1
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Mikled P, Chavasiri W, Khongkow M. Dual folate/biotin-decorated liposomes mediated delivery of methylnaphthazarin for anti-cancer activity. Sci Rep 2024; 14:21796. [PMID: 39294264 PMCID: PMC11410993 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-72532-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy is an effective strategy for mitigating the global challenge of cancer treatment, which often encounters drug resistance and negative side effects. Methylnaphthazarin (MNZ), a natural compound with promising anti-cancer properties, has been underexplored due to its poor aqueous solubility and low selectivity. This study introduces a novel approach to overcome these limitations by developing MNZ-encapsulating liposomes decorated with folate and biotin (F/B-LP-MNZ). This dual-targeting strategy aims to enhance the anti-cancer efficacy and specificity of MNZ delivery. Our innovative F/B-LP-MNZ formulation demonstrated excellent physicochemical properties, stability, and controlled drug release profiles. In vitro studies revealed that MNZ-loaded liposomes attenuate the toxicity associated with free MNZ while F/B-LP-MNZ significantly increased cytotoxicity against HeLa cells, which express high levels of folate and biotin receptors, compared to non-targeted liposomes. Enhanced cellular uptake and improved dynamic flow attachment further confirmed the superior specificity of F/B-LP in targeting cancer cells. Additionally, our results revealed that F/B-LP-MNZ effectively inhibits HeLa cell migration and adhesion through EMT suppression and apoptotic induction, indicating its potential to prevent cancer metastasis. These findings highlight the potential of dual folate and biotin receptors-targeting liposomes as an effective delivery system for MNZ, offering a promising new avenue for targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirun Mikled
- Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Warinthorn Chavasiri
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Mattaka Khongkow
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand.
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2
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Pushpa Ragini S, Dyett BP, Sarkar S, Zhai J, White JF, Banerjee R, Drummond CJ, Conn CE. A systematic study of the effect of lipid architecture on cytotoxicity and cellular uptake of cationic cubosomes. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 663:82-93. [PMID: 38394820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.02.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Lipid nanoparticles containing a cationic lipid are increasingly used in drug and gene delivery as they can display improved cellular uptake, enhanced loading for anionic cargo such as siRNA and mRNA or exhibit additional functionality such as cytotoxicity against cancer cells. This research study tests the hypothesis that the molecular structure of the cationic lipid influences the structure of the lipid nanoparticle, the cellular uptake, and the resultant cytotoxicity. EXPERIMENTS Three potentially cytotoxic cationic lipids, with systematic variations to the hydrophobic moiety, were designed and synthesised. All the three cationic lipids synthesised contain pharmacophores such as the bicyclic coumarin group (CCA12), the tricyclic etodolac moiety (ETD12), or the large pentacyclic triterpenoid "ursolic" group (U12) conjugated to a quaternary ammonium cationic lipid containing twin C12 chains. The cationic lipids were doped into monoolein cubosomes at a range of concentrations from 0.1 mol% to 5 mol% and the effect of the lipid molecular architecture on the cubosome phase behaviour was assessed using a combination of Small Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), zeta-potential and cryo-Transmission Electron Microscopy (Cryo-TEM). The resulting cytotoxicity of these particles against a range of cancerous and non-cancerous cell-lines was assessed, along with their cellular uptake. FINDINGS The molecular architecture of the cationic lipid was linked to the internal nanostructure of the resulting cationic cubosomes with a transition to more curved cubic and hexagonal phases generally observed. Cubosomes formed from the cationic lipid CCA12 were found to have improved cellular uptake and significantly higher cytotoxicity than the cationic lipids ETD12 and U12 against the gastric cancer cell-line (AGS) at lipid concentrations ≥ 75 µg/mL. CCA12 cationic cubosomes also displayed reasonable cytotoxicity against the prostate cancer PC-3 cell-line at lipid concentrations ≥ 100 µg/mL. In contrast, 2.5 mol% ETD12 and 2.5 mol% U12 cubosomes were generally non-toxic against both cancerous and non-cancerous cell lines over the entire concentration range tested. The molecular architecture of the cationic lipid was found to influence the cubosome phase behaviour, the cellular uptake and the toxicity although further studies are necessary to determine the exact relationship between structure and cellular uptake across a range of cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pushpa Ragini
- Department of Oils, lipids science and technology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovation Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India; STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brendan P Dyett
- STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sampa Sarkar
- STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jiali Zhai
- STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jacinta F White
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bayview Avenue, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Rajkumar Banerjee
- Department of Oils, lipids science and technology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovation Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Calum J Drummond
- STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Charlotte E Conn
- STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia.
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3
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Paramshetti S, Angolkar M, Talath S, Osmani RAM, Spandana A, Al Fatease A, Hani U, Ramesh KVRNS, Singh E. Unravelling the in vivo dynamics of liposomes: Insights into biodistribution and cellular membrane interactions. Life Sci 2024; 346:122616. [PMID: 38599316 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Liposomes, as a colloidal drug delivery system dating back to the 1960s, remain a focal point of extensive research and stand as a highly efficient drug delivery method. The amalgamation of technological and biological advancements has propelled their evolution, elevating them to their current status. The key attributes of biodegradability and biocompatibility have been instrumental in driving substantial progress in liposome development. Demonstrating a remarkable ability to surmount barriers in drug absorption, enhance stability, and achieve targeted distribution within the body, liposomes have become pivotal in pharmaceutical research. In this comprehensive review, we delve into the intricate details of liposomal drug delivery systems, focusing specifically on their pharmacokinetics and cell membrane interactions via fusion, lipid exchange, endocytosis etc. Emphasizing the nuanced impact of various liposomal characteristics, we explore factors such as lipid composition, particle size, surface modifications, charge, dosage, and administration routes. By dissecting the multifaceted interactions between liposomes and biological barriers, including the reticuloendothelial system (RES), opsonization, enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) phenomenon, and Complement Activation-Related Pseudoallergy (CARPA) effect, we provide a deeper understanding of liposomal behaviour in vivo. Furthermore, this review addresses the intricate challenges associated with translating liposomal technology into practical applications, offering insights into overcoming these hurdles. Additionally, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the clinical adoption and patent landscape of liposomes across diverse biomedical domains, shedding light on their potential implications for future research and therapeutic developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharanya Paramshetti
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India.
| | - Mohit Angolkar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India.
| | - Sirajunisa Talath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, RAK College of Pharmacy, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah 11172, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Riyaz Ali M Osmani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India.
| | - Asha Spandana
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India.
| | - Adel Al Fatease
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Umme Hani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia.
| | - K V R N S Ramesh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, RAK College of Pharmacy, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah 11172, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Ekta Singh
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States.
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4
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Keshavarzi E, Abareghi M, Mohammadi AA. Modeling the Electric Double Layer at the Liposome Vesicle via Classical Density Functional Theory: Solution of Poisson's Equations for Curved Membranes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:6149-6162. [PMID: 38478980 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The electric double layer at the liposome vesicle membrane has been investigated by a modified fundamental-measure theory in the framework of the restricted primitive model. An analytical equation has been obtained for the mean electrostatic potential (MEP) by solving Poisson's equation for curved membranes. This study investigates the influence of vesicle size, membrane thickness, surface charges, and electrolyte concentration on the structure, composition, and width of electric double layers (EDLs) on the inner and outer membrane walls. Our findings indicate that a thin and denser layer of ions is formed at the concave wall of the membrane (inner wall) compared to that at the outer membrane. As expected, the width of the diffuse layer decreases with the concentration and surface charge. Also, when the surface charges on both concave and convex walls are the same, the absolute value of MEPs on the inner membrane, concave wall, is greater than that on the convex wall. We have also investigated the diffuse potential, which decreases with concentration, membrane thickness, and cavity size, whereas it increases with surface charges. As we expect, the contact density of counterions at the inner concave wall of the vesicle cavity is always greater than the corresponding value at the convex wall, whereas this trend reverses for co-ions. Also, the contact density of counterions (co-ions) at the inner wall decreases (increases) with cavity size, whereas it increases at the outer wall (decreases). Finally, depletion of co-ions occurs at the membrane walls with enhancement in surface charges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezat Keshavarzi
- The Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111 Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahsa Abareghi
- The Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111 Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Asghar Mohammadi
- The Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111 Isfahan, Iran
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5
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Paosupap J, Basit A, Sajomsang W, Nalinbejapun S, Sripetthong S, Ovatlarnporn C. Evaluation of the antifungal properties of nanoliposomes containing rhinacanthin-C isolated from the leaves of Rhinacanthus nasutus. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:129. [PMID: 38459287 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-03916-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Fungal infections represent a challenging threat to the human health. Microsporum gypseum and Trichophyton rubrum are pathogenic fungi causing various topical mycoses in humans. The globally emerging issue of resistance to fungi demands the development of novel therapeutic strategies. In this context, the application of nanoliposomes as vehicles for carrying active therapeutic agents can be a suitable alternative. In this study, rhinacanthin-C was isolated from Rhinacanthus naustus and encapsulated in nano-liposomal formulations, which were prepared by the modified ethanol injection method. The two best formulations composed of soybean phosphatidylcholine (SPC), cholesterol (CHL), and tween 80 (T80) in a molar ratio of 1:1:0 (F1) and 1:1:0.5 (F2) were proceeded for experimentation. The physical characteristics and antifungal activities were performed and compared with solutions of rhinacanthin-C. The rhinacanthin-C encapsulating efficiencies in F1 and F2 were 94.69 ± 1.20% and 84.94 ± 1.32%, respectively. The particle sizes were found to be about 221.4 ± 13.76 nm (F1) and 115.8 ± 23.33 nm (F2), and zeta potential values of -38.16 mV (F1) and -40.98 mV (F2). Similarly, the stability studies of rhinacanthin-C in liposomes demonstrated that rhinacanthin-C in both formulations was more stable in mediums with pH of 4.0 and 6.6 than pure rhinacanthin-C when stored at the same conditions. Rhinacanthin-C in F1 was slightly more stable than F2 when stored in mediums with a pH of 10.0 after three months of storage. However, rhinacanthin-C in both formulations was less stable than pure rhinacanthin-C in a basic medium of pH 10.0. The antifungal potential was evaluated against M. gypsum and T. rubrum. The findings revealed a comparatively higher zone of inhibition for F1. In the MIC study, SPC: CHL: T80 showed higher inhibition against M. gypseum and a slightly higher inhibition against T. rubrum compared to free rhinacanthin-C solution. Moreover, rhinacanthin-C showed significant interaction against 14α-demethylase in in silico study. Overall, this study demonstrates that nanoliposomes containing rhinacanthin-C can improve the stability and antifungal potential of rhinacanthin-C with sustained and prolonged duration of action and could be a promising vehicle for delivery of active ingredients for targeting various fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirasak Paosupap
- Department of Research and Development, Able Medical Company Limited, Chiang Yuen, Mahasarakham 44160, Thailand
| | - Abdul Basit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand.
- Drug Delivery System Excellence Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand.
| | - Warayuth Sajomsang
- Nano-Encapsulation Units, National Nanotechnology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Sirinporn Nalinbejapun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
- Drug Delivery System Excellence Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
| | - Sasikarn Sripetthong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
- Drug Delivery System Excellence Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
| | - Chitchamai Ovatlarnporn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand.
- Drug Delivery System Excellence Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand.
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6
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Cooley MB, Wegierak D, Exner AA. Using imaging modalities to predict nanoparticle distribution and treatment efficacy in solid tumors: The growing role of ultrasound. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 16:e1957. [PMID: 38558290 PMCID: PMC11006412 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Nanomedicine in oncology has not had the success in clinical impact that was anticipated in the early stages of the field's development. Ideally, nanomedicines selectively accumulate in tumor tissue and reduce systemic side effects compared to traditional chemotherapeutics. However, this has been more successful in preclinical animal models than in humans. The causes of this failure to translate may be related to the intra- and inter-patient heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment. Predicting whether a patient will respond positively to treatment prior to its initiation, through evaluation of characteristics like nanoparticle extravasation and retention potential in the tumor, may be a way to improve nanomedicine success rate. While there are many potential strategies to accomplish this, prediction and patient stratification via noninvasive medical imaging may be the most efficient and specific strategy. There have been some preclinical and clinical advances in this area using MRI, CT, PET, and other modalities. An alternative approach that has not been studied as extensively is biomedical ultrasound, including techniques such as multiparametric contrast-enhanced ultrasound (mpCEUS), doppler, elastography, and super-resolution processing. Ultrasound is safe, inexpensive, noninvasive, and capable of imaging the entire tumor with high temporal and spatial resolution. In this work, we summarize the in vivo imaging tools that have been used to predict nanoparticle distribution and treatment efficacy in oncology. We emphasize ultrasound imaging and the recent developments in the field concerning CEUS. The successful implementation of an imaging strategy for prediction of nanoparticle accumulation in tumors could lead to increased clinical translation of nanomedicines, and subsequently, improved patient outcomes. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery Emerging Technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela B Cooley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Dana Wegierak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Agata A Exner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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7
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Nsairat H, Ibrahim AA, Jaber AM, Abdelghany S, Atwan R, Shalan N, Abdelnabi H, Odeh F, El-Tanani M, Alshaer W. Liposome bilayer stability: emphasis on cholesterol and its alternatives. J Liposome Res 2024; 34:178-202. [PMID: 37378553 DOI: 10.1080/08982104.2023.2226216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Liposomes are spherical lipidic nanocarriers composed of natural or synthetic phospholipids with a hydrophobic bilayer and aqueous core, which are arranged into a polar head and a long hydrophobic tail, forming an amphipathic nano/micro-particle. Despite numerous liposomal applications, their use encounters many challenges related to the physicochemical properties strongly affected by their constituents, colloidal stability, and interactions with the biological environment. This review aims to provide a perspective and a clear idea about the main factors that regulate the liposomes' colloidal and bilayer stability, emphasising the roles of cholesterol and its possible alternatives. Moreover, this review will analyse strategies that offer possible approaches to provide more stable in vitro and in vivo liposomes with enhanced drug release and encapsulation efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdi Nsairat
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Abed Alqader Ibrahim
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Areej M Jaber
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Randa Atwan
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Naeem Shalan
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Hiba Abdelnabi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
- Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Fadwa Odeh
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mohamed El-Tanani
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Walhan Alshaer
- Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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8
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Mach M, Płachta Ł, Wydro P. Study of the correlation between the structure of selected triester of phosphatidylcholine and their impact on physicochemical properties of model mammalian membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2024; 1866:184254. [PMID: 37989397 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2023.184254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Cationic lipids are synthetic compounds of amphiphilic character used in Drug Delivery Systems (DDS), especially in gene therapy, as the carriers of genetic material. As it is known, the main limitation of the application of cationic lipids in DDS is their high cytotoxicity after in vivo administration and low bioactivity. This is probably related to not fully known the relationship between the lipid structure and its activity as well as the mechanism of lipofection or drug delivery. Therefore, in this work we determined the impact of a selected group of cationic lipids - triesters of phosphatidylcholine (Et-PCs) - differing in their hydrophobic structure on model mammalian membranes. In the research, as model systems, Langmuir monolayers and liposomes were applied. It was shown that the incorporation of Et-PCs into model mammalian membranes weakens interactions between lipids, causing the increase of fluidity, disordering degree and permeability of membrane. The destabilization of the membrane in this way can facilitate the entry of drugs, carried inside cationic liposomes, into the pathological cell. Moreover, the studies prove that the structure of the hydrophobic part of cationic lipids also affects the properties of lipid membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Mach
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Płachta
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; Jagiellonian University, Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Prof. Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Wydro
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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9
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Sanati M, Afshari AR, Ahmadi SS, Kesharwani P, Sahebkar A. Advances in liposome-based delivery of RNA therapeutics for cancer treatment. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2024; 204:177-218. [PMID: 38458738 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2023.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Liposomal drug delivery systems stand as versatile therapeutic platforms for precisely targeting related elements in cancerous tissues owing to their intrinsic passive and acquired active targeting capabilities and exceptional compatibility with physiologic environments. When the capacity of liposomes as nanocarriers is combined with the revolutionary potential of RNA therapies in affecting undruggable targets, the outcome would be promising drug candidates as game-changers in the cancer treatment arena. However, optimizing liposome composition, physicochemical properties, and surface chemistry is paramount to maximizing their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic attributes. This review highlighted the potential of liposomes as nanovehicles for RNA therapeutics through a literature review and looked at the most recent preclinical and clinical advancements in utilizing liposomal RNA therapeutics for cancer management. Notably, the discovery of novel targets, advancements in liposome engineering, and organizing well-planned clinical trials would help uncover the incredible potential of these nanotherapeutics in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Sanati
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; Experimental and Animal Study Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Amir R Afshari
- Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Seyed Sajad Ahmadi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Khatam-Ol-Anbia Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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10
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Zhou G, Gao Y, Shi Y, Qiu S, Lin G, Ding X, Wang W, Feng Y, Wang F, Qiao J. Design of in vitro biomimetic experimental system and simulation analysis for transvascular transport of nano-preparation. Microvasc Res 2024; 151:104597. [PMID: 37619888 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2023.104597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the enhanced penetration and retention (EPR) effect of nano-preparations has been questioned. Whether the vascular endothelial cell gap (VECG) is the main transport pathway of nano-preparations has become a hot issue at present. Therefore, we propose an in vitro biomimetic experimental system that demonstrates the transvascular transport of nano-preparation. Based on the tumor growth process, the experimental system was used to simulate the change process of abnormal factors (vascular endothelial cell gap and interstitial fluid pressure (IFP)) in the tumor microenvironment. The influence of change in the abnormal factors on the enhanced penetration and retention effect of nano-preparation was explored, and simulation verification was performed. The results show that when the interstitial fluid pressure is close to the vascular fluid pressure (VFP), the transport of nano-preparation is obstructed, resulting in the disappearance of enhanced penetration and retention effect of the nano-preparation. This indicates that the pressure gradient between vascular fluid pressure and interstitial fluid pressure determines whether the enhanced penetration and retention effect of nano-preparations can exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzhen Zhou
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250031, China
| | - Yan Gao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250031, China
| | - Yanbin Shi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250031, China; School of Arts and Design, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Shengnan Qiu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Guimei Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xinbing Ding
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250031, China
| | - Wenguang Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250031, China
| | - Yihua Feng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250031, China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250031, China
| | - Jinwei Qiao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250031, China
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11
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Mianowska M, Zaremba-Czogalla M, Zygmunt A, Mahmud M, Süss R, Gubernator J. Dual Role of Vitamin C-Encapsulated Liposomal Berberine in Effective Colon Anticancer Immunotherapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 17:5. [PMID: 38275991 PMCID: PMC10819181 DOI: 10.3390/ph17010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to achieve effective colon anticancer immunotherapy using the alkaloid berberine. In the presented paper we attempt to develop a formulation of berberine loaded into liposomal carriers using the vitamin C gradient method, characterized by efficient drug encapsulation, high stability during long-term storage, low drug release in human plasma with specific cytotoxicity towards colon cancer cells. Liposomal berberine was responsible for the induction of oxidative stress, the presence of Ca2+ ions in the cytosol, the reduction of Δψm, and ATP depletion with a simultaneous lack of caspase activity. Moreover, treatment with liposomal berberine led to CRT exposure on the surface of cancer cells, extracellular ATP, and HMGB1 release. The above-described mechanism of action was most likely associated with ICD induction, contributing to the increased number of phagocytic cancer cells. We have shown that cancer cells treated with liposomal berberine were phagocytosed more frequently by macrophages compared to the untreated cancer cells. What is more, we have shown that macrophage pre-treatment with liposomal berberine led to a 3-fold change in the number of phagocytosed SW620 cancer cells. The obtained results provide new insights into the role of berberine in maintaining the immune response against colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Mianowska
- Department of Lipids and Liposomes, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.Z.-C.); (A.Z.); (M.M.)
| | - Magdalena Zaremba-Czogalla
- Department of Lipids and Liposomes, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.Z.-C.); (A.Z.); (M.M.)
| | - Adrianna Zygmunt
- Department of Lipids and Liposomes, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.Z.-C.); (A.Z.); (M.M.)
| | - Mohamed Mahmud
- Department of Lipids and Liposomes, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.Z.-C.); (A.Z.); (M.M.)
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Misurata, Misurata 2478, Libya
| | - Regine Süss
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Sonnenstr. 5, 79104 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Jerzy Gubernator
- Department of Lipids and Liposomes, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.Z.-C.); (A.Z.); (M.M.)
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12
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Steffes V, MacDonald S, Crowe J, Murali M, Ewert KK, Li Y, Safinya CR. Lipids with negative spontaneous curvature decrease the solubility of the cancer drug paclitaxel in liposomes. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2023; 46:128. [PMID: 38099960 PMCID: PMC10802834 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-023-00388-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Paclitaxel (PTX) is a hydrophobic small-molecule cancer drug that loads into the membrane (tail) region of lipid carriers such as liposomes and micelles. The development of improved lipid-based carriers of PTX is an important objective to generate chemotherapeutics with fewer side effects. The lipids 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) and glyceryl monooleate (GMO) show propensity for fusion with other lipid membranes, which has led to their use in lipid vectors of nucleic acids. We hypothesized that DOPE and GMO could enhance PTX delivery to cells through a similar membrane fusion mechanism. As an important measure of drug carrier performance, we evaluated PTX solubility in cationic liposomes containing GMO or DOPE. Solubility was determined by time-dependent kinetic phase diagrams generated from direct observations of PTX crystal formation using differential-interference-contrast optical microscopy. Remarkably, PTX was much less soluble in these liposomes than in control cationic liposomes containing univalent cationic lipid 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP) and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DOPC), which are not fusogenic. In particular, PTX was not substantially soluble in GMO-based cationic liposomes. The fusogenicity of DOPE and GMO is related to the negative spontaneous curvature of membranes containing these lipids, which drives formation of nonlamellar self-assembled phases (inverted hexagonal or gyroid cubic). To determine whether PTX solubility is governed by lipid membrane structure or by local intermolecular interactions, we used synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering. To increase the signal/noise ratio, we used DNA to condense the lipid formulations into lipoplex pellets. The results suggest that local intermolecular interactions are of greater importance and that the negative spontaneous curvature-inducing lipids DOPE and GMO are not suitable components of liposomal carriers for PTX delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Steffes
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Scott MacDonald
- Physics Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - John Crowe
- Physics Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Meena Murali
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Kai K Ewert
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Youli Li
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Cyrus R Safinya
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
- Physics Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
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13
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Zhang T, Luo X, Xu K, Zhong W. Peptide-containing nanoformulations: Skin barrier penetration and activity contribution. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 203:115139. [PMID: 37951358 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery presents a less invasive pathway, circumventing the need to pass through the gastrointestinal tract and liver, thereby reducing drug breakdown, initial metabolism, and gastrointestinal discomfort. Nevertheless, the unique composition and dense structure of the stratum corneum present a significant barrier to transdermal delivery. This article presents an overview of the current developments in peptides and nanotechnology to address this challenge. Initially, we sum up peptide-containing nanoformulations for transdermal drug delivery, examining them through the lenses of both inorganic and organic materials. Particular emphasis is placed on the diverse roles that peptides play within these nanoformulations, including conferring functionality upon nanocarriers and enhancing the biological efficacy of drugs. Subsequently, we summarize innovative strategies for enhancing skin penetration, categorizing them into passive and active approaches. Lastly, we discuss the therapeutic potential of peptide-containing nanoformulations in addressing a range of diseases, drawing insights from the biological activities and functions of peptides. Furthermore, the challenges hindering clinical translation are also discussed, providing valuable insights for future advancements in transdermal drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xuan Luo
- Department of Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Keming Xu
- Department of Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Wenying Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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14
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Steffes V, MacDonald S, Crowe J, Murali M, Ewert KK, Li Y, Safinya CR. Lipids with negative spontaneous curvature decrease the solubility of the cancer drug paclitaxel in liposomes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.18.563006. [PMID: 37905081 PMCID: PMC10614943 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.18.563006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Paclitaxel (PTX) is a hydrophobic small-molecule cancer drug that loads into the membrane (tail) region of lipid carriers such as liposomes and micelles. The development of improved lipid-based carriers of PTX is an important objective to generate chemotherapeutics with fewer side effects. The lipids 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) and glyceryl monooleate (GMO) show propensity for fusion with other lipid membranes, which has led to their use in lipid vectors of nucleic acids. We hypothesized that DOPE and GMO could enhance PTX delivery to cells through a similar membrane fusion mechanism. As an important measure of drug carrier performance, we evaluated PTX solubility in cationic liposomes containing GMO or DOPE. Solubility was determined by time-dependent kinetic phase diagrams generated from direct observations of PTX crystal formation using differential-interference-contrast optical microscopy. Remarkably, PTX was much less soluble in these liposomes than in control cationic liposomes containing univalent cationic lipid 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP) and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DOPC), which are not fusogenic. In particular, PTX was not substantially soluble in GMO-based cationic liposomes. The fusogenicity of DOPE and GMO is related to the negative spontaneous curvature of membranes containing these lipids, which drives formation of nonlamellar self-assembled phases (inverted hexagonal or gyroid cubic). We used synchrotron small-angle x-ray scattering to determine whether PTX solubility is governed by lipid membrane structure (condensed with DNA in pellet form) or by local intermolecular interactions. The results suggest that local intermolecular interactions are of greater importance and that the negative spontaneous curvature-inducing lipids DOPE and GMO are not suitable components of lipid carriers for PTX delivery regardless of carrier structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Steffes
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Scott MacDonald
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - John Crowe
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Meena Murali
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Kai K Ewert
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Youli Li
- Physics Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Cyrus R Safinya
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
- Physics Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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15
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Go EJ, Yang H, Park W, Lee SJ, Han JH, Kong SJ, Lee WS, Han DK, Chon HJ, Kim C. Systemic Delivery of a STING Agonist-Loaded Positively Charged Liposome Selectively Targets Tumor Immune Microenvironment and Suppresses Tumor Angiogenesis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2300544. [PMID: 37381624 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Although stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonists has shown great promise in preclinical studies, the clinical development of STING agonist therapy is challenged by its limited systemic delivery. Here, positively charged fusogenic liposomes loaded with a STING agonist (PoSTING) are designed for systemic delivery and to preferentially target the tumor microenvironment. When PoSTING is administered intravenously, it selectively targets not only tumor cells but also immune and tumor endothelial cells (ECs). In particular, delivery of STING agonists to tumor ECs normalizes abnormal tumor vasculatures, induces intratumoral STING activation, and elicits robust anti-tumor T cell immunity within the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, PoSTING can be used as a systemic delivery platform to overcome the limitations of using STING agonists in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jin Go
- Medical Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13496, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Translational Immuno-Oncology, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13496, Republic of Korea
| | - Hannah Yang
- Medical Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13496, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Translational Immuno-Oncology, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13496, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooram Park
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoburo 2066, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Joon Lee
- Medical Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13496, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Translational Immuno-Oncology, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13496, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hyeok Han
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoburo 2066, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - So Jung Kong
- Medical Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13496, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Translational Immuno-Oncology, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13496, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Suk Lee
- Medical Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13496, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Translational Immuno-Oncology, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13496, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Keun Han
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13496, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Jae Chon
- Medical Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13496, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Translational Immuno-Oncology, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13496, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Kim
- Medical Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13496, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Translational Immuno-Oncology, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13496, Republic of Korea
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16
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Lu D, Wu JP, Yang QW, Wang HY, Yang JJ, Zhang GG, Wang C, Yang YL, Zhu L, Sun XZ. Recent advances in lipid nanovesicles for targeted treatment of spinal cord injury. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1261288. [PMID: 37691909 PMCID: PMC10486273 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1261288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The effective regeneration and functional restoration of damaged spinal cord tissue have been a long-standing concern in regenerative medicine. Treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI) is challenging due to the obstruction of the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB), the lack of targeting of drugs, and the complex pathophysiology of injury sites. Lipid nanovesicles, including cell-derived nanovesicles and synthetic lipid nanovesicles, are highly biocompatible and can penetrate BSCB, and are therefore effective delivery systems for targeted treatment of SCI. We summarize the progress of lipid nanovesicles for the targeted treatment of SCI, discuss their advantages and challenges, and provide a perspective on the application of lipid nanovesicles for SCI treatment. Although most of the lipid nanovesicle-based therapy of SCI is still in preclinical studies, this low immunogenicity, low toxicity, and highly engineerable nanovesicles will hold great promise for future spinal cord injury treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Lu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nano-science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jiu-Ping Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qi-Wei Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nano-science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Hua-Yi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nano-science and Technology, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Jie Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gang-Gang Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nano-science and Technology, Beijing, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Lian Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nano-science and Technology, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nano-science and Technology, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Zhi Sun
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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17
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Fulton MD, Najahi-Missaoui W. Liposomes in Cancer Therapy: How Did We Start and Where Are We Now. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076615. [PMID: 37047585 PMCID: PMC10095497 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Since their first discovery in the 1960s by Alec Bangham, liposomes have been shown to be effective drug delivery systems for treating various cancers. Several liposome-based formulations received approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA), with many others in clinical trials. Liposomes have several advantages, including improved pharmacokinetic properties of the encapsulated drug, reduced systemic toxicity, extended circulation time, and targeted disposition in tumor sites due to the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) mechanism. However, it is worth noting that despite their efficacy in treating various cancers, liposomes still have some potential toxicity and lack specific targeting and disposition. This explains, in part, why their translation into the clinic has progressed only incrementally, which poses the need for more research to focus on addressing such translational limitations. This review summarizes the main properties of liposomes, their current status in cancer therapy, and their limitations and challenges to achieving maximal therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody D. Fulton
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Wided Najahi-Missaoui
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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18
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Cole HD, Eroy M, Roque JA, Shi G, Guirguis M, Fakhry J, Cameron CG, Obaid G, McFarland SA. Establishing a Robust and Reliable Response from a Potent Osmium-Based Photosensitizer Via Lipid Nanoformulation †. Photochem Photobiol 2023; 99:751-760. [PMID: 36481983 PMCID: PMC10315168 DOI: 10.1111/php.13756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Osmium (Os) based photosensitizers (PSs) are a unique class of nontetrapyrrolic metal-containing PSs that absorb red light. We recently reported a highly potent Os(II) PS, rac-[Os(phen)2 (IP-4T)](Cl)2 , referred to as ML18J03 herein, with light EC50 values as low as 20 pm. ML18J03 also exhibits low dark toxicity and submicromolar light EC50 values in hypoxia in some cell lines. However, owing to its longer oligothiophene chain, ML18J03 is not completely water soluble and forms 1-2 μm sized aggregates in PBS containing 1% DMSO. This aggregation causes variability in PDT efficacy between assays and thus unreliable and irreproducible reports of in vitro activity. To that end, we utilized PEG-modified DPPC liposomes (138 nm diameter) and DSPE-mPEG2000 micelles (10.2 nm diameter) as lipid nanoformulation vehicles to mitigate aggregation of ML18J03 and found that the spectroscopic properties important to biological activity were maintained or improved. Importantly, the lipid formulations decreased the interassay variance between the EC50 values by almost 20-fold, with respect to the unformulated ML18J03 when using broadband visible light excitation (P = 0.0276). Herein, lipid formulations are presented as reliable platforms for more accurate in vitro photocytotoxicity quantification for PSs prone to aggregation (such as ML18J03) and will be useful for assessing their in vivo PDT effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houston D. Cole
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Menitte Eroy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, United States
| | - John A. Roque
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Ge Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Mina Guirguis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, United States
| | - John Fakhry
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, United States
| | - Colin G. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Girgis Obaid
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, United States
| | - Sherri A. McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
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19
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Zhou Y, Lu X, Wang X, Ying T, Tan X. Potent Therapeutic Strategies for COVID-19 with Single-Domain Antibody Immunoliposomes Neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 and Lip/cGAMP Enhancing Protective Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044068. [PMID: 36835479 PMCID: PMC9966208 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The worldwide spread of COVID-19 continues to impact our lives and has led to unprecedented damage to global health and the economy. This highlights the need for an efficient approach to rapidly develop therapeutics and prophylactics against SARS-CoV-2. We modified a single-domain antibody, SARS-CoV-2 VHH, to the surface of the liposomes. These immunoliposomes demonstrated a good neutralizing ability, but could also carry therapeutic compounds. Furthermore, we used the 2019-nCoV RBD-SD1 protein as an antigen with Lip/cGAMP as the adjuvant to immunize mice. Lip/cGAMP enhanced the immunity well. It was demonstrated that the combination of RBD-SD1 and Lip/cGAMP was an effective preventive vaccine. This work presented potent therapeutic anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs and an effective vaccine to prevent the spread of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xing Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Tianlei Ying
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiangshi Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
- Correspondence:
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20
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Agha A, Waheed W, Stiharu I, Nerguizian V, Destgeer G, Abu-Nada E, Alazzam A. A review on microfluidic-assisted nanoparticle synthesis, and their applications using multiscale simulation methods. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2023; 18:18. [PMID: 36800044 PMCID: PMC9936499 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-023-03792-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed an increased interest in the development of nanoparticles (NPs) owing to their potential use in a wide variety of biomedical applications, including drug delivery, imaging agents, gene therapy, and vaccines, where recently, lipid nanoparticle mRNA-based vaccines were developed to prevent SARS-CoV-2 causing COVID-19. NPs typically fall into two broad categories: organic and inorganic. Organic NPs mainly include lipid-based and polymer-based nanoparticles, such as liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, polymersomes, dendrimers, and polymer micelles. Gold and silver NPs, iron oxide NPs, quantum dots, and carbon and silica-based nanomaterials make up the bulk of the inorganic NPs. These NPs are prepared using a variety of top-down and bottom-up approaches. Microfluidics provide an attractive synthesis alternative and is advantageous compared to the conventional bulk methods. The microfluidic mixing-based production methods offer better control in achieving the desired size, morphology, shape, size distribution, and surface properties of the synthesized NPs. The technology also exhibits excellent process repeatability, fast handling, less sample usage, and yields greater encapsulation efficiencies. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of the microfluidic-based passive and active mixing techniques for NP synthesis, and their latest developments. Additionally, a summary of microfluidic devices used for NP production is presented. Nonetheless, despite significant advancements in the experimental procedures, complete details of a nanoparticle-based system cannot be deduced from the experiments alone, and thus, multiscale computer simulations are utilized to perform systematic investigations. The work also details the most common multiscale simulation methods and their advancements in unveiling critical mechanisms involved in nanoparticle synthesis and the interaction of nanoparticles with other entities, especially in biomedical and therapeutic systems. Finally, an analysis is provided on the challenges in microfluidics related to nanoparticle synthesis and applications, and the future perspectives, such as large-scale NP synthesis, and hybrid formulations and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman Agha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Waqas Waheed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- System on Chip Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | | | | | - Ghulam Destgeer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eiyad Abu-Nada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Anas Alazzam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
- System on Chip Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
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21
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A Review of Different Types of Liposomes and Their Advancements as a Form of Gene Therapy Treatment for Breast Cancer. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031498. [PMID: 36771161 PMCID: PMC9920768 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer incidence and mortality rates have increased exponentially during the last decade, particularly among female patients. Current therapies, including surgery and chemotherapy, have significant negative physical and mental impacts on patients. As a safer alternative, gene therapy utilising a therapeutic gene with the potential to treat various ailments is being considered. Delivery of the gene generally utilises viral vectors. However, immunological reactions and even mortality have been recorded as side effects. As a result, non-viral vectors, such as liposomes, a system composed of lipid bilayers formed into nanoparticles, are being studied. Liposomes have demonstrated tremendous potential due to their limitless ability to combine many functions into a system with desirable characteristics and functionality. This article discusses cationic, anionic, and neutral liposomes with their stability, cytotoxicity, transfection ability, cellular uptake, and limitation as a gene carrier suitable for gene therapy specifically for cancer. Due to the more practical approach of employing electrostatic contact with the negatively charged nucleic acid and the cell membrane for absorption purposes, cationic liposomes appear to be more suited for formulation for gene delivery and therapy for breast cancer treatment. As the other alternatives have numerous complicated additional modifications, attachments need to be made to achieve a functional gene therapy system for breast cancer treatment, which were also discussed in this review. This review aimed to increase understanding and build a viable breast cancer gene therapy treatment strategy.
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Nanotechnology for DNA and RNA delivery. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-818627-5.00008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
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23
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Fahmy UA, Badr-Eldin SM, Aldawsari HM, Alhakamy NA, Ahmed OAA, Radwan MF, Eid BG, Sayed SRM, El Sherbiny GA, Abualsunun W. Potentiality of raloxifene loaded melittin functionalized lipidic nanovesicles against pancreatic cancer cells. Drug Deliv 2022; 29:1863-1877. [PMID: 35708464 PMCID: PMC9225738 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2072544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) frequency and incidence have grown rapidly in recent years. One of the most serious problems with PC is the existence of asymptotic manifestations, which frequently delays early detection, and until the diagnosis is established, tumor cells progress to the metastatic stage. Another significant concern with PC is the scarcity of well-defined pharmacotherapeutic drugs. The aim of this study was to develop an efficient nanocarrier system to augment the efficacy of raloxifene (RLX) against PC cells. As a result, the current investigation was carried out in order to give an effective treatment method, in which an optimum RLX loaded phospholipid-based vesicles with melittin (PL-MEL) was chosen using experimental design software, with particle size, zeta potential and entrapment efficiency % as dependent variables. Furthermore, anticancer activity against PANC1 cells was assessed. The optimized nanovesicle parameters were 172.5 nm for the measured size, zeta potential of -0.69 mV, and entrapment efficiency of 76.91% that were in good agreement with the expected ones. RLX-raw, plain formula, and optimized RLX-PL-MEL showed IC50 concentrations of 26.07 ± 0.98, 9.166 ± 0.34, and 1.24 ± 0.05 µg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, cell cycle analysis revealed that the nanovesicle was most effective in the G2-M phase, whereas Bax, and Bcl-2 estimates revealed that optimized RLX formula had the highest apoptotic activity among treatments investigated. However, as compared to RLX alone or plain formula alone, the optimized formula demonstrated higher expression of TNFα and Bax while a significant reduction of Bcl-2 and NF-κB expression was observed. mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) analysis confirmed the apoptosis as well as the anticancer effect of the optimized formula. Thus, the present study results showed an improvement in the anti-PC effects of the RLX with phospholipid conjugated melittin, making it a novel treatment approach against PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usama A. Fahmy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaimaa M. Badr-Eldin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hibah M. Aldawsari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nabil A. Alhakamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Mohamed Saeed Tamer Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama A. A. Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Mohamed Saeed Tamer Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed F. Radwan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basma G. Eid
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaban R. M. Sayed
- College of Science, Electron Microscope Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gamal A. El Sherbiny
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cyprus International University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Walaa Abualsunun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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24
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Ahmed OAA, Badr-Eldin SM, Caruso G, Fahmy UA, Alharbi WS, Almehmady AM, Alghamdi SA, Alhakamy NA, Mohamed AI, Aldawsari HM, Mady FM. Colon Targeted Eudragit Coated Beads Loaded with Optimized Fluvastatin-Scorpion Venom Conjugate as a Potential Approach for Colon Cancer Therapy: In Vitro Anticancer Activity and In Vivo Colon Imaging. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:3304-3317. [PMID: 36007556 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical studies suggest that most of statins or 3‑hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors possess pleiotropic anticancer activity. The aim of the present work was to investigate the conjugation of the statin fluvastatin (FLV) with scorpion venom (SV), a natural peptide with proven anticancer properties, to enhance FLV cytotoxic activity and prepare colon targeted FLV-SV nanoconjugate beads for management of colon cancer. Response surface design was applied for the optimization of FLV-SV nanoconjugates. FLV-SV particle size and zeta potential were selected as responses. Cytotoxicity of optimized FLV-SV nanoconjugates was carried out on Caco2 cell line. Colon targeted alginate coated Eudragit S100 (ES100) beads for the optimized formula were prepared with the utilization of barium sulfate (BaSO4) as radiopaque contrast substance. Results revealed that optimized FLV-SV nanoconjugates showed a size of 71.21 nm, while the zeta potential was equal to 29.13 mV. Caco2 cells were considerably more sensitive to the FLV-SV formula (half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 11.91 µg/mL) compared to SV and FLV used individually, as shown by values of IC50 equal to 30.23 µg/mL and 47.68 µg/mL, respectively. In vivo imaging of colon targeted beads, carried out by employing real-time X-ray radiography, confirmed the efficiency of colon targeted beads. Overall our results indicate that the optimized FLV-SV nanoconjugate loaded alginate coated ES100 beads could represent a promising approach for colon cancer with efficient colon targeting ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama A A Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Center of Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Mohamed Saeed Tamer Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaimaa M Badr-Eldin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Giuseppe Caruso
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Catania 95125, Italy; Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, Neuropharmacology and Translational Neurosciences Research Unit, Troina 94018, Italy.
| | - Usama A Fahmy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Center of Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Mohamed Saeed Tamer Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed S Alharbi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Center of Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alshaimaa M Almehmady
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shareefa A Alghamdi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nabil A Alhakamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Center of Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Mohamed Saeed Tamer Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amir I Mohamed
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Military Medical Academy, Cairo 11435, Egypt
| | - Hibah M Aldawsari
- Center of Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Mohamed Saeed Tamer Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatma M Mady
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, El-Minia 61519, Egypt.
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Partoazar A, Kianvash N, Goudarzi R. New concepts in wound targeting through liposome-based nanocarriers (LBNs). J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Li P, Wang D, Hu J, Yang X. The role of imaging in targeted delivery of nanomedicine for cancer therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 189:114447. [PMID: 35863515 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicines overcome the pharmacokinetic limitations of traditional drug formulations and have promising prospect in cancer treatment. However, nanomedicine delivery in vivo is still facing challenges from the complex physiological environment. For the purpose of effective tumor therapy, they should be designed to guarantee the five features principle, including long blood circulation, efficient tumor accumulation, deep matrix penetration, enhanced cell internalization and accurate drug release. To ensure the excellent performance of the designed nanomedicine, it would be better to monitor the drug delivery process as well as the therapeutic effects by real-time imaging. In this review, we summarize strategies in developing nanomedicines for efficiently meeting the five features of drug delivery, and the role of several imaging modalities (fluorescent imaging (FL), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), photoacoustic imaging (PAI), positron emission tomography (PET), and electron microscopy) in tracing drug delivery and therapeutic effect in vivo based on five features principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puze Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jun Hu
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Xiangliang Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
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Zhang N, Feng N, Xin X, Zhang J, Wu D, Jiang Q, Yu T, Gao M, Zhao S, Yang H, Tian Q. Nano-drug delivery system with enhanced tumour penetration and layered anti-tumour efficacy. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2022; 45:102592. [PMID: 35905842 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2022.102592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The low delivery efficiency of nano-drugs and limited tumour penetration are still huge challenges in treating solid tumours. Herein, we developed a pH-responsive nano-drug delivery system, CALS/PDMA@DOX, with a size conversion-layered delivery function. The system is composed of a pH-responsive cationic liposome loaded with DOX (CALS) and a polyamidoamine dendrimer loaded with DOX (PAMAM@DOX) modified with 2,3-dimethylmaleic anhydride (PDMA@DOX) using electrostatic adsorption. In the tumour microenvironment, the positively-charged large-size CALS and the positively-charged small-size PAMAM@DOX were dissociated to exert anti-tumour effects. CALS preferentially targeted tumour angiogenesis endothelial cells. Because of its small size and positive charge, PAMAM@DOX showed excellent tumour penetration. Significant tumour suppression by the system in vivo was confirmed in a 4T1 tumour xenograft mouse model. This pH-triggered size-switching layered delivery nanosystem is a safe and effective cancer treatment delivery platform that improves drug permeability and therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Nannan Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiangying Xin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junwei Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Deqiao Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tong Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ming Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Siyuan Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qingfeng Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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28
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Vanza JD, Shah DM, Patel RB, Patel MR. Afatinib liposomal dry powder inhaler: Targeted pulmonary delivery of EGFR inhibitor for the management of lung cancer. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Waghule T, Saha RN, Alexander A, Singhvi G. Tailoring the multi-functional properties of phospholipids for simple to complex self-assemblies. J Control Release 2022; 349:460-474. [PMID: 35841998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The unique interfacial properties, huge diversity, and biocompatible nature of phospholipids make them an attractive pharmaceutical excipient. The amphiphilic nature of these molecules offers them the property to self-assemble into distinct structures. The solubility, chemical and structural properties, surface charge, and critical packing parameters of phospholipids play an essential role during formulation design. This review focuses on the relationship between the structural features of a phospholipid molecule and the formation of different lipid-based nanocarrier drug delivery systems. This provides a rationale and guideline for the selection of appropriate phospholipids while designing a drug delivery system. Finally, we refer to relevant recent case studies covering different types of phospholipid-based systems including simple to complex assemblies. Different carriers in the size range of 50 nm to a few microns can be prepared using phospholipids. The carriers can be delivered through oral, intravenous, nasal, dermal, transmucosal, and subcutaneous routes. A wide range of applicability can be achieved by incorporating various hydrophilic and lipophilic additives in the phospholipid bilayer. Advanced research has led to the discovery of phospholipid complexes and cell membrane mimicking lipids. Overall, phospholipids remain a versatile pharmaceutical excipient for drug delivery. They play multiple roles as solubilizer, emulsifier, surfactant, permeation enhancer, coating agent, release modifier, and liposome former.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejashree Waghule
- Industrial Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, India
| | - Ranendra Narayan Saha
- Industrial Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, India
| | - Amit Alexander
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam 781101, India
| | - Gautam Singhvi
- Industrial Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, India.
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30
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Asfour HZ, Alhakamy NA, Fahmy UA, Ahmed OAA, Rizg WY, Felimban RI, Abdel-Naim AB, Abourehab MAS, Mansouri RA, Omar UM, Badr-Eldin SM. Zein-Stabilized Nanospheres as Nanocarriers for Boosting the Aphrodisiac Activity of Icariin: Response Surface Optimization and In Vivo Assessment. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1279. [PMID: 35745852 PMCID: PMC9227839 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Icariin (ICA), a main active compound of the Epimedium genus, is used as an aphrodisiac in traditional Chinese herbal medicine. Despite its therapeutic efficacy, ICA displays reduced oral absorption, and therefore, low bioavailability hindered its clinical application. Implementing nanotechnology in the field of formulation has been a focus to improve the efficacy of ICA. In this regard, polymeric nanoparticles find a potential application as drug delivery systems. A nanosphere formula was designed, aiming to improve the drug's efficacy. The proposed ICA nanosphere formula (tocozeinolate) was optimized using D-optimal response surface design. The concentrations of ICA (X1), D-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS, X2), zein (X3), and sodium deoxycholate (SDC, X4) expressed as percentages were investigated as quantitative independent variables. As per the experimental design, 23 formulations were developed, which were investigated for particle size (PS, nm), zeta potential (ZP, mV), and entrapment efficiency (EE, %) as response parameters. Numerical optimization and desirability approach were employed to predict the optimized variable levels that, upon combination, could result in minimized size and maximized zeta potential and ICA entrapment. The optimized ICA-tocozeinolate nanospheres showed a particle size of 224.45 nm, zeta potential of 0.961 mV, and drug entrapment of 65.29% that coincide well with the predicted values. The optimized ICA-tocozeinolate nanospheres were evaluated for sexual behavior in Wistar male rats compared to raw ICA at equivalent doses (20 mg/kg). In vivo assessment results showed significant sexual behavior enhancement by the optimized formulation, as evidenced by decreased average time of both mount latency (ML) and ejaculation latency (EL) to almost half those of raw ICA. Additionally, intromission latency (IL) time was reduced by 41% compared to the raw ICA. These results highlighted the potential of the proposed ICA-tocozeinolate nanospheres as a promising platform for improving the delivery and efficacy of therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Z. Asfour
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Nabil A. Alhakamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (U.A.F.); (O.A.A.A.); (W.Y.R.)
- Center of Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Mohamed Saeed Tamer Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Usama A. Fahmy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (U.A.F.); (O.A.A.A.); (W.Y.R.)
| | - Osama A. A. Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (U.A.F.); (O.A.A.A.); (W.Y.R.)
- Center of Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Mohamed Saeed Tamer Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Y. Rizg
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (U.A.F.); (O.A.A.A.); (W.Y.R.)
| | - Raed I. Felimban
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Center of Innovation in Personalized Medicine (CIPM), 3D Bioprinting Unit, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf B. Abdel-Naim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammad A. S. Abourehab
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt;
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rasha A. Mansouri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.M.); (U.M.O.)
| | - Ulfat M. Omar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.M.); (U.M.O.)
- Princess Dr. Najla Bint Saud Al- Saud Center for Excellence Research in Biotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaimaa M. Badr-Eldin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (U.A.F.); (O.A.A.A.); (W.Y.R.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
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Sharifi M, Cho WC, Ansariesfahani A, Tarharoudi R, Malekisarvar H, Sari S, Bloukh SH, Edis Z, Amin M, Gleghorn JP, Hagen TLMT, Falahati M. An Updated Review on EPR-Based Solid Tumor Targeting Nanocarriers for Cancer Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2868. [PMID: 35740534 PMCID: PMC9220781 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14122868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect in cancer treatment is one of the key mechanisms that enables drug accumulation at the tumor site. However, despite a plethora of virus/inorganic/organic-based nanocarriers designed to rely on the EPR effect to effectively target tumors, most have failed in the clinic. It seems that the non-compliance of research activities with clinical trials, goals unrelated to the EPR effect, and lack of awareness of the impact of solid tumor structure and interactions on the performance of drug nanocarriers have intensified this dissatisfaction. As such, the asymmetric growth and structural complexity of solid tumors, physicochemical properties of drug nanocarriers, EPR analytical combination tools, and EPR description goals should be considered to improve EPR-based cancer therapeutics. This review provides valuable insights into the limitations of the EPR effect in therapeutic efficacy and reports crucial perspectives on how the EPR effect can be modulated to improve the therapeutic effects of nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Sharifi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud 3614773947, Iran;
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud 3614773947, Iran
| | - William C. Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Asal Ansariesfahani
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1916893813, Iran; (A.A.); (R.T.); (H.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Rahil Tarharoudi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1916893813, Iran; (A.A.); (R.T.); (H.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Hedyeh Malekisarvar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1916893813, Iran; (A.A.); (R.T.); (H.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Soyar Sari
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1916893813, Iran; (A.A.); (R.T.); (H.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Samir Haj Bloukh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates;
- Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Zehra Edis
- Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamadreza Amin
- Laboratory Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine Innovation Center Erasmus, Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.A.); (M.F.)
| | - Jason P. Gleghorn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Timo L. M. ten Hagen
- Laboratory Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine Innovation Center Erasmus, Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.A.); (M.F.)
| | - Mojtaba Falahati
- Laboratory Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine Innovation Center Erasmus, Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.A.); (M.F.)
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Influence of Liposomes’ and Lipoplexes’ Physicochemical Characteristics on Their Uptake Rate and Mechanisms by the Placenta. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116299. [PMID: 35682978 PMCID: PMC9181748 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnant women are still considered as drug orphans. Developing new medications for pregnancy complications is an urgent need. Nanomedicines seem to be a promising approach to control the biodistribution of drugs to ensure both the mother’s and the fetus’ safety. Understanding the interaction between nanoparticles and the placental barrier is a key factor to the success of the development of nanomedicines for pregnant women. In this study, we evaluated the behavior of fluorescent PEGylated liposomes and lipoplexes in human placental tissue using in vitro and ex vivo models, BeWo cell culture and suspended villous placental explants, respectively. Fluorescent based analytical tools such as Fluorescence activated cells sorting (FACS), confocal microscopy and HPLC coupled to fluorescence detection were used to assess liposomes penetration and their endocytosis mechanisms in the placenta. First, no influence of the PEGylation density was observed on the cellular internalization of liposomal formulations using both models. The comparison between neutral and cationic liposomes exhibits a significant higher internalization of the cationic formulation compared to the neutral ones. In addition, the HPLC quantification of the fluorescent liposomes in human villous explants demonstrated an increase of cationic liposomes uptake with increasing incubation concentrations. Similar uptake of cationic liposomes and lipoplexes, containing the same cationic lipid, the DMAPAP but with an overall neutral surface charge, was observed and evidenced the higher effect of composition than charge surface on trophoblast penetration. Moreover, both cationic liposomes and lipoplexes exhibited an endocytosis mechanism of internalization via pathways implicating dynamin. These data highlight the key role of the liposome’s lipid composition and the possibility to modulate their internalization in the placenta by adjusting their design.
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Ikeda-Imafuku M, Wang LLW, Rodrigues D, Shaha S, Zhao Z, Mitragotri S. Strategies to improve the EPR effect: A mechanistic perspective and clinical translation. J Control Release 2022; 345:512-536. [PMID: 35337939 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Many efforts have been made to achieve targeted delivery of anticancer drugs to enhance their efficacy and to reduce their adverse effects. These efforts include the development of nanomedicines as they can selectively penetrate through tumor blood vessels through the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. The EPR effect was first proposed by Maeda and co-workers in 1986, and since then various types of nanoparticles have been developed to take advantage of the phenomenon with regards to drug delivery. However, the EPR effect has been found to be highly variable and thus unreliable due to the complex tumor microenvironment. Various physical and pharmacological strategies have been explored to overcome this challenge. Here, we review key advances and emerging concepts of such EPR-enhancing strategies. Furthermore, we analyze 723 clinical trials of nanoparticles with EPR enhancers and discuss their clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Ikeda-Imafuku
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Cambridge, MA 20138, USA
| | - Lily Li-Wen Wang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Cambridge, MA 20138, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Danika Rodrigues
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Cambridge, MA 20138, USA
| | - Suyog Shaha
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Cambridge, MA 20138, USA
| | - Zongmin Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Translational Oncology Program, University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Cambridge, MA 20138, USA.
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van der Koog L, Gandek TB, Nagelkerke A. Liposomes and Extracellular Vesicles as Drug Delivery Systems: A Comparison of Composition, Pharmacokinetics, and Functionalization. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2100639. [PMID: 34165909 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, lipid-based nanoparticle drug delivery systems (DDS) have caught the attention of researchers worldwide, encouraging the field to rapidly develop improved ways for effective drug delivery. One of the most prominent examples is liposomes, which are spherical shaped artificial vesicles composed of lipid bilayers and able to encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic materials. At the same time, biological nanoparticles naturally secreted by cells, called extracellular vesicles (EVs), have emerged as promising more complex biocompatible DDS. In this review paper, the differences and similarities in the composition of both vesicles are evaluated, and critical mediators that affect their pharmacokinetics are elucidate. Different strategies that have been assessed to tweak the pharmacokinetics of both liposomes and EVs are explored, detailing the effects on circulation time, targeting capacity, and cytoplasmic delivery of therapeutic cargo. Finally, whether a hybrid system, consisting of a combination of only the critical constituents of both vesicles, could offer the best of both worlds is discussed. Through these topics, novel leads for further research are provided and, more importantly, gain insight in what the liposome field and the EV field can learn from each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke van der Koog
- Molecular Pharmacology Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Center Groningen University of Groningen P.O. Box 196, XB10 Groningen 9700 AD The Netherlands
| | - Timea B. Gandek
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy University of Groningen P.O. Box 196, XB20 Groningen 9700 AD The Netherlands
| | - Anika Nagelkerke
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy University of Groningen P.O. Box 196, XB20 Groningen 9700 AD The Netherlands
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Stüber JC, Rechberger KF, Miladinović SM, Pöschinger T, Zimmermann T, Villenave R, Eigenmann MJ, Kraft TE, Shah DK, Kettenberger H, Richter WF. Impact of charge patches on tumor disposition and biodistribution of therapeutic antibodies. AAPS OPEN 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s41120-021-00048-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThis study explores the impact of antibody surface charge on tissue distribution into various tissues including tumor. Tumor-bearing mice were dosed intravenously with a mixture comprising three antibodies engineered to carry negative charge patches, a balanced charge distribution, or positive patches, respectively (cassette dosing). Tissue levels were analyzed with a specific LC-MS/MS method. In addition, the antibody mix was administered to non-tumor bearing mice. Muscle and skin interstitial fluid were obtained by centrifugation and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. An in vitro endothelium model was explored for its feasibility to mimic the observed distribution differences.A balanced charge distribution was optimal in terms of total tumor exposure, while in other tissues, negatively charged and balanced charged antibodies gave similar results. In contrast, positive charge patches generally resulted in increased serum clearance but markedly enhanced tumor and organ uptake, leading to higher tissue-to-serum ratios. The uptake and availability in the interstitial space were confirmed by specific assessment of antibody levels in the interstitial fluid of the muscle and skin, with similar charge impact as in total tissue. The in vitro model was able to differentiate the transport propensity of this series of antibody variants. In summary, our results show the differential effects of charge patches on an antibody surface on biodistribution and tumor uptake. These insights may help in the design of molecules with biodistribution properties tailored to their purpose, and an optimized safety profile.
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Wang W, Joyce P, Bremmell K, Milne R, Prestidge CA. Liposomal 5-Fluorouracil Polymer Complexes Facilitate Tumor-Specific Delivery: Pharmaco-Distribution Kinetics Using Microdialysis. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020221. [PMID: 35213954 PMCID: PMC8878722 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Liposomes are widely used as carriers for anticancer drugs due to their ability to prolong the retention of encapsulated drugs in blood plasma while directing their distribution increasingly into tumor tissue. We report on the development of stealth liposomal formulations for the common chemotherapy drug 5-fluorouracil, where pharmacokinetic studies were undertaken using a microdialysis probe to specifically quantify drug accumulation in tumor, which was contrasted to drug exposure to healthy tissue. Greater accumulation of the drug into the tumor than into healthy subcutaneous tissue was observed for neutral and cationic liposomal 5-fluorouracil polymer complexes in comparison to the conventional delivery by an injected solution. Increased drug accumulation in tumor also correlated to reduced tumor growth. This research has generated new mechanistic insight into liposomal-specific delivery to tumors with potential to improve the efficacy and reduce the toxicity of chemotherapy.
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Alhakamy NA, Fahmy UA, Eldin SMB, Ahmed OAA, Aldawsari HM, Okbazghi SZ, Alfaleh MA, Abdulaal WH, Alamoudi AJ, Mady FM. Scorpion Venom-Functionalized Quercetin Phytosomes for Breast Cancer Management: In Vitro Response Surface Optimization and Anticancer Activity against MCF-7 Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:93. [PMID: 35012116 PMCID: PMC8747200 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a dangerous type of cancer in women. Quercetin (QRT), a naturally occurring flavonoid, has wide biological effects including antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, and antiviral activities. The anticancer activity is considered the most valuable effect of QRT against several types of cancer, including prostate, liver, lung, colon, and breast cancer. Scorpion venom peptides (SV) has been found to induce apoptosis and aggravate cancer cells, making it a promising anticancer agent. QRT, SV, and Phospholipon® 90H (PL) were incorporated in a nano-based delivery platform to assess QRT's cellular uptake and antiproliferative efficacy against a lung cancer cell line derived from human breast cancer cells MCF-7. Several nanovesicles were prepared and optimized, using four-factor Box-Behnken, in an experimental design. The optimized phytosomes showed vesicle size and zeta potential values of 116.9 nm and 31.5 mV, respectively. The IC50 values revealed that MCF-7 cells were significantly more sensitive to the optimized QRT formula than the plain formula and raw QRT. Cell cycle analysis revealed that optimized QRT formula treatment resulted in significant cell cycle arrest at the S phase. The results also indicated that treatment with QRT formula significantly increased caspase-9, Bax, Bcl-2, and p53 mRNA expression, compared with the plain formula and QRT. In terms of the inflammatory markers, the QRT formula significantly reduced the activity of TNF-α and NF-κB, in comparison with the plain formula and QRT only. Overall, the findings from the study proved that a QRT formulation could be a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil A. Alhakamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (S.M.B.E.); (O.A.A.A.); (H.M.A.); (M.A.A.)
- Center of Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Mohamed Saeed Tamer Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Usama A. Fahmy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (S.M.B.E.); (O.A.A.A.); (H.M.A.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Shaimaa M. Badr Eldin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (S.M.B.E.); (O.A.A.A.); (H.M.A.); (M.A.A.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Osama A. A. Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (S.M.B.E.); (O.A.A.A.); (H.M.A.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Hibah M. Aldawsari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (S.M.B.E.); (O.A.A.A.); (H.M.A.); (M.A.A.)
- Center of Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Solomon Z. Okbazghi
- Global Analytical and Pharmaceutical Development, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, CT 06510, USA;
| | - Mohamed A. Alfaleh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (S.M.B.E.); (O.A.A.A.); (H.M.A.); (M.A.A.)
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wesam H. Abdulaal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdulmohsin J. Alamoudi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Fatma M. Mady
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt;
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Asfour HZ, Fahmy UA, Alharbi WS, Almehmady AM, Alamoudi AJ, Tima S, Mansouri RA, Omar UM, Ahmed OAA, Zakai SA, Aldarmahi AA, Bagalagel A, Diri R, Alhakamy NA. Phyto-Phospholipid Conjugated Scorpion Venom Nanovesicles as Promising Carrier That Improves Efficacy of Thymoquinone against Adenocarcinoma Human Alveolar Basal Epithelial Cells. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:2144. [PMID: 34959424 PMCID: PMC8709205 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is a dangerous type of cancer in men and the third leading cause of cancer-related death in women, behind breast and colorectal cancers. Thymoquinone (THQ), a main compound in black seed essential oils, has a variety of beneficial effects, including antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. On the other hand, scorpion venom peptides (SV) induce apoptosis in the cancer cells, making it a promising anticancer agent. THQ, SV, and Phospholipon® 90H (PL) were incorporated in a nano-based delivery platform to assess THQ's cellular uptake and antiproliferative efficacy against a lung cancer cell line derived from human alveolar epithelial cells (A549). Several nanovesicles were prepared and optimized using factorial experimental design. The optimized phytosome formulation contained 79.0 mg of PL and 170.0 mg of SV, with vesicle size and zeta potential of 209.9 nm and 21.1 mV, respectively. The IC50 values revealed that A549 cells were significantly more sensitive to the THQ formula than the plain formula and THQ. Cell cycle analysis revealed that THQ formula treatment resulted in significant cell cycle arrest at the S phase, increasing cell population in this phase by 22.1%. Furthermore, the THQ formula greatly increased cell apoptosis (25.17%) when compared to the untreated control (1.76%), plain formula (11.96%), or THQ alone (13.18%). The results also indicated that treatment with THQ formula significantly increased caspase-3, Bax, Bcl-2, and p53 mRNA expression compared to plain formula and THQ. In terms of the inflammatory markers, THQ formula significantly reduced the activity of TNF-α and NF-κB in comparison with the plain formula and THQ only. Overall, the findings from the study proved that a phytosome formulation of THQ could be a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Z. Asfour
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (H.Z.A.); (S.A.Z.)
| | - Usama A. Fahmy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (W.S.A.); (A.M.A.); (O.A.A.A.); (N.A.A.)
| | - Waleed S. Alharbi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (W.S.A.); (A.M.A.); (O.A.A.A.); (N.A.A.)
- Center of Research Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alshaimaa M. Almehmady
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (W.S.A.); (A.M.A.); (O.A.A.A.); (N.A.A.)
| | - Abdulmohsin J. Alamoudi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Singkome Tima
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Rasha A. Mansouri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.M.); (U.M.O.)
| | - Ulfat M. Omar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.M.); (U.M.O.)
| | - Osama A. A. Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (W.S.A.); (A.M.A.); (O.A.A.A.); (N.A.A.)
- Center of Research Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shadi A. Zakai
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (H.Z.A.); (S.A.Z.)
| | - Ahmed A. Aldarmahi
- College of Sciences and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah 21423, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Alaa Bagalagel
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.B.); (R.D.)
| | - Reem Diri
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.B.); (R.D.)
| | - Nabil A. Alhakamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (W.S.A.); (A.M.A.); (O.A.A.A.); (N.A.A.)
- Center of Research Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Mohamed Saeed Tamer Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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39
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Botet-Carreras A, Montero MT, Sot J, Domènech Ò, Borrell JH. Engineering and development of model lipid membranes mimicking the HeLa cell membrane. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Kingston BR, Lin ZP, Ouyang B, MacMillan P, Ngai J, Syed AM, Sindhwani S, Chan WCW. Specific Endothelial Cells Govern Nanoparticle Entry into Solid Tumors. ACS NANO 2021; 15:14080-14094. [PMID: 34382779 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c04510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The successful delivery of nanoparticles to solid tumors depends on their ability to pass through blood vessels and into the tumor microenvironment. Here, we discovered a subset of tumor endothelial cells that facilitate nanoparticle transport into solid tumors. We named these cells nanoparticle transport endothelial cells (N-TECs). We show that only 21% of tumor endothelial cells located on a small number of vessels are involved in transporting nanoparticles into the tumor microenvironment. N-TECs have an increased expression of genes related to nanoparticle transport and vessel permeability compared to other tumor endothelial cells. The N-TECs act as gatekeepers that determine the entry point, distribution, cell accessibility, and number of nanoparticles that enter the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Kingston
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Rosebrugh Building, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Zachary P Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Rosebrugh Building, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Ben Ouyang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Rosebrugh Building, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
- MD/PhD Program, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Presley MacMillan
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jessica Ngai
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Abdullah Muhammad Syed
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Rosebrugh Building, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Shrey Sindhwani
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Rosebrugh Building, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
- MD/PhD Program, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Warren C W Chan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Rosebrugh Building, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
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Large DE, Abdelmessih RG, Fink EA, Auguste DT. Liposome composition in drug delivery design, synthesis, characterization, and clinical application. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 176:113851. [PMID: 34224787 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liposomal drug delivery represents a highly adaptable therapeutic platform for treating a wide range of diseases. Natural and synthetic lipids, as well as surfactants, are commonly utilized in the synthesis of liposomal drug delivery vehicles. The molecular diversity in the composition of liposomes enables drug delivery with unique physiological functions, such as pH response, prolonged blood circulation, and reduced systemic toxicity. Herein, we discuss the impact of composition on liposome synthesis, function, and clinical utility.
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Shokooh Saremi S, Nikpoor AR, Sadri K, Mehrabian A, Karimi M, Mansouri A, Jafari MR, Badiee A. Development of a stable and high loaded liposomal formulation of lapatinib with enhanced therapeutic effects for breast cancer in combination with Caelyx®: In vitro and in vivo evaluations. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 207:112012. [PMID: 34352656 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.112012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lapatinib, a dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has poor water solubility, which results in poor and incomplete absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. To overcome this obstacle, we designed a stable and high-loaded liposomal formulation encapsulating lapatinib and examined its therapeutic efficacy in vitro and in vivo on TUBO and 4T1 cell lines. We also assessed the impact of liposomal lapatinib on the extent of the tumor and spleen-infiltrating lymphocytes and the autophagy and apoptosis gene expression within the tumor site. Our results showed that liposomal lapatinib inhibits cell proliferation and significantly induces autophagy and apoptosis compared to control groups. Moreover, when it used in combination with liposomal doxorubicin, it extended the time to end from 22.4 ± 3.5 in the control group to 40 days in the TUBO cell line and from 29.2 ± 1.7 to 38.6 ± 2.2 days in 4T1 triple-negative breast cancer cell line, which reveals its promising effects on the survival of tumor-bearing mice. Our results indicated the need for further evaluations to understand liposomal lapatinib's potential effects on autophagy, apoptosis, and particularly on immune system cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Shokooh Saremi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amin Reza Nikpoor
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Kayvan Sadri
- Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amin Mehrabian
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Maryam Karimi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Atena Mansouri
- Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jafari
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Badiee
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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43
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Zhao X, Ye Y, Ge S, Sun P, Yu P. Cellular and Molecular Targeted Drug Delivery in Central Nervous System Cancers: Advances in Targeting Strategies. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 20:2762-2776. [PMID: 32851962 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200826122402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) cancers are among the most common and treatment-resistant diseases. The main reason for the low treatment efficiency of the disorders is the barriers against targeted delivery of anticancer agents to the site of interest, including the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-brain tumor barrier (BBTB). BBB is a strong biological barrier separating circulating blood from brain extracellular fluid that selectively and actively prevents cytotoxic agents and majority of anticancer drugs from entering the brain. BBB and BBTB are the major impediments against targeted drug delivery into CNS tumors. Nanotechnology and its allied modalities offer interesting and effective delivery strategies to transport drugs across BBB to reach brain tissue. Integrating anticancer drugs into different nanocarriers improves the delivery performance of the resultant compounds across BBB. Surface engineering of nanovehicles using specific ligands, antibodies and proteins enhances the BBB crossing efficacy as well as selective and specific targeting to the target cancerous tissues in CNS tumors. Multifunctional nanoparticles (NPs) have brought revolutionary advances in targeted drug delivery to brain tumors. This study reviews the main anatomical, physiological and biological features of BBB and BBTB in drug delivery and the recent advances in targeting strategies in NPs-based drug delivery for CNS tumors. Moreover, we discuss advances in using specific ligands, antibodies, and surface proteins for designing and engineering of nanocarriers for targeted delivery of anticancer drugs to CNS tumors. Finally, the current clinical applications and the perspectives in the targeted delivery of therapeutic molecules and genes to CNS tumors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Beilun People's Hospital, Ningbo 315800, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yun Ye
- Department of Pharmacy, Beilun People's Hospital, Ningbo 315800, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shuyu Ge
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310012, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Pingping Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310012, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310012, Zhejiang Province, China
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44
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Rehman TU, Bratlie KM. Improving selective targeting to cancer-associated fibroblasts by modifying liposomes with arginine based materials. J Drug Target 2021; 30:94-107. [PMID: 34116612 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2021.1941059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A library of arginine-like surface modifiers was tested to improve the targetability of DOPE:DOPC liposomes towards myofibroblasts in a tumour microenvironment. Liposomes were characterised using zeta potential and dynamic light scattering. Cell viability remained unchanged for all liposomes. Liposomes were encapsulated using doxorubicin (DOX) with an encapsulation efficiency >94%. The toxicity of DOX-loaded liposomes was calculated via half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) for fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. These liposomes resulted in significantly lower IC50-values for myofibroblasts compared to fibroblasts, making them more toxic towards the myofibroblasts. Furthermore, a significant increase in cell internalisation was observed for myofibroblasts compared to fibroblasts, using fluorescein-loaded liposomes. Most importantly, a novel regression model was constructed to predict the IC50-values for different modifications using their physicochemical properties. Fourteen modifications (A-N) were used to train and validate this model; subsequently, this regression model predicted IC50-values for three new modifications (O, P and Q) for both fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Predicted and measured IC50-values showed no significant difference for fibroblasts. For myofibroblasts, modification O showed no significant difference. This study demonstrates that the tested surface modifications can improve targeting to myofibroblasts in the presence of fibroblasts and hence are suitable drug delivery vehicles for myofibroblasts in a tumour microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanzeel Ur Rehman
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Kaitlin M Bratlie
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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45
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Subhan MA, Yalamarty SSK, Filipczak N, Parveen F, Torchilin VP. Recent Advances in Tumor Targeting via EPR Effect for Cancer Treatment. J Pers Med 2021; 11:571. [PMID: 34207137 PMCID: PMC8234032 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11060571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer causes the second-highest rate of death world-wide. A major shortcoming inherent in most of anticancer drugs is their lack of tumor selectivity. Nanodrugs for cancer therapy administered intravenously escape renal clearance, are unable to penetrate through tight endothelial junctions of normal blood vessels and remain at a high level in plasma. Over time, the concentration of nanodrugs builds up in tumors due to the EPR effect, reaching several times higher than that of plasma due to the lack of lymphatic drainage. This review will address in detail the progress and prospects of tumor-targeting via EPR effect for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abdus Subhan
- Department of Chemistry, Shah Jalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Satya Siva Kishan Yalamarty
- CPBN, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (S.S.K.Y.); (N.F.); (F.P.)
| | - Nina Filipczak
- CPBN, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (S.S.K.Y.); (N.F.); (F.P.)
| | - Farzana Parveen
- CPBN, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (S.S.K.Y.); (N.F.); (F.P.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab 63100, Pakistan
| | - Vladimir P. Torchilin
- CPBN, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (S.S.K.Y.); (N.F.); (F.P.)
- Department of Oncology, Radiotherapy and Plastic Surgery, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
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46
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Petrini M, Lokerse WJM, Mach A, Hossann M, Merkel OM, Lindner LH. Effects of Surface Charge, PEGylation and Functionalization with Dipalmitoylphosphatidyldiglycerol on Liposome-Cell Interactions and Local Drug Delivery to Solid Tumors via Thermosensitive Liposomes. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:4045-4061. [PMID: 34163158 PMCID: PMC8214027 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s305106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Previous studies demonstrated the possibility of targeting tumor-angiogenic endothelial cells with positively charged nanocarriers, such as cationic liposomes. We investigated the active targeting potential of positively charged nanoparticles in combination with the heat-induced drug release function of thermosensitive liposomes (TSL). This novel dual-targeted approach via cationic TSL (CTSL) was thoroughly explored using either a novel synthetic phospholipid 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphodiglycerol (DPPG2) or a conventional polyethylene glycol (PEG) surface modification. Anionic particles containing either DPPG2 or PEG were also included in the study to highlight difference in tumor enrichment driven by surface charge. With this study, we aim to provide a deep insight into the main differences between DPPG2- and PEG-functionalized liposomes, focusing on the delivery of a well-known cytotoxic drug (doxorubicin; DOX) in combination with local hyperthermia (HT, 41–43°C). Materials and Methods DPPG2- and PEG-based cationic TSLs (PG2-CTSL/PEG-CTSL) were thoroughly analyzed for size, surface charge, and heat-triggered DOX release. Cancer cell targeting and DOX delivery was evaluated by FACS, fluorescence imaging, and HPLC. In vivo particle behavior was analyzed by assessing DOX biodistribution with local HT application in tumor-bearing animals. Results The absence of PEG in PG2-CTSL promoted more efficient liposome–cell interactions, resulting in a higher DOX delivery and cancer cell toxicity compared with PEG-CTSL. By exploiting the dual-targeting function of CTSLs, we were able to selectively trigger DOX release in the intracellular compartment by HT. When tested in vivo, local HT promoted an increase in intratumoral DOX levels for all (C)TSLs tested, with DOX enrichment factors ranging from 3 to 14-fold depending on the type of formulation. Conclusion Cationic particles showed lower hemocompatibility than their anionic counterparts, which was partially mitigated when PEG was grafted on the liposome surface. DPPG2-based anionic TSL showed optimal local drug delivery compared to all other formulations tested, demonstrating the potential advantages of using DPPG2 lipid in designing liposomes for tumor-targeted applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Petrini
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Wouter J M Lokerse
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Mach
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Olivia M Merkel
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Lars H Lindner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
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47
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Li JX, Huang QY, Zhang JY, Du JZ. Engineering nanoparticles to tackle tumor barriers. J Mater Chem B 2021; 8:6686-6696. [PMID: 32579660 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00967a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Engineering nanoparticles (NPs) as delivery systems of anticancer therapeutics has attracted tremendous attention in recent decades, and some nanoscale drug formulations have been approved for clinical use. However, their therapeutic efficacies are still limited by the presence of a series of biological barriers during the delivery process. Among these obstacles, tumor barriers are generally recognized as the bottleneck, because they dominate the NP extravasation from the tumor vasculature and penetration into the tumor parenchyma. Therefore, this review first discussed tumor barriers from two aspects: tumor vascular barriers and tumor stromal barriers. Pathological features of the two sets of barriers as well as their influence on the delivery efficacy were described. Then, we outlined strategies for engineering NPs to overcome these challenges: increasing extravasation through physical property optimization and tumor vascular targeting; and facilitating deep penetration through particle size manipulation, modulation of the tumor extracellular matrix, and some new mechanisms. This review will provide a critical perspective on engineering strategies for more efficient nanomedicine in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xian Li
- Guangzhou First People's Hospital, and Institutes for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Kimura N, Maeki M, Ishida A, Tani H, Tokeshi M. One-Step Production Using a Microfluidic Device of Highly Biocompatible Size-Controlled Noncationic Exosome-like Nanoparticles for RNA Delivery. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:1783-1793. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niko Kimura
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Maeki
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
- JST PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Akihiko Ishida
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Tani
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Manabu Tokeshi
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
- Innovative Research Center for Preventive Medical Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Institute of Nano-Life Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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49
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Das SS, Hussain A, Verma PRP, Imam SS, Altamimi MA, Alshehri S, Singh SK. Recent Advances in Liposomal Drug Delivery System of Quercetin for Cancer Targeting: A Mechanistic Approach. Curr Drug Deliv 2020; 17:845-860. [PMID: 32294036 DOI: 10.2174/1567201817666200415112657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Quercetin (QT, 3,3',4',5,7-pentahydroxyflavone), is a natural flavonoid with nutritional value and acts as a potential free-radical scavenger (antioxidant). QT has also been explored for its anti-cancer as well as anti-proliferative activities against numerous cancerous cells. Moreover, QT exhibits significant pro-apoptotic activity against tumor cells and is well established to control the growth of different carcinoma cells at various phases of the cell cycle. Hence, it can reduce the burden of human solid cancer and metastasis. Both these activities have been established in a diverse class of human cell lines in-vitro as well as in animal models (in-vivo). Apart from the promising therapeutic activities of QT molecule, their applications have been limited due to some major concerns, including low oral bioavailability and poor aqueous solubility. Also, rapid gastrointestinal digestion of QT seems to be a key barrier for its clinical translations for oral drug delivery in conventional dosage form. Henceforth, to overcome these drawbacks, QT is loaded with liposomal systems, which exhibit promising outcomes in the upregulation of QT by the epithelial system and also improved its targeting at the site of action. Furthermore, Liposomes based Drug Delivery Systems (LDDS) have showed significant therapeutic activity with conjugated drug moiety and exhibit safety, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and mitigated toxicity despite having certain limitations associated with physiological and biological barriers. Herein, in this review, we have focused on the mechanism related with the chemotherapeutic activity of QT and also discussed the promising activity of QT-loaded LDDS as a potent chemotherapeutic agent for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabya S Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra- 835215 Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Afzal Hussain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Priya R Prasad Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra- 835215 Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Syed S Imam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A Altamimi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,College of Pharmacy, Almaarefa University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sandeep Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra- 835215 Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
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50
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Ledezma-Gallegos F, Jurado R, Mir R, Medina LA, Mondragon-Fuentes L, Garcia-Lopez P. Liposomes Co-Encapsulating Cisplatin/Mifepristone Improve the Effect on Cervical Cancer: In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E897. [PMID: 32971785 PMCID: PMC7558205 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12090897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is usually diagnosed in the later stages despite many campaigns for early detection and continues to be a major public health problem. The standard treatment is cisplatin-based chemotherapy plus radiotherapy, but patient response is far from ideal. In the research for new drugs that enhance the activity of cisplatin, different therapeutic agents have been tested, among them the antiprogestin mifepristone. Nevertheless, the efficacy of cisplatin is limited by its low specificity for tumor tissue, which causes severe side effects. Additionally, cervical tumors often become drug resistant. These problems could possibly be addressed by the use of liposome nanoparticles to encapsulate drugs and deliver them to the target. The aim of this study was to prepare liposome nanoparticles that co-encapsulate cisplatin and mifepristone, evaluate their cytotoxicity against HeLa cells and in vivo with subcutaneous inoculations of xenografts in nu/nu mice, and examine some plausible mechanisms of action. The liposomes were elaborated by the reverse-phase method and characterized by physicochemical tests. The nanoparticles had a mean particle size of 109 ± 5.4 nm and a Zeta potential of -38.7 ± 1.2 mV, the latter parameter indicating a stable formulation. These drug-loaded liposomes significantly decreased cell viability in vitro and tumor size in vivo, without generating systemic toxicity in the animals. There was evidence of cell cycle arrest and increased apoptosis. The promising results with the co-encapsulation of cisplatin/mifepristone warrant further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabricio Ledezma-Gallegos
- Laboratorio de Farmacologia, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Cd. México 14080, Mexico; (F.L.-G.); (R.J.); (R.M.)
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyacán, Cd. México 04510, Mexico
| | - Rafael Jurado
- Laboratorio de Farmacologia, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Cd. México 14080, Mexico; (F.L.-G.); (R.J.); (R.M.)
| | - Roser Mir
- Laboratorio de Farmacologia, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Cd. México 14080, Mexico; (F.L.-G.); (R.J.); (R.M.)
| | - Luis Alberto Medina
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer INCan-UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Cd. México 14080, Mexico; (L.A.M); (L.M.-F.)
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Cd. México 04510, Mexico
| | - Laura Mondragon-Fuentes
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer INCan-UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Cd. México 14080, Mexico; (L.A.M); (L.M.-F.)
| | - Patricia Garcia-Lopez
- Laboratorio de Farmacologia, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Cd. México 14080, Mexico; (F.L.-G.); (R.J.); (R.M.)
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