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Chancharoen M, Yang Z, Dalvie ED, Gubina N, Ruchirawat M, Croy RG, Fedeles BI, Essigmann JM. 5-Chloro-2'-deoxycytidine Induces a Distinctive High-Resolution Mutational Spectrum of Transition Mutations In Vivo. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:486-496. [PMID: 38394377 PMCID: PMC10952010 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The biomarker 5-chlorocytosine (5ClC) appears in the DNA of inflamed tissues. Replication of a site-specific 5ClC in a viral DNA genome results in C → T mutations, which is consistent with 5ClC acting as a thymine mimic in vivo. Direct damage of nucleic acids by immune-cell-derived hypochlorous acid is one mechanism by which 5ClC could appear in the genome. A second, nonmutually exclusive mechanism involves damage of cytosine nucleosides or nucleotides in the DNA precursor pool, with subsequent utilization of the 5ClC deoxynucleotide triphosphate as a precursor for DNA synthesis. The present work characterized the mutagenic properties of 5ClC in the nucleotide pool by exposing cells to the nucleoside 5-chloro-2'-deoxycytidine (5CldC). In both Escherichia coli and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), 5CldC in the growth media was potently mutagenic, indicating that 5CldC enters cells and likely is erroneously incorporated into the genome from the nucleotide pool. High-resolution sequencing of DNA from MEFs derived from the gptΔ C57BL/6J mouse allowed qualitative and quantitative characterization of 5CldC-induced mutations; CG → TA transitions in 5'-GC(Y)-3' contexts (Y = a pyrimidine) were dominant, while TA → CG transitions appeared at a much lower frequency. The high-resolution mutational spectrum of 5CldC revealed a notable similarity to the Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer mutational signatures SBS84 and SBS42, which appear in human lymphoid tumors and in occupationally induced cholangiocarcinomas, respectively. SBS84 is associated with the expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a cytosine deaminase associated with inflammation, as well as immunoglobulin gene diversification during antibody maturation. The similarity between the spectra of AID activation and 5CldC could be coincidental; however, the administration of 5CldC did induce some AID expression in MEFs, which have no inherent expression of its gene. In summary, this work shows that 5CldC induces a distinct pattern of mutations in cells. Moreover, that pattern resembles human mutational signatures induced by inflammatory processes, such as those triggered in certain malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Chancharoen
- Departments
of Biological Engineering and Chemistry, and Center for Environmental
Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Chulabhorn
Research Institute and Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Zhiyu Yang
- Departments
of Biological Engineering and Chemistry, and Center for Environmental
Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Esha D. Dalvie
- Departments
of Biological Engineering and Chemistry, and Center for Environmental
Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nina Gubina
- Departments
of Biological Engineering and Chemistry, and Center for Environmental
Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mathuros Ruchirawat
- Chulabhorn
Research Institute and Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Robert G. Croy
- Departments
of Biological Engineering and Chemistry, and Center for Environmental
Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Bogdan I. Fedeles
- Departments
of Biological Engineering and Chemistry, and Center for Environmental
Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - John M. Essigmann
- Departments
of Biological Engineering and Chemistry, and Center for Environmental
Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Libura M, Karabin K, Tyrna P, Czyż A, Makuch-Łasica H, Jaźwiec B, Paluszewska M, Piątkowska-Jakubas B, Zawada M, Gniot M, Trubicka J, Szymańska M, Borg K, Więsik M, Czekalska S, Florek I, Król M, Paszkowska-Kowalewska M, Gil L, Kapelko-Słowik K, Patkowska E, Tomaszewska A, Mądry K, Machowicz R, Czerw T, Piekarska A, Dutka M, Kopińska A, Helbig G, Gromek T, Lewandowski K, Zacharczuk M, Pastwińska A, Wróbel T, Haus O, Basak G, Hołowiecki J, Juszczyński P, Lech-Marańda E, Giebel S, Jędrzejczak WW. Prognostic Impact of Copy Number Alterations' Profile and AID/RAG Signatures in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) with BCR::ABL and without Recurrent Genetic Aberrations (NEG ALL) Treated with Intensive Chemotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5431. [PMID: 38001691 PMCID: PMC10670434 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15225431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is associated with poor outcomes. ALL is initiated by primary aberrations, but secondary genetic lesions are necessary for overt ALL. In this study, we reassessed the value of primary and secondary aberrations in intensively treated ALL patients in relation to mutator enzyme expression. RT-PCR, genomic PCR, and sequencing were applied to evaluate primary aberrations, while qPCR was used to measure the expression of RAG and AID mutator enzymes in 166 adult ALL patients. Secondary copy number alterations (CNA) were studied in 94 cases by MLPA assay. Primary aberrations alone stratified 30% of the patients (27% high-risk, 3% low-risk cases). The remaining 70% intermediate-risk patients included BCR::ABL1pos subgroup and ALL lacking identified genetic markers (NEG ALL). We identified three CNA profiles: high-risk bad-CNA (CNAhigh/IKZF1pos), low-risk good-CNA (all other CNAs), and intermediate-risk CNAneg. Furthermore, based on RAG/AID expression, we report possible mechanisms underlying the CNA profiles associated with poor outcome: AID stratified outcome in CNAneg, which accompanied most likely a particular profile of single nucleotide variations, while RAG in CNApos increased the odds for CNAhigh/IKZF1pos development. Finally, we integrated primary genetic aberrations with CNA to propose a revised risk stratification code, which allowed us to stratify 75% of BCR::ABL1pos and NEG patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Libura
- Department of Hematology, Transplantation and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (K.K.); (P.T.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (M.W.); (M.K.); (M.P.-K.); (A.T.); (K.M.); (G.B.); (W.W.J.)
| | - Karolina Karabin
- Department of Hematology, Transplantation and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (K.K.); (P.T.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (M.W.); (M.K.); (M.P.-K.); (A.T.); (K.M.); (G.B.); (W.W.J.)
| | - Paweł Tyrna
- Department of Hematology, Transplantation and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (K.K.); (P.T.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (M.W.); (M.K.); (M.P.-K.); (A.T.); (K.M.); (G.B.); (W.W.J.)
| | - Anna Czyż
- Department of Hematology, Blood Neoplasms and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Wrocław, 50-137 Wrocław, Poland; (A.C.); (B.J.); (K.K.-S.); (M.Z.); (T.W.)
| | - Hanna Makuch-Łasica
- Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (H.M.-Ł.); (K.B.); (E.P.); (P.J.); (E.L.-M.)
| | - Bożena Jaźwiec
- Department of Hematology, Blood Neoplasms and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Wrocław, 50-137 Wrocław, Poland; (A.C.); (B.J.); (K.K.-S.); (M.Z.); (T.W.)
| | - Monika Paluszewska
- Department of Hematology, Transplantation and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (K.K.); (P.T.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (M.W.); (M.K.); (M.P.-K.); (A.T.); (K.M.); (G.B.); (W.W.J.)
| | - Beata Piątkowska-Jakubas
- Department of Hematology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Cracow, Poland; (B.P.-J.); (M.Z.); (S.C.); (I.F.)
| | - Magdalena Zawada
- Department of Hematology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Cracow, Poland; (B.P.-J.); (M.Z.); (S.C.); (I.F.)
| | - Michał Gniot
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznań, Poland; (M.G.); (L.G.); (K.L.)
| | - Joanna Trubicka
- Children’s Memorial Health Institute, 04-736 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Szymańska
- Department of Hematology, Transplantation and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (K.K.); (P.T.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (M.W.); (M.K.); (M.P.-K.); (A.T.); (K.M.); (G.B.); (W.W.J.)
| | - Katarzyna Borg
- Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (H.M.-Ł.); (K.B.); (E.P.); (P.J.); (E.L.-M.)
| | - Marta Więsik
- Department of Hematology, Transplantation and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (K.K.); (P.T.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (M.W.); (M.K.); (M.P.-K.); (A.T.); (K.M.); (G.B.); (W.W.J.)
| | - Sylwia Czekalska
- Department of Hematology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Cracow, Poland; (B.P.-J.); (M.Z.); (S.C.); (I.F.)
| | - Izabela Florek
- Department of Hematology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Cracow, Poland; (B.P.-J.); (M.Z.); (S.C.); (I.F.)
| | - Maria Król
- Department of Hematology, Transplantation and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (K.K.); (P.T.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (M.W.); (M.K.); (M.P.-K.); (A.T.); (K.M.); (G.B.); (W.W.J.)
| | - Małgorzata Paszkowska-Kowalewska
- Department of Hematology, Transplantation and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (K.K.); (P.T.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (M.W.); (M.K.); (M.P.-K.); (A.T.); (K.M.); (G.B.); (W.W.J.)
| | - Lidia Gil
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznań, Poland; (M.G.); (L.G.); (K.L.)
| | - Katarzyna Kapelko-Słowik
- Department of Hematology, Blood Neoplasms and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Wrocław, 50-137 Wrocław, Poland; (A.C.); (B.J.); (K.K.-S.); (M.Z.); (T.W.)
| | - Elżbieta Patkowska
- Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (H.M.-Ł.); (K.B.); (E.P.); (P.J.); (E.L.-M.)
| | - Agnieszka Tomaszewska
- Department of Hematology, Transplantation and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (K.K.); (P.T.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (M.W.); (M.K.); (M.P.-K.); (A.T.); (K.M.); (G.B.); (W.W.J.)
| | - Krzysztof Mądry
- Department of Hematology, Transplantation and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (K.K.); (P.T.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (M.W.); (M.K.); (M.P.-K.); (A.T.); (K.M.); (G.B.); (W.W.J.)
| | - Rafał Machowicz
- Department of Hematology, Transplantation and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (K.K.); (P.T.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (M.W.); (M.K.); (M.P.-K.); (A.T.); (K.M.); (G.B.); (W.W.J.)
| | - Tomasz Czerw
- Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, 44-102 Gliwice, Poland; (T.C.); (J.H.); (S.G.)
| | - Agnieszka Piekarska
- Department of Hematology and Transplantology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-214 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.P.); (M.D.)
| | - Magdalena Dutka
- Department of Hematology and Transplantology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-214 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.P.); (M.D.)
| | - Anna Kopińska
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Silesia, 40-032 Katowice, Poland; (A.K.); (G.H.)
| | - Grzegorz Helbig
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Silesia, 40-032 Katowice, Poland; (A.K.); (G.H.)
| | - Tomasz Gromek
- Department of Hematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Lewandowski
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznań, Poland; (M.G.); (L.G.); (K.L.)
| | - Marta Zacharczuk
- Department of Hematology, Blood Neoplasms and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Wrocław, 50-137 Wrocław, Poland; (A.C.); (B.J.); (K.K.-S.); (M.Z.); (T.W.)
| | - Anna Pastwińska
- Department of Tumor Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Wróbel
- Department of Hematology, Blood Neoplasms and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Wrocław, 50-137 Wrocław, Poland; (A.C.); (B.J.); (K.K.-S.); (M.Z.); (T.W.)
| | - Olga Haus
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz Basak
- Department of Hematology, Transplantation and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (K.K.); (P.T.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (M.W.); (M.K.); (M.P.-K.); (A.T.); (K.M.); (G.B.); (W.W.J.)
| | - Jerzy Hołowiecki
- Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, 44-102 Gliwice, Poland; (T.C.); (J.H.); (S.G.)
| | - Przemysław Juszczyński
- Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (H.M.-Ł.); (K.B.); (E.P.); (P.J.); (E.L.-M.)
| | - Ewa Lech-Marańda
- Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (H.M.-Ł.); (K.B.); (E.P.); (P.J.); (E.L.-M.)
| | - Sebastian Giebel
- Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, 44-102 Gliwice, Poland; (T.C.); (J.H.); (S.G.)
| | - Wiesław Wiktor Jędrzejczak
- Department of Hematology, Transplantation and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (K.K.); (P.T.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (M.W.); (M.K.); (M.P.-K.); (A.T.); (K.M.); (G.B.); (W.W.J.)
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Del Pozo-Yauner L, Herrera GA, Perez Carreon JI, Turbat-Herrera EA, Rodriguez-Alvarez FJ, Ruiz Zamora RA. Role of the mechanisms for antibody repertoire diversification in monoclonal light chain deposition disorders: when a friend becomes foe. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1203425. [PMID: 37520549 PMCID: PMC10374031 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1203425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune system of jawed vertebrates generates a highly diverse repertoire of antibodies to meet the antigenic challenges of a constantly evolving biological ecosystem. Most of the diversity is generated by two mechanisms: V(D)J gene recombination and somatic hypermutation (SHM). SHM introduces changes in the variable domain of antibodies, mostly in the regions that form the paratope, yielding antibodies with higher antigen binding affinity. However, antigen recognition is only possible if the antibody folds into a stable functional conformation. Therefore, a key force determining the survival of B cell clones undergoing somatic hypermutation is the ability of the mutated heavy and light chains to efficiently fold and assemble into a functional antibody. The antibody is the structural context where the selection of the somatic mutations occurs, and where both the heavy and light chains benefit from protective mechanisms that counteract the potentially deleterious impact of the changes. However, in patients with monoclonal gammopathies, the proliferating plasma cell clone may overproduce the light chain, which is then secreted into the bloodstream. This places the light chain out of the protective context provided by the quaternary structure of the antibody, increasing the risk of misfolding and aggregation due to destabilizing somatic mutations. Light chain-derived (AL) amyloidosis, light chain deposition disease (LCDD), Fanconi syndrome, and myeloma (cast) nephropathy are a diverse group of diseases derived from the pathologic aggregation of light chains, in which somatic mutations are recognized to play a role. In this review, we address the mechanisms by which somatic mutations promote the misfolding and pathological aggregation of the light chains, with an emphasis on AL amyloidosis. We also analyze the contribution of the variable domain (VL) gene segments and somatic mutations on light chain cytotoxicity, organ tropism, and structure of the AL fibrils. Finally, we analyze the most recent advances in the development of computational algorithms to predict the role of somatic mutations in the cardiotoxicity of amyloidogenic light chains and discuss the challenges and perspectives that this approach faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Del Pozo-Yauner
- Department of Pathology, University of South Alabama-College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Guillermo A. Herrera
- Department of Pathology, University of South Alabama-College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, United States
| | | | - Elba A. Turbat-Herrera
- Department of Pathology, University of South Alabama-College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, United States
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama-College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, United States
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Ma N, Jin A, Sun Y, Jin Y, Sun Y, Xiao Q, Sha X, Yu F, Yang L, Liu W, Gao X, Zhang X, Li L. Comprehensive investigating of MMR gene in hepatocellular carcinoma with chronic hepatitis B virus infection in Han Chinese population. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1124459. [PMID: 37035153 PMCID: PMC10079871 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1124459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma associated with chronic hepatitis B virus infection seriously affects human health. Present studies suggest that genetic susceptibility plays an important role in the mechanism of cancer development. Therefore, this study focused on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of MMR genes associated with HBV-HCC. Five groups of participants were included in this study, which were healthy control group (HC), spontaneous clearance (SC), chronic hepatitis B group (CHB), HBV-related liver cirrhosis group (LC) and HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma group (HBV-HCC). A total of 3128 participants met the inclusion and exclusion criteria for this study. 20 polymorphic loci on MSH2, MSH3 and MSH6 were selected for genotyping. There were four case-control studies, which were HC vs. HCC, SC vs. HCC, CHB vs. HCC and LC vs. HCC. We used Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test, unconditional logistic regression, haplotype analysis, and gene-gene interaction for genetic analysis. Ultimately, after excluding confounding factors such as age, gender, smoking and drinking, 12 polymorphisms were found to be associated with genetic susceptibility to HCC. Haplotype analysis showed the risk haplotype GTTT (rs1805355_G, rs3776968_T, rs1428030_C, rs181747_C) was more frequent in the HCC group compared with the HC group. The GMDR analysis showed that the best interaction model was the three-factor model of MSH2-rs1981928, MSH3-rs26779 and MSH6-rs2348244 in SC vs. HCC group (P=0.001). In addition, we found multiplicative or additive interactions between genes in our selected SNPs. These findings provide new ideas to further explore the etiology and pathogenesis of HCC. We have attempted to explain the molecular mechanisms by which certain SNPs (MSH2-rs4952887, MSH3-rs26779, MSH3-rs181747 and MSH3-rs32950) affect genetic susceptibility to HCC from the perspectives of eQTL, TFBS, cell cycle and so on. We also explained the results of haplotypes and gene-gene interactions. These findings provide new ideas to further explore the etiology and pathogenesis of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ma
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Department of Social Medicine and Health Care Management, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ao Jin
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yitong Sun
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yiyao Jin
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yucheng Sun
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qian Xiao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - XuanYi Sha
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, School of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Fengxue Yu
- The Hebei Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wenxuan Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xia Gao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaolin Zhang, ; Lu Li,
| | - Lu Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Department of Social Medicine and Health Care Management, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaolin Zhang, ; Lu Li,
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Abstract
The evolutionary history of hepatobiliary cancers is embedded in their genomes. By analysing their catalogue of somatic mutations and the DNA sequence context in which they occur, it is possible to infer the mechanisms underpinning tumorigenesis. These mutational signatures reflect the exogenous and endogenous origins of genetic damage as well as the capacity of hepatobiliary cells to repair and replicate DNA. Genomic analysis of thousands of patients with hepatobiliary cancers has highlighted the diversity of mutagenic processes active in these malignancies, highlighting a prominent source of the inter-cancer-type, inter-patient, intertumour and intratumoural heterogeneity that is observed clinically. However, a substantial proportion of mutational signatures detected in hepatocellular carcinoma and biliary tract cancer remain of unknown cause, emphasizing the important contribution of processes yet to be identified. Exploiting mutational signatures to retrospectively understand hepatobiliary carcinogenesis could advance preventative management of these aggressive tumours as well as potentially predict treatment response and guide the development of therapies targeting tumour evolution.
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Murata-Kamiya N, Hatakeyama M. Helicobacter pylori-induced DNA double-strand break in the development of gastric cancer. Cancer Sci 2022; 113:1909-1918. [PMID: 35359025 PMCID: PMC9207368 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with cagA-positive Helicobacter pylori strains plays an etiological role in the development of gastric cancer. The CagA protein is injected into gastric epithelial cells through a bacterial Type IV secretion system. Inside the host cells, CagA promiscuously associates with multiple host cell proteins including the prooncogenic phosphatase SHP2 that is required for full activation of the RAS-ERK pathway. CagA-SHP2 interaction aberrantly activates SHP2 and thereby deregulates RAS-ERK signaling. Cancer is regarded as a disease of the genome, indicating that H. pylori-mediated gastric carcinogenesis is also associated with genomic alterations in the host cell. Indeed, accumulating evidence has indicated that H. pylori infection provokes DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) by both CagA-dependent and -independent mechanisms. DSBs are repaired by either error-free homologous recombination (HR) or error-prone non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ). Infection with cagA-positive H. pylori inhibits RAD51 expression while dampening cytoplasmic-to-nuclear translocalization of BRCA1, causing replication fork instability and HR defects (known as "BRCAness"), which collectively provoke genomic hypermutation via non-HR-mediated DSB repair. H. pylori also subverts multiple DNA damage responses including DNA repair systems. Infection with H. pylori additionally inhibits the function of the p53 tumor suppressor, thereby dampening DNA damage-induced apoptosis while promoting proliferation of CagA-delivered cells. Thus, H. pylori cagA-positive strains promote abnormal expansion of cells with BRCAness, which dramatically increases the chance of generating driver gene mutations in the host cells. Once such driver mutations are acquired, H. pylori CagA is no longer required for subsequent gastric carcinogenesis (Hit-and-Run carcinogenesis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Murata-Kamiya
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masanori Hatakeyama
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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Hao X, Sun G, Zhang Y, Kong X, Rong D, Song J, Tang W, Wang X. Targeting Immune Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment of HCC: New Opportunities and Challenges. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:775462. [PMID: 34869376 PMCID: PMC8633569 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.775462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune associated cells in the microenvironment have a significant impact on the development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and have received more and more attention. Different types of immune-associated cells play different roles, including promoting/inhibiting HCC and several different types that are controversial. It is well known that immune escape of HCC has become a difficult problem in tumor therapy. Therefore, in recent years, a large number of studies have focused on the immune microenvironment of HCC, explored many mechanisms worth identifying tumor immunosuppression, and developed a variety of immunotherapy methods as targets, laying the foundation for the final victory in the fight against HCC. This paper reviews recent studies on the immune microenvironment of HCC that are more reliable and important, and provides a more comprehensive view of the investigation of the immune microenvironment of HCC and the development of more immunotherapeutic approaches based on the relevant summaries of different immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopei Hao
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangshun Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangyi Kong
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dawei Rong
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinhua Song
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiwei Tang
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuehao Wang
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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8
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Mori H, Masahata K, Umeda S, Morine Y, Ishibashi H, Usui N, Shimada M. Risk of carcinogenesis in the biliary epithelium of children with congenital biliary dilatation through epigenetic and genetic regulation. Surg Today 2021; 52:215-223. [PMID: 34132887 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-021-02325-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSES Congenital biliary dilatation (CBD), defined as pancreaticobiliary maljunction (PBM) with biliary dilatation, is a high risk factor for biliary tract cancer (BTC). KRAS and p53 mutations reportedly affect this process, but the mechanisms are unclear, as is the likelihood of BTC later in life in children with CBD. We investigated potential carcinogenetic pathways in children with CBD compared with adults. METHODS The subjects of this study were nine children with CBD and 13 adults with PBM (10 dilated, 3 non-dilated) without BTC who underwent extrahepatic bile duct resections, as well as four control patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy for non-biliary cancer. We evaluated expressions of Ki-67, KRAS, p53, histone deacetylase (HDAC) and activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) in the biliary tract epithelium immunohistochemically. RESULTS The Ki-67 labeling index (LI) and expressions of KRAS, p53, HDAC, and AID in the gallbladder epithelium were significantly higher or tended to be higher in both the children with CBD and the adults with PBM than in the controls. CONCLUSIONS BTC may develop later in children with CBD and in adults with PBM, via HDAC and AID expression and through epigenetic and genetic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Mori
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
| | - Kazunori Masahata
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Murodoucho 840, Izumi, Osaka, 594-1101, Japan
| | - Satoshi Umeda
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Murodoucho 840, Izumi, Osaka, 594-1101, Japan
| | - Yuji Morine
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ishibashi
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Noriaki Usui
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Murodoucho 840, Izumi, Osaka, 594-1101, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Shimada
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
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9
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Oppezzo P, Navarrete M, Chiorazzi N. AID in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Induction and Action During Disease Progression. Front Oncol 2021; 11:634383. [PMID: 34041018 PMCID: PMC8141630 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.634383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) initiates somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR) of immunoglobulin (Ig) genes, critical actions for an effective adaptive immune response. However, in addition to the benefits generated by its physiological roles, AID is an etiological factor for the development of human and murine leukemias and lymphomas. This review highlights the pathological role of AID and the consequences of its actions on the development, progression, and therapeutic refractoriness of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) as a model disease for mature lymphoid malignancies. First, we summarize pertinent aspects of the expression and function of AID in normal B lymphocytes. Then, we assess putative causes for AID expression in leukemic cells emphasizing the role of an activated microenvironment. Thirdly, we discuss the role of AID in lymphomagenesis, in light of recent data obtained by NGS analyses on the genomic landscape of leukemia and lymphomas, concentrating on the frequency of AID signatures in these cancers and correlating previously described tumor-gene drivers with the presence of AID off-target mutations. Finally, we discuss how these changes could affect tumor suppressor and proto-oncogene targets and how they could be associated with disease progression. Collectively, we hope that these sections will help to better understand the complex paradox between the physiological role of AID in adaptive immunity and its potential causative activity in B-cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Oppezzo
- Research Laboratory on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Nicholas Chiorazzi
- The Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, New York, NY, United States
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10
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Sartorius K, An P, Winkler C, Chuturgoon A, Li X, Makarova J, Kramvis A. The Epigenetic Modulation of Cancer and Immune Pathways in Hepatitis B Virus-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma: The Influence of HBx and miRNA Dysregulation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:661204. [PMID: 33995383 PMCID: PMC8117219 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.661204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HBV-HCC) pathogenesis is fueled by persistent HBV infection that stealthily maintains a delicate balance between viral replication and evasion of the host immune system. HBV is remarkably adept at using a combination of both its own, as well as host machinery to ensure its own replication and survival. A key tool in its arsenal, is the HBx protein which can manipulate the epigenetic landscape to decrease its own viral load and enhance persistence, as well as manage host genome epigenetic responses to the presence of viral infection. The HBx protein can initiate epigenetic modifications to dysregulate miRNA expression which, in turn, can regulate downstream epigenetic changes in HBV-HCC pathogenesis. We attempt to link the HBx and miRNA induced epigenetic modulations that influence both the HBV and host genome expression in HBV-HCC pathogenesis. In particular, the review investigates the interplay between CHB infection, the silencing role of miRNA, epigenetic change, immune system expression and HBV-HCC pathogenesis. The review demonstrates exactly how HBx-dysregulated miRNA in HBV-HCC pathogenesis influence and are influenced by epigenetic changes to modulate both viral and host genome expression. In particular, the review identifies a specific subset of HBx induced epigenetic miRNA pathways in HBV-HCC pathogenesis demonstrating the complex interplay between HBV infection, epigenetic change, disease and immune response. The wide-ranging influence of epigenetic change and miRNA modulation offers considerable potential as a therapeutic option in HBV-HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Sartorius
- Hepatitis Virus Diversity Research Unit, School of Internal Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Surgery, University of KwaZulu-Natal Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Centre, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ping An
- Basic Research Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Cheryl Winkler
- Basic Research Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Anil Chuturgoon
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.,Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Julia Makarova
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia.,Higher School of Economics University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Kramvis
- Hepatitis Virus Diversity Research Unit, School of Internal Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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11
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Kinoshita K, Uemura M, Shimizu T, Kinoshita S, Marusawa H. Stepwise generation of AID knock-in and conditional knockout mice from a single gene-targeting event. Int Immunol 2021; 33:387-398. [PMID: 33903914 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxab019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) encoded by the Aicda gene initiates class-switch recombination and somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes. In addition to this function, AID is also implicated in the epigenetic regulation in pluripotent stem cells and in the oncogenesis of lymphoid and non-lymphoid origins. To examine AID's role in specific cell types, we developed mouse strains of conditional knockout (Aicda-FL) and knock-in with a red fluorescent protein gene (RFP) inserted into the Aicda locus (Aicda-RFP). These two strains were obtained from a single targeting event in embryonic stem cells by a three-loxP or tri-lox strategy. Partial and complete recombination among the three loxP sites in the Aicda-RFP locus gave rise to Aicda-FL and AID-deficient loci (Aicda-KO), respectively, after mating Aicda-RFP mice with Cre-expressing mice driven by tissue-non-specific alkaline phosphate promoter. We confirmed RFP expression in B cells of germinal centers of intestine-associated lymphoid tissue. Mice homozygous for each allele were obtained and were checked for AID activity by class-switch and hypermutation assays. AID activity was normal for Aicda-FL but partially and completely absent for Aicda-RFP and Aicda-KO, respectively. Aicda-FL and Aicda-RFP mice would be useful for studying AID function in subpopulations of B cells and in non-lymphoid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Kinoshita
- Evolutionary Medicine, Shizuoka Graduate University of Public Health, 4-27-2 Kita-ando, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka 420-0881, Japan.,Shiga Medical Center Research Institute, Moriyama 524-0022, Japan
| | - Munehiro Uemura
- Shiga Medical Center Research Institute, Moriyama 524-0022, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shimizu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shun Kinoshita
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Marusawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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12
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Abstract
The innate immune receptors in higher organisms have evolved to detect molecular signatures associated with pathogenic infection and trigger appropriate immune response. One common class of molecules utilized by the innate immune system for self vs. nonself discrimination is RNA, which is ironically present in all forms of life. To avoid self-RNA recognition, the innate immune sensors have evolved sophisticated discriminatory mechanisms that involve cellular RNA metabolic machineries. Posttranscriptional RNA modification and editing represent one such mechanism that allows cells to chemically tag the host RNAs as "self" and thus tolerate the abundant self-RNA molecules. In this chapter, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the role of RNA editing/modification in the modulation of immune signaling pathways, and application of RNA editing/modification in RNA-based therapeutics and cancer immunotherapies.
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13
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Activation-induced cytidine deaminase: in sickness and in health. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2020; 146:2721-2730. [PMID: 32772231 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03348-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Activation Induced cytidine Deaminase (AID) is an essential enzyme of the adaptive immune system. Its canonical activity is restricted to B lymphocytes, playing an essential role in the diversification of antibodies by enhancing specificity and changing affinity. This is possible through its DNA deaminase function, leading to mutations in DNA. In the last decade, AID has been assigned an additional function: that of a powerful DNA demethylator. Adverse cellular conditions such as chronic inflammation can lead to its deregulation and overexpression. It is an important driver of B-cell lymphoma due to its natural ability to modify DNA through deamination, leading to mutations and epigenetic changes. However, the deregulation of AID is not restricted to lymphoid cells. Recent findings have provided new insights into the role that this protein plays in the development of non-lymphoid cancers, with some research shedding light on novel AID-driven mechanisms of cellular transformation. In this review, we provide an updated narrative of the normal physiological functions of AID. Additionally, we review and discuss the recent research studies that have implicated AID in carcinogenesis in varying tissue types including lymphoid and non-lymphoid cancers. We review the mechanisms, whereby AID promotes carcinogenesis and highlight important areas of future research.
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14
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15
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Araki A, Jin L, Nara H, Takeda Y, Nemoto N, Gazi MY, Asao H. IL-21 Enhances the Development of Colitis-Associated Colon Cancer: Possible Involvement of Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase Expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:3326-3333. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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Up-regulation of activation-induced cytidine deaminase and its strong expression in extra-germinal centres in IgG4-related disease. Sci Rep 2019; 9:761. [PMID: 30679751 PMCID: PMC6346144 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37404-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin (Ig) G4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a systemic disorder involving benign mass formation due to fibrosis and intense lymphoplasmacytosis; the chronic inflammation associated with the disease might also contribute to oncogenesis. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), normally expressed in germinal centre activated B-cells, is an enzyme that edits DNA/RNA and induces somatic hypermutation and Ig class switching. AID expression is strictly controlled under physiological conditions; however, chronic inflammation and some infectious agents induce its up-regulation. AID is overexpressed in various cancers and may be important in chronic inflammation-associated oncogenesis. We examined AID expression in IgG4-related sialadenitis (n = 14), sialolithiasis (non-specific inflammation, n = 13), and normal submandibular glands (n = 13) using immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Immunohistochemistry revealed significantly more AID-expressing cells in IgG4-related sialadenitis than in sialolithiasis or normal submandibular gland samples (P = 0.02 and P < 0.01, respectively); qPCR yielded similar results. Thus, AID was significantly more up-regulated and had higher expression in extra-germinal centres in IgG4-RD than in non-specific inflammation or normal conditions. This report suggests that IgG4-RD has several specific causes of AID up-regulation in addition to inflammation. Furthermore, chronic inflammation-associated AID-mediated oncogenesis is possible in IgG4-RD.
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17
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Zong C, Kimura Y, Kinoshita K, Takasu S, Zhang X, Sakurai T, Sekido Y, Ichihara S, Endo G, Ichihara G. Exposure to 1,2-Dichloropropane Upregulates the Expression of Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase (AID) in Human Cholangiocytes Co-Cultured With Macrophages. Toxicol Sci 2018; 168:137-148. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cai Zong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kimura
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kinoshita
- Evolutionary Medicine, Shiga Medical Center Research Institute, Moriyama 524-8524, Japan
| | - Shigetada Takasu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Sakurai
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan
| | | | - Sahoko Ichihara
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Japan
| | - Ginji Endo
- Osaka Occupational Health Service Centre, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association, Osaka 550-0001, Japan
| | - Gaku Ichihara
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan
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18
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El Kadi N, Wang L, Davis A, Korkaya H, Cooke A, Vadnala V, Brown NA, Betz BL, Cascalho M, Kalemkerian GP, Hassan KA. The EGFR T790M Mutation Is Acquired through AICDA-Mediated Deamination of 5-Methylcytosine following TKI Treatment in Lung Cancer. Cancer Res 2018; 78:6728-6735. [PMID: 30333118 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-3370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
: Almost all patients with EGFR-driven lung cancer who are treated with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) develop resistance to treatment. A single base (c.2369C>T) transition mutation, EGFR T790M, is the most frequent resistance event after first-generation exposure to EGFR TKIs. Whether T790M mutation is acquired or is selected from a preexisting clone has been a matter of significant debate. In this study, we show that treatment with EGFR TKIs leads to activation of the NFκB pathway, which in turn induces expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AICDA). In turn, AICDA causes deamination of 5-methylcytosine to thymine at position c.2369 to generate the T790M mutation. Pharmacologic inhibition of the NFκB pathway or knockout of AICDA decreased the frequency or prevented the development of T790M mutation, respectively. In addition, patients treated with first-line EGFR TKI displayed increased expression of AICDA and detection of the T790M mutation upon progression. These results identify the mechanism of T790M acquisition and present an opportunity to target the process to delay or prevent it. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings identify the mechanism behind acquisition of a common resistance mutation to TKI treatment in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najwa El Kadi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Luo Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - April Davis
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Alexander Cooke
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Varun Vadnala
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Noah A Brown
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Bryan L Betz
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Marilia Cascalho
- Department of Surgery (MIC), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Khaled A Hassan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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19
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Gao J, Choudhry H, Cao W. Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like family genes activation and regulation during tumorigenesis. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:2375-2382. [PMID: 29856501 PMCID: PMC6113426 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is currently viewed as a disease of evolving genomic instability and abnormal epigenomic modifications. Most solid cancers harbor oncogenic gene mutations driven by both extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing catalytic polypeptide‐like family (APOBEC) enzymes have an intrinsic deamination activity to convert cytosine to uracil during RNA editing and retrovirus or retrotransposon restriction. Beyond their natural defense in innate immunity, compelling evidence showed that a subclass of APOBEC3 can cause high mutation burden in various types of cancer genomes, and high expression subtypes of APOBEC3 may contribute to drug resistance and associate with clinical outcomes. The underlying molecular mechanisms of APOBEC‐mediated hypermutation phenotype are poorly understood. In this review, we discuss the linkage of activation‐induced deaminase (AID)/APOBEC3 enzymes to tumorigenesis, highlight the dysregulatory mechanisms of APOBEC3 activities during cancer development, and propose potential approaches to targeting APOBEC3‐mediated mutagenesis for cancer interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wei Cao
- Translational Medical Center, Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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20
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Seishima N, Kondo S, Wakae K, Wakisaka N, Kobayashi E, Kano M, Moriyama-Kita M, Nakanishi Y, Endo K, Imoto T, Ishikawa K, Sugimoto H, Hatano M, Ueno T, Koura M, Kitamura K, Muramatsu M, Yoshizaki T. Expression and subcellular localisation of AID and APOBEC3 in adenoid and palatine tonsils. Sci Rep 2018; 8:918. [PMID: 29343743 PMCID: PMC5772672 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18732-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) and apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing catalytic polypeptide 3 (A3) family are cytidine deaminases that play critical roles in B-cell maturation, antiviral immunity and carcinogenesis. Adenoids and palatine tonsils are secondary lymphoid immune organs, in which AID and A3s are thought to have several physiological or pathological roles. However, the expression of AID or A3s in these organs has not been investigated. Therefore, we investigated the expression profiles of AID and A3s, using 67 samples of adenoids and palatine tonsils from patients, with reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and immunohistochemical analyses. AID and A3s expression levels in the adenoids and the palatine tonsils of the same individual significantly correlated with each other. Of note, AID expression level in the adenoids negatively correlated with the age (r = -0.373, P = 0.003). The younger group with adenoid vegetation and tonsillar hypertrophy showed more abundant AID expression than the older group with recurrent tonsillitis and peritonsillar abscesses (P = 0.026). Moreover, immunohistochemical analysis revealed the distribution of AID and A3s in the epithelial cells as well as germinal centres. The localisation of AID expression and its relation to age may contribute to adenoid vegetation and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Seishima
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Satoru Kondo
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.
| | - Kousho Wakae
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Naohiro Wakisaka
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Eiji Kobayashi
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Makoto Kano
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Makiko Moriyama-Kita
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yosuke Nakanishi
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhira Endo
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Tomoko Imoto
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kazuya Ishikawa
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hisashi Sugimoto
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Miyako Hatano
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Ueno
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Miki Koura
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Koichi Kitamura
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Masamichi Muramatsu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Yoshizaki
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
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21
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Olinski R, Gackowski D, Cooke MS. Endogenously generated DNA nucleobase modifications source, and significance as possible biomarkers of malignant transformation risk, and role in anticancer therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1869:29-41. [PMID: 29128527 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The DNA of all living cells undergoes continuous structural and chemical alteration, which may be derived from exogenous sources, or endogenous, metabolic pathways, such as cellular respiration, replication and DNA demethylation. It has been estimated that approximately 70,000 DNA lesions may be generated per day in a single cell, and this has been linked to a wide variety of diseases, including cancer. However, it is puzzling why potentially mutagenic DNA modifications, occurring at a similar level in different organs/tissue, may lead to organ/tissue specific cancers, or indeed non-malignant disease - what is the basis for this differential response? We suggest that it is perhaps the precise location of damage, within the genome, that is a key factor. Finally, we draw attention to the requirement for reliable methods for identification and quantification of DNA adducts/modifications, and stress the need for these assays to be fully validated. Once these prerequisites are satisfied, measurement of DNA modifications may be helpful as a clinical parameter for treatment monitoring, risk group identification and development of prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryszard Olinski
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karlowicza 24, 85-095 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Daniel Gackowski
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karlowicza 24, 85-095 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Marcus S Cooke
- Oxidative Stress Group, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, Modesto A. Maidique Campus, AHC5 355 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, United States; Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, United States
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22
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Choudhary M, Tamrakar A, Singh AK, Jain M, Jaiswal A, Kodgire P. AID Biology: A pathological and clinical perspective. Int Rev Immunol 2017; 37:37-56. [PMID: 28933967 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2017.1369980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), primarily expressed in activated mature B lymphocytes in germinal centers, is the key factor in adaptive immune response against foreign antigens. AID is responsible for producing high-affinity and high-specificity antibodies against an infectious agent, through the physiological DNA alteration processes of antibody genes by somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class-switch recombination (CSR) and functions by deaminating deoxycytidines (dC) to deoxyuridines (dU), thereby introducing point mutations and double-stranded chromosomal breaks (DSBs). The beneficial physiological role of AID in antibody diversification is outweighed by its detrimental role in the genesis of several chronic immune diseases, under non-physiological conditions. This review offers a comprehensive and better understanding of AID biology and its pathological aspects, as well as addresses the challenges involved in AID-related cancer therapeutics, based on various recent advances and evidence available in the literature till date. In this article, we discuss ways through which our interpretation of AID biology may reflect upon novel clinical insights, which could be successfully translated into designing clinical trials and improving patient prognosis and disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenal Choudhary
- a Centre for Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Indore , Simrol , Indore , Madhya Pradesh , India
| | - Anubhav Tamrakar
- a Centre for Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Indore , Simrol , Indore , Madhya Pradesh , India
| | - Amit Kumar Singh
- a Centre for Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Indore , Simrol , Indore , Madhya Pradesh , India
| | - Monika Jain
- a Centre for Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Indore , Simrol , Indore , Madhya Pradesh , India
| | - Ankit Jaiswal
- a Centre for Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Indore , Simrol , Indore , Madhya Pradesh , India
| | - Prashant Kodgire
- a Centre for Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Indore , Simrol , Indore , Madhya Pradesh , India
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23
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Bahjat M, Guikema JEJ. The Complex Interplay between DNA Injury and Repair in Enzymatically Induced Mutagenesis and DNA Damage in B Lymphocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091876. [PMID: 28867784 PMCID: PMC5618525 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytes are endowed with unique and specialized enzymatic mutagenic properties that allow them to diversify their antigen receptors, which are crucial sensors for pathogens and mediators of adaptive immunity. During lymphocyte development, the antigen receptors expressed by B and T lymphocytes are assembled in an antigen-independent fashion by ordered variable gene segment recombinations (V(D)J recombination), which is a highly ordered and regulated process that requires the recombination activating gene products 1 & 2 (RAG1, RAG2). Upon activation by antigen, B lymphocytes undergo additional diversifications of their immunoglobulin B-cell receptors. Enzymatically induced somatic hypermutation (SHM) and immunoglobulin class switch recombination (CSR) improves the affinity for antigen and shape the effector function of the humoral immune response, respectively. The activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) enzyme is crucial for both SHM and CSR. These processes have evolved to both utilize as well as evade different DNA repair and DNA damage response pathways. The delicate balance between enzymatic mutagenesis and DNA repair is crucial for effective immune responses and the maintenance of genomic integrity. Not surprisingly, disturbances in this balance are at the basis of lymphoid malignancies by provoking the formation of oncogenic mutations and chromosomal aberrations. In this review, we discuss recent mechanistic insight into the regulation of RAG1/2 and AID expression and activity in lymphocytes and the complex interplay between these mutagenic enzymes and DNA repair and DNA damage response pathways, focusing on the base excision repair and mismatch repair pathways. We discuss how disturbances of this interplay induce genomic instability and contribute to oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnoush Bahjat
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam; Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam (LYMMCARE), Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.
| | - Jeroen E J Guikema
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam; Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam (LYMMCARE), Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.
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24
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Molecular characterization of AID-mediated reduction of hepatitis B virus transcripts. Virology 2017; 510:281-288. [PMID: 28779685 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the major cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. After entering a hepatocyte, HBV forms a nuclear viral episome and produces pregenomic (pg) RNA with a stem-loop structure called an epsilon, which acts to signal encapsidation. We previously demonstrated that TGF-β upregulates activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) expression in hepatocytes, which in turn downregulates HBV transcripts by recruiting the RNA exosome complex. The molecular mechanism underlying AID-mediated HBV RNA reduction remains largely unclear. Here we used a pgRNA reporter system having a reporter gene within pgRNA to identify sis- and trans-acting elements in AID-mediated HBV RNA reduction. We found that the epsilon RNA and C-terminus of AID are required for AID-mediated HBV RNA reduction. Importantly, this reduction was reproduced in a hydrodynamic HBV transfection mouse model. The molecular mechanism of AID-mediated HBV RNA reduction is discussed.
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25
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Genetic basis of hepatitis virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma: linkage between infection, inflammation, and tumorigenesis. J Gastroenterol 2017; 52:26-38. [PMID: 27714455 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-016-1273-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis virus infection is a leading cause of chronic liver disease, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Although anti-viral therapies against hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) have dramatically progressed during the past decade, the estimated number of people chronically infected with HBV and/or HCV is ~370 million, and hepatitis virus-associated hepatocarcinogenesis is a serious health concern worldwide. Understanding the mechanism of virus-associated carcinogenesis is crucial toward both treatment and prevention, and the recently developed whole genome/exome sequencing analysis using next-generation sequencing technologies has contributed to unveiling the landscape of genetic and epigenetic aberrations in not only tumor tissues but also the background liver tissues underlying chronic liver damage caused by hepatitis virus infection. Several major mechanisms underlie the genetic and epigenetic aberrations in the hepatitis virus-infected liver, such as the generation of reactive oxidative stress, ectopic expression of DNA mutator enzymes, and dysfunction of the DNA repair system. In addition, direct oncogenic effects of hepatitis virus, represented by the integration of HBV-DNA, are observed in infected hepatocytes. Elucidating the whole picture of genetic and epigenetic alterations, as well as the mechanisms of tumorigenesis, will facilitate the development of efficient treatment and prevention strategies for hepatitis virus-associated HCC.
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26
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Sapoznik S, Bahar-Shany K, Brand H, Pinto Y, Gabay O, Glick-Saar E, Dor C, Zadok O, Barshack I, Zundelevich A, Gal-Yam EN, Yung Y, Hourvitz A, Korach J, Beiner M, Jacob J, Levanon EY, Barak M, Aviel-Ronen S, Levanon K. Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase Links Ovulation-Induced Inflammation and Serous Carcinogenesis. Neoplasia 2016; 18:90-9. [PMID: 26936395 PMCID: PMC5005261 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the notion that ovarian carcinoma results from ovulation-induced inflammation of the fallopian tube epithelial cells (FTECs) has gained evidence. However, the mechanistic pathway for this process has not been revealed yet. In the current study, we propose the mutator protein activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) as a link between ovulation-induced inflammation in FTECs and genotoxic damage leading to ovarian carcinogenesis. We show that AID, previously shown to be functional only in B lymphocytes, is expressed in FTECs under physiological conditions, and is induced in vitro upon ovulatory-like stimulation and in vivo in carcinoma-associated FTECs. We also report that AID activity results in epigenetic, genetic and genomic damage in FTECs. Overall, our data provides new insights into the etiology of ovarian carcinogenesis and may set the ground for innovative approaches aimed at prevention and early detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stav Sapoznik
- Sheba Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, 52621, Israel
| | - Keren Bahar-Shany
- Sheba Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, 52621, Israel
| | - Hadar Brand
- Sheba Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, 52621, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Yishay Pinto
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Science, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Orshay Gabay
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Science, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Efrat Glick-Saar
- Sheba Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, 52621, Israel
| | - Chen Dor
- Sheba Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, 52621, Israel
| | - Oranit Zadok
- Department of Pathology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan 52621, Israel
| | - Iris Barshack
- Department of Pathology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan 52621, Israel
| | - Adi Zundelevich
- Sheba Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, 52621, Israel
| | - Einav Nili Gal-Yam
- Sheba Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, 52621, Israel; The Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, 52621, Israel
| | - Yuval Yung
- IVF Unit and Reproduction Lab, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, 52621, Israel
| | - Ariel Hourvitz
- IVF Unit and Reproduction Lab, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, 52621, Israel
| | - Jacob Korach
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, 52621, Israel
| | - Mario Beiner
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, 52621, Israel
| | - Jasmine Jacob
- Sheba Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, 52621, Israel
| | - Erez Y Levanon
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Science, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Michal Barak
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Science, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Sarit Aviel-Ronen
- Department of Pathology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan 52621, Israel; The Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, 52621, Israel
| | - Keren Levanon
- Sheba Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, 52621, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978, Israel; The Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, 52621, Israel.
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27
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Bochtler M, Kolano A, Xu GL. DNA demethylation pathways: Additional players and regulators. Bioessays 2016; 39:1-13. [PMID: 27859411 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
DNA demethylation can occur passively by "dilution" of methylation marks by DNA replication, or actively and independently of DNA replication. Direct conversion of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to cytosine (C), as originally proposed, does not occur. Instead, active DNA methylation involves oxidation of the methylated base by ten-eleven translocations (TETs), or deamination of the methylated or a nearby base by activation induced deaminase (AID). The modified nucleotide, possibly together with surrounding nucleotides, is then replaced by the BER pathway. Recent data clarify the roles and the regulation of well-known enzymes in this process. They identify base excision repair (BER) glycosylases that may cooperate with or replace thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG) in the base excision step, and suggest possible involvement of DNA damage repair pathways other than BER in active DNA demethylation. Here, we review these new developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Bochtler
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kolano
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Guo-Liang Xu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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28
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AID/APOBEC-network reconstruction identifies pathways associated with survival in ovarian cancer. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:643. [PMID: 27527602 PMCID: PMC4986275 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3001-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Building up of pathway-/disease-relevant signatures provides a persuasive tool for understanding the functional relevance of gene alterations and gene network associations in multifactorial human diseases. Ovarian cancer is a highly complex heterogeneous malignancy in respect of tumor anatomy, tumor microenvironment including pro-/antitumor immunity and inflammation; still, it is generally treated as single disease. Thus, further approaches to investigate novel aspects of ovarian cancer pathogenesis aiming to provide a personalized strategy to clinical decision making are of high priority. Herein we assessed the contribution of the AID/APOBEC family and their associated genes given the remarkable ability of AID and APOBECs to edit DNA/RNA, and as such, providing tools for genetic and epigenetic alterations potentially leading to reprogramming of tumor cells, stroma and immune cells. RESULTS We structured the study by three consecutive analytical modules, which include the multigene-based expression profiling in a cohort of patients with primary serous ovarian cancer using a self-created AID/APOBEC-associated gene signature, building up of multivariable survival models with high predictive accuracy and nomination of top-ranked candidate/target genes according to their prognostic impact, and systems biology-based reconstruction of the AID/APOBEC-driven disease-relevant mechanisms using transcriptomics data from ovarian cancer samples. We demonstrated that inclusion of the AID/APOBEC signature-based variables significantly improves the clinicopathological variables-based survival prognostication allowing significant patient stratification. Furthermore, several of the profiling-derived variables such as ID3, PTPRC/CD45, AID, APOBEC3G, and ID2 exceed the prognostic impact of some clinicopathological variables. We next extended the signature-/modeling-based knowledge by extracting top genes co-regulated with target molecules in ovarian cancer tissues and dissected potential networks/pathways/regulators contributing to pathomechanisms. We thereby revealed that the AID/APOBEC-related network in ovarian cancer is particularly associated with remodeling/fibrotic pathways, altered immune response, and autoimmune disorders with inflammatory background. CONCLUSIONS The herein study is, to our knowledge, the first one linking expression of entire AID/APOBECs and interacting genes with clinical outcome with respect to survival of cancer patients. Overall, data propose a novel AID/APOBEC-derived survival model for patient risk assessment and reconstitute mapping to molecular pathways. The established study algorithm can be applied further for any biologically relevant signature and any type of diseased tissue.
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29
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Mimaki S, Totsuka Y, Suzuki Y, Nakai C, Goto M, Kojima M, Arakawa H, Takemura S, Tanaka S, Marubashi S, Kinoshita M, Matsuda T, Shibata T, Nakagama H, Ochiai A, Kubo S, Nakamori S, Esumi H, Tsuchihara K. Hypermutation and unique mutational signatures of occupational cholangiocarcinoma in printing workers exposed to haloalkanes. Carcinogenesis 2016; 37:817-826. [PMID: 27267998 PMCID: PMC4967217 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgw066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma is a relatively rare cancer, but its incidence is increasing worldwide. Although several risk factors have been suggested, the etiology and pathogenesis of the majority of cholangiocarcinomas remain unclear. Recently, a high incidence of early-onset cholangiocarcinoma was reported among the workers of a printing company in Osaka, Japan. These workers underwent high exposure to organic solvents, mainly haloalkanes such as 1,2-dichloropropane (1,2-DCP) and/or dichloromethane. We performed whole-exome analysis on four cases of cholangiocarcinoma among the printing workers. An average of 44.8 somatic mutations was detected per Mb in the genome of the printing workers' cholangiocarcinoma tissues, approximately 30-fold higher than that found in control common cholangiocarcinoma tissues. Furthermore, C:G-to-T:A transitions with substantial strand bias as well as unique trinucleotide mutational changes of GpCpY to GpTpY and NpCpY to NpTpY or NpApY were predominant in all of the printing workers' cholangiocarcinoma genomes. These results were consistent with the epidemiological observation that they had been exposed to high concentrations of chemical compounds. Whole-genome analysis of Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100 exposed to 1,2-DCP revealed a partial recapitulation of the mutational signature in the printing workers' cholangiocarcinoma. Although our results provide mutational signatures unique to occupational cholangiocarcinoma, the underlying mechanisms of the disease should be further investigated by using appropriate model systems and by comparison with genomic data from other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiyo Mimaki
- Division of Translational Research, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan.,Department of NCC Cancer Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Yukari Totsuka
- Division of Carcinogenesis & Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Chikako Nakai
- Division of Translational Research, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan
| | - Masanori Goto
- Division of Carcinogenesis & Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Motohiro Kojima
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Arakawa
- Department of NCC Cancer Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan.,Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Takemura
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Shogo Tanaka
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Shigeru Marubashi
- Department of Surgery, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, 1-3-3 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-8511, Japan
| | - Masahiko Kinoshita
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Tomonari Matsuda
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Shibata
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nakagama
- National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ochiai
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan
| | - Shoji Kubo
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Shoji Nakamori
- Department of Surgery, Osaka National Hospital, 2-1-14 Hoenzaka, Chuo-ku, Osaka 540-0006, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Esumi
- Division of Translational Research, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan.,Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Katsuya Tsuchihara
- Division of Translational Research, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan
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30
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Eso Y, Takai A, Matsumoto T, Inuzuka T, Horie T, Ono K, Uemoto S, Lee K, Edelmann W, Chiba T, Marusawa H. MSH2 Dysregulation Is Triggered by Proinflammatory Cytokine Stimulation and Is Associated with Liver Cancer Development. Cancer Res 2016; 76:4383-93. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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31
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Nonaka T, Toda Y, Hiai H, Uemura M, Nakamura M, Yamamoto N, Asato R, Hattori Y, Bessho K, Minato N, Kinoshita K. Involvement of activation-induced cytidine deaminase in skin cancer development. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:1367-82. [PMID: 26974156 DOI: 10.1172/jci81522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Most skin cancers develop as the result of UV light-induced DNA damage; however, a substantial number of cases appear to occur independently of UV damage. A causal link between UV-independent skin cancers and chronic inflammation has been suspected, although the precise mechanism underlying this association is unclear. Here, we have proposed that activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID, encoded by AICDA) links chronic inflammation and skin cancer. We demonstrated that Tg mice expressing AID in the skin spontaneously developed skin squamous cell carcinoma with Hras and Trp53 mutations. Furthermore, genetic deletion of Aicda reduced tumor incidence in a murine model of chemical-induced skin carcinogenesis. AID was expressed in human primary keratinocytes in an inflammatory stimulus-dependent manner and was detectable in human skin cancers. Together, the results of this study indicate that inflammation-induced AID expression promotes skin cancer development independently of UV damage and suggest AID as a potential target for skin cancer therapeutics.
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32
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Qiao Y, Han X, Guan G, Wu N, Sun J, Pak V, Liang G. TGF-β triggers HBV cccDNA degradation through AID-dependent deamination. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:419-27. [PMID: 26867650 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a viral center molecule for HBV infection and persistence. However, the cellular restriction factors of HBV cccDNA are not well understood. Here, we show that TGF-β can induce nuclear viral cccDNA degradation and hypermutation via activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) deamination activity in hepatocytes. This suppression by TGF-β is abrogated when AID or the activity of uracil-DNA glycosylase (UNG) is absent, which indicates that AID deamination and the UNG-mediated excision of uracil act in concert to degrade viral cccDNA. Moreover, the HBV core protein promotes the interaction between AID and viral cccDNA. Overall, our results indicate a novel molecular mechanism that allows cytokine TGF-β to restrict viral nuclear cccDNA in innate immunity, thereby suggesting a novel method for potentially eliminating cccDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Qiao
- The Core Laboratory for Public Health Science and Practice, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoxu Han
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of the National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Gefei Guan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Na Wu
- The Core Laboratory for Public Health Science and Practice, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianbo Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vladimir Pak
- Department of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Guoxin Liang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of the National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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AID hits the jackpot when missing the target. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 39:96-102. [PMID: 26845615 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Activation induced deaminase is the single B cell specific factor mediating class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation. Numerous studies have shown that AID preferentially targets Ig substrates and also attacks non-Ig substrates to create DNA damage that contributes to lymphomagenesis. AID targeting to Ig loci is linked to transcription but the mechanism governing this process has been obscure. Here we discuss research that illustrates the connection between AID targeting to DNA substrates and transcription processes to reveal rules governing the specificity of AID attack. These observations are woven together to provide a integrated view of AID function and a surprising linkage with global regulation of gene expression.
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He X, Li J, Wu J, Zhang M, Gao P. Associations between activation-induced cytidine deaminase/apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like cytidine deaminase expression, hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication and HBV-associated liver disease (Review). Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:6405-14. [PMID: 26398702 PMCID: PMC4626158 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major risk factor in the development of chronic hepatitis (CH) and hepa-tocellular carcinoma (HCC). The activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)/apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like (APOBEC) family of cytidine deaminases is significant in innate immunity, as it restricts numerous viruses, including HBV, through hypermutation-dependent and -independent mechanisms. It is important to induce covalently closed circular (ccc)DNA degradation by interferon-α without causing side effects in the infected host cell. Furthermore, organisms possess multiple mechanisms to regulate the expression of AID/APOBECs, control their enzymatic activity and restrict their access to DNA or RNA substrates. Therefore, the AID/APOBECs present promising targets for preventing and treating viral infections. In addition, gene polymorphisms of the AID/APOBEC family may alter host susceptibility to HBV acquisition and CH disease progression. Through G-to-A hypermutation, AID/APOBECs also edit HBV DNA and facilitate the mutation of HBV DNA, which may assist the virus to evolve and potentially escape from the immune responses. The AID/APOBEC family and their associated editing patterns may also exert oncogenic activity. Understanding the effects of cytidine deaminases in CH virus-induced hepatocarcinogenesis may aid with developing efficient prophylactic and therapeutic strategies against HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuting He
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Manli Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Branch of The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Pujun Gao
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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Sawai Y, Kodama Y, Shimizu T, Ota Y, Maruno T, Eso Y, Kurita A, Shiokawa M, Tsuji Y, Uza N, Matsumoto Y, Masui T, Uemoto S, Marusawa H, Chiba T. Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase Contributes to Pancreatic Tumorigenesis by Inducing Tumor-Related Gene Mutations. Cancer Res 2015; 75:3292-301. [PMID: 26113087 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) develops via an accumulation of various gene mutations. The mechanism underlying the mutations in PDAC development, however, is not fully understood. Recent insight into the close association between the mutation pattern of various cancers and specific mutagens led us to investigate the possible involvement of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a DNA editing enzyme, in pancreatic tumorigenesis. Our immunohistochemical findings revealed AID protein expression in human acinar ductal metaplasia, pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia, and PDAC. Both the amount and intensity of the AID protein expression increased with the progression from precancerous to cancerous lesions in human PDAC tissues. To further assess the significance of ectopic epithelial AID expression in pancreatic tumorigenesis, we analyzed the phenotype of AID transgenic (AID Tg) mice. Consistent with our hypothesis that AID is involved in the mechanism of the mutations underlying pancreatic tumorigenesis, we found precancerous lesions developing in the pancreas of AID Tg mice. Using deep sequencing, we also detected Kras and c-Myc mutations in our analysis of the whole pancreas of AID Tg mice. In addition, Sanger sequencing confirmed the presence of Kras, c-Myc, and Smad4 mutations, with the typical mutational footprint of AID in precancerous lesions in AID Tg mice separated by laser capture microdissection. Taken together, our findings suggest that AID contributes to the development of pancreatic precancerous lesions by inducing tumor-related gene mutations. Our new mouse model without intentional manipulation of specific tumor-related genes provides a powerful system for analyzing the mutations involved in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugo Sawai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuzo Kodama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Shimizu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuji Ota
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahisa Maruno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuji Eso
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akira Kurita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shiokawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Tsuji
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Norimitsu Uza
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuko Matsumoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Masui
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinji Uemoto
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Marusawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Chiba
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Matsumoto T, Shimizu T, Takai A, Marusawa H. Exploring the Mechanisms of Gastrointestinal Cancer Development Using Deep Sequencing Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:1037-51. [PMID: 26083936 PMCID: PMC4491698 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7020823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have revolutionized cancer genomics due to their high throughput sequencing capacity. Reports of the gene mutation profiles of various cancers by many researchers, including international cancer genome research consortia, have increased over recent years. In addition to detecting somatic mutations in tumor cells, NGS technologies enable us to approach the subject of carcinogenic mechanisms from new perspectives. Deep sequencing, a method of optimizing the high throughput capacity of NGS technologies, allows for the detection of genetic aberrations in small subsets of premalignant and/or tumor cells in noncancerous chronically inflamed tissues. Genome-wide NGS data also make it possible to clarify the mutational signatures of each cancer tissue by identifying the precise pattern of nucleotide alterations in the cancer genome, providing new information regarding the mechanisms of tumorigenesis. In this review, we highlight these new methods taking advantage of NGS technologies, and discuss our current understanding of carcinogenic mechanisms elucidated from such approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Matsumoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Shimizu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Takai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Marusawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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Matsumoto T, Shimizu T, Nishijima N, Ikeda A, Eso Y, Matsumoto Y, Chiba T, Marusawa H. Hepatic inflammation facilitates transcription-associated mutagenesis via AID activity and enhances liver tumorigenesis. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36:904-13. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Liang G, Liu G, Kitamura K, Wang Z, Chowdhury S, Monjurul AM, Wakae K, Koura M, Shimadu M, Kinoshita K, Muramatsu M. TGF-β suppression of HBV RNA through AID-dependent recruitment of an RNA exosome complex. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004780. [PMID: 25836330 PMCID: PMC4383551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β inhibits hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication although the intracellular effectors involved are not determined. Here, we report that reduction of HBV transcripts by TGF-β is dependent on AID expression, which significantly decreases both HBV transcripts and viral DNA, resulting in inhibition of viral replication. Immunoprecipitation reveals that AID physically associates with viral P protein that binds to specific virus RNA sequence called epsilon. AID also binds to an RNA degradation complex (RNA exosome proteins), indicating that AID, RNA exosome, and P protein form an RNP complex. Suppression of HBV transcripts by TGF-β was abrogated by depletion of either AID or RNA exosome components, suggesting that AID and the RNA exosome involve in TGF-β mediated suppression of HBV RNA. Moreover, AID-mediated HBV reduction does not occur when P protein is disrupted or when viral transcription is inhibited. These results suggest that induced expression of AID by TGF-β causes recruitment of the RNA exosome to viral RNP complex and the RNA exosome degrades HBV RNA in a transcription-coupled manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxin Liang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Guangyan Liu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kouichi Kitamura
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
- Division of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Sajeda Chowdhury
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Ahasan Md Monjurul
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kousho Wakae
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Miki Koura
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Miyuki Shimadu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kinoshita
- Evolutionary Medicine, Shiga Medical Center Research Institute, Moriyama, Japan
| | - Masamichi Muramatsu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
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Kitamura J, Uemura M, Kurozumi M, Sonobe M, Manabe T, Hiai H, Date H, Kinoshita K. Chronic lung injury by constitutive expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase leads to focal mucous cell metaplasia and cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117986. [PMID: 25659078 PMCID: PMC4320068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is an enzyme required for antibody diversification, and it causes DNA mutations and strand breaks. Constitutive AID expression in mice invariably caused lung lesions morphologically similar to human atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH), which can be a precursor of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. Similar to AAH, mouse AAH-like lesion (MALL) exhibited signs of alveolar differentiation, judging from the expression of alveolar type II (AT2) cell marker surfactant protein C (SP-C). However, electron microscopy indicated that MALL, which possessed certain features of a mucous cell, is distinct from an AAH or AT2 cell. Although MALL developed in all individuals within 30 weeks after birth, lung tumors occurred in only 10%; this suggests that the vast majority of MALLs fail to grow into visible tumors. MALL expressed several recently described markers of lung alveolar regeneration such as p63, keratin 5, keratin 14, leucine-rich repeat containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5), and Lgr6. Increased cell death was observed in the lungs of AID transgenic mice compared with wild-type mice. Based on these observations, we speculate that MALL is a regenerating tissue compensating for cellular loss caused by AID cytotoxicity. AID expression in such regenerating tissue should predispose cells to malignant transformation via its mutagenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiro Kitamura
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nagahama City Hospital, Nagahama, Japan
| | | | | | - Makoto Sonobe
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Hiai
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Date
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Shimizu T, Marusawa H, Matsumoto Y, Inuzuka T, Ikeda A, Fujii Y, Minamiguchi S, Miyamoto S, Kou T, Sakai Y, Crabtree JE, Chiba T. Accumulation of somatic mutations in TP53 in gastric epithelium with Helicobacter pylori infection. Gastroenterology 2014; 147:407-17.e3. [PMID: 24786892 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Helicobacter pylori infection is a risk factor for gastric cancer. To explore the genetic basis of gastric cancer that develops in inflamed gastric mucosa, we investigated genetic aberrations that latently accumulate in nontumorous gastric epithelium with H pylori infection. METHODS We performed whole-exome sequencing of gastric tumors, noncancerous tissues with gastritis, and peripheral lymphocytes from 5 patients. We performed additional deep-sequencing analyses of selected tumor-related genes using 34 gastritis mucosal samples from patients with or without gastric cancer. We also performed deep sequencing analyses of gastric mucosal tissues from mice that express transgenic human TP53 and constitutively express activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AICDA or AID) (human TP53 knock-in/AID-transgenic mice). RESULTS Whole-exome sequencing revealed that somatic mutations accumulated in various genes in inflamed gastric tissues. Additional deep-sequencing analyses of tissues from regions of gastritis confirmed nonsynonymous low-abundance mutations in TP53 in 15 cases (44.1%) and ARID1A in 5 cases (14.7%). The mutations that accumulated in gastric mucosal tissues with H pylori-induced gastritis, as well as gastric tumors, were predominantly C:G>T:A transitions in GpCpX motifs-a marker of cytidine deamination induced by AID. Constitutive expression of AID in the gastric mucosa of mice led to mutations in the human TP53, at amino acid coding positions identical to those detected in human gastric cancers. CONCLUSIONS Studies of gastric tumors and tissues from humans and mice indicate that somatic mutations accumulate in various genes in gastric mucosal tissues with H pylori infection. Increased cytidine deaminase activity in these tissues appears to promote the accumulation of these mutations and might promote gastric carcinogenesis in patients with H pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Shimizu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Marusawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Yuko Matsumoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tadashi Inuzuka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsuyuki Ikeda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yosuke Fujii
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sachiko Minamiguchi
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shin'ichi Miyamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tadayuki Kou
- Digestive Disease Center, The Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Sakai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jean E Crabtree
- Leeds Institute Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Tsutomu Chiba
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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41
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Roberts SA, Gordenin DA. Clustered and genome-wide transient mutagenesis in human cancers: Hypermutation without permanent mutators or loss of fitness. Bioessays 2014; 36:382-393. [PMID: 24615916 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201300140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The gain of a selective advantage in cancer as well as the establishment of complex traits during evolution require multiple genetic alterations, but how these mutations accumulate over time is currently unclear. There is increasing evidence that a mutator phenotype perpetuates the development of many human cancers. While in some cases the increased mutation rate is the result of a genetic disruption of DNA repair and replication or environmental exposures, other evidence suggests that endogenous DNA damage induced by AID/APOBEC cytidine deaminases can result in transient localized hypermutation generating simultaneous, closely spaced (i.e. "clustered") multiple mutations. Here, we discuss mechanisms that lead to mutation cluster formation, the biological consequences of their formation in cancer and evidence suggesting that APOBEC mutagenesis can also occur genome-wide. This raises the possibility that dysregulation of these enzymes may enable rapid malignant transformation by increasing mutation rates without the loss of fitness associated with permanent mutators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Roberts
- Chromosome Stability Group, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
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42
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Nguyen T, Xu J, Chikuma S, Hiai H, Kinoshita K, Moriya K, Koike K, Marcuzzi GP, Pfister H, Honjo T, Kobayashi M. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase is dispensable for virus-mediated liver and skin tumor development in mouse models. Int Immunol 2014; 26:397-406. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxu040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Ikeda A, Shimizu T, Matsumoto Y, Fujii Y, Eso Y, Inuzuka T, Mizuguchi A, Shimizu K, Hatano E, Uemoto S, Chiba T, Marusawa H. Leptin receptor somatic mutations are frequent in HCV-infected cirrhotic liver and associated with hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2014; 146:222-32.e35. [PMID: 24055508 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatocellular carcinoma develops in patients with chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis via a stepwise accumulation of various genetic alterations. To explore the genetic basis of development of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-associated chronic liver disease, we evaluated genetic variants that accumulate in nontumor cirrhotic liver. METHODS We determined the whole exome sequences of 7 tumors and background cirrhotic liver tissues from 4 patients with HCV infection. We then performed additional sequencing of selected exomes of mutated genes, identified by whole exome sequencing, and of representative tumor-related genes on samples from 22 cirrhotic livers with HCV infection. We performed in vitro and in vivo functional studies for one of the mutated genes. RESULTS Whole exome sequencing showed that somatic mutations accumulated in various genes in HCV-infected cirrhotic liver tissues. Among the identified genes, the leptin receptor gene (LEPR) was one of the most frequently mutated in tumor and nontumor cirrhotic liver tissue. Selected exome sequencing analyses detected LEPR mutations in 12 of 22 (54.5%) nontumorous cirrhotic livers. In vitro, 4 of 7 (57.1%) LEPR mutations found in cirrhotic livers reduced phosphorylation of STAT3 to inactivate LEPR-mediated signaling. Moreover, 40% of Lepr-deficient (C57BL/KsJ-db/db) mice developed liver tumors after administration of thioacetamide compared with none of the control mice. CONCLUSIONS Based on analysis of liver tissue samples from patients, somatic mutations accumulate in LEPR in cirrhotic liver with chronic HCV infection. These mutations could disrupt LEPR signaling and increase susceptibility to hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuyuki Ikeda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shimizu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuko Matsumoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yosuke Fujii
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuji Eso
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tadashi Inuzuka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Aya Mizuguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuharu Shimizu
- Department of Nanobio Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Etsuro Hatano
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinji Uemoto
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Chiba
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Marusawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Miyazaki Y, Fujinami M, Inoue H, Kikuchi K, Ide F, Kusama K. Expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase in oral epithelial dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Sci 2013; 55:293-9. [PMID: 24351917 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.55.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Oral epithelial dysplasia is thought to be a precursor state of carcinogenesis and may harbor gene alterations. Recently, it was reported that gene editing enzyme, activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), is expressed in precursor and cancer epithelial cells during carcinogenesis associated with chronic inflammation/infection and that this enzyme induces mutation of tumor-suppressor genes. Thus, AID may have a role in carcinogenesis via oral epithelial dysplasia. In this study, we classified oral mucosal epithelium exhibiting epithelial dysplasia as squamous intraepithelial neoplasia (SIN) grades 1-3, according to the 2005 World Health Organization classification, and used immunohistochemical techniques to examine AID expression in oral mucosal epithelium exhibiting SIN and oral cancer tissues. AID was observed in prickle cells in oral mucosal epithelium with epithelial dysplasia and in oral cancer cells. Additionally, to investigate the mechanism of AID expression and its role in cancer progression, we incubated the oral cancer cell line HSC-2 with inflammatory cytokines. In the HSC-2 cell line, AID expression was enhanced by TNF-α via NF-κB activation and promoted expression of N-cadherin by regulating Snail expression. These findings suggest that AID has a role in the development of oral epithelial dysplasia and promotes progression of oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Miyazaki
- Division of Pathology, Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences, Meikai University School of Dentistry
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45
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Kim SK, Marusawa H, Eso Y, Chiba T, Kudo M. Novel mouse models of hepatocarcinogenesis with stepwise accumulation of genetic alterations. Dig Dis 2013; 31:454-8. [PMID: 24281020 DOI: 10.1159/000355244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Various risk factors are involved in hepatocarcinogenesis. Among them, chronic inflammation, including chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis mainly caused by hepatitis B virus and/or hepatitis C virus infection, plays an important role in HCC development. On the other hand, comprehensive genetic analyses of HCC using whole genome and exome sequencing revealed that cancer cells possess a large number of somatic mutations, suggesting that a wide variety of genetic alterations and the resultant dysregulated molecular pathways contribute to the development of HCC. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is a nucleotide-editing enzyme, and aberrant expression of AID induced by inflammatory responses contributes to hepatocarcinogenesis via the accumulation of genetic alterations in various tumor-related genes. Constitutive expression of AID in hepatocyte-lineage cells provides novel mouse models that recapitulate the tumorigenesis of human HCC through stepwise accumulation of genetic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Ki Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Deng Y, Du Y, Zhang Q, Han X, Cao G. Human cytidine deaminases facilitate hepatitis B virus evolution and link inflammation and hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2013; 343:161-71. [PMID: 24120759 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During hepatitis B virus (HBV)-induced hepatocarcinogenesis, chronic inflammation facilitates the evolution of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)-promoting HBV mutants. Cytidine deaminases, whose expression is stimulated by inflammatory cytokines and/or chemokines, play an important role in bridging inflammation and HCC. Through G-to-A hypermutation, cytidine deaminases inhibit HBV replication and facilitate the generation of HCC-promoting HBV mutants including C-terminal-truncated HBx. Cytidine deaminases also promote cancer-related somatic mutations including TP53 mutations. Their editing efficiency is counteracted by uracil-DNA glycosylase. Understanding the effects of cytidine deaminases in HBV-induced hepatocarcinogenesis and HCC progression will aid in developing efficient prophylactic and therapeutic strategies against HCC in HBV-infected population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Deng
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Du
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Han
- Division of Chronic Diseases, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangwen Cao
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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Kim SK, Nasu A, Komori J, Shimizu T, Matsumoto Y, Minaki Y, Kohno K, Shimizu K, Uemoto S, Chiba T, Marusawa H. A model of liver carcinogenesis originating from hepatic progenitor cells with accumulation of genetic alterations. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:1067-76. [PMID: 23959426 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) contributes to inflammation-associated carcinogenesis through its mutagenic activity. In our study, by taking advantage of the ability of AID to induce genetic aberrations, we investigated whether liver cancer originates from hepatic stem/progenitor cells that accumulate stepwise genetic alterations. For this purpose, hepatic progenitor cells enriched from the fetal liver of AID transgenic (Tg) mice were transplanted into recipient "toxin-receptor mediated conditional cell knockout" (TRECK) mice, which have enhanced liver regeneration activity under the condition of diphtheria toxin treatment. Whole exome sequencing was used to determine the landscape of the accumulated genetic alterations in the transplanted progenitor cells during tumorigenesis. Liver tumors developed in 7 of 11 (63.6%) recipient TRECK mice receiving enriched hepatic progenitor cells from AID Tg mice, while no tumorigenesis was observed in TRECK mice receiving hepatic progenitor cells of wild-type mice. Histologic examination revealed that the tumors showed characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma and partial features of cholangiocarcinoma with expression of the AID transgene. Whole exome sequencing revealed that several dozen genes acquired single nucleotide variants in tumor tissues originating from the transplanted hepatic progenitor cells of AID Tg mice. Microarray analyses revealed that the majority of the mutations (>80%) were present in actively transcribed genes in the liver-lineage cells. These findings provided the evidence suggesting that accumulation of genetic alterations in fetal hepatic progenitor cells progressed to liver cancers, and the selection of mutagenesis depends on active transcription in the liver-lineage cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Ki Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of MedicineKyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is necessary for the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in mammary epithelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E2977-86. [PMID: 23882083 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1301021110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), which functions in antibody diversification, is also expressed in a variety of germ and somatic cells. Evidence that AID promotes DNA demethylation in epigenetic reprogramming phenomena, and that it is induced by inflammatory signals, led us to investigate its role in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a critical process in normal morphogenesis and tumor metastasis. We find that expression of AID is induced by inflammatory signals that induce the EMT in nontransformed mammary epithelial cells and in ZR75.1 breast cancer cells. shRNA-mediated knockdown of AID blocks induction of the EMT and prevents cells from acquiring invasive properties. Knockdown of AID suppresses expression of several key EMT transcriptional regulators and is associated with increased methylation of CpG islands proximal to the promoters of these genes; furthermore, the DNA demethylating agent 5 aza-2'deoxycytidine (5-Aza-dC) antagonizes the effects of AID knockdown on the expression of EMT factors. We conclude that AID is necessary for the EMT in this breast cancer cell model and in nontransformed mammary epithelial cells. Our results suggest that AID may act near the apex of a hierarchy of regulatory steps that drive the EMT, and are consistent with this effect being mediated by cytosine demethylation. This evidence links our findings to other reports of a role for AID in epigenetic reprogramming and control of gene expression.
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Lamont KR, Hasham MG, Donghia NM, Branca J, Chavaree M, Chase B, Breggia A, Hedlund J, Emery I, Cavallo F, Jasin M, Rüter J, Mills KD. Attenuating homologous recombination stimulates an AID-induced antileukemic effect. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:1021-33. [PMID: 23589568 PMCID: PMC3646491 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20121258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of the RAD51 homologous recombination factor prevents the repair of AID-initiated DNA breaks and induces apoptosis preferentially in AID-expressing human CLL. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is critical in normal B cells to initiate somatic hypermutation and immunoglobulin class switch recombination. Accumulating evidence suggests that AID is also prooncogenic, inducing cancer-promoting mutations or chromosome rearrangements. In this context, we find that AID is expressed in >40% of primary human chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cases, consistent with other reports. Using a combination of human B lymphoid leukemia cells and mouse models, we now show that AID expression can be harnessed for antileukemic effect, after inhibition of the RAD51 homologous recombination (HR) factor with 4,4′-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2-2′-disulfonic acid (DIDS). As a proof of principle, we show that DIDS treatment inhibits repair of AID-initiated DNA breaks, induces apoptosis, and promotes cytotoxicity preferentially in AID-expressing human CLL. This reveals a novel antineoplastic role of AID that can be triggered by inhibition of HR, suggesting a potential new paradigm to treat AID-expressing tumors. Given the growing list of tumor types with aberrant AID expression, this novel therapeutic approach has potential to impact a significant patient population.
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Upadhyay A, Dixit U, Manvar D, Chaturvedi N, Pandey VN. Affinity capture and identification of host cell factors associated with hepatitis C virus (+) strand subgenomic RNA. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:1539-52. [PMID: 23429521 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.017020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection leading to chronic hepatitis is a major factor in the causation of liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver failure. This process may involve the interplay of various host cell factors, as well as the interaction of these factors with viral RNA and proteins. We report a novel strategy using a sequence-specific biotinylated peptide nucleic acid (PNA)-neamine conjugate targeted to HCV RNA for the in situ capture of subgenomic HCV (+) RNA, along with cellular and viral factors associated with it in MH14 host cells. Using this affinity capture system in conjunction with LC/MS/MS, we have identified 83 cellular factors and three viral proteins (NS5B, NS5A, and NS3-4a protease-helicase) associated with the viral genome. The capture was highly specific. These proteins were not scored with cured MH14 cells devoid of HCV replicons because of the absence of the target sequence in cells for the PNA-neamine probe and also because, unlike oligomeric DNA, cellular proteins have no affinity for PNA. The identified cellular factors belong to different functional groups, including signaling, oncogenic, chaperonin, transcriptional regulators, and RNA helicases as well as DEAD box proteins, ribosomal proteins, translational regulators/factors, and metabolic enzymes, that represent a diverse set of cellular factors associated with the HCV RNA genome. Small interfering RNA-mediated silencing of a diverse class of selected proteins in an HCV replicon cell line either enhanced or inhibited HCV replication/translation, suggesting that these cellular factors have regulatory roles in HCV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Upadhyay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Centre for the Study of Emerging and Re-Emerging Pathogens, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
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