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Jonker MTO, Diepens NJ. Improving Sediment Toxicity Testing for Very Hydrophobic Chemicals: Part 1-Spiking, Equilibrating, and Exposure Quantification. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2024; 43:1717-1727. [PMID: 38345366 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Sediment toxicity tests have applications in ecological risk and chemical safety assessments. Despite the many years of experience in testing and the availability of standard protocols, sediment toxicity testing remains challenging with very hydrophobic organic chemicals (VHOCs; i.e., chemicals with a log octanol/water partition coefficient of more than 6). The challenges primarily relate to the chemicals' low aqueous solubilities and slow kinetics, due to which several experimental artifacts may occur. To investigate the potential artifacts, experiments were performed, focusing on spiking and equilibrating (aging) sediments, as well as exposure quantification with passive sampling. The results demonstrated that generally applied, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development-recommended spiking (coating) methods may lead to significant chemical losses and the formation of nondissolved, nonbioavailable VHOCs. Direct spiking appeared to be the most optimal, provided that intensive mixing was applied simultaneously. Passive dosing was tested as a novel way of spiking liquid VHOCs, but the approach proved unsuccessful. Intensive postspiking mixing during sediment equilibration for 1 to 2 weeks was shown to be essential for producing a homogeneous system, minimizing the presence of nondissolved chemical (crystals or nonaqueous phase liquids; NAPLs), and creating a stable toxicological response in subsequent toxicity tests. Finally, exposure quantification of VHOCs in sediments through passive sampling was found to be feasible with different polymers, although prolonged equilibration times may be required, and determining sampler/water partition coefficients can be extremely challenging. The results of additional experiments, focusing on toxicity test exposure duration, concentrations above which NAPLs will occur, and ways to distinguish actual toxicity from false-positive results, are presented in Part 2 of this publication series. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:1717-1727. © 2024 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel T O Jonker
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Noël J Diepens
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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2
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Baldwin AK, Corsi SR, Alvarez DA, Villeneuve DL, Ankley GT, Blackwell BR, Mills MA, Lenaker PL, Nott MA. Potential Hazards of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Great Lakes Tributaries Using Water Column and Porewater Passive Samplers and Sediment Equilibrium Partitioning. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2024; 43:1509-1523. [PMID: 38860662 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The potential for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-related effects in benthic organisms is commonly estimated from organic carbon-normalized sediment concentrations based on equilibrium partitioning (EqP). Although this approach is useful for screening purposes, it may overestimate PAH bioavailability by orders of magnitude in some sediments, leading to inflated exposure estimates and potentially unnecessary remediation costs. Recently, passive samplers have been shown to provide an accurate assessment of the freely dissolved concentrations of PAHs, and thus their bioavailability and possible biological effects, in sediment porewater and overlying surface water. We used polyethylene passive sampling devices (PEDs) to measure freely dissolved porewater and water column PAH concentrations at 55 Great Lakes (USA/Canada) tributary locations. The potential for PAH-related biological effects using PED concentrations were estimated with multiple approaches by applying EqP, water quality guidelines, and pathway-based biological activity based on in vitro bioassay results from ToxCast. Results based on the PED-based exposure estimates were compared with EqP-derived exposure estimates for concurrently collected sediment samples. The results indicate a potential overestimation of bioavailable PAH concentrations by up to 960-fold using the EqP-based method compared with measurements using PEDs. Even so, PED-based exposure estimates indicate a high potential for PAH-related biological effects at 14 locations. Our findings provide an updated, weight-of-evidence-based site prioritization to help guide possible future monitoring and mitigation efforts. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:1509-1523. © 2024 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin K Baldwin
- Idaho Water Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Boise, Idaho
| | - Steven R Corsi
- Upper Midwest Water Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - David A Alvarez
- Columbia Environmental Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Daniel L Villeneuve
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota
| | - Gerald T Ankley
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota
| | - Brett R Blackwell
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota
| | - Marc A Mills
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Peter L Lenaker
- Upper Midwest Water Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Michelle A Nott
- Upper Midwest Water Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Madison, Wisconsin
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3
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Ghetu CC, Moran IL, Scott RP, Tidwell LG, Hoffman PD, Anderson KA. Concurrent assessment of diffusive and advective PAH movement strongly affected by temporal and spatial changes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168765. [PMID: 37992832 PMCID: PMC10872464 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Chemical movement influences exposure, remediation and interventions. Understanding chemical movement in addition to chemical concentrations at contaminated sites is critical to informed decision making. Using seepage meters and passive sampling devices we assessed both diffusive and advective flux of bioavailable polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at three time points, across two seasons, at a former creosote site in St. Helens, Oregon, United States. To our knowledge, this is the first time both diffusive and advective fluxes have been measured simultaneously at a contaminated site. Concentrations of 39 parent PAHs were determined by gas chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Across both seasons and all sites, diffusive flux of PAHs was up to three orders of magnitude larger than advective flux. Release of PAHs from sediments and water were identified, likely from legacy contamination, as well as deposition from the air into the site from contemporary and other sources. The majority of PAH movement was comprised of three and four ring PAHs. Chemical movement on the site was found to be spatially and temporally variable. Volatilization decreased and atmospheric deposition increased from summer to fall. At the locations with higher levels of contamination, sum PAH release from sediments decreased by more than two orders of magnitude from summer to late fall. These data reflect the spatial heterogeneity and temporal variability of this site and demonstrate the importance of seasonality in assessing chemical movement at contaminated sites. Results from this study can inform future legacy site assessments to optimize remediation strategies and assess remediation effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine C Ghetu
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Ian L Moran
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Richard P Scott
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Lane G Tidwell
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Peter D Hoffman
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Kim A Anderson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Fuchsman P, Fetters K, O'Connor A. Target Lipid Model and Empirical Organic Carbon Partition Coefficients Predict Sediment Toxicity of Polychlorinated Biphenyls to Benthic Invertebrates. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023; 42:1134-1151. [PMID: 36808761 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying causal exposure-response relationships for polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) toxicity to benthic invertebrates can be an important component of contaminated sediment assessments, informing cleanup decisions and natural resource injury determinations. Building on prior analyses, we demonstrate that the target lipid model accurately predicts aquatic toxicity of PCBs to invertebrates, providing a means to account for effects of PCB mixture composition on the toxicity of bioavailable PCBs. We also incorporate updated data on PCB partitioning between particles and interstitial water in field-collected sediments, to better account for effects of PCB mixture composition on PCB bioavailability. To validate the resulting model, we compare its predictions with sediment toxicity data from spiked sediment toxicity tests and a variety of recent case studies from sites where PCBs are the primary sediment contaminant. The updated model should provide a useful tool for both screening-level and in-depth risk analyses for PCBs in sediment, and it should aid in diagnosing potential contributing factors at sites where sediment toxicity and benthic community impairment are observed. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:1134-1151. © 2023 SETAC.
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Lotufo GR, Michalsen MM, Reible DD, Gschwend PM, Ghosh U, Kennedy AJ, Kerns KM, Rakowska MI, Odetayo A, MacFarlane JK, Yan S, Bokare M. Interlaboratory Study of Polyethylene and Polydimethylsiloxane Polymeric Samplers for Ex Situ Measurement of Freely Dissolved Hydrophobic Organic Compounds in Sediment Porewater. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:1885-1902. [PMID: 35512673 PMCID: PMC9545451 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the precision and accuracy of multilaboratory measurements for determining freely dissolved concentrations (Cfree ) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediment porewater using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) polymeric samplers. Four laboratories exposed performance reference compound (PRC) preloaded polymers to actively mixed and static ex situ sediment for approximately 1 month; two laboratories had longer exposures (2 and 3 months). For Cfree results, intralaboratory precision was high for single compounds (coefficient of variation 50% or less), and for most PAHs and PCBs interlaboratory variability was low (magnitude of difference was a factor of 2 or less) across polymers and exposure methods. Variability was higher for the most hydrophobic PAHs and PCBs, which were present at low concentrations and required larger PRC-based corrections, and also for naphthalene, likely due to differential volatilization losses between laboratories. Overall, intra- and interlaboratory variability between methods (PDMS vs. LDPE, actively mixed vs. static exposures) was low. The results that showed Cfree polymer equilibrium was achieved in approximately 1 month during active exposures, suggesting that the use of PRCs may be avoided for ex situ analysis using comparable active exposure; however, such ex situ testing may not reflect field conditions. Polymer-derived Cfree concentrations for most PCBs and PAHs were on average within a factor of 2 compared with concentrations in isolated porewater, which were directly measured by one laboratory; difference factors of up to 6 were observed for naphthalene and the most hydrophobic PAHs and PCBs. The Cfree results were similar for academic and private sector laboratories. The accuracy and precision that we demonstrate for determination of Cfree using polymer sampling are anticipated to increase regulatory acceptance and confidence in use of the method. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1885-1902. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme R. Lotufo
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development CenterVicksburgMississippiUSA
| | - Mandy M. Michalsen
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development CenterVicksburgMississippiUSA
| | - Danny D. Reible
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction EngineeringTexas Tech UniversityLubbockTexasUSA
| | - Philip M. Gschwend
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Upal Ghosh
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Maryland Baltimore CountyBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Alan J. Kennedy
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development CenterVicksburgMississippiUSA
| | | | - Magdalena I. Rakowska
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction EngineeringTexas Tech UniversityLubbockTexasUSA
| | - Adesewa Odetayo
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction EngineeringTexas Tech UniversityLubbockTexasUSA
| | - John K. MacFarlane
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Songjing Yan
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Maryland Baltimore CountyBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Mandar Bokare
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Maryland Baltimore CountyBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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6
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Yan S, Bokare M, Ghosh U. Equilibrium Porewater Measurement of PCBs and PAHs Using Direct Water Extraction and Comparison with Passive Sampling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:10020-10029. [PMID: 35759616 PMCID: PMC9302434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The freely dissolved concentration of hydrophobic pollutants in sediment porewater (Cpw) is a critical driver for exposure to aquatic organisms, bioaccumulation, toxicity, and flux across interfaces. In this research, we compared direct porewater extraction and passive sampling for Cpw measurements of a range of PCBs and PAHs in field-collected sediments. The direct water extraction method provided accurate quantification of Cpw for low to moderately hydrophobic PCB and PAH compounds (log Kow < 6.5) that compared well with independent measurements performed using four passive sampling methods. Direct water extraction was adequate to assess narcosis toxicity of PAHs to benthic organisms that is driven by the concentrations of low to moderately hydrophobic PAHs (naphthalene to chrysene), even for a hypothetical sediment that had a tenth of the PAH concentrations of the study sediments and was assessed to be nontoxic. Prediction of PCB bioaccumulation in benthic organisms agreed within 50% for all measurement methods, but it was apparent that for less contaminated sediments, the direct water extraction method would likely have detection limit challenges, especially for the strongly hydrophobic PCBs. To address the uncertainty of the Cpw measurement of the strongly hydrophobic compounds and naphthalene, a new extrapolation approach is demonstrated that can be applicable for both direct water extraction and passive sampling methods.
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7
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Gao Z, Yu H, Li M, Li X, Lei J, He D, Wu G, Fu Y, Chen Q, Shi H. A battery of baseline toxicity bioassays directed evaluation of plastic leachates-Towards the establishment of bioanalytical monitoring tools for plastics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 828:154387. [PMID: 35276177 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
There are increasing concerns regarding the ecological risks of plastics to the natural environment, especially the potential effects of plastic leachates on organisms, which contain various toxic components. However, appropriate methods to assess the overall environmental risks of plastics are limited. In this study, five different plastic products (three conventional and two biodegradable plastics) were immersed in simulated freshwater, and their toxicity was assessed using a battery of bioassays. We evaluated the effects of plastic leachates effects on organisms from four trophic levels of species (nematodes, Caenorhabditis elegans; algae, Scenedesmus obliquus; daphnids, Daphnia magna; and fish, Danio rerio) by measuring their acute and chronic toxicity. Our results indicated that all plastic leachates exhibited poor acute and chronic toxicity to the organisms. The acute toxicity of conventional plastic leachates with EC20 values <1.6 g plastic/L was higher than that of the biodegradable polydioxanone (PPDO) leachate (EC20: 16.2-796.1 g plastic/L); however, the toxicity of PPDO-octane (EC20: 0.04-1.9 g plastic/L) was similar to that of polyethylene or polystyrene (excluding toxicity in D. magna). Similarly, the leachates of the three conventional plastics and PPDO-octane had obvious inhibitory effects on the growth of C. elegans at exposure concentrations higher than 0.01 g plastic/L; however, the toxicity of the PPDO leachates was at least an order of magnitude lower. Therefore, the environmental related concentration of the plastic leachates did not have significant toxic effects. Considering that a single bioassay does not provide comprehensive information on biological implications, this study provided a new integrated and efficient method for the environmental risk assessment (ERA) of plastic leachates. Moreover, the toxicity sensitivity of different organisms varied following exposure to different plastics, thus demonstrating that multiple organisms from different trophic levels should be included in the ERA for plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Hairui Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Mingyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jin Lei
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Defu He
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Gang Wu
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Ye Fu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Qiqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Huahong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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8
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Belháčová-Minaříková M, Allan I, Vrana B. Comparing total and accessible concentrations of hydrophobic organic contaminants in sediments and suspended particulate matter in the Danube River. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:40954-40963. [PMID: 35083678 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18159-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of aquatic ecosystems by hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) is often assessed based on their concentrations in riverbed sediment and suspended particulate matter (SPM). However, total HOC concentration (CTOT) in sediment or SPM is of limited value for evaluating the exposure of benthic or pelagic organisms. The accessible HOC concentration (CAS) presents a useful parameter quantifying the overall pool of HOC in sediment or SPM available for fast partitioning to the water phase or biota. We applied a novel approach of ex situ sequential equilibrium partitioning with silicone elastomer sampler at a high sampler/SPM phase ratio to measure CAS of HOC in SPM from the Danube River. We compared CTOT and CAS in SPM and surface layer sediment collected at the same sites to evaluate whether HOC monitoring in the two matrices provides equivalent information on environmental quality. At most sites, there was a good agreement and correlation of organic carbon (OC)-normalised CTOT in SPM and sediment for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and the majority of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). In contrast, CTOT of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in SPM were up to a factor 10 lower in SPM than in sediment. Site-specific differences of OC-normalised CAS concentrations in SPM and sediments were observed for PCBs and OCPs, with accessibility mostly lower in SPM than in sediment. The highest accessibility in SPM was observed for PCBs, ranging between 15 and 30%. The accessibility of OCPs varied from 0 to 23%. SPM and riverbed sediment samples provide complementary but not mutually interchangeable information on HOC contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian Allan
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Økernveien 94, NO-0579, Oslo, Norway
| | - Branislav Vrana
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic.
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9
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Lotufo GR, Gidley PT, McQueen AD, Moore DW, Edwards DA, Hardenstine J, Uhler AD. Passive-Sampler-Based Bioavailability Assessment of PCB Congeners Associated with Aroclor-Containing Paint Chips in the Presence of Sediment. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 82:105-118. [PMID: 34919163 PMCID: PMC8732844 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-021-00907-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This is the first investigation of the bioavailability of PCBs associated with paint chips (PC) dispersed in sediment. Bioavailability of PCB-containing PC in sediment was measured using ex situ polyethylene passive samplers (PS) and compared to that of PCBs from field-collected sediments. PC were mixed in freshwater sediment from a relatively uncontaminated site with no known PCB contamination sources and from a contaminated site with non-paint PCB sources. PC < 0.045 mm generated concentrations in the PS over one order of magnitude higher than coarser chips. The bioavailable fraction was represented by the polymer-sediment accumulation factor (PSAF), defined as the ratio of the PCB concentrations in the PS and organic carbon normalized sediment. The PSAF was similar for both field sediments. The PSAFs for the field sediments were ~ 50-60 and ~ 5 times higher than for the relatively uncontaminated sediment amended with PC for the size fractions 0.25-0.3 mm and < 0.045 mm, respectively. These results indicate much lower bioavailability for PCBs associated with PC compared to PCBs associated with field-collected sediment. Such information is essential for risk assessment and remediation decision-making for sites where contamination from non-paint PCBs sources is co-located with PCB PC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philip T Gidley
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, USA
| | - Andrew D McQueen
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, USA
| | - David W Moore
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, USA
| | - Deborah A Edwards
- ExxonMobil Environmental and Property Solutions Company, Spring, TX, 77389, USA
| | | | - Allen D Uhler
- NewFields-Environmental Forensics Practice, Rockland, MA, USA
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10
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Brennan AA, Mount DR, Johnson NW. Stochastic Framework for Addressing Chemical Partitioning and Bioavailability in Contaminated Sediment Assessment and Management. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:10.1021/acs.est.1c01537. [PMID: 34310120 PMCID: PMC11137493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Passive sampling to quantify net partitioning of hydrophobic organic contaminants between the porewater and solid phase has advanced risk management for contaminated sediments. Direct porewater (Cfree) measures represent the best way to predict adverse effects to biota. However, when the need arises to convert between solid-phase concentration (Ctotal) and Cfree, a wide variation in observed sediment-porewater partition coefficients (KTOC) is observed due to intractable complexities in binding phases. We propose a stochastic framework in which a given Ctotal is mapped to an estimated range of Cfree through variability in passive sampling-derived KTOC relationships. This mapping can be used to pair estimated Cfree with biological effects data or inversely to translate a measured or assumed Cfree to an estimated Ctotal. We apply the framework to both an effects threshold for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) toxicity and an aggregate adverse impact on an assemblage of species. The stochastic framework is based on a "bioavailability ratio" (BR), which reflects the extent to which potency-weighted, aggregate PAH partitioning to the solid-phase is greater than that predicted by default, KOW-based KTOC values. Along a continuum of Ctotal, we use the BR to derive an estimate for the probability that Cfree will exceed a threshold. By explicitly describing the variability of KTOC and BR, estimates of risk posed by sediment-associated contaminants can be more transparent and nuanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A Brennan
- Water Resources Science, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - David R Mount
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota 55804, United States
| | - Nathan W Johnson
- Water Resources Science, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota, Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
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11
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Allan IJ, Raffard V, Kringstad A, Næs K. Assessment of marine sediment remediation efficiency with SPME-based passive sampling measurement. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 756:143854. [PMID: 33279202 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Passive sampling has been shown to be a suitable procedure to assess the risk of contaminated sediments through the measurement of freely dissolved concentrations (CFree) and remedial actions involving amendments such as activated carbon (AC). Here we report results of the application of simple, solvent-free solid phase micro extraction methodology (SPME) to assess the performance of different materials for the remediation of selected Norwegian harbour sediments contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). AC amendments enabled a reduction of the availability of PAHs and/or PCBs by a factor of ten to over one hundred in Aker Brygge sediments (Oslo) and sediments from Elkembukta, impacted by industrial emissions of PAHs with/from coal tar pitch. Another material, anthracite, slightly less effective in this set of experiment than AC, showed nonetheless great promise as capping material. The SPME data are put in perspective with equilibrium measurements of CFree for PAHs and organochlorines with silicone rubber in other Elkembukta sediments collected in the vicinity of those used for the remediation experiments. A reduction of sediment Cfree for pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene and benzo[ghi]perylene in inner Elkembukta sediment from on average 407, 6.3 and 0.82 ng L-1 to values of/or below 1.3, 0.15 and 0.076 ng L-1, respectively can be expected upon remediation with AC. For the outer, less contaminated Elkembukta sediment, Cfree would reduce from 36, 0.81 and 0.13 ng L-1 to value of or below 0.06, 0.03 and 0.005 ng L-1 for these three compounds, respectively. Differences in pattern of PAH and organochlorine contamination of inner and outer Elkembukta sediments are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Allan
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Violette Raffard
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Alfhild Kringstad
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristoffer Næs
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
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12
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Jonker MTO. Effects of sediment manipulation on freely dissolved concentrations of hydrophobic organic chemicals. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 265:128694. [PMID: 33129559 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The freely dissolved concentration (Cfree) of hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs) in pore water is an important parameter in the risk assessment and management of contaminated sediments and soils. It can be determined most conveniently through ex situ passive sampling, i.e., in the laboratory. For this purpose, samples are taken from the field and transported to the laboratory, where they are stored and possibly manipulated by sieving, freezing, drying and/or grinding. Although the objective of ex situ passive sampling often is to determine a Cfree that reflects the metric under in situ conditions, hardly any information is available on possible effects of sample manipulation. Hence, the present study investigated the impact of freezing, freeze-drying, and grinding on Cfree of HOCs in field sediments, as determined with solid phase microextraction (SPME). Freezing increased the Cfree of 3- and 4-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with up to a factor of 4, whereas for 5- and 6-ring PAHs hardly any effects were observed. Generally, additional freeze-drying did not further increase Cfree, but subsequently grinding the samples (further) increased Cfree of all PAHs with up to a factor of 4, leading to an overall maximum observed increase in Cfree of a factor of 16. Probably, these effects are caused by a structural change in the sorption matrix, enhancing PAH availability. The results indicate that freezing, freeze-drying, and grinding prior to ex situ Cfree determinations should be avoided, as these treatments may considerably increase the Cfree of HOCs, leading to an overestimation of risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel T O Jonker
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University; P.O. Box 80177, 3508, TD Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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13
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Belháčová-Minaříková M, Smedes F, Rusina TP, Vrana B. Application of equilibrium passive sampling to profile pore water and accessible concentrations of hydrophobic organic contaminants in Danube sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115470. [PMID: 33254663 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Total concentrations of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) in sediment present a poor quality assessment parameter for aquatic organism exposure and environmental risk because they do not reflect contaminant bioavailability. The bioavailability issue of HOCs in sediments can be addressed by application of multi-ratio equilibrium passive sampling (EPS). In this study, riverbed sediment samples were collected during the Joint Danube Survey at 9 locations along the Danube River in 2013. Samples were ex-situ equilibrated with silicone passive samplers. Desorption isotherms were constructed, yielding two endpoints: pore water (CW:0) and accessible (CAS:0) concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sediment. CW:0 concentrations of DDT and its breakdown products exhibited elevated levels in the low Danube, with the maximum in the river delta. Other investigated HOCs did not show any clear spatial trends along the river, and only a moderate CW:0 variability. CAS:0 in sediment ranged from 10 to 90% of the total concentration in sediment. CW:0 was compared with freely dissolved concentration in the overlaying surface water, measured likewise by passive sampling. The comparison indicated potential compound release from sediment to the water phase for PAHs with less than four aromatic rings, and for remaining HOCs either equilibrium between sediment and water, or potential compound deposition in sediment. Sorption partition coefficients of HOC to organic carbon correlated well with octanol-water partition coefficients (KOW), showing stronger sorption of PAHs to sediment than that of PCBs and OCPs having equal logKOW. Comparison of CW:0 values with European environmental quality standards indicated potential exceedance for hexachlorobenzene, fluoranthene and benzo[a]pyrene at several sites. The study demonstrates the utility of passive sampling as an innovative approach for risk-oriented monitoring of HOCs in river catchments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Foppe Smedes
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Centre RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tatsiana P Rusina
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Centre RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Branislav Vrana
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Centre RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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14
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Schmidt SN, Burgess RM. Evaluating Polymeric Sampling as a Tool for Predicting the Bioaccumulation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls by Fish and Shellfish. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:9729-9741. [PMID: 32585088 PMCID: PMC7478847 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent research has shown that polymeric sampling data generally can predict the bioaccumulation of hydrophobic organic contaminants by benthic and sessile invertebrates. Based on literature data, this review evaluated polymeric sampling as a tool for predicting the bioaccumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by pelagic and mobile fish and shellfish. Lipid-normalized concentrations (CL) were linked to corresponding equilibrium polymer concentrations (CP) to evaluate the (1) correlation between CL and CP, (2) accuracy when using CP as surrogates for CL, (3) effects of experimental variables on these results, and (4) implications associated with this approach. Generally, strong positive log-log linear correlations existed between CL and CP, meaning that increasing bioaccumulation was well-reflected by increasing polymer accumulation. Further, the majority of the regression lines, as well as individual CL to CP ratios, were within a factor of 10 from the hypothetical 1:1 relationship, suggesting that polymers accumulated concentrations comparable to body residues in fish and shellfish. Interestingly, overall stronger correlations and lower CL to CP ratios resulted when CP were based on sediment compared to water column-deployed samplers. These findings provide a tool for environmental managers when assessing and managing risk associated with PCB-contaminated sediments and waters in protecting vulnerable fish and shellfish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine N. Schmidt
- National Research Council, US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Atlantic Coastal Environmental Sciences Division, Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Robert M. Burgess
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Atlantic Coastal Environmental Sciences Division, Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA
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15
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Jonker MTO, Burgess RM, Ghosh U, Gschwend PM, Hale SE, Lohmann R, Lydy MJ, Maruya KA, Reible D, Smedes F. Ex situ determination of freely dissolved concentrations of hydrophobic organic chemicals in sediments and soils: basis for interpreting toxicity and assessing bioavailability, risks and remediation necessity. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:1800-1828. [PMID: 32313252 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-0311-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The freely dissolved concentration (Cfree) of hydrophobic organic chemicals in sediments and soils is considered the driver behind chemical bioavailability and, ultimately, toxic effects in benthic organisms. Therefore, quantifying Cfree, although challenging, is critical when assessing risks of contamination in field and spiked sediments and soils (e.g., when judging remediation necessity or interpreting results of toxicity assays performed for chemical safety assessments). Here, we provide a state-of-the-art passive sampling protocol for determining Cfree in sediment and soil samples. It represents an international consensus procedure, developed during a recent interlaboratory comparison study. The protocol describes the selection and preconditioning of the passive sampling polymer, critical incubation system component dimensions, equilibration and equilibrium condition confirmation, quantitative sampler extraction, quality assurance/control issues and final calculations of Cfree. The full procedure requires several weeks (depending on the sampler used) because of prolonged equilibration times. However, hands-on time, excluding chemical analysis, is approximately 3 d for a set of about 15 replicated samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel T O Jonker
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Robert M Burgess
- Atlantic Coastal Environmental Science Division, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Upal Ghosh
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Philip M Gschwend
- RM Parsons Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sarah E Hale
- Geotechnics and Environment, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Michael J Lydy
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Keith A Maruya
- Chemistry Department, Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, CA, USA
| | - Danny Reible
- Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Foppe Smedes
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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16
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Lu Z, Gan J, Cui X, Delgado-Moreno L, Lin K. Understanding the bioavailability of pyrethroids in the aquatic environment using chemical approaches. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 129:194-207. [PMID: 31129496 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroids are a class of commonly used insecticides and are ubiquitous in the aquatic environment in various regions. Aquatic toxicity of pyrethroids was often overestimated when using conventional bulk chemical concentrations because of their strong hydrophobicity. Over the last two decades, bioavailability has been recognized and applied to refine the assessment of ecotoxicological effects of pyrethroids. This review focuses on recent advances in the bioavailability of pyrethroids, specifically in the aquatic environment. We summarize the development of passive sampling and Tenax extraction methods for assessing the bioavailability of pyrethroids. Factors affecting the bioavailability of pyrethroids, including physicochemical properties of pyrethroids, and quality and quantity of organic matter, were overviewed. Various applications of bioavailability on the assessment of bioaccumulation and acute toxicity of pyrethroids were also discussed. The final section of this review highlights future directions of research, including development of standardized protocols for measurement of bioavailability, establishment of bioavailability-based toxicity benchmarks and water/sediment quality criteria, and incorporation of bioavailability into future risk assessment and management actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijiang Lu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States.
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Xinyi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Laura Delgado-Moreno
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Kunde Lin
- The Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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17
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Utom AU, Werban U, Leven C, Müller C, Dietrich P. Adaptive observation-based subsurface conceptual site modeling framework combining interdisciplinary methodologies: a case study on advancing the understanding of a groundwater nitrate plume occurrence. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:15754-15766. [PMID: 31001772 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05048-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Traditional site characterization and laboratory testing methods are insufficient to quantify and conceptualize subsurface contaminant source-pathway-receptor heterogeneity issues, as they hamper groundwater risk assessment and water resource management using mathematical modeling. To address these issues, we propose an adaptive observation-based conceptual site modeling framework, which emphasizes the need for the iterative testing of hypotheses centered on specific questions with clearly defined objectives using interdisciplinary tools (including, but not limited to, geology, microbiology, hydrogeology, geophysics, and the chemistry of solute fate and transport). Under this framework, we present a case study aimed at a goal-oriented investigation of the source and occurrence of a groundwater nitrate plume previously identified using chemical concentration data from sparsely distributed, conventional, and regional groundwater monitoring wells. These investigations occurred in stages, with the first comprehensive outcome of cost-efficient, non-invasive surface geophysical surveys localizing subsurface heterogeneities laying the groundwork for collaborative, minimally invasive, direct push-based investigations followed by groundwater chemical and stable isotope analyses for source fingerprinting and bioprocess evaluation. Despite the obvious need for further refinement of the conceptual site model as new data become available, we illustrate that the step-by-step integrative framework was useful for systematic maximization of the strengths of different investigation methodologies. Such frameworks and approaches should be encouraged for successful environmental site characterization, monitoring, and modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahamefula U Utom
- Department of Monitoring and Exploration Technologies (MET), Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Ulrike Werban
- Department of Monitoring and Exploration Technologies (MET), Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carsten Leven
- Center for Applied Geoscience (ZAG), University of Tübingen, Hölderlinstr. 12, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christin Müller
- Department of Catchment Hydrology, Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research - UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4, 06120, Halle (Salle), Germany
| | - Peter Dietrich
- Department of Monitoring and Exploration Technologies (MET), Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
- Center for Applied Geoscience (ZAG), University of Tübingen, Hölderlinstr. 12, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
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18
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Vrana B, Rusina T, Okonski K, Prokeš R, Carlsson P, Kopp R, Smedes F. Chasing equilibrium passive sampling of hydrophobic organic compounds in water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 664:424-435. [PMID: 30754010 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigated a combination of approaches to extend the attainment of partition equilibria between silicone passive samplers (samplers) and surface or treated waste water towards more hydrophobic organic compounds (HOC). The aim was to identify the HOC hydrophobicity range for which silicone sampler equilibration in water is feasible within a reasonable sampler deployment period. Equilibrium partitioning of HOC between sampler and water is desirable for a simpler application as a "chemometer", aiming to compare chemical activity gradients across environmental media (e.g. water, sediment, biota). The tested approaches included a) long sampler exposure periods and high water flow to maximize mass transfer from water to sampler; b) the use of samplers with reduced sheet thicknesses; and c) pre-equilibration of samplers with local bottom sediment, followed by their exposure in surface water at the same sampling site. These approaches were tested at three sites including a fish pond with a low level of pollution, a river impacted by an urban agglomeration and an effluent of municipal wastewater treatment plant. Tested compounds included polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), DDT, its metabolites and their isomers, hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE). The study shows that samplers with a surface area of 400-800 cm2 consisting of thin (100-500 μm) silicone sheets exposed at sampling rates of 10-40 L d-1 for a time period of up to four months reach partition equilibrium with water for compounds with log Kow ≤ 5.5. Nevertheless, for compounds beyond this limit it is challenging, within a reasonable time period, to reach equilibrium between sampler and water in an open system where water boundary layer resistance controls the mass transfer. For more hydrophobic HOC (log Kow > 6), the kinetic method using performance reference compounds is recommended instead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branislav Vrana
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Tatsiana Rusina
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Krzysztof Okonski
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Prokeš
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pernilla Carlsson
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Tromsø office, Fram-Centre, P.O. Box 6606, Langnes, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Radovan Kopp
- Mendel University in Brno, Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Faculty of AgriSciences, Zemědělská 1, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Foppe Smedes
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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19
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Dixon HM, Armstrong G, Barton M, Bergmann AJ, Bondy M, Halbleib ML, Hamilton W, Haynes E, Herbstman J, Hoffman P, Jepson P, Kile ML, Kincl L, Laurienti PJ, North P, Paulik LB, Petrosino J, Points GL, Poutasse CM, Rohlman D, Scott RP, Smith B, Tidwell LG, Walker C, Waters KM, Anderson KA. Discovery of common chemical exposures across three continents using silicone wristbands. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:181836. [PMID: 30891293 PMCID: PMC6408398 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
To assess differences and trends in personal chemical exposure, volunteers from 14 communities in Africa (Senegal, South Africa), North America (United States (U.S.)) and South America (Peru) wore 262 silicone wristbands. We analysed wristband extracts for 1530 unique chemicals, resulting in 400 860 chemical data points. The number of chemical detections ranged from 4 to 43 per wristband, with 191 different chemicals detected, and 1339 chemicals were not detected in any wristband. No two wristbands had identical chemical detections. We detected 13 potential endocrine disrupting chemicals in over 50% of all wristbands and found 36 chemicals in common between chemicals detected in three geographical wristband groups (Africa, North America and South America). U.S. children (less than or equal to 11 years) had the highest percentage of flame retardant detections compared with all other participants. Wristbands worn in Texas post-Hurricane Harvey had the highest mean number of chemical detections (28) compared with other study locations (10-25). Consumer product-related chemicals and phthalates were a high percentage of chemical detections across all study locations (36-53% and 18-42%, respectively). Chemical exposures varied among individuals; however, many individuals were exposed to similar chemical mixtures. Our exploratory investigation uncovered personal chemical exposure trends that can help prioritize certain mixtures and chemical classes for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly M. Dixon
- Food Safety and Environmental Stewardship Program, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Georgina Armstrong
- Department of Medicine, Section of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael Barton
- Food Safety and Environmental Stewardship Program, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Alan J. Bergmann
- Food Safety and Environmental Stewardship Program, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Melissa Bondy
- Department of Medicine, Section of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mary L. Halbleib
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Winifred Hamilton
- Department of Medicine, Environmental Health Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Erin Haynes
- College of Medicine, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Julie Herbstman
- Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter Hoffman
- Food Safety and Environmental Stewardship Program, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Paul Jepson
- Integrated Plant Protection Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Molly L. Kile
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Laurel Kincl
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Paul J. Laurienti
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Paula North
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - L. Blair Paulik
- Food Safety and Environmental Stewardship Program, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Joe Petrosino
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gary L. Points
- Food Safety and Environmental Stewardship Program, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Carolyn M. Poutasse
- Food Safety and Environmental Stewardship Program, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Diana Rohlman
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Richard P. Scott
- Food Safety and Environmental Stewardship Program, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Brian Smith
- Food Safety and Environmental Stewardship Program, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Lane G. Tidwell
- Food Safety and Environmental Stewardship Program, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Cheryl Walker
- Department of Medicine, Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Katrina M. Waters
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Kim A. Anderson
- Food Safety and Environmental Stewardship Program, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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20
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Joyce AS, Burgess RM. Using performance reference compounds to compare mass transfer calibration methodologies in passive samplers deployed in the water column. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:2089-2097. [PMID: 29744915 PMCID: PMC6122610 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Performance reference compounds (PRCs) are often added to passive samplers prior to field deployments to provide information about mass transfer kinetics between the sampled environment and the passive sampler. Their popularity has resulted in different methods of varying complexity to estimate mass transfer and better estimate freely dissolved concentrations (Cfree ) of targeted compounds. Three methods for describing a mass transfer model are commonly used: a first-order kinetic method, a nonlinear least squares fitting of sampling rate, and a diffusion method. Low-density polyethylene strips loaded with PRCs and of 4 different thicknesses were used as passive samplers to create an array of PRC results to assess the comparability and reproducibility of each of the methods. Samplers were deployed in the water column at 3 stations in New Bedford Harbor (MA, USA). Collected data allowed Cfree comparisons to be performed in 2 ways: 1) comparison of Cfree derived from one thickness using different methods, and 2) comparison of Cfree derived by the same method using different thicknesses of polyethylene. Overall, the nonlinear least squares and diffusion methods demonstrated the most precise results for all the PCBs measured and generated Cfree values that were often statistically indistinguishable. Relative standard deviations (RSDs) for total PCB measurements using the same thickness and varying model types ranged from 0.04 to 12% and increased with sampler thickness, and RSDs for estimates using the same method and varying thickness ranged from 8 to 18%. Environmental scientists and managers are encouraged to use these methods when estimating Cfree from passive sampling and PRC data. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2089-2097. Published 2018 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail S Joyce
- National Research Council Post-Doctoral Research Associate, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ORD, NHEERL, AED, 27 Tarzwell Dr., Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Robert M Burgess
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ORD, NHEERL, AED, 27 Tarzwell Dr., Narragansett, RI, USA
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21
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Kirtay V, Conder J, Rosen G, Magar V, Grover M, Arblaster J, Fetters K, Chadwick B. Performance of an in situ activated carbon treatment to reduce PCB availability in an active harbor. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:1767-1777. [PMID: 29480553 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In situ amendment of surface sediment with activated carbon is a promising technique for reducing the availability of hydrophobic organic compounds in surface sediment. The present study evaluated the performance of a logistically challenging activated carbon placement in a high-energy hydrodynamic environment adjacent to and beneath a pier in an active military harbor. Measurements conducted preamendment and 10, 21, and 33 months (mo) postamendment using in situ exposures of benthic invertebrates and passive samplers indicated that the targeted 4% (by weight) addition of activated carbon (particle diameter ≤74 µm) in the uppermost 10 cm of surface sediment reduced polychlorinated biphenyl availability by an average (± standard deviation) of 81 ± 11% in the first 10 mo after amendment. The final monitoring event (33 mo after amendment) indicated an approximate 90 ± 6% reduction in availability, reflecting a slight increase in performance and showing the stability of the amendment. Benthic invertebrate census and sediment profile imagery did not indicate significant differences in benthic community ecological metrics among the preamendment and 3 postamendment monitoring events, supporting existing scientific literature that this approximate activated carbon dosage level does not significantly impair native benthic invertebrate communities. Recommendations for optimizing typical site-specific assessments of activated carbon performance are also discussed and include quantifying reductions in availability and confirming placement of activated carbon. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1767-1777. Published 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Kirtay
- Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center Pacific, US Department of the Navy, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jason Conder
- Geosyntec Consultants, Huntington Beach, California, USA
| | - Gunther Rosen
- Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center Pacific, US Department of the Navy, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Bart Chadwick
- Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center Pacific, US Department of the Navy, San Diego, California, USA
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22
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Tidwell LG, Blair Paulik L, Anderson KA. Air-water exchange of PAHs and OPAHs at a superfund mega-site. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 603-604:676-686. [PMID: 28372820 PMCID: PMC6059359 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Chemical fate is a concern at environmentally contaminated sites, but characterizing that fate can be difficult. Identifying and quantifying the movement of chemicals at the air-water interface are important steps in characterizing chemical fate. Superfund sites are often suspected sources of air pollution due to legacy sediment and water contamination. A quantitative assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and oxygenated PAH (OPAHs) diffusive flux in a river system that contains a Superfund Mega-site, and passes through residential, urban and agricultural land, has not been reported before. Here, passive sampling devices (PSDs) were used to measure 60 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 22 oxygenated PAH (OPAHs) in air and water. From these concentrations the magnitude and direction of contaminant flux between these two compartments was calculated. The magnitude of PAH flux was greater at sites near or within the Superfund Mega-site than outside of the Superfund Mega-site. The largest net individual PAH deposition at a single site was naphthalene at a rate of -14,200 (±5780) (ng/m2)/day. The estimated one-year total flux of phenanthrene was -7.9×105 (ng/m2)/year. Human health risk associated with inhalation of vapor phase PAHs and dermal exposure to PAHs in water were assessed by calculating benzo[a]pyrene equivalent concentrations. Excess lifetime cancer risk estimates show potential increased risk associated with exposure to PAHs at sites within and in close proximity to the Superfund Mega-site. Specifically, estimated excess lifetime cancer risk associated with dermal exposure and inhalation of PAHs was above 1 in 1 million within the Superfund Mega-site. The predominant depositional flux profile observed in this study suggests that the river water in this Superfund site is largely a sink for airborne PAHs, rather than a source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lane G Tidwell
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, ALS 1007, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
| | - L Blair Paulik
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, ALS 1007, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
| | - Kim A Anderson
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, ALS 1007, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States.
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Anderson KA, Points GL, Donald CE, Dixon HM, Scott RP, Wilson G, Tidwell LG, Hoffman PD, Herbstman JB, O'Connell SG. Preparation and performance features of wristband samplers and considerations for chemical exposure assessment. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2017; 27:551-559. [PMID: 28745305 PMCID: PMC5658681 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2017.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Wristbands are increasingly used for assessing personal chemical exposures. Unlike some exposure assessment tools, guidelines for wristbands, such as preparation, applicable chemicals, and transport and storage logistics, are lacking. We tested the wristband's capacity to capture and retain 148 chemicals including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pesticides, flame retardants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and volatile organic chemicals (VOCs). The chemicals span a wide range of physical-chemical properties, with log octanol-air partitioning coefficients from 2.1 to 13.7. All chemicals were quantitatively and precisely recovered from initial exposures, averaging 102% recovery with relative SD ≤21%. In simulated transport conditions at +30 °C, SVOCs were stable up to 1 month (average: 104%) and VOC levels were unchanged (average: 99%) for 7 days. During long-term storage at -20 °C up to 3 (VOCs) or 6 months (SVOCs), all chemical levels were stable from chemical degradation or diffusional losses, averaging 110%. Applying a paired wristband/active sampler study with human participants, the first estimates of wristband-air partitioning coefficients for PAHs are presented to aid in environmental air concentration estimates. Extrapolation of these stability results to other chemicals within the same physical-chemical parameters is expected to yield similar results. As we better define wristband characteristics, wristbands can be better integrated in exposure science and epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim A Anderson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, 1007 Agricultural and Life Sciences Building, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA. Tel.: +1 541 737 8501. Fax: +1 541 737 0497. E-mail:
| | - Gary L Points
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Carey E Donald
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Holly M Dixon
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Richard P Scott
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Glenn Wilson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Lane G Tidwell
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Peter D Hoffman
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Julie B Herbstman
- Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Steven G O'Connell
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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Lin D, Cho YM, Oen A, Eek E, Tommerdahl JP, Luthy RG. Toolset for assessment of natural recovery from legacy contaminated sediment: Case study of Pallanza Bay, Lake Maggiore, Italy. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 121:109-119. [PMID: 28525783 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a toolset that can be used by site managers to assess and monitor natural attenuation processes in sediments contaminated with legacy hydrophobic organic contaminants. The toolset is composed of sediment traps to measure quality and deposition rate of incoming sediment under different hydrodynamic conditions, sediment cores to show trends in sediment bed concentrations over time, and passive samplers attached to a porewater probe frame to assess the mobility of buried contaminants and possible contaminant flux from sediment. These three tools were used together for the first time to assess the mobility of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) contaminants in sediment in Pallanza Bay, Lake Maggiore, Italy. Depositing sediment and sediment cores were consistent in showing that DDT-contaminated sediment is undergoing burial by cleaner sediment. Elevated DDT concentrations from historical contamination seemed to be effectively buried and immobilized by ongoing deposition by cleaner sediment, because the positive flux from the elevated DDT concentration in the sediment porewater should not advance towards the sediment surface. The monitoring toolset introduced in this study enabled us to more effectively assess ongoing natural attenuation processes and provide more risk relevant data than traditional methods used in monitored natural recovery projects, such as bulk sediment concentrations from sediment cores. Our field assessment results suggest that incoming sediment from the Toce River have reduced DDT concentrations in the sediment compared to historic levels, and will continue to do so in locations where higher DDT concentrations are found within the bioactive layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Lin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, CA, United States
| | - Yeo-Myoung Cho
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, CA, United States
| | - Amy Oen
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, NO-0806, Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Eek
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, NO-0806, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jake P Tommerdahl
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, CA, United States
| | - Richard G Luthy
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, CA, United States.
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Minick DJ, Anderson KA. Diffusive flux of PAHs across sediment-water and water-air interfaces at urban superfund sites. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:2281-2289. [PMID: 28262984 PMCID: PMC6048954 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Superfund sites may be a source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to the surrounding environment. These sites can also act as PAH sinks from present-day anthropogenic activities, especially in urban locations. Understanding PAH transport across environmental compartments helps to define the relative contributions of these sources and is therefore important for informing remedial and management decisions. In the present study, paired passive samplers were co-deployed at sediment-water and water-air interfaces within the Portland Harbor Superfund Site and the McCormick and Baxter Superfund Site. These sites, located along the Willamette River (Portland, OR, USA), have PAH contamination from both legacy and modern sources. Diffusive flux calculations indicate that the Willamette River acts predominantly as a sink for low molecular weight PAHs from both the sediment and the air. The sediment was also predominantly a source of 4- and 5-ring PAHs to the river, and the river was a source of these same PAHs to the air, indicating that legacy pollution may be contributing to PAH exposure for residents of the Portland urban center. At the remediated McCormick and Baxter Superfund Site, flux measurements highlight locations within the sand and rock sediment cap where contaminant breakthrough is occurring. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2281-2289. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- D James Minick
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Kim A Anderson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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26
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Xue J, Liao C, Wang J, Cryder Z, Xu T, Liu F, Gan J. Development of passive samplers for in situ measurement of pyrethroid insecticides in surface water. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 224:516-523. [PMID: 28259582 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroid insecticides are widely used in urban environments, and their occurrence has been recently associated with aquatic toxicity in urban surface streams. Synthetic pyrethroids are strongly hydrophobic compounds, highlighting the importance of the freely dissolved concentration (Cfree), rather than the total chemical concentration, for better prediction of potential effects in aquatic ecosystems. The goal of this study was to develop a simple, robust and field-applicable passive sampling methodology that may be used for in situ monitoring of trace levels of pyrethroids in surface water. Among a range of polymer films, polyethylene film (PE) was found to be the most efficient at absorbing pyrethroids from water. To circumvent the long equilibrium time, 13C-permethrin and bifenthrin-d5 were preloaded on the PE sampler as performance reference compounds (PRC). Desorption of isotope-labeled PRCs was found to be isotropic to the absorption of target analytes. The optimized method was first tested in large circulating tanks simulating various environmental conditions. The derived Cfree values were consistently smaller than the total aqueous concentration in salt water or water containing humic acids. The PE samplers were further deployed at multiple field sites for 7 d in Southern California and analysis demonstrated good monitoring reproducibility and sensitivity under ambient environmental conditions. The developed passive sampler approach is ideal for application for in situ sampling under field conditions, and the use of PRCs allows sampling with short and flexible time intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Xue
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, Hefei 230036, China; Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Zachary Cryder
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Tianbo Xu
- Bayer CropScience, 2 T. W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Fengmao Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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27
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Jia F, Liao C, Xue J, Taylor A, Gan J. Comparing different methods for assessing contaminant bioavailability during sediment remediation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 573:270-277. [PMID: 27570195 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Sediment contamination by persistent organic pollutants from historical episodes is widespread and remediation is often needed to clean up severely contaminated sites. Measuring contaminant bioavailability in a before-and-after manner lends to improved assessment of remediation effectiveness. However, a number of bioavailability measurement methods have been developed, posing a challenge in method selection for practitioners. In this study, three different bioavailability measurement methods, i.e., solid phase microextraction (SPME), Tenax desorption, and isotope dilution method (IDM), were compared in evaluating changes in bioavailability of DDT and its degradates in sediment following simulated remediation treatments. When compared to the unamended sediments, all three methods predicted essentially the same degrees of changes in bioavailability after amendment with activated carbon, charcoal or sand. After normalizing over the unamended control, measurements by different methods were linearly correlated with each other, with slopes close to 1. The same observation was further made with a Superfund site marine sediment. This finding suggests that different methods may be used in evaluating remediation efficiency. However, Tenax desorption or IDM consistently offered better sensitivity than SPME in detecting bioavailability changes. Results from this study highlight the value of considering bioavailability when evaluating remediation effectiveness and provide guidance on the selection of bioavailability measurement methods in such assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Jia
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Chunyang Liao
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jiaying Xue
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Allison Taylor
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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28
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ALLAN IANJ, O’CONNELL STEVENG, MELAND SONDRE, BÆK KINE, GRUNG MERETE, ANDERSON KIMA, RANNEKLEV SISSELB. PAH Accessibility in Particulate Matter from Road-Impacted Environments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:7964-72. [PMID: 27312518 PMCID: PMC5448791 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Snowmelt, surface runoff, or stormwater releases in urban environments can result in significant discharges of particulate matter-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) into aquatic environments. Recently, more-specific activities such as road-tunnel washing have been identified as contributing to contaminant load to surface waters. However, knowledge of PAH accessibility in particulate matter (PM) of urban origin that may ultimately be released into urban surface waters is limited. In the present study, we evaluated the accessibility of PAHs associated with seven distinct (suspended) particulate matter samples collected from different urban sources. Laboratory-based infinite sink extractions with silicone rubber (SR) as the extractor phase demonstrated a similar pattern of PAH accessibility for most PM samples. Substantially higher accessible fractions were observed for the less-hydrophobic PAHs (between 40 and 80% of total concentrations) compared with those measured for the most-hydrophobic PAHs (<5% of total concentrations). When we focused on PAHs bound to PM from tunnel-wash waters, first-order desorption rates for PAHs with log Kow > 5.5 were found in line with those commonly found for slowly or very slowly desorbing sediment-associated contaminants. PAHs with log Kow < 5.5 were found at higher desorbing rates. The addition of detergents did not influence the extractability of lighter PAHs but increased desorption rates for the heavier PAHs, potentially contributing to increases in the toxicity of tunnel-wash waters when surfactants are used. The implications of total and accessible PAH concentrations measured in our urban PM samples are discussed in a context of management of PAH and PM emission to the surrounding aquatic environment. Although we only fully assessed PAHs in this work, further study should consider other contaminants such as OPAHs, which were also detected in all PM samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- IAN J. ALLAN
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo Centre for Interdisciplinary Environmental and Social Research, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - STEVEN G. O’CONNELL
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, ALS 1007, 2750 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - SONDRE MELAND
- Norwegian Public Roads Administration, Environmental Assessment Section, PO Box 8142 Dep, 0033 Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Environmental Sciences, PO Box 5003, N-1432 Aas, Norway
| | - KINE BÆK
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo Centre for Interdisciplinary Environmental and Social Research, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - MERETE GRUNG
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo Centre for Interdisciplinary Environmental and Social Research, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - KIM A. ANDERSON
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, ALS 1007, 2750 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - SISSEL B. RANNEKLEV
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo Centre for Interdisciplinary Environmental and Social Research, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349, Oslo, Norway
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29
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van der Meer JR. Towards improved biomonitoring tools for an intensified sustainable multi-use environment. Microb Biotechnol 2016; 9:658-65. [PMID: 27468753 PMCID: PMC4993185 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing use of our environment for multiple contrasting activities (e.g. fisheries, tourism) will have to be accompanied by improved monitoring of environmental quality, to avoid transboundary conflicts and ensure long-term sustainable intensified usage. Biomonitoring approaches are appropriate for this, since they can integrate biological effects of environmental exposure rather than measure individual compound concentrations. Recent advances in biomonitoring concepts and tools focus on single-cell assays and purified biological components that can be miniaturized and integrated in automated systems. Despite these advances, we are still very far from being able to deploy bioassays routinely in environmental monitoring, mostly because of lack of experience in interpreting responses and insufficient robustness of the biosensors for their environmental application. Further future challenges include broadening the spectrum of detectable compounds by biosensors, accelerate response times and combining sample pretreatment strategies with bioassays.
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Booij K, Robinson CD, Burgess RM, Mayer P, Roberts CA, Ahrens L, Allan IJ, Brant J, Jones L, Kraus UR, Larsen MM, Lepom P, Petersen J, Pröfrock D, Roose P, Schäfer S, Smedes F, Tixier C, Vorkamp K, Whitehouse P. Passive Sampling in Regulatory Chemical Monitoring of Nonpolar Organic Compounds in the Aquatic Environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:3-17. [PMID: 26619247 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We reviewed compliance monitoring requirements in the European Union, the United States, and the Oslo-Paris Convention for the protection of the marine environment of the North-East Atlantic, and evaluated if these are met by passive sampling methods for nonpolar compounds. The strengths and shortcomings of passive sampling are assessed for water, sediments, and biota. Passive water sampling is a suitable technique for measuring concentrations of freely dissolved compounds. This method yields results that are incompatible with the EU's quality standard definition in terms of total concentrations in water, but this definition has little scientific basis. Insufficient quality control is a present weakness of passive sampling in water. Laboratory performance studies and the development of standardized methods are needed to improve data quality and to encourage the use of passive sampling by commercial laboratories and monitoring agencies. Successful prediction of bioaccumulation based on passive sampling is well documented for organisms at the lower trophic levels, but requires more research for higher levels. Despite the existence of several knowledge gaps, passive sampling presently is the best available technology for chemical monitoring of nonpolar organic compounds. Key issues to be addressed by scientists and environmental managers are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kees Booij
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research , PO Box 59, 1790 AB Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Craig D Robinson
- Marine Scotland Science, Marine Laboratory , 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB30 1AD, U.K
| | - Robert M Burgess
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Atlantic Ecology Division, 27 Tarzwell Drive, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, United States
| | - Philipp Mayer
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark , Anker Engelunds Vej 1, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Cindy A Roberts
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, D.C. 20460, United States
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) , Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ian J Allan
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) , Gaustadalleen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Brant
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT U.K
| | - Lisa Jones
- Dublin City University , Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uta R Kraus
- Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency, Wuestland 2, 22589 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin M Larsen
- Aarhus University , Department of Bioscience, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Peter Lepom
- Federal Environment Agency, Laboratory for Water Analysis, Bismarckplatz 1, 14193 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jördis Petersen
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Coastal Research, Department Marine Bioanalytical Chemistry, Max-Planck Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Daniel Pröfrock
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Coastal Research, Department Marine Bioanalytical Chemistry, Max-Planck Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Patrick Roose
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences , Operational Directorate Natural Environment, Gulledelle 100, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sabine Schäfer
- Federal Institute of Hydrology , Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Foppe Smedes
- Masaryk University, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- Deltares, P.O. Box 85467, 3508 AL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Céline Tixier
- Ifremer , Unit of Biogeochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Lab. Biogeochemistry of Organic Contaminants, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Katrin Vorkamp
- Aarhus University , Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Paul Whitehouse
- Environment Agency, Evidence Directorate, Red Kite House, Howbery Park OX10 8BD, United Kingdom
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32
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Burgess RM, Lohmann R, Schubauer-Berigan JP, Reitsma P, Perron MM, Lefkovitz L, Cantwell MG. Application of passive sampling for measuring dissolved concentrations of organic contaminants in the water column at three marine superfund sites. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:1720-33. [PMID: 26039657 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there is an effort under way to encourage remedial project managers at contaminated sites to use passive sampling to collect freely dissolved concentrations (Cfree ) of hydrophobic organic contaminants to improve site assessments. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the use of passive sampling for measuring water column Cfree for several hydrophobic organic contaminants at 3 US Environmental Protection Agency Superfund sites. Sites investigated included New Bedford Harbor (New Bedford, MA, USA), Palos Verdes Shelf (Los Angeles, CA, USA), and Naval Station Newport (Newport, RI, USA); and the passive samplers evaluated were polyethylene, polydimethylsiloxane-coated solid-phase microextraction fibers, semipermeable membrane devices, and polyoxymethylene. In general, the different passive samplers demonstrated good agreement, with Cfree values varying by a factor of 2 to 3. Further, at New Bedford Harbor, where conventional water sample concentrations were also measured (i.e., grab samples), passive sampler-based Cfree values agreed within a factor of 2. These findings suggest that all of the samplers were experiencing and measuring similar Cfree during their respective deployments. Also, at New Bedford Harbor, a strong log-linear, correlative, and predictive relationship was found between polyethylene passive sampler accumulation and lipid-normalized blue mussel bioaccumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls (r(2) = 0.92, p < 0.05). The present study demonstrates the utility of passive sampling for generating scientifically accurate water column Cfree values, which is critical for making informed environmental management decisions at contaminated sediment sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Burgess
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development/National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Joseph P Schubauer-Berigan
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development/National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Pamela Reitsma
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA
- Narragansett Bay Commission, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Monique M Perron
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention/Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington DC, USA
| | - Lisa Lefkovitz
- Battelle, Duxbury Operations, Duxbury, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark G Cantwell
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development/National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA
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33
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Harwood AD, Nutile SA, Landrum PF, Lydy MJ. Tenax extraction as a simple approach to improve environmental risk assessments. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:1445-1453. [PMID: 26118373 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
It is well documented that using exhaustive chemical extractions is not an effective means of assessing exposure of hydrophobic organic compounds in sediments and that bioavailability-based techniques are an improvement over traditional methods. One technique that has shown special promise as a method for assessing the bioavailability of hydrophobic organic compounds in sediment is the use of Tenax-extractable concentrations. A 6-h or 24-h single-point Tenax-extractable concentration correlates to both bioaccumulation and toxicity. This method has demonstrated effectiveness for several hydrophobic organic compounds in various organisms under both field and laboratory conditions. In addition, a Tenax bioaccumulation model was developed for multiple compounds relating 24-h Tenax-extractable concentrations to oligochaete tissue concentrations exposed in both the laboratory and field. This model has demonstrated predictive capacity for additional compounds and species. Use of Tenax-extractable concentrations to estimate exposure is rapid, simple, straightforward, and relatively inexpensive, as well as accurate. Therefore, this method would be an invaluable tool if implemented in risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda D Harwood
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Samuel A Nutile
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Peter F Landrum
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael J Lydy
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
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Arp HPH, Hale SE, Elmquist Kruså M, Cornelissen G, Grabanski CB, Miller DJ, Hawthorne SB. Review of polyoxymethylene passive sampling methods for quantifying freely dissolved porewater concentrations of hydrophobic organic contaminants. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:710-720. [PMID: 25702935 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Meth ods involving polyoxymethylene (POM) as a passive sampler are increasing in popularity to assess contaminant freely dissolved porewater concentrations in soils and sediments. These methods require contaminant-specific POM-water partition coefficients, KPOM . Certain methods for determining KPOM perform reproducibly (within 0.2 log units). However, other methods can give highly varying KPOM values (up to 2 log units), especially for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). To account for this variation, the authors tested the influence of key methodological components in KPOM determinations, including POM thickness, extraction procedures, and environmental temperature and salinity, as well as uptake kinetics in mixed and static systems. All inconsistencies in the peer-reviewed literature can be accounted for by the likelihood that thick POM materials (500 μm or thicker) do not achieve equilibrium (causing negative biases up to 1 log unit), or that certain POM extraction procedures do not ensure quantitative extraction (causing negative biases up to 2 log units). Temperature can also influence KPOM , although all previous literature studies were carried out at room temperature. The present study found that KPOM values at room temperature are independent (within 0.2 log units) of POM manufacture method, of thickness between 17 μm and 80 μm, and of salinity between 0% and 10%. Regarding kinetics, monochloro- to hexachloro-polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were within 0.2 log units of equilibrium after 28 d in the mixed system, but only dichloro-PCBs achieved near equilibrium after 126 d in the static system. Based on these insights, recommended methods and KPOM values to facilitate interlaboratory reproducibility are presented.
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Ghosh U, Driscoll SK, Burgess RM, Jonker MT, Reible D, Gobas F, Choi Y, Apitz SE, Maruya KA, Gala WR, Mortimer M, Beegan C. Passive sampling methods for contaminated sediments: practical guidance for selection, calibration, and implementation. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2014; 10:210-23. [PMID: 24288273 PMCID: PMC4235463 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
This article provides practical guidance on the use of passive sampling methods (PSMs) that target the freely dissolved concentration (Cfree ) for improved exposure assessment of hydrophobic organic chemicals in sediments. Primary considerations for selecting a PSM for a specific application include clear delineation of measurement goals for Cfree , whether laboratory-based "ex situ" and/or field-based "in situ" application is desired, and ultimately which PSM is best-suited to fulfill the measurement objectives. Guidelines for proper calibration and validation of PSMs, including use of provisional values for polymer-water partition coefficients, determination of equilibrium status, and confirmation of nondepletive measurement conditions are defined. A hypothetical example is described to illustrate how the measurement of Cfree afforded by PSMs reduces uncertainty in assessing narcotic toxicity for sediments contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The article concludes with a discussion of future research that will improve the quality and robustness of Cfree measurements using PSMs, providing a sound scientific basis to support risk assessment and contaminated sediment management decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upal Ghosh
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore CountyBaltimore, Maryland, USA
- *To whom correspondence may be addressed:
| | | | - Robert M Burgess
- USEPA, Office of Research and DevelopmentNarragansett, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Michiel To Jonker
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Danny Reible
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas Tech UniversityLubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Frank Gobas
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser UniversityBurnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yongju Choi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford UniversityStanford, California, USA
| | - Sabine E Apitz
- SEA Environmental Decisions, The Ford, Little HadhamHertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Keith A Maruya
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project AuthorityCosta Mesa, California, USA
| | - William R Gala
- Chevron Energy Technology CompanySan Ramon, California, USA
| | - Munro Mortimer
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, The University of QueenslandBrisbane, Australia
| | - Chris Beegan
- California State Water Board-Division of Water QualitySacramento, California, USA
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36
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Parkerton TF, Maruya KA. Passive sampling in contaminated sediment assessment: building consensus to improve decision making. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2014; 10:163-6. [PMID: 24142815 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Contaminated sediments pose an ongoing, pervasive, global challenge to environmental managers, because sediments can reflect a legacy of pollution that can impair the beneficial uses of water bodies. A formidable challenge in assessing the risks of contaminated sediments has been the elucidation and measurement of contaminant bioavailability, expressed as the freely dissolved concentration (Cfree ) in interstitial water, which serves as a surrogate measure of the substances' chemical activity. Recent advances in passive sampling methods (PSMs) enable Cfree of sediment-associated contaminants to be quantified at trace levels, thereby overcoming current limitations of predictive models. As a result, PSMs afford the opportunity for a paradigm shift from traditional practice that can effectively reduce uncertainty in risk assessment and bolster confidence in the science used to support management of contaminated sediments. This paper provides a brief overview of the 5 subsequent papers in this series that review literature on PSM use in sediments for both organic and metal(loid) contaminants, outline the technical rationale for using PSMs as a preferred basis for risk assessment over conventional chemical analyses, describe practical considerations for and uncertainties associated with laboratory and field deployment of PSMs, discuss management application of PSMs, including illustrative case studies in which PSMs have been used in decision making, and highlight future research and communication needs.
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Lydy MJ, Landrum PF, Oen AMP, Allinson M, Smedes F, Harwood AD, Li H, Maruya KA, Liu J. Passive sampling methods for contaminated sediments: state of the science for organic contaminants. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2014; 10:167-78. [PMID: 24307344 PMCID: PMC4235472 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript surveys the literature on passive sampler methods (PSMs) used in contaminated sediments to assess the chemical activity of organic contaminants. The chemical activity in turn dictates the reactivity and bioavailability of contaminants in sediment. Approaches to measure specific binding of compounds to sediment components, for example, amorphous carbon or specific types of reduced carbon, and the associated partition coefficients are difficult to determine, particularly for native sediment. Thus, the development of PSMs that represent the chemical activity of complex compound-sediment interactions, expressed as the freely dissolved contaminant concentration in porewater (Cfree ), offer a better proxy for endpoints of concern, such as reactivity, bioaccumulation, and toxicity. Passive sampling methods have estimated Cfree using both kinetic and equilibrium operating modes and used various polymers as the sorbing phase, for example, polydimethylsiloxane, polyethylene, and polyoxymethylene in various configurations, such as sheets, coated fibers, or vials containing thin films. These PSMs have been applied in laboratory exposures and field deployments covering a variety of spatial and temporal scales. A wide range of calibration conditions exist in the literature to estimate Cfree , but consensus values have not been established. The most critical criteria are the partition coefficient between water and the polymer phase and the equilibrium status of the sampler. In addition, the PSM must not appreciably deplete Cfree in the porewater. Some of the future challenges include establishing a standard approach for PSM measurements, correcting for nonequilibrium conditions, establishing guidance for selection and implementation of PSMs, and translating and applying data collected by PSMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Lydy
- Center for Fisheries Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois UniversityCarbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Peter F Landrum
- Center for Fisheries Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois UniversityCarbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Amy MP Oen
- Department of Environmental Technology, Norwegian Geotechnical InstituteOslo, Norway
| | - Mayumi Allinson
- Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management (CAPIM) School of Chemistry, The University of MelbourneParkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Foppe Smedes
- DeltaresUtrecht, The Netherlands
- RECETOX, Masaryk UniversityBrno, Czech Republic
| | - Amanda D Harwood
- Center for Fisheries Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois UniversityCarbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Huizhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Keith A Maruya
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project AuthorityCosta Mesa, California, USA
| | - Jingfu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
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Mayer P, Parkerton TF, Adams RG, Cargill JG, Gan J, Gouin T, Gschwend PM, Hawthorne SB, Helm P, Witt G, You J, Escher BI. Passive sampling methods for contaminated sediments: scientific rationale supporting use of freely dissolved concentrations. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2014; 10:197-209. [PMID: 24288295 PMCID: PMC4235458 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Passive sampling methods (PSMs) allow the quantification of the freely dissolved concentration (Cfree ) of an organic contaminant even in complex matrices such as sediments. Cfree is directly related to a contaminant's chemical activity, which drives spontaneous processes including diffusive uptake into benthic organisms and exchange with the overlying water column. Consequently, Cfree provides a more relevant dose metric than total sediment concentration. Recent developments in PSMs have significantly improved our ability to reliably measure even very low levels of Cfree . Application of PSMs in sediments is preferably conducted in the equilibrium regime, where freely dissolved concentrations in the sediment are well-linked to the measured concentration in the sampler via analyte-specific partition ratios. The equilibrium condition can then be assured by measuring a time series or a single time point using passive samplers with different surface to volume ratios. Sampling in the kinetic regime is also possible and generally involves the application of performance reference compounds for the calibration. Based on previous research on hydrophobic organic contaminants, it is concluded that Cfree allows a direct assessment of 1) contaminant exchange and equilibrium status between sediment and overlying water, 2) benthic bioaccumulation, and 3) potential toxicity to benthic organisms. Thus, the use of PSMs to measure Cfree provides an improved basis for the mechanistic understanding of fate and transport processes in sediments and has the potential to significantly improve risk assessment and management of contaminated sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Mayer
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus UniversityRoskilde, Denmark
- Present address is Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of DenmarkKongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Rachel G Adams
- Department of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science, Loyola Marymount UniversityLos Angeles, California, USA
| | - John G Cargill
- Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control (DNREC)New Castle, Delaware, USA
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of CaliforniaRiverside, California, USA
| | - Todd Gouin
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science ParkSharnbrook, United Kingdom
| | - Philip M Gschwend
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven B Hawthorne
- Energy and Environmental Research Center, University of North DakotaGrand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Paul Helm
- Environmental Monitoring & Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of the EnvironmentToronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gesine Witt
- University of Applied Sciences HamburgHamburg, Germany
| | - Jing You
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Beate I Escher
- The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox)Brisbane, Australia
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