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Dash S, Syed YA, Khan MR. Understanding the Role of the Gut Microbiome in Brain Development and Its Association With Neurodevelopmental Psychiatric Disorders. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:880544. [PMID: 35493075 PMCID: PMC9048050 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.880544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome has a tremendous influence on human physiology, including the nervous system. During fetal development, the initial colonization of the microbiome coincides with the development of the nervous system in a timely, coordinated manner. Emerging studies suggest an active involvement of the microbiome and its metabolic by-products in regulating early brain development. However, any disruption during this early developmental process can negatively impact brain functionality, leading to a range of neurodevelopment and neuropsychiatric disorders (NPD). In this review, we summarize recent evidence as to how the gut microbiome can influence the process of early human brain development and its association with major neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders such as autism spectrum disorders, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and schizophrenia. Further, we discuss how gut microbiome alterations can also play a role in inducing drug resistance in the affected individuals. We propose a model that establishes a direct link of microbiome dysbiosis with the exacerbated inflammatory state, leading to functional brain deficits associated with NPD. Based on the existing research, we discuss a framework whereby early diet intervention can boost mental wellness in the affected subjects and call for further research for a better understanding of mechanisms that govern the gut-brain axis may lead to novel approaches to the study of the pathophysiology and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somarani Dash
- Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Guwahati, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Yasir Ahmed Syed
- School of Biosciences and Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mojibur R. Khan
- Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Guwahati, India
- *Correspondence: Mojibur R. Khan,
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Murphy CE, Walker AK, Weickert CS. Neuroinflammation in schizophrenia: the role of nuclear factor kappa B. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:528. [PMID: 34650030 PMCID: PMC8516884 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01607-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, particularly in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, is well-established in a subset of people with schizophrenia, with significant increases in inflammatory markers including several cytokines. Yet the cause(s) of cortical inflammation in schizophrenia remains unknown. Clues as to potential microenvironmental triggers and/or intracellular deficits in immunoregulation may be gleaned from looking further upstream of effector immune molecules to transcription factors that control inflammatory gene expression. Here, we focus on the 'master immune regulator' nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and review evidence in support of NF-κB dysregulation causing or contributing to neuroinflammation in patients. We discuss the utility of 'immune biotyping' as a tool to analyse immune-related transcripts and proteins in patient tissue, and the insights into cortical NF-κB in schizophrenia revealed by immune biotyping compared to studies treating patients as a single, homogenous group. Though the ubiquitous nature of NF-κB presents several hurdles for drug development, targeting this key immunoregulator with novel or repurposed therapeutics in schizophrenia is a relatively underexplored area that could aid in reducing symptoms of patients with active neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E. Murphy
- grid.250407.40000 0000 8900 8842Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW 2031 Australia
| | - Adam K. Walker
- grid.250407.40000 0000 8900 8842Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW 2031 Australia ,grid.1005.40000 0004 4902 0432School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW 2031 Australia ,grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia. .,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia. .,Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
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Reale M, Costantini E, Greig NH. Cytokine Imbalance in Schizophrenia. From Research to Clinic: Potential Implications for Treatment. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:536257. [PMID: 33746786 PMCID: PMC7973221 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.536257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are one of the most important components of the immune system. They orchestrate the brain's response to infectious and other exogenous insults and are crucial mediators of the cross-talk between the nervous and immune systems. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that severe infections and autoimmune disorders, in addition to genetic predisposition, are risk factors for schizophrenia. Furthermore, maternal infection during pregnancy appears to increase the risk of schizophrenia, and proinflammatory cytokines may be negatively involved in the neurodevelopmental process. A cytokine imbalance has been described in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of schizophrenia patients, particularly in the T helper type 1 [Th1] and type 2 [Th2] cytokines, albeit the results of such studies appear to be contradictory. Chronic stress, likewise, appears to contribute to a lasting proinflammatory state and likely also promotes the disorder. The aim of this mini-review is to investigate the roles of different cytokines in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and define how cytokines may represent key molecular targets to regulate for the prevention and treatment of schizophrenia. How current antipsychotic drugs impact cytokine networks is also evaluated. In this context, we propose to change the focus of schizophrenia from a traditionally defined brain disorder, to one that is substantially impacted by the periphery and immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Reale
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Erica Costantini
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Nigel H Greig
- Drug Design and Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Miller BJ, Goldsmith DR. Evaluating the Hypothesis That Schizophrenia Is an Inflammatory Disorder. FOCUS: JOURNAL OF LIFE LONG LEARNING IN PSYCHIATRY 2020; 18:391-401. [PMID: 33343251 DOI: 10.1176/appi.focus.20200015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The investigation of immune system abnormalities in schizophrenia, although ongoing for decades, has become a popular area of research. The authors present a selected review of studies informing on schizophrenia as a potential inflammatory disorder, emphasizing replicated findings. The authors summarize evidence for inflammation over the illness course, discuss relationships between inflammation and psychopathology, present studies of imaging of neuroinflammation, consider inflammation as a marker of treatment response and treatment target, and review potential mechanisms for the effects of inflammation on the brain in schizophrenia. Although there is not clear and convincing evidence to support the assertion that schizophrenia is an inflammatory disorder, this area of study shows promise toward a greater understanding of the etiopathophysiology of this heterogeneous disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Miller
- Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia (Miller); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta (Goldsmith)
| | - David R Goldsmith
- Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia (Miller); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta (Goldsmith)
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Evrensel A, Tarhan N. Inflammation Biomarkers in Psychiatry. CURRENT PSYCHIATRY RESEARCH AND REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/2666082216999200625115701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction:
There has long been a need for diagnostic, theragnostic, and prognostic
biomarkers for psychiatric disorders. Biomarkers help in reducing ambiguity and arbitrariness and
increase objectivity. In this context, many candidates for hormonal, immunological, serological, and
neuroimaging markers have been proposed, but none of these marker candidates alone nor a biomarker
panel has been approved for any disease. The fact that almost all psychiatric disorders are
heterogeneous makes this process challenging. However, strong biomarker candidates have been
identified, especially in light of the large number of clinical and preclinical studies conducted within
the last five years.
Objective:
The aim of this article was to compile and discuss the current information on immune
biomarkers in major psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder, and
anxiety disorders.
Methods:
In this study, respected scientific databases were searched using key terms related to the
subject, and the related literature was examined in detail.
Results:
There are many relationships between psychiatric disorders and immune system parameters.
Evidence also suggests that neuroinflammation is involved in the etiopathogenesis of psychiatric
disorders. Markers, such as proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and C-reactive
protein have been associated with psychiatric disorders in numerous studies.
Conclusions:
The neuroinflammation hypothesis has an important place in the etiopathogenesis of
psychiatric disorders. Uncertainty remains as to whether neuroinflammation is a cause or consequence
of psychiatric disorders. Some researchers have indicated that intestinal microbiota composition
disorders and dysbiosis are sources of neuroinflammation. Immune marker studies are of
great importance in terms of eliminating this uncertainty and overcoming diagnostic and treatment
difficulties in the clinic. In this review, biomarker studies on psychiatric disorders were examined
from the viewpoint of the immune system and discussed in light of the current studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alper Evrensel
- Department of Psychiatry, Uskudar University, NP Brain Hospital, Saray Mah. Ahmet Tevfik IleriCad. Umraniye, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nevzat Tarhan
- Department of Psychiatry, Uskudar University, NP Brain Hospital, Saray Mah. Ahmet Tevfik IleriCad. Umraniye, Istanbul, Turkey
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Kogan S, Ospina LH, Mittal VA, Kimhy D. The impact of inflammation on neurocognition and risk for psychosis: a critical review. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2020; 270:793-802. [PMID: 31620871 PMCID: PMC7160015 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-019-01073-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurocognitive difficulties are highly prevalent among people with schizophrenia and have been linked to increased inflammation, as well as dysfunction and disability. Poor neurocognitive functioning has also been documented in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR) and a burgeoning literature point to alterations in inflammation markers in this population. However, there is limited information regarding the putative link between inflammation and neurocognition in CHR individuals, and the potential role of inflammation in the development of cognitive difficulties and psychosis. As previous reports indicate that early treatment in schizophrenia is associated with better outcomes, there is an urgent need to identify neurobiological mechanisms underlying cognitive deterioration and psychosis in CHR individuals to provide them with care prior to significant cognitive and functional declines. To address this gap in the literature, we review and summarize the relevant literatures on inflammation and neurocognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia and CHR individuals, point to remaining gaps, and suggest directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Kogan
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, 1230, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Luz H Ospina
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, 1230, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Vijay A Mittal
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - David Kimhy
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, 1230, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.
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Alam MA, Lin HY, Deng HW, Calhoun VD, Wang YP. A kernel machine method for detecting higher order interactions in multimodal datasets: Application to schizophrenia. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 309:161-174. [PMID: 30184473 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Technological advances are enabling us to collect multimodal datasets at an increasing depth and resolution while with decreasing labors. Understanding complex interactions among multimodal datasets, however, is challenging. NEW METHOD In this study, we tested the interaction effect of multimodal datasets using a novel method called the kernel machine for detecting higher order interactions among biologically relevant multimodal data. Using a semiparametric method on a reproducing kernel Hilbert space, we formulated the proposed method as a standard mixed-effects linear model and derived a score-based variance component statistic to test higher order interactions between multimodal datasets. RESULTS The method was evaluated using extensive numerical simulation and real data from the Mind Clinical Imaging Consortium with both schizophrenia patients and healthy controls. Our method identified 13-triplets that included 6 gene-derived SNPs, 10 ROIs, and 6 gene-specific DNA methylations that are correlated with the changes in hippocampal volume, suggesting that these triplets may be important for explaining schizophrenia-related neurodegeneration. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) The performance of the proposed method is compared with the following methods: test based on only first and first few principal components followed by multiple regression, and full principal component analysis regression, and the sequence kernel association test. CONCLUSIONS With strong evidence (p-value ≤0.000001), the triplet (MAGI2, CRBLCrus1.L, FBXO28) is a significant biomarker for schizophrenia patients. This novel method can be applicable to the study of other disease processes, where multimodal data analysis is a common task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ashad Alam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.
| | - Hui-Yi Lin
- Biostatistics Program, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Hong-Wen Deng
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Department of Global Biostatistics and Data Science, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Yu-Ping Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
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Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that the pathophysiology or schizophrenia involves alterations in immune functions, both peripherally and centrally. Immunopsychiatric research has provided a number of candidate biomarkers that could aid estimating the risk of developing schizophrenia and/or predicting its clinical course or outcomes. This chapter summarizes the findings of immune dysfunctions along the clinical course of schizophrenia and discusses their potential value as predictive, trait or state biomarkers. Given the convergence of findings deriving from immunology, epidemiology, and genetics, the possibility of identifying immune-based biomarkers of schizophrenia seems realistic. Despite these promises, however, the field has realized that immune dysfunctions in schizophrenia may be as heterogeneous as the disorder itself. While challenging for psychiatric nosology, this heterogeneity offers the opportunity to define patient subgroups based on the presence or absence of distinct immune dysfunctions. This stratification may be clinically relevant for schizophrenic patients as it may help establishing personalized add-on therapies or preventive interventions with immunomodulating drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Notter
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Effects of interleukin-1beta polymorphisms on brain function and behavior in healthy and psychiatric disease conditions. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2017; 37:89-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Kapelski P, Skibinska M, Maciukiewicz M, Pawlak J, Dmitrzak-Weglarz M, Szczepankiewicz A, Zaremba D, Twarowska-Hauser J. An Association Between Functional Polymorphisms of the Interleukin 1 Gene Complex and Schizophrenia Using Transmission Disequilibrium Test. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2017; 64:161-168. [PMID: 28083609 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-016-0434-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
IL1 gene complex has been implicated in the etiology of schizophrenia. To assess whether IL1 gene complex is associated with susceptibility to schizophrenia in Polish population we conducted family-based study. Functional polymorphisms from IL1A (rs1800587, rs17561, rs11677416), IL1B (rs1143634, rs1143643, rs16944, rs4848306, rs1143623, rs1143633, rs1143627) and IL1RN (rs419598, rs315952, rs9005, rs4251961) genes were genotyped in 143 trio with schizophrenia. Statistical analysis was performed using transmission disequilibrium test. We have found a trend toward an association of rs1143627, rs16944, rs1143623 in IL1B gene with the risk of schizophrenia. Our results show a protective effect of allele T of rs4251961 in IL1RN against schizophrenia. We also performed haplotype analysis of IL1 gene complex and found a trend toward an association with schizophrenia of GAGG haplotype (rs1143627, rs16944, rs1143623, rs4848306) in IL1B gene, haplotypes: TG (rs315952, rs9005) and TT (rs4251961, rs419598) in IL1RN. Haplotype CT (rs4251961, rs419598) in IL1RN was found to be associated with schizophrenia. After correction for multiple testing associations did not reach significance level. Our results might support theory that polymorphisms of interleukin 1 complex genes (rs1143627, rs16944, rs1143623, rs4848306 in IL1B gene and rs4251961, rs419598, rs315952, rs9005 in IL1RN gene) are involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, however, none of the results reach significance level after correction for multiple testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Kapelski
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Maria Skibinska
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572, Poznan, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Maciukiewicz
- Pharmacogenetics Research Clinic, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T1R8, Canada
| | - Joanna Pawlak
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572, Poznan, Poland
| | - Monika Dmitrzak-Weglarz
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572, Poznan, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Szczepankiewicz
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572, Poznan, Poland
| | - Dorota Zaremba
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572, Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Twarowska-Hauser
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572, Poznan, Poland
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Miller BJ, Goldsmith DR. Towards an Immunophenotype of Schizophrenia: Progress, Potential Mechanisms, and Future Directions. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:299-317. [PMID: 27654215 PMCID: PMC5143505 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The evidence to date, coupled with advances in immunology and genetics has afforded the field an unparalleled opportunity to investigate the hypothesis that a subset of patients with schizophrenia may manifest an immunophenotype, toward new potential diagnostics and therapeutics to reduce risk, alleviate symptoms, and improve quality of life in both at-risk populations and patients with established schizophrenia. In this paper, we will first summarize the findings on immune dysfunction in schizophrenia, including (1) genetic, prenatal, and premorbid immune risk factors and (2) immune markers across the clinical course of the disorder, including cytokines; C-reactive protein; immune cells; antibodies, autoantibodies and comorbid autoimmune disorders; complement; oxidative stress; imaging of neuroinflammation; infections; and clinical trials of anti-inflammatory agents and immunotherapy. We will then discuss a potential mechanistic framework toward increased understanding of a potential schizophrenia immunophenotype. We will then critically appraise the existing literature, and discuss suggestions for the future research agenda in this area that are needed to rigorously evaluate this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Miller
- Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - David R Goldsmith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Tomasik J, Rahmoune H, Guest PC, Bahn S. Neuroimmune biomarkers in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2016; 176:3-13. [PMID: 25124519 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a heterogeneous psychiatric disorder with a broad spectrum of clinical and biological manifestations. Due to the lack of objective tests, the accurate diagnosis and selection of effective treatments for schizophrenia remains challenging. Numerous technologies have been employed in search of schizophrenia biomarkers. These studies have suggested that neuroinflammatory processes may play a role in schizophrenia pathogenesis, at least in a subgroup of patients. The evidence indicates alterations in both pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules in the central nervous system, which have also been found in peripheral tissues and may correlate with schizophrenia symptoms. In line with these findings, certain immunomodulatory interventions have shown beneficial effects on psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia patients, in particular those with distinct immune signatures. In this review, we evaluate these findings and their potential for more targeted drug interventions and the development of companion diagnostics. Although currently no validated markers exist for schizophrenia patient stratification or the prediction of treatment efficacy, we propose that utilisation of inflammatory markers for diagnostic and theranostic purposes may lead to novel therapeutic approaches and deliver more effective care for schizophrenia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Tomasik
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hassan Rahmoune
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul C Guest
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sabine Bahn
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immune system genes, including cytokines, are associated with schizophrenia risk. Polymorphisms in cytokine genes may also impact on blood levels of cytokines, which are altered in patients with schizophrenia. We performed a meta-analysis of case-control studies of cytokine and chemokine genes in schizophrenia that have not been considered in previous quantitative reviews. METHODS We identified articles by systematic searches of PubMed, PsycInfo, and ISI, and the reference lists of identified studies. For each cytokine or chemokine polymorphism, we performed an allele- and genotype-wise meta-analysis, using a random effects model. RESULTS Twenty-one independent studies met the inclusion criteria, comprising polymorphisms for the IL1B, IL2, IL4, IL6, sIL6R, MCP1, and TGFB1 genes. For IL6, the A allele (OR=0.95, 95% CI 0.91-0.99) and AA genotype (OR=0.65, 95% CI 0.50-0.85) for the rs1800795 polymorphism, and for sIL6R, the A allele (OR=0.96 95%, CI 0.92-1.00) and AA genotype (OR=0.72, 95% CI 0.55-0.94) the rs8192284 polymorphism were associated with significantly decreased schizophrenia risk. In the genotype-wise analysis for IL1B, homozygosity for either allele (AA: OR=1.91, 95% CI 1.60-2.27; and GG: OR=0.40, 95% CI 0.33-0.49) of the rs1143627 polymorphism was also significantly associated with schizophrenia risk. CONCLUSIONS Associations between polymorphisms for the IL1B, IL6, and sIL6R genes and schizophrenia risk complement and extend previous findings regarding immune dysfunction in this disorder, including genome-wide association studies. Future studies of cytokine expression in schizophrenia should consider the effect of these polymorphisms. The finding of potential "protective" alleles may also be relevant for at-risk populations.
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Kapelski P, Skibinska M, Maciukiewicz M, Wilkosc M, Frydecka D, Groszewska A, Narozna B, Dmitrzak-Weglarz M, Czerski P, Pawlak J, Rajewska-Rager A, Leszczynska-Rodziewicz A, Slopien A, Zaremba D, Twarowska-Hauser J. Association study of functional polymorphisms in interleukins and interleukin receptors genes: IL1A, IL1B, IL1RN, IL6, IL6R, IL10, IL10RA and TGFB1 in schizophrenia in Polish population. Schizophr Res 2015; 169:1-9. [PMID: 26481614 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia has been associated with a large range of autoimmune diseases, with a history of any autoimmune disease being associated with a 45% increase in risk for the illness. The inflammatory system may trigger or modulate the course of schizophrenia through complex mechanisms influencing neurodevelopment, neuroplasticity and neurotransmission. In particular, increases or imbalance in cytokine before birth or during the early stages of life may affect neurodevelopment and produce vulnerability to the disease. A total of 27 polymorphisms of IL1N gene: rs1800587, rs17561; IL1B gene: rs1143634, rs1143643, rs16944, rs4848306, rs1143623, rs1143633, rs1143627; IL1RN gene: rs419598, rs315952, rs9005, rs4251961; IL6 gene: rs1800795, rs1800797; IL6R gene: rs4537545, rs4845617, rs2228145, IL10 gene: rs1800896, rs1800871, rs1800872, rs1800890, rs6676671; IL10RA gene: rs2229113, rs3135932; TGF1B gene: rs1800469, rs1800470; each selected on the basis of molecular evidence for functionality, were investigated in this study. Analysis was performed on a group of 621 patients with diagnosis of schizophrenia and 531 healthy controls in Polish population. An association of rs4848306 in IL1B gene, rs4251961 in IL1RN gene, rs2228145 and rs4537545 in IL6R with schizophrenia have been observed. rs6676671 in IL10 was associated with early age of onset. Strong linkage disequilibrium was observed between analyzed polymorphisms in each gene, except of IL10RA. We observed that haplotypes composed of rs4537545 and rs2228145 in IL6R gene were associated with schizophrenia. Analyses with family history of schizophrenia, other psychiatric disorders and alcohol abuse/dependence did not show any positive findings. Further studies on larger groups along with correlation with circulating protein levels are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Kapelski
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Maria Skibinska
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572 Poznan, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Maciukiewicz
- Pharmacogenetics Research Clinic, Campbell Family Mental Health Research, Institute Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T1R8, Canada
| | - Monika Wilkosc
- Institute of Psychology, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Dorota Frydecka
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agata Groszewska
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poland
| | - Beata Narozna
- Department of Pulmonology, Pediatric Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Monika Dmitrzak-Weglarz
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572 Poznan, Poland
| | - Piotr Czerski
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572 Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Pawlak
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572 Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Anna Leszczynska-Rodziewicz
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572 Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Slopien
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Dorota Zaremba
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572 Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Twarowska-Hauser
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572 Poznan, Poland
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16
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Zhang XY, Chen DC, Tan YL, Tan SP, Luo X, Zuo L, Rao W, Yu Q, Kou C, Allen M, Correll CU, Wu J, Soares JC. A functional polymorphism in the interleukin-1beta and severity of nicotine dependence in male schizophrenia: a case-control study. J Psychiatr Res 2015; 64:51-8. [PMID: 25858413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the functional 511C/T polymorphism in the IL-1beta-gene may be implicated in the susceptibility for schizophrenia. Moreover, recent studies suggested that IL-1 participates in the progression of lung disease in smokers, which are overrepresented in schizophrenia. We aimed to investigate the possible relationship between the IL-1beta-511C/T polymorphism and smoking behavior in schizophrenia versus healthy controls in a Chinese population. The IL-1beta-511C/T polymorphism was genotyped in 638 male patients with chronic schizophrenia (smoker/never-smoker = 486/152) and 469 male controls (smoker/never-smoker = 243/226). The cigarettes smoked per day, the Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI) and the Fagerstrom Test for nicotine dependence (FTND) were assessed. Patients were also rated on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). The results showed no significant differences in genotype and allele distribution between patients and controls, and between smokers and never-smokers in either the patient or control group. However, in patients, smokers with the C/C genotype had significantly higher HSI (p < 0.005) and FTND (p < 0.05) scores than smokers with the T/T genotype, without significant differences in controls. Furthermore, there was a linear positive correlation between the number of C alleles and the HSI (p < 0.005) in patients. Our findings suggest that the IL-1beta-511C/T polymorphism may not be related to schizophrenia or smoking status in Chinese individuals, but may affect the severity of nicotine dependence among male smokers with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yang Zhang
- Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Harris County Psychiatric Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Da-Chun Chen
- Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-Long Tan
- Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-ping Tan
- Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xingguang Luo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lingjun Zuo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Wenwang Rao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qiong Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Changgui Kou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Melissa Allen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Harris County Psychiatric Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christoph U Correll
- Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
| | - Jingqin Wu
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Jair C Soares
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Harris County Psychiatric Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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