiology in patients with SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Vats
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; and
| | - Tomasz W Kaminski
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Eun-Mi Ju
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Tomasz Brozska
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology
| | - Egemen Tutuncuoglu
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jesús Tejero
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Enrico M Novelli
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology
- Sickle Cell Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Prithu Sundd
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; and
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
- Sickle Cell Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Tirthadipa Pradhan-Sundd
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology
- Sickle Cell Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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36
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Umeshappa CS, Solé P, Surewaard BGJ, Yamanouchi J, Mohapatra S, Uddin MM, Clarke R, Ortega M, Singha S, Mondal D, Yang Y, Vignali DAA, Serra P, Kubes P, Santamaria P. Liver-specific T regulatory type-1 cells program local neutrophils to suppress hepatic autoimmunity via CRAMP. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108919. [PMID: 33789099 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils with immunoregulatory properties, also referred to as type-2 neutrophils (N2), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), or tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs), comprise a heterogeneous subset of cells that arise from unknown precursors in response to poorly understood cues. Here, we find that, in several models of liver autoimmunity, pharmacologically induced, autoantigen-specific T regulatory type-1 (TR1) cells and TR1-cell-induced B regulatory (Breg) cells use five immunoregulatory cytokines to coordinately recruit neutrophils into the liver and program their transcriptome to generate regulatory neutrophils. The liver-associated neutrophils from the treated mice, unlike their circulating counterparts or the liver neutrophils of sick mice lacking antigen-specific TR1 cells, are proliferative, can transfer disease protection to immunocompromised hosts engrafted with pathogenic effectors, and blunt antigen-presentation and local autoimmune responses via cathelin-related anti-microbial peptide (CRAMP), a cathelicidin, in a CRAMP-receptor-dependent manner. These results, thus, identify antigen-specific regulatory T cells as drivers of tissue-restricted regulatory neutrophil formation and CRAMP as an effector of regulatory neutrophil-mediated immunoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Channakeshava Sokke Umeshappa
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Patricia Solé
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Bas G J Surewaard
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jun Yamanouchi
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Saswat Mohapatra
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Muhammad Myn Uddin
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Robert Clarke
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Mireia Ortega
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Santiswarup Singha
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Debajyoti Mondal
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Yang Yang
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Pau Serra
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Paul Kubes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Pere Santamaria
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona 08036, Spain.
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37
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Kisseleva T, Brenner D. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of liver fibrosis and its regression. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 18:151-166. [PMID: 33128017 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-020-00372-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 802] [Impact Index Per Article: 267.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Chronic liver injury leads to liver inflammation and fibrosis, through which activated myofibroblasts in the liver secrete extracellular matrix proteins that generate the fibrous scar. The primary source of these myofibroblasts are the resident hepatic stellate cells. Clinical and experimental liver fibrosis regresses when the causative agent is removed, which is associated with the elimination of these activated myofibroblasts and resorption of the fibrous scar. Understanding the mechanisms of liver fibrosis regression could identify new therapeutic targets to treat liver fibrosis. This Review summarizes studies of the molecular mechanisms underlying the reversibility of liver fibrosis, including apoptosis and the inactivation of hepatic stellate cells, the crosstalk between the liver and the systems that orchestrate the recruitment of bone marrow-derived macrophages (and other inflammatory cells) driving fibrosis resolution, and the interactions between various cell types that lead to the intracellular signalling that induces fibrosis or its regression. We also discuss strategies to target hepatic myofibroblasts (for example, via apoptosis or inactivation) and the myeloid cells that degrade the matrix (for example, via their recruitment to fibrotic liver) to facilitate fibrosis resolution and liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - David Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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38
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Kiseleva YV, Zharikov YO, Maslennikov RV, Pavlov CS, Nikolenko VN. [Molecular factors associated with regression of liver fibrosis of alcoholic etiology]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2021; 93:204-208. [PMID: 36286638 DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2021.02.200617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis develops as a result of chronic liver damage of various etiologies, is characterized by excessive synthesis of connective tissue by activated stellate liver cells. The toxic effect of alcohol is one of the most significant and common etiological factors worldwide. Stellate cell activation results from the interaction of multiple molecular fibrogenic pathways triggered by intracellular and extracellular, hepatic and extrahepatic stimuli. Data analysis showed that knowledge about these abnormal pathways and biomolecular processes may further contribute to the improvement of approaches to assessment of disease prognosis and treatment of alcoholic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y V Kiseleva
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
| | - Y O Zharikov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
| | - R V Maslennikov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
| | - C S Pavlov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
| | - V N Nikolenko
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
- Lomonosov Moscow State University
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39
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Matsuda M, Seki E. The liver fibrosis niche: Novel insights into the interplay between fibrosis-composing mesenchymal cells, immune cells, endothelial cells, and extracellular matrix. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 143:111556. [PMID: 32640349 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a hepatic wound-healing response caused by chronic liver diseases that include viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and cholestatic liver disease. Liver fibrosis eventually progresses to cirrhosis that is histologically characterized by an abnormal liver architecture that includes distortion of liver parenchyma, formation of regenerative nodules, and a massive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM). Despite intensive investigations into the underlying mechanisms of liver fibrosis, developments of anti-fibrotic therapies for liver fibrosis are still unsatisfactory. Recent novel experimental approaches, such as single-cell RNA sequencing and proteomics, have revealed the heterogeneity of ECM-producing cells (mesenchymal cells) and ECM-regulating cells (immune cells and endothelial cells). These approaches have accelerated the identification of fibrosis-specific subpopulations among these cell types. The ECM also consists of heterogenous components. Their production, degradation, deposition, and remodeling are dynamically regulated in liver fibrosis, further affecting the functions of cells responsible for fibrosis. These cellular and ECM elements cooperatively form a unique microenvironment: a fibrotic niche. Understanding the complex interplay between these elements could lead to a better understanding of underlying fibrosis mechanisms and to the development of effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michitaka Matsuda
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Ekihiro Seki
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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40
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Chenopodium Quinoa and Salvia Hispanica Provide Immunonutritional Agonists to Ameliorate Hepatocarcinoma Severity under a High-Fat Diet. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12071946. [PMID: 32629893 PMCID: PMC7400258 DOI: 10.3390/nu12071946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex interactions between immunonutritional agonist and high fat intake (HFD), the immune system and finally gut microbiota are important determinants of hepatocarcinoma (HCC) severity. The ability of immunonutritional agonists to modulate major aspects such as liver innate immunity and inflammation and alterations in major lipids profile as well as gut microbiota during HCC development is poorly understood. 1H NMR has been employed to assess imbalances in saturated fatty acids, MUFA and PUFA, which were associated to variations in iron homeostasis. These effects were dependent on the botanical nature (Chenopodium quinoa vs. Salvia hispanica L.) of the compounds. The results showed that immunonutritional agonists' promoted resistance to hepatocarcinogenesis under pro-tumorigenic inflammation reflected, at a different extent, in increased proportions of F4/80+ cells in injured livers as well as positive trends of accumulated immune mediators (CD68/CD206 ratio) in intestinal tissue. Administration of all immunonutritional agonists caused similar variations of fecal microbiota, towards a lower obesity-inducing potential than animals only fed a HFD. Modulation of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes contents restored the induction of microbial metabolites to improve epithelial barrier function, showing an association with liver saturated fatty acids and the MUFA and PUFA fractions. Collectively, these data provide novel findings supporting beneficial immunometabolic effects targeting hepatocarcinogenesis, influencing innate immunity within the gut-liver axis, and providing novel insights into their immunomodulatory activity.
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41
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Cao Y, Ji C, Lu L. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for liver fibrosis/cirrhosis. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:562. [PMID: 32775363 PMCID: PMC7347778 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2020.02.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis represents a common outcome of most chronic liver diseases. Advanced fibrosis leads to cirrhosis for which no effective treatment is available except liver transplantation. Because of the limitations of liver transplantation, alternative therapeutic strategies are an urgent need to find. Recently, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) based therapy has been suggested as an attractive therapeutic option for liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, based on the promising results from preclinical and clinical studies. Although the precise mechanisms of MSC transplantation are still not fully understood, accumulating evidence has indicated that MSCs eliminate the progression of fibrosis due to their immune-modulatory properties. In this review, we summarise the properties of MSCs and their clinical application in the treatment of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. We also discuss the mechanisms involved in MSC-dependent regulation of immune microenvironment in the context of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cao
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing 210004, China
| | - Chenbo Ji
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing 210004, China
| | - Ling Lu
- Liver Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing 210029, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
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Xie X, Yang X, Wu J, Ma J, Wei W, Fei X, Wang M. Trib1 Contributes to Recovery From Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Acute Kidney Injury by Regulating the Polarization of Renal Macrophages. Front Immunol 2020; 11:473. [PMID: 32265926 PMCID: PMC7098949 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that macrophage polarization is involved in the recovery from ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-induced acute kidney injury (AKI), implying that the regulation of macrophage polarization homeostasis might mediate AKI recovery. Trib1 is a key regulator of macrophage differentiation, but its role in AKI remains unclear. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of Trib1 and its link with the macrophage phenotype in the process of adaptive recovery from I/R-induced renal injury. Lentiviral vector-mediated RNA interference (RNAi) was used to knock down Trib1 expression in vitro and in vivo, and a mouse model of moderate AKI was established by the induction of I/R injury. Renal function measurements and inflammatory factors were determined by the corresponding kits. Histomorphology was assessed by hematoxylin-eosin, Masson and PAS staining. Western blot and flow cytometry were employed for the analysis of signal transduction, cell apoptosis and macrophage phenotypes. Trib1 knockdown inhibited cell viability of tubular epithelial cells (TECs) by inhibiting proliferation and enhancing apoptosis in vitro. I/R-induced AKI significantly impaired renal function in mice via increasing the levels of BUN, Scr, NGAL and renal tubular damage, leading to renal fibrosis from days 1 to 3. Through the adaptive self-repair mechanism, renal dysfunction recovered over time and returned to almost normal levels on day 28 after I/R intervention. However, Trib1 depletion worsened renal damage on day 3 and blunted the adaptive repair process of the renal tissue. Mechanistically, Trib1 inhibition suppressed renal tubular cell proliferation under adaptive self-repair conditions by affecting the expression of the proliferation-related proteins cyclin D1, cyclin B, p21, and p27, the apoptosis-related proteins Bcl-2 and Bax, and the fibrosis-related proteins collagen I and III. Furthermore, the M1/M2 macrophage ratio increased in the first 3 days and decreased from day 7 to day 28, consistent with changes in the expression of inflammatory factors, including TNFα, IL-6, IL-12, IL-10, and IL-13. Trib1 inhibition blocked macrophage polarization during adaptive recovery from I/R-induced moderate AKI. Our results show that Trib1 plays a role in kidney recovery and regeneration via the regulation of renal tubular cell proliferation by affecting macrophage polarization. Thus, Trib1 might be a viable therapeutic target to improve renal adaptive repair following I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangcheng Xie
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiu Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junxia Wu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jilin Ma
- Division of Nephrology, Zhejiang Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Fei
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Leslie J, Millar BJ, del Carpio Pons A, Burgoyne RA, Frost JD, Barksby BS, Luli S, Scott J, Simpson AJ, Gauldie J, Murray LA, Finch DK, Carruthers AM, Ferguson J, Sleeman MA, Rider D, Howarth R, Fox C, Oakley F, Fisher AJ, Mann DA, Borthwick LA. FPR-1 is an important regulator of neutrophil recruitment and a tissue-specific driver of pulmonary fibrosis. JCI Insight 2020; 5:125937. [PMID: 32102985 PMCID: PMC7101152 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.125937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant inflammatory cells at the earliest stages of wound healing and play important roles in wound repair and fibrosis. Formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR-1) is abundantly expressed on neutrophils and has been shown to regulate their function, yet the importance of FPR-1 in fibrosis remains ill defined. FPR-1-deficient (fpr1-/-) mice were protected from bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis but developed renal and hepatic fibrosis normally. Mechanistically, we observed a failure to effectively recruit neutrophils to the lungs of fpr1-/- mice, whereas neutrophil recruitment was unaffected in the liver and kidney. Using an adoptive transfer model we demonstrated that the defect in neutrophil recruitment to the lung was intrinsic to the fpr1-/- neutrophils, as C57BL/6 neutrophils were recruited normally to the damaged lung in fpr1-/- mice. Finally, C57BL/6 mice in which neutrophils had been depleted were protected from pulmonary fibrosis. In conclusion, FPR-1 and FPR-1 ligands are required for effective neutrophil recruitment to the damaged lung. Failure to recruit neutrophils or depletion of neutrophils protects from pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jon Scott
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - A. John Simpson
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Interstitial Lung Disease Clinic, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jack Gauldie
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Saint Joseph’s Healthcare and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrew J. Fisher
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group and
- Institute of Transplantation, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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44
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Xu Y, Zhang Q, Zhao Y. The functional diversity of neutrophils and clustered polarization of immunity. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:1212-1214. [PMID: 32094506 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0378-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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45
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Clinical Characteristics of 162 Patients with Drug-Induced Liver and/or Kidney Injury. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:3930921. [PMID: 32051826 PMCID: PMC6995325 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3930921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Context Drug-induced liver and kidney injuries are the most common adverse drug reactions in the clinic, and they have similar pathogeneses. Aims To analyze the clinical characteristics of patients with drug-induced liver and/or kidney injury. Settings and Design This was a retrospective study. Methods and Materials We analyzed data from 162 patients with drug-induced liver and/or kidney injury from 2008 to 2018 at the Chinese Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center. Univariate and multivariate logistic analyses were performed on the drugs used, sex, age, weight, complications, and laboratory test results. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 25.0 statistical software. Results (1) The most common drugs causing organ injury in this study were antineoplastic drugs, antibiotics, traditional Chinese medicine, lipid-lowering drugs, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. (2) Among 22 patients with drug-induced liver and kidney injuries, 68.18% had a hepatocellular pattern, 13.64% had a mixed pattern, and 18.18% had a cholestatic pattern. Among the three groups, the P value for creatinine was 0.002. (3) The P value for urinary protein between the isolated kidney injury group and the liver and kidney injury group was 0.028. (4) Multivariate analysis showed that, among the drug-induced renal injury patients and all injury patients, those with a higher neutrophil percentage had a lower risk of liver injury (OR = 0.574, 95% CI: 0.390–0.846; OR = 0.545, 95% CI: 0.396–0.749). Conclusions (1) The serum creatinine level was higher in liver injury patients with the cholestatic pattern than in those with the hepatocellular or mixed pattern. (2) There was a significant difference in urinary protein between the isolated kidney and the liver and kidney injury groups. (3) Among patients with drug-induced organ injury, those with a higher neutrophils percentage had a lower risk of liver injury.
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Helal MG, El-Kashef DH. Krill oil alleviates oxidative stress, iron accumulation and fibrosis in the liver and spleen of iron-overload rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:3950-3961. [PMID: 31823254 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06983-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Krill oil (KO) is a recent supplement which is rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). These fatty acids are found in both krill oil and fish oil. In krill oil, they esterified to phospholipids, but in fish oil, they are esterified to triacylglycerols. The target of this study was to investigate whether KO could help against iron overload-induced toxicity in liver and spleen. Rats were randomly assigned into 3 categories: control rats, rats received iron in a drinking water for 8 weeks followed by either vehicle or KO (40 mg/kg) treatment for an extra 8 weeks. Extent of hepatic and splenic injury was assessed via biochemical, histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluations. KO effectively improved the microscopic features of liver and spleen. Moreover, it decreased the increased levels of serum transaminases, ALP, LDH, iron, and ferritin and increased albumin serum level as well. In addition, it restored the balance between oxidants and antioxidants in the hepatic and splenic tissues. Furthermore, it decreased HO-1 levels, upregulated the production of Nrf2, and limited the expression of MMP9. These findings altogether suggest that KO might be a new candidate for treatment of iron overload-induced toxicity. Graphical abstract Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar G Helal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Dalia H El-Kashef
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
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Peiseler M, Kubes P. More friend than foe: the emerging role of neutrophils in tissue repair. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:2629-2639. [PMID: 31205028 DOI: 10.1172/jci124616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant immune cells in humans and serve as first responders to a myriad of host perturbations. Equipped with a plethora of antimicrobial molecules, neutrophils invade sites of inflammation to eradicate pathogens and clear debris. Traditionally, neutrophils were thought to cause collateral tissue damage before dying at the site. However, the presence of neutrophil infiltration into sterile injuries (in the absence of infections) suggests additional roles for these cells. Now, the view of neutrophils as indiscriminate killers seems to be changing as evolving evidence suggests that neutrophils actively orchestrate resolution of inflammation and contribute to tissue repair. Novel concepts include the idea that neutrophils are key to revascularization and subsequently reverse-transmigrate back to the vasculature, actively leaving sites of tissue damage to re-home to functional niches in the lung and bone marrow. This Review scrutinizes the role of neutrophils in tissue damage and repair, discussing recent findings and raising unresolved questions around this intriguing immune cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Peiseler
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, and
| | - Paul Kubes
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, and.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Weston CJ, Zimmermann HW, Adams DH. The Role of Myeloid-Derived Cells in the Progression of Liver Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:893. [PMID: 31068952 PMCID: PMC6491757 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of homeostasis and rapid response to tissue damage in the liver is orchestrated by crosstalk between resident and infiltrating inflammatory cells. A crucial role for myeloid cells during hepatic injury and repair has emerged where resident Kupffer cells, circulating monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and neutrophils control local tissue inflammation and regenerative function to maintain tissue architecture. Studies in humans and rodents have revealed a heterogeneous population of myeloid cells that respond to the local environment by either promoting regeneration or driving the inflammatory processes that can lead to hepatitis, fibrogenesis, and the development of cirrhosis and malignancy. Such plasticity of myeloid cell responses presents unique challenges for therapeutic intervention strategies and a greater understanding of the underlying mechanisms is needed. Here we review the role of myeloid cells in the establishment and progression of liver disease and highlight key pathways that have become the focus for current and future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris John Weston
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - David H Adams
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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49
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Almishri W, Shaheen AA, Sharkey KA, Swain MG. The Antidepressant Mirtazapine Inhibits Hepatic Innate Immune Networks to Attenuate Immune-Mediated Liver Injury in Mice. Front Immunol 2019; 10:803. [PMID: 31031775 PMCID: PMC6474187 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the innate immune system, including tissue macrophages and associated neutrophil infiltration, is an important driver of subsequent adaptive immune responses in many autoimmune diseases, including autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). The antidepressant mirtazapine has a unique complex pharmacology, altering signaling through a number of serotonin and histamine receptors that can impact macrophage function; an effect potentially influencing AIH outcome. In the mouse model of concanavalin A (Con A) induced liver injury (mimics many aspects of human AIH), in which early innate immune activation (i.e., stimulated hepatic macrophages/monocytes recruit neutrophils and additional monocytes to the liver) critically drives immune-mediated hepatitis induction, mirtazapine strikingly and dose-dependently inhibited Con A-induced liver injury. This inflammation-suppressing effect of mirtazapine was linked to an attenuation of Con A-stimulated early innate immune responses within the liver, including inhibition of hepatic macrophage/monocyte activation, decreased hepatic macrophage/monocyte-derived pro-inflammatory cytokine (e.g., TNFα) and chemokine (e.g., CXCL1 and CXCL2) production, suppression of Con A-induced increases in the hepatic expression of the neutrophil relevant endothelial cell adhesion molecule ICAM-1, with the resultant significant reduction in neutrophil recruitment into the liver. Consistent with our findings in the Con A model, mirtazapine also significantly reduced activation-induced release of cytokine/chemokine mediators from human CD14+ monocytes in vitro. Conclusion: Our data suggest that mirtazapine can attenuate hepatic innate immune responses that critically regulate the subsequent development of autoimmune liver injury. Therefore, given that it is a safe and widely used medication, mirtazapine may represent a novel therapeutic approach to autoimmune liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wagdi Almishri
- Liver Unit, Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Abdel Aziz Shaheen
- Liver Unit, Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Keith A. Sharkey
- Cumming School of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Mark G. Swain
- Liver Unit, Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Mark G. Swain
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50
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Fibroinflammatory Liver Injuries as Preneoplastic Condition in Cholangiopathies. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123875. [PMID: 30518128 PMCID: PMC6321547 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The cholangipathies are a class of liver diseases that specifically affects the biliary tree. These pathologies may have different etiologies (genetic, autoimmune, viral, or toxic) but all of them are characterized by a stark inflammatory infiltrate, increasing overtime, accompanied by an excess of periportal fibrosis. The cellular types that mount the regenerative/reparative hepatic response to the damage belong to different lineages, including cholagiocytes, mesenchymal and inflammatory cells, which dynamically interact with each other, exchanging different signals acting in autocrine and paracrine fashion. Those messengers may be proinflammatory cytokines and profibrotic chemokines (IL-1, and 6; CXCL1, 10 and 12, or MCP-1), morphogens (Notch, Hedgehog, and WNT/β-catenin signal pathways) and finally growth factors (VEGF, PDGF, and TGFβ, among others). In this review we will focus on the main molecular mechanisms mediating the establishment of a fibroinflammatory liver response that, if perpetuated, can lead not only to organ dysfunction but also to neoplastic transformation. Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis and Congenital Hepatic Fibrosis/Caroli’s disease, two chronic cholangiopathies, known to be prodrome of cholangiocarcinoma, for which several murine models are also available, were also used to further dissect the mechanisms of fibroinflammation leading to tumor development.
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