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Sun M, Zhang H, Liu J, Chen J, Cui Y, Wang S, Zhang X, Yang Z. Extracellular Vesicles: A New Star for Gene Drug Delivery. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:2241-2264. [PMID: 38465204 PMCID: PMC10924919 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s446224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, gene therapy has become a subject of considerable research and has been widely evaluated in various disease models. Though it is considered as a stand-alone agent for COVID-19 vaccination, gene therapy is still suffering from the following drawbacks during its translation from the bench to the bedside: the high sensitivity of exogenous nucleic acids to enzymatic degradation; the severe side effects induced either by exogenous nucleic acids or components in the formulation; and the difficulty to cross the barriers before reaching the therapeutic target. Therefore, for the successful application of gene therapy, a safe and reliable transport vector is urgently needed. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are the ideal candidate for the delivery of gene drugs owing to their low immunogenicity, good biocompatibility and low toxicity. To better understand the properties of EVs and their advantages as gene drug delivery vehicles, this review covers from the origin of EVs to the methods of EVs generation, as well as the common methods of isolation and purification in research, with their pros and cons discussed. Meanwhile, the engineering of EVs for gene drugs is also highlighted. In addition, this paper also presents the progress in the EVs-mediated delivery of microRNAs, small interfering RNAs, messenger RNAs, plasmids, and antisense oligonucleotides. We believe this review will provide a theoretical basis for the development of gene drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiayi Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiayi Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaxin Cui
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Simiao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310020, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaogang Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Chimote AA, Lehn MA, Bhati J, Mascia AE, Sertorio M, Lamba MA, Ionascu D, Tang AL, Langevin SM, Khodoun MV, Wise-Draper TM, Conforti L. Proton Treatment Suppresses Exosome Production in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1008. [PMID: 38473367 PMCID: PMC10931005 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16051008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Proton therapy (PT) is emerging as an effective and less toxic alternative to conventional X-ray-based photon therapy (XRT) for patients with advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) owing to its clustered dose deposition dosimetric characteristics. For optimal efficacy, cancer therapies, including PT, must elicit a robust anti-tumor response by effector and cytotoxic immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). While tumor-derived exosomes contribute to immune cell suppression in the TME, information on the effects of PT on exosomes and anti-tumor immune responses in HNSCC is not known. In this study, we generated primary HNSCC cells from tumors resected from HNSCC patients, irradiated them with 5 Gy PT or XRT, and isolated exosomes from cell culture supernatants. HNSCC cells exposed to PT produced 75% fewer exosomes than XRT- and non-irradiated HNSCC cells. This effect persisted in proton-irradiated cells for up to five days. Furthermore, we observed that exosomes from proton-irradiated cells were identical in morphology and immunosuppressive effects (suppression of IFN-γ release by peripheral blood mononuclear cells) to those of photon-irradiated cells. Our results suggest that PT limits the suppressive effect of exosomes on cancer immune surveillance by reducing the production of exosomes that can inhibit immune cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameet A. Chimote
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (A.A.C.); (J.B.)
| | - Maria A. Lehn
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (M.A.L.); (T.M.W.-D.)
| | - Jay Bhati
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (A.A.C.); (J.B.)
| | - Anthony E. Mascia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (A.E.M.); (M.S.); (M.A.L.); (D.I.)
| | - Mathieu Sertorio
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (A.E.M.); (M.S.); (M.A.L.); (D.I.)
| | - Michael A. Lamba
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (A.E.M.); (M.S.); (M.A.L.); (D.I.)
| | - Dan Ionascu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (A.E.M.); (M.S.); (M.A.L.); (D.I.)
| | - Alice L. Tang
- Department of Otolarynogology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA;
| | - Scott M. Langevin
- Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA;
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Marat V. Khodoun
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA;
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Trisha M. Wise-Draper
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (M.A.L.); (T.M.W.-D.)
| | - Laura Conforti
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (A.A.C.); (J.B.)
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3
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Yang S, Zheng B, Raza F, Zhang S, Yuan WE, Su J, Qiu M. Tumor-derived microvesicles for cancer therapy. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:1131-1150. [PMID: 38284828 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01980b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are vesicles with lipid bilayer structures shed from the plasma membrane of cells. Microvesicles (MVs) are a subset of EVs containing proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and other metabolites. MVs can be produced under specific cell stimulation conditions and isolated by modern separation technology. Due to their tumor homing and large volume, tumor cell-derived microvesicles (TMVs) have attracted interest recently and become excellent delivery carriers for therapeutic vaccines, imaging agents or antitumor drugs. However, preparing sufficient and high-purity TMVs and conducting clinical transformation has become a challenge in this field. In this review, the recent research achievements in the generation, isolation, characterization, modification, and application of TMVs in cancer therapy are reviewed, and the challenges facing therapeutic applications are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China.
| | - Bo Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China.
| | - Faisal Raza
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shulei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wei-En Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeuti c Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jing Su
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China.
| | - Mingfeng Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China.
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4
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Yoo S, Choi S, Kim I, Kim IS. Hypoxic regulation of extracellular vesicles: Implications for cancer therapy. J Control Release 2023; 363:201-220. [PMID: 37739015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a pivotal role in intercellular communication and have been implicated in cancer progression. Hypoxia, a pervasive hallmark of cancer, is known to regulate EV biogenesis and function. Hypoxic EVs contain a specific set of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and metabolites, capable of reprogramming the biology and fate of recipient cells. Enhancing the intrinsic therapeutic efficacy of EVs can be achieved by strategically modifying their structure and contents. Moreover, the use of EVs as drug delivery vehicles holds great promise for cancer treatment. However, various hurdles must be overcome to enable their clinical application as cancer therapeutics. In this review, we aim to discuss the current knowledge on the hypoxic regulation of EVs. Additionally, we will describe the underlying mechanisms by which EVs contribute to cancer progression in hypoxia and outline the progress and limitations of hypoxia-related EV therapeutics for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongkyeong Yoo
- Department of Pharmacology and Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22212, South Korea; Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22212, South Korea
| | - Sanga Choi
- Department of Pharmacology and Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22212, South Korea; Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22212, South Korea
| | - Iljin Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22212, South Korea; Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22212, South Korea.
| | - In-San Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea; Chemical and Biological Integrative Research Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea.
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5
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Wolf CL, Pruett C, Lighter D, Jorcyk CL. The clinical relevance of OSM in inflammatory diseases: a comprehensive review. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1239732. [PMID: 37841259 PMCID: PMC10570509 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1239732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncostatin M (OSM) is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in a variety of inflammatory responses such as wound healing, liver regeneration, and bone remodeling. As a member of the interleukin-6 (IL-6) family of cytokines, OSM binds the shared receptor gp130, recruits either OSMRβ or LIFRβ, and activates a variety of signaling pathways including the JAK/STAT, MAPK, JNK, and PI3K/AKT pathways. Since its discovery in 1986, OSM has been identified as a significant contributor to a multitude of inflammatory diseases, including arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, lung and skin disease, cardiovascular disease, and most recently, COVID-19. Additionally, OSM has also been extensively studied in the context of several cancer types including breast, cervical, ovarian, testicular, colon and gastrointestinal, brain,lung, skin, as well as other cancers. While OSM has been recognized as a significant contributor for each of these diseases, and studies have shown OSM inhibition is effective at treating or reducing symptoms, very few therapeutics have succeeded into clinical trials, and none have yet been approved by the FDA for treatment. In this review, we outline the role OSM plays in a variety of inflammatory diseases, including cancer, and outline the previous and current strategies for developing an inhibitor for OSM signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody L. Wolf
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, United States
| | - Clyde Pruett
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, United States
| | - Darren Lighter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, United States
| | - Cheryl L. Jorcyk
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, United States
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6
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Paccosi E, Proietti-De-Santis L. Parkinson's Disease: From Genetics and Epigenetics to Treatment, a miRNA-Based Strategy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119547. [PMID: 37298496 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders, characterized by an initial and progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta via a potentially substantial contribution from protein aggregates, the Lewy bodies, mainly composed of α-Synuclein among other factors. Distinguishing symptoms of PD are bradykinesia, muscular rigidity, unstable posture and gait, hypokinetic movement disorder and resting tremor. Currently, there is no cure for PD, and palliative treatments, such as Levodopa administration, are directed to relieve the motor symptoms but induce severe side effects over time. Therefore, there is an urgency for discovering new drugs in order to design more effective therapeutic approaches. The evidence of epigenetic alterations, such as the dysregulation of different miRNAs that may stimulate many aspects of PD pathogenesis, opened a new scenario in the research for a successful treatment. Along this line, a promising strategy for PD treatment comes from the potential exploitation of modified exosomes, which can be loaded with bioactive molecules, such as therapeutic compounds and RNAs, and can allow their delivery to the appropriate location in the brain, overcoming the blood-brain barrier. In this regard, the transfer of miRNAs within Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes has yet to demonstrate successful results both in vitro and in vivo. This review, besides providing a systematic overview of both the genetic and epigenetic basis of the disease, aims to explore the exosomes/miRNAs network and its clinical potential for PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Paccosi
- Unit of Molecular Genetics of Aging, Department of Ecology and Biology (DEB), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Luca Proietti-De-Santis
- Unit of Molecular Genetics of Aging, Department of Ecology and Biology (DEB), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
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7
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Erwin N, Serafim MF, He M. Enhancing the Cellular Production of Extracellular Vesicles for Developing Therapeutic Applications. Pharm Res 2023; 40:833-853. [PMID: 36319886 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03420-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have various advantageous properties, including a small size, high biocompatibility, efficient cargo loading, and precise cell targeting ability, making them promising tools for therapeutic development. EVs have been increasingly explored for applications like drug delivery. However, due to limited cellular secretion rates of EVs, wide-scale clinical applications are not achievable. Therefore, substantial strategies and research efforts have been devoted to increasing cellular secretion rates of EVs. This review describes various studies exploring different methods to increase the cellular production of EVs, including the application of electrical stimulus, pharmacologic agents, electromagnetic waves, sound waves, shear stress, cell starvation, alcohol, pH, heat, and genetic manipulation. These methods have shown success in increasing EV production, but careful consideration must be given as many of these strategies may alter EV properties and functionalities, and the exact mechanisms causing the increase in cellular production of EVs is generally unknown. Additionally, the methods' effectiveness in increasing EV secretion may diverge with different cell lines and conditions. Further advancements to enhance EV biogenesis secretion for therapeutic development is still a significant need in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Erwin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Maria Fernanda Serafim
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Mei He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA.
- UF Cancer and Genetics Research Complex, 2033 Mowry Rd, Lab: 0475G, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA.
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8
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Chen Y, Huang Y, Deng Y, Liu X, Ye J, Li Q, Luo Y, Lin Y, Liang R, Wei J, Zhang J, Li Y. Cancer Therapy Empowered by Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Targeted Delivery. Biol Pharm Bull 2023; 46:1353-1364. [PMID: 37779037 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b23-00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a class of nanoparticles that mediate signaling molecules delivery between donor and recipient cells. Heterogeneity in the content of EVs and their membrane surface proteins determines their unique targetability. Their low immunogenicity, capability to cross various biological barriers, and superior biocompatibility enable engineering-modified EVs to be ideal drug delivery carriers. In addition, the engineered EVs that emerge in recent years have become a powerful tool for cancer treatment through the selective delivery of bioactive molecules to therapeutic targets, such as tumor cells and stroma. Our review focuses on the various types of EV modifications and their promoting therapeutic capabilities, which provide an innovative means for cancer precision therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital
| | - Yujuan Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital
| | - Yayan Deng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital
| | - Xue Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital
| | - Jiaxiang Ye
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital
| | - Qiuyun Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital
| | - Yue Luo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital
| | - Rong Liang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital
| | - Jiazhang Wei
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region
- Institute of Oncology, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Ministry of Education/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor
| | - Jinyan Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital
| | - Yongqiang Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital
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9
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Syromiatnikova V, Prokopeva A, Gomzikova M. Methods of the Large-Scale Production of Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810522. [PMID: 36142433 PMCID: PMC9506336 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been extensively investigated as potential substitutes for cell therapy. Research has suggested their ability to overcome serious risks associated with the application of these cells. Although, the translation of EVs into clinical practice is hampered by the lack of a cheap reasonable way to obtain a clinically relevant number of EVs, an available method for the large-scale production of EVs ensures vesicles’ integrity, preserves their biological activity, and ensures they are well reproducible, providing homogeneity of the product from batch to batch. In this review, advances in the development of methods to increase EVs production are discussed. The existing approaches can be divided into the following: (1) those based on increasing the production of natural EVs by creating and using high capacity “cell factories”, (2) those based on the induction of EVs secretion under various cell stressors, and (3) those based on cell fragmentation with the creation of biomimetic vesicles. The aim of this review is to stimulate the introduction of EVs into clinical practice and to draw attention to the development of new methods of EVs production on a large scale.
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10
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Leung JH, Ng B, Lim WW. Interleukin-11: A Potential Biomarker and Molecular Therapeutic Target in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142257. [PMID: 35883698 PMCID: PMC9318853 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 85% of lung cancer and is a fast progressive disease when left untreated. Identification of potential biomarkers in NSCLC is an ongoing area of research that aims to detect, diagnose, and prognosticate patients early to optimize treatment. We review the role of interleukin-11 (IL11), a stromal-cell derived pleiotropic cytokine with profibrotic and cellular remodeling properties, as a potential biomarker in NSCLC. This review identifies the need for biomarkers in NSCLC, the potential sources of IL11, and summarizes the available information leveraging upon published literature, publicly available datasets, and online tools. We identify accumulating evidence suggesting IL11 to be a potential biomarker in NSCLC patients. Further in-depth studies into the pathophysiological effects of IL11 on stromal-tumor interaction in NSCLC are warranted and current available literature highlights the potential value of IL11 detection as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Hongting Leung
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore 169609, Singapore
- Correspondence:
| | - Benjamin Ng
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore 169609, Singapore; (B.N.); (W.-W.L.)
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169609, Singapore
| | - Wei-Wen Lim
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore 169609, Singapore; (B.N.); (W.-W.L.)
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169609, Singapore
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11
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Scalable Production of Extracellular Vesicles and Its Therapeutic Values: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147986. [PMID: 35887332 PMCID: PMC9315612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are minute vesicles with lipid bilayer membranes. EVs are secreted by cells for intercellular communication. Recently, EVs have received much attention, as they are rich in biological components such as nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins that play essential roles in tissue regeneration and disease modification. In addition, EVs can be developed as vaccines against cancer and infectious diseases, as the vesicle membrane has an abundance of antigenic determinants and virulent factors. EVs for therapeutic applications are typically collected from conditioned media of cultured cells. However, the number of EVs secreted by the cells is limited. Thus, it is critical to devise new strategies for the large-scale production of EVs. Here, we discussed the strategies utilized by researchers for the scalable production of EVs. Techniques such as bioreactors, mechanical stimulation, electrical stimulation, thermal stimulation, magnetic field stimulation, topographic clue, hypoxia, serum deprivation, pH modification, exposure to small molecules, exposure to nanoparticles, increasing the intracellular calcium concentration, and genetic modification have been used to improve the secretion of EVs by cultured cells. In addition, nitrogen cavitation, porous membrane extrusion, and sonication have been utilized to prepare EV-mimetic nanovesicles that share many characteristics with naturally secreted EVs. Apart from inducing EV production, these upscaling interventions have also been reported to modify the EVs’ cargo and thus their functionality and therapeutic potential. In summary, it is imperative to identify a reliable upscaling technique that can produce large quantities of EVs consistently. Ideally, the produced EVs should also possess cargo with improved therapeutic potential.
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12
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Spanò DP, Bonelli S, Calligaris M, Carreca AP, Carcione C, Zito G, Nicosia A, Rizzo S, Scilabra SD. High-Resolution Secretome Analysis of Chemical Hypoxia Treated Cells Identifies Putative Biomarkers of Chondrosarcoma. Proteomes 2022; 10:proteomes10030025. [PMID: 35893766 PMCID: PMC9326515 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes10030025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrosarcoma is the second most common bone tumor, accounting for 20% of all cases. Little is known about the pathology and molecular mechanisms involved in the development and in the metastatic process of chondrosarcoma. As a consequence, there are no approved therapies for this tumor and surgical resection is the only treatment currently available. Moreover, there are no available biomarkers for this type of tumor, and chondrosarcoma classification relies on operator-dependent histopathological assessment. Reliable biomarkers of chondrosarcoma are urgently needed, as well as greater understanding of the molecular mechanisms of its development for translational purposes. Hypoxia is a central feature of chondrosarcoma progression. The hypoxic tumor microenvironment of chondrosarcoma triggers a number of cellular events, culminating in increased invasiveness and migratory capability. Herein, we analyzed the effects of chemically-induced hypoxia on the secretome of SW 1353, a human chondrosarcoma cell line, using high-resolution quantitative proteomics. We found that hypoxia induced unconventional protein secretion and the release of proteins associated to exosomes. Among these proteins, which may be used to monitor chondrosarcoma development, we validated the increased secretion in response to hypoxia of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), a glycolytic enzyme well-known for its different functional roles in a wide range of tumors. In conclusion, by analyzing the changes induced by hypoxia in the secretome of chondrosarcoma cells, we identified molecular mechanisms that can play a role in chondrosarcoma progression and pinpointed proteins, including GAPDH, that may be developed as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and therapeutic management of chondrosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Pia Spanò
- Proteomics Group of Fondazione Ri.MED, Department of Research IRCCS ISMETT, via Ernesto Tricomi 5, 90145 Palermo, Italy; (D.P.S.); (S.B.); (M.C.); (A.P.C.)
- STEBICEF (Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Simone Bonelli
- Proteomics Group of Fondazione Ri.MED, Department of Research IRCCS ISMETT, via Ernesto Tricomi 5, 90145 Palermo, Italy; (D.P.S.); (S.B.); (M.C.); (A.P.C.)
- STEBICEF (Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Matteo Calligaris
- Proteomics Group of Fondazione Ri.MED, Department of Research IRCCS ISMETT, via Ernesto Tricomi 5, 90145 Palermo, Italy; (D.P.S.); (S.B.); (M.C.); (A.P.C.)
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Paola Carreca
- Proteomics Group of Fondazione Ri.MED, Department of Research IRCCS ISMETT, via Ernesto Tricomi 5, 90145 Palermo, Italy; (D.P.S.); (S.B.); (M.C.); (A.P.C.)
| | - Claudia Carcione
- Fondazione Ri.MED, Department of Research IRCCS ISMETT, via Ernesto Tricomi 5, 90145 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Zito
- Research Department, IRCSS ISMETT (Instituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione), 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Aldo Nicosia
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation-National Research Council (IRIB-CNR), Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Sergio Rizzo
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione), 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Simone Dario Scilabra
- Proteomics Group of Fondazione Ri.MED, Department of Research IRCCS ISMETT, via Ernesto Tricomi 5, 90145 Palermo, Italy; (D.P.S.); (S.B.); (M.C.); (A.P.C.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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Pandian SRK, Vijayakumar KK, Kunjiappan S, Babkiewicz E, Maszczyk P. Emerging role of exosomes in hematological malignancies. Clin Exp Med 2022:10.1007/s10238-022-00850-z. [PMID: 35798882 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-022-00850-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hematological malignancies are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms in the blood characterized by dysregulated hematopoiesis and classified as leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma. The occurrence and progression of hematological malignancies depend on transformed hematopoietic stem cells, which refract to chemotherapy and often cause relapse. In recent years, monoclonal antibody therapies are preferred for hematopoietic cancers, owing to their inherent mechanisms of action and improved outcomes. However, efficient drug delivery methods and the establishment of novel biomarkers are currently being investigated and warranted to improve the outcome of patients with hematological malignancies. For instance, non-viral-mediated, natural carriers have been suggested for latent intracellular drug delivery. In this purview, repurposing small vesicles (e.g., exosomes) is considered a latent approach for myeloma therapy. Exosomes (nano-vesicles) have many advantages in that they are secreted by various animals and plants and become sought after for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. The size of the cellular membrane of exosomes (30-150 nm) facilitates ligand binding and targeted delivery of the loaded molecules. Furthermore, exosomes can be modified to express specific target moiety on their cell membrane and can also be featured with desired biological activity, thereby potentially employed for various convoluted diseases, including hematological malignancies. To advance the current knowledge, this review is focused on the source, composition, function and surface engineering of exosomes pertaining to hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sureshbabu Ram Kumar Pandian
- Department of Biotechnology, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Tamil Nadu, 626126, India.
| | - Kevin Kumar Vijayakumar
- School of Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Microbiology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Palkalai Nagar, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625021, India
| | - Selvaraj Kunjiappan
- Department of Biotechnology, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Tamil Nadu, 626126, India
| | - Ewa Babkiewicz
- Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw at Biology & Chemistry Research Center, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Maszczyk
- Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw at Biology & Chemistry Research Center, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
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14
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Hu Y, Sun Y, Wan C, Dai X, Wu S, Lo PC, Huang J, Lovell JF, Jin H, Yang K. Microparticles: biogenesis, characteristics and intervention therapy for cancers in preclinical and clinical research. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:189. [PMID: 35418077 PMCID: PMC9006557 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01358-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), spherical biological vesicles, mainly contain nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and metabolites for biological information transfer between cells. Microparticles (MPs), a subtype of EVs, directly emerge from plasma membranes, and have gained interest in recent years. Specific cell stimulation conditions, such as ultraviolet and X-rays irradiation, can induce the release of MPs, which are endowed with unique antitumor functionalities, either for therapeutic vaccines or as direct antitumor agents. Moreover, the size of MPs (100–1000 nm) and their spherical structures surrounded by a lipid bilayer membrane allow MPs to function as delivery vectors for bioactive antitumor compounds, with favorable phamacokinetic behavior, immunostimulatory activity and biological function, without inherent carrier-specific toxic side effects. In this review, the mechanisms underlying MP biogenesis, factors that influence MP production, properties of MP membranes, size, composition and isolation methods of MPs are discussed. Additionally, the applications and mechanisms of action of MPs, as well as the main hurdles for their applications in cancer management, are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yajie Sun
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Chao Wan
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xiaomeng Dai
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuhui Wu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Pui-Chi Lo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong kong, China
| | - Jing Huang
- College of Biomedicine and Health and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jonathan F Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Honglin Jin
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China. .,College of Biomedicine and Health and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Kunyu Yang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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15
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Wilczyński JR, Nowak M. Cancer Immunoediting: Elimination, Equilibrium, and Immune Escape in Solid Tumors. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2022; 113:1-57. [PMID: 35165859 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-91311-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Emphasizing the dynamic processes between cancer and host immune system, the initially discovered concept of cancer immunosurveillance has been replaced by the current concept of cancer immunoediting consisting of three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape. Solid tumors composed of both cancer and host stromal cells are an example how the three phases of cancer immunoediting functionally evolve and how tumor shaped by the host immune system gets finally resistant phenotype. The elimination, equilibrium, and escape have been described in this chapter in details, including the role of immune surveillance, cancer dormancy, disruption of the antigen-presenting machinery, tumor-infiltrating immune cells, resistance to apoptosis, as well as the function of tumor stroma, microvesicles, exosomes, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek R Wilczyński
- Department of Gynecologic Surgery and Gynecologic Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Marek Nowak
- Department of Operative Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital-Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
- Department of Operative and Endoscopic Gynecology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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16
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Jing Y, Liang W, Zhang L, Tang J, Huang Z. The Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Induction of Cancer-Stem Cell Phenotype. Front Oncol 2022; 12:817971. [PMID: 35251985 PMCID: PMC8891610 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.817971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) modify and form their microenvironment by recruiting and activating specific cell types such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Tumor-infiltrating MSCs help to establish a suitable tumor microenvironment for the restoration of CSCs and tumor progression. In addition, crosstalk between cancer cells and MSCs in the microenvironment induces a CSC phenotype in cancer cells. Many mechanisms are involved in crosstalk between CSCs/cancer cells and MSCs including cell-cell interaction, secretion of exosomes, and paracrine secretion of several molecules including inflammatory mediators, cytokines, and growth factors. Since this crosstalk may contribute to drug resistance, metastasis, and tumor growth, it is suggested that blockade of the crosstalk between MSCs and CSCs/cancer cells can provide a new avenue to improving the cancer therapeutic tools. In this review, we will discuss the role of MSCs in the induction of cancer stem cell phenotype and the restoration of CSCs. We also discuss targeting the crosstalk between MSCs and CSCs/cancer cells as a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanming Jing
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shaoxing People’s Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, China
| | - Wenqing Liang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhoushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaoxing People’s Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shaoxing, China
| | - Junjun Tang
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zongliang Huang, ; Junjun Tang ,
| | - Zongliang Huang
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zongliang Huang, ; Junjun Tang ,
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17
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Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Induce CCL18 Production by Mast Cells: A Possible Link to Angiogenesis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030353. [PMID: 35159163 PMCID: PMC8834361 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) function as a component of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and have both pro- and anti-tumorigenic roles depending on the tumor type and its developmental stage. Several reports indicate the involvement of MCs in angiogenesis in the TME by releasing angiogenic mediators. Tumor cells and other cells in the TME may interact by releasing extracellular vesicles (EVs) that affect the cells in the region. We have previously shown that tumor-derived microvesicles (TMVs) from non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells interact with human MCs and activate them to release several cytokines and chemokines. In the present study, we characterized the MC expression of other mediators after exposure to TMVs derived from NSCLC. Whole-genome expression profiling disclosed the production of several chemokines, including CC chemokine ligand 18 (CCL18). This chemokine is expressed in various types of cancer, and was found to be associated with extensive angiogenesis, both in vitro and in vivo. We now show that CCL18 secreted from MCs activated by NSCLC-TMVs increased the migration of human umbilical cord endothelial cells (HUVECs), tube formation and endothelial- to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), thus promoting angiogenesis. Our findings support the conclusion that TMVs have the potential to influence MC activity and may affect angiogenesis in the TME.
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18
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Yates AG, Pink RC, Erdbrügger U, Siljander PR, Dellar ER, Pantazi P, Akbar N, Cooke WR, Vatish M, Dias‐Neto E, Anthony DC, Couch Y. In sickness and in health: The functional role of extracellular vesicles in physiology and pathology in vivo: Part II: Pathology: Part II: Pathology. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12190. [PMID: 35041301 PMCID: PMC8765328 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is clear from Part I of this series that extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a critical role in maintaining the homeostasis of most, if not all, normal physiological systems. However, the majority of our knowledge about EV signalling has come from studying them in disease. Indeed, EVs have consistently been associated with propagating disease pathophysiology. The analysis of EVs in biofluids, obtained in the clinic, has been an essential of the work to improve our understanding of their role in disease. However, to interfere with EV signalling for therapeutic gain, a more fundamental understanding of the mechanisms by which they contribute to pathogenic processes is required. Only by discovering how the EV populations in different biofluids change-size, number, and physicochemical composition-in clinical samples, may we then begin to unravel their functional roles in translational models in vitro and in vivo, which can then feedback to the clinic. In Part II of this review series, the functional role of EVs in pathology and disease will be discussed, with a focus on in vivo evidence and their potential to be used as both biomarkers and points of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abi G. Yates
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- School of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of MedicineUniversity of QueenslandSt LuciaAustralia
| | - Ryan C. Pink
- Department of Biological and Medical SciencesFaculty of Health and Life SciencesOxford Brookes UniversityOxfordUK
| | - Uta Erdbrügger
- Department of Medicine, Division of NephrologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
| | - Pia R‐M. Siljander
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research ProgrammeFaculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Elizabeth R. Dellar
- Department of Biological and Medical SciencesFaculty of Health and Life SciencesOxford Brookes UniversityOxfordUK
| | - Paschalia Pantazi
- Department of Biological and Medical SciencesFaculty of Health and Life SciencesOxford Brookes UniversityOxfordUK
| | - Naveed Akbar
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - William R. Cooke
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive HealthJohn Radcliffe Hospital, HeadingtonOxfordUK
| | - Manu Vatish
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive HealthJohn Radcliffe Hospital, HeadingtonOxfordUK
| | - Emmanuel Dias‐Neto
- Laboratory of Medical Genomics. A.C. Camargo Cancer CentreSão PauloBrazil
- Laboratory of Neurosciences (LIM‐27) Institute of PsychiatrySão Paulo Medical SchoolSão PauloBrazil
| | | | - Yvonne Couch
- Acute Stroke Programme ‐ Radcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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19
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Discovery of Lactoferrin as a Stimulant for hADSC-Derived EV Secretion and Proof of Enhancement of Resulting EVs through Skin Model. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222010993. [PMID: 34681650 PMCID: PMC8541114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222010993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted from hADSCs in low concentrations, which makes it difficult to utilize them for the development of therapeutic products. To overcome the problem associated with low concentration, we proposed human lactoferrin (hLF) as a stimulant for the secretion of hADSC-derived EVs. hLF has been reported to upregulate intracellular Ca2+, which is known to be capable of increasing EV secretion. We cultured hADSCs in hLF-supplemented media and analyzed the changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration. The characteristics of hADSC-derived EVs secreted by hLF stimulation were analyzed through their number, membrane protein markers, and the presence of hLFs to EVs. The function of hADSC-derived EVs was investigated through their effects on dermal fibroblasts. We found that hLF helped hADSCs effectively uptake Ca2+, resulting in an increase of EVs secretion by more than a factor of 4. The resulting EVs had enhanced proliferation and collagen synthesis effect on dermal fibroblasts when compared to the same number of hADSC-derived EVs secreted without hLF stimulation. The enhanced secretion of hADSC-derived EVs increased collagen synthesis through enhanced epidermal penetration, which resulted from increased EV numbers. In summary, we propose hLF to be a useful stimulant in increasing the secretion rate of hADSC-derived EVs.
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20
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Fathi M, Joseph R, Adolacion JRT, Martinez-Paniagua M, An X, Gabrusiewicz K, Mani SA, Varadarajan N. Single-Cell Cloning of Breast Cancer Cells Secreting Specific Subsets of Extracellular Vesicles. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13174397. [PMID: 34503207 PMCID: PMC8430892 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a pivotal mechanism for long-distance intercellular communication and facilitate the stable transport of biological information. Conventional methods for profiling EVs are focused on the biological cargo obtained from large populations of cells and cannot map the secretion of specific subsets of EVs onto their cell of origin. We developed a high-throughput single-cell cloning method that can identify the kinetics of secretion of specific subsets of EVs. With the aid of this methodology, we illustrate that secretion of specific subsets of EVs can be an inheritable property of cancer cells. Our single-cell methodology enables the direct integration of EV secretion with multiple cellular functions and can enable new insights into cell and disease biology. Abstract Extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate communication in health and disease. Conventional assays are limited in profiling EVs secreted from large populations of cells and cannot map EV secretion onto individual cells and their functional profiles. We developed a high-throughput single-cell technique that enabled the mapping of dynamics of EV secretion. By utilizing breast cancer cell lines, we established that EV secretion is heterogeneous at the single-cell level and that non-metastatic cancer cells can secrete specific subsets of EVs. Single-cell RNA sequencing confirmed that pathways related to EV secretion were enriched in the non-metastatic cells compared with metastatic cells. We established isogenic clonal cell lines from non-metastatic cells with differing propensities for CD81+CD63+EV secretion and showed for the first time that specificity in EV secretion is an inheritable property preserved during cell division. Combined in vitro and animal studies with these cell lines suggested that CD81+CD63+EV secretion can impede tumor formation. In human non-metastatic breast tumors, tumors enriched in signatures of CD81+CD63+EV have a better prognosis, higher immune cytolytic activity, and enrichment of pro-inflammatory macrophages compared with tumors with low CD81+CD63+EVs signatures. Our single-cell methodology enables the direct integration of EV secretion with multiple cellular functions and enables new insights into cell/disease biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Fathi
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of Houston, 4726 Calhoun Rd, Houston, TX 77204, USA; (M.F.); (J.T.A.); (M.M.-P.); (X.A.)
| | - Robiya Joseph
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 2130 W Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (R.J.); (S.A.M.)
| | - Jay R T. Adolacion
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of Houston, 4726 Calhoun Rd, Houston, TX 77204, USA; (M.F.); (J.T.A.); (M.M.-P.); (X.A.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
| | - Melisa Martinez-Paniagua
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of Houston, 4726 Calhoun Rd, Houston, TX 77204, USA; (M.F.); (J.T.A.); (M.M.-P.); (X.A.)
| | - Xingyue An
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of Houston, 4726 Calhoun Rd, Houston, TX 77204, USA; (M.F.); (J.T.A.); (M.M.-P.); (X.A.)
| | - Konrad Gabrusiewicz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Sendurai A. Mani
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 2130 W Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (R.J.); (S.A.M.)
| | - Navin Varadarajan
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of Houston, 4726 Calhoun Rd, Houston, TX 77204, USA; (M.F.); (J.T.A.); (M.M.-P.); (X.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-713-743-1691
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21
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Prieto-Vila M, Yoshioka Y, Ochiya T. Biological Functions Driven by mRNAs Carried by Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:620498. [PMID: 34527665 PMCID: PMC8435577 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.620498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, are extracellular nanovesicles released by most cells. EVs play essential roles in intercellular communication via the transport of a large variety of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids to recipient cells. Nucleic acids are the most commonly found molecules inside EVs, and due to their small size, microRNAs and other small RNAs are the most abundant nucleic acids. However, longer molecules, such as messenger RNAs (mRNAs), have also been found. mRNAs encapsulated within EVs have been shown to be transferred to recipient cells and translated into proteins, altering the behavior of the cells. Secretion of EVs is maintained not only through multiple normal physiological conditions but also during aberrant pathological conditions, including cancer. Recently, the mRNAs carried by EVs in cancer have attracted great interest due to their broad roles in tumor progression and microenvironmental remodeling. This review focuses on the biological functions driven by mRNAs carried in EVs in cancer, which include supporting tumor progression by activating cancer cell growth, migration, and invasion; inducing microenvironmental remodeling via hypoxia, angiogenesis, and immunosuppression; and promoting modulation of the microenvironment at distant sites for the generation of a premetastatic niche, collectively inducing metastasis. Furthermore, we describe the potential use of mRNAs carried by EVs as a noninvasive diagnostic tool and novel therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Extracellular Vesicles as Emerging Players in Intercellular Communication: Relevance in Mast Cell-Mediated Pathophysiology. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179176. [PMID: 34502083 PMCID: PMC8431297 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are major effector cells in eliciting allergic responses. They also play a significant role in establishing innate and adaptive immune responses, as well as in modulating tumor growth. Mast cells can be activated upon engagement of the high-affinity receptor FcεRI with specific IgE to multivalent antigens or in response to several FcεRI-independent mechanisms. Upon stimulation, mast cells secrete various preformed and newly synthesized mediators. Emerging evidence indicates their ability to be a rich source of secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, which convey biological functions. Mast cell-derived EVs can interact with and affect other cells located nearby or at distant sites and modulate inflammation, allergic response, and tumor progression. Mast cells are also affected by EVs derived from other cells in the immune system or in the tumor microenvironment, which may activate mast cells to release different mediators. In this review, we summarize the latest data regarding the ability of mast cells to release or respond to EVs and their role in allergic responses, inflammation, and tumor progression. Understanding the release, composition, and uptake of EVs by cells located near to or at sites distant from mast cells in a variety of clinical conditions, such as allergic inflammation, mastocytosis, and lung cancer will contribute to developing novel therapeutic approaches.
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23
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Exosomal miR-1260b derived from non-small cell lung cancer promotes tumor metastasis through the inhibition of HIPK2. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:747. [PMID: 34321461 PMCID: PMC8319168 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs) contain enriched miRNAs, and exosomal miRNAs can affect tumor growth, including cell proliferation, metastasis, and drug resistance through cell-to-cell communication. We investigated the role of exosomal miR-1260b derived from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in tumor progression. Exosomal miR-1260b induced angiogenesis by targeting homeodomain-interacting protein kinase-2 (HIPK2) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Furthermore, exosomal miR-1260b or suppression of HIPK2 led to enhanced cellular mobility and cisplatin resistance in NSCLC cells. In patients with NSCLC, the level of HIPK2 was significantly lower in tumor tissues than in normal lung tissues, while that of miR-1260b was higher in tumor tissues. HIPK2 and miR-1260b expression showed an inverse correlation, and this correlation was strong in distant metastasis. Finally, the expression level of exosomal miR-1260b in plasma was higher in patients with NSCLC than in healthy individuals, and higher levels of exosomal miR-1260b were associated with high-grade disease, metastasis, and poor survival. In conclusion, exosomal miR-1260b can promote angiogenesis in HUVECs and metastasis of NSCLC by regulating HIPK2 and may serve as a prognostic marker for lung cancers.
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24
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Wu Q, Siddharth S, Sharma D. Triple Negative Breast Cancer: A Mountain Yet to Be Scaled Despite the Triumphs. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3697. [PMID: 34359598 PMCID: PMC8345029 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic progression and tumor recurrence pertaining to TNBC are certainly the leading cause of breast cancer-related mortality; however, the mechanisms underlying TNBC chemoresistance, metastasis, and tumor relapse remain somewhat ambiguous. TNBCs show 77% of the overall 4-year survival rate compared to other breast cancer subtypes (82.7 to 92.5%). TNBC is the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer, with chemotherapy being the major approved treatment strategy. Activation of ABC transporters and DNA damage response genes alongside an enrichment of cancer stem cells and metabolic reprogramming upon chemotherapy contribute to the selection of chemoresistant cells, majorly responsible for the failure of anti-chemotherapeutic regime. These selected chemoresistant cells further lead to distant metastasis and tumor relapse. The present review discusses the approved standard of care and targetable molecular mechanisms in chemoresistance and provides a comprehensive update regarding the recent advances in TNBC management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sumit Siddharth
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA;
| | - Dipali Sharma
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA;
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25
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Weinhouse C. The roles of inducible chromatin and transcriptional memory in cellular defense system responses to redox-active pollutants. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 170:85-108. [PMID: 33789123 PMCID: PMC8382302 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
People are exposed to wide range of redox-active environmental pollutants. Air pollution, heavy metals, pesticides, and endocrine disrupting chemicals can disrupt cellular redox status. Redox-active pollutants in our environment all trigger their own sets of specific cellular responses, but they also activate a common set of general stress responses that buffer the cell against homeostatic insults. These cellular defense system (CDS) pathways include the heat shock response, the oxidative stress response, the hypoxia response, the unfolded protein response, the DNA damage response, and the general stress response mediated by the stress-activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Over the past two decades, the field of environmental epigenetics has investigated epigenetic responses to environmental pollutants, including redox-active pollutants. Studies of these responses highlight the role of chromatin modifications in controlling the transcriptional response to pollutants and the role of transcriptional memory, often referred to as "epigenetic reprogramming", in predisposing previously exposed individuals to more potent transcriptional responses on secondary challenge. My central thesis in this review is that high dose or chronic exposure to redox-active pollutants leads to transcriptional memories at CDS target genes that influence the cell's ability to mount protective responses. To support this thesis, I will: (1) summarize the known chromatin features required for inducible gene activation; (2) review the known forms of transcriptional memory; (3) discuss the roles of inducible chromatin and transcriptional memory in CDS responses that are activated by redox-active environmental pollutants; and (4) propose a conceptual framework for CDS pathway responsiveness as a readout of total cellular exposure to redox-active pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caren Weinhouse
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97214, USA.
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Interplay between Hypoxia and Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer and Inflammation. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10070606. [PMID: 34209290 PMCID: PMC8301089 DOI: 10.3390/biology10070606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Mounting evidence suggests a role for extracellular vesicles in cell-to-cell communication, in both physiological and pathological conditions. Moreover, the molecular content of vesicles can be exploited for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Inflamed tissues and tumors are often characterized by hypoxic areas, where oxygen levels drop dramatically. Several studies demonstrated that hypoxic stress affects the release of vesicles and their content. This review is intended to provide an exhaustive overview on the relationship between hypoxia and vesicles in inflammatory diseases and cancer. Abstract Hypoxia is a severe stress condition often observed in cancer and chronically inflamed cells and tissues. Extracellular vesicles play pivotal roles in these pathological processes and carry biomolecules that can be detected in many biofluids and may be exploited for diagnostic purposes. Several studies report the effects of hypoxia on extracellular vesicles’ release, molecular content, and biological functions in disease. This review summarizes the most recent findings in this field, highlighting the areas that warrant further investigation.
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Guo Y, Wang H, Huang L, Ou L, Zhu J, Liu S, Xu X. Small extracellular vesicles-based cell-free strategies for therapy. MedComm (Beijing) 2021; 2:17-26. [PMID: 34766134 PMCID: PMC8491241 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are extracellular nanovesicles that contain bioactive proteins, lipids, RNA, and DNA. A variety of biological process is regulated with sEVs. sEVs are an intercellular messenger regulating recipient cell function and play a role in disease initiation and progression. sEVs derived from certain cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells and immune cells, have the potential for clinical therapy as they possess the characteristics of their parental cells. With better understanding of sEVs biogenesis, their transportation properties, extended circulatory capability, and exceptional biocompatibility, sEVs emerge as a potential therapeutic tool in the clinic. Here, we summarize applications of sEVs-based therapies in different diseases and current knowledge about the strategies in bioengineered sEVs, as well as the challenges for their use in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeye Guo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Huaishan Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Lili Huang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Lingling Ou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Jinjin Zhu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Shujing Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
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Martins ÁM, Ramos CC, Freitas D, Reis CA. Glycosylation of Cancer Extracellular Vesicles: Capture Strategies, Functional Roles and Potential Clinical Applications. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010109. [PMID: 33430152 PMCID: PMC7827205 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycans are major constituents of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Alterations in the glycosylation pathway are a common feature of cancer cells, which gives rise to de novo or increased synthesis of particular glycans. Therefore, glycans and glycoproteins have been widely used in the clinic as both stratification and prognosis cancer biomarkers. Interestingly, several of the known tumor-associated glycans have already been identified in cancer EVs, highlighting EV glycosylation as a potential source of circulating cancer biomarkers. These particles are crucial vehicles of cell–cell communication, being able to transfer molecular information and to modulate the recipient cell behavior. The presence of particular glycoconjugates has been described to be important for EV protein sorting, uptake and organ-tropism. Furthermore, specific EV glycans or glycoproteins have been described to be able to distinguish tumor EVs from benign EVs. In this review, the application of EV glycosylation in the development of novel EV detection and capture methodologies is discussed. In addition, we highlight the potential of EV glycosylation in the clinical setting for both cancer biomarker discovery and EV therapeutic delivery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro M. Martins
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (Á.M.M.); (C.C.R.)
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cátia C. Ramos
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (Á.M.M.); (C.C.R.)
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Daniela Freitas
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (Á.M.M.); (C.C.R.)
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (D.F.); (C.A.R.); Tel.:+351-225-570-786 (C.A.R.)
| | - Celso A. Reis
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (Á.M.M.); (C.C.R.)
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (D.F.); (C.A.R.); Tel.:+351-225-570-786 (C.A.R.)
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Peixoto A, Cotton S, Santos LL, Ferreira JA. The Tumour Microenvironment and Circulating Tumour Cells: A Partnership Driving Metastasis and Glycan-Based Opportunities for Cancer Control. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1329:1-33. [PMID: 34664231 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-73119-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumour cells (CTC) are rare cells that actively detach or are shed from primary tumours into the lymph and blood. Some CTC subpopulations gain the capacity to survive, home and colonize distant locations, forming metastasis. This results from a multifactorial process in which cancer cells optimize motility, invasion, immune escape and cooperative relationships with microenvironmental cues. Here we present evidences of a self-fuelling molecular crosstalk between cancer cells and the tumour stroma supporting the main milestones leading to metastasis. We discuss how the tumour microenvironment supports pre-metastatic niches and CTC development and ultimately dictates CTC fate in targeted organs. Finally, we highlight the key role played by protein glycosylation in metastasis development, its prompt response to microenvironmental stimuli and the tremendous potential of glycan-based molecular signatures for liquid biopsies and targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Peixoto
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal. .,Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3s), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,Institute for Biomedical Engineering (INEB), Porto, Portugal. .,Porto Comprehensive Cancer Centre (P.ccc), Porto, Portugal.
| | - Sofia Cotton
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3s), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering (INEB), Porto, Portugal.,Porto Comprehensive Cancer Centre (P.ccc), Porto, Portugal
| | - Lúcio Lara Santos
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Porto Comprehensive Cancer Centre (P.ccc), Porto, Portugal.,Department of Surgical Oncology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Alexandre Ferreira
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Porto Comprehensive Cancer Centre (P.ccc), Porto, Portugal
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Extracellular microvesicles/exosomes: discovery, disbelief, acceptance, and the future? Leukemia 2020; 34:3126-3135. [PMID: 32929129 PMCID: PMC7685969 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-020-01041-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There are concepts in science that need time to overcome initial disbelief before finally arriving at the moment when they are embraced by the research community. One of these concepts is the biological meaning of the small, spheroidal vesicles released from cells, which are described in the literature as microparticles, microvesicles, or exosomes. In the beginning, this research was difficult, as it was hard to distinguish these small vesicles from cell debris or apoptotic bodies. However, they may represent the first language of cell-cell communication, which existed before a more specific intercellular cross-talk between ligands and receptors emerged during evolution. In this review article, we will use the term "extracellular microvesicles" (ExMVs) to refer to these small spheroidal blebs of different sizes surrounded by a lipid layer of membrane. We have accepted an invitation from the Editor-in-Chief to write this review in observance of the 20th anniversary of the 2001 ASH Meeting when our team demonstrated that, by horizontal transfer of several bioactive molecules, including mRNA species and proteins, ExMVs harvested from embryonic stem cells could modify hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells and expand them ex vivo. Interestingly, the result that moved ExMV research forward was published first in 2005 in Leukemia, having been previously rejected by other major scientific journals out of simple disbelief. Therefore, the best judge of a new concept is the passage of time, although the speed of its adoption is aided by perseverance and confidence in one's own data. In this perspective article, we will provide a brief update on the current status of, hopes for, and likely future of ExMV research as well as therapeutic and diagnostic applications, with a special emphasis on hematopoiesis.
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孟 婉, 李 灵, 朱 桂. [Prospects and challenges of exosomes as drug delivery systems]. SHENG WU YI XUE GONG CHENG XUE ZA ZHI = JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING = SHENGWU YIXUE GONGCHENGXUE ZAZHI 2020; 37:714-720. [PMID: 32840090 PMCID: PMC10319532 DOI: 10.7507/1001-5515.201810027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are nanoscale vectors with a diameter of 30~100 nm secreted by living cells, and they are important media for intercellular communication. Recent studies have demonstrated that exosomes can not only serve as biomarkers for diagnosis, but also have great potential as natural drug delivery vectors. Exosomes can be loaded with therapeutic cargos, including small molecules, proteins, and oligonucleotides. Meanwhile, the unique biological compatibility, high stability, and tumor targeting of exosomes make them attractive in future tumor therapy. Though exosomes can effectively deliver bioactive materials to receptor cells, there is a wide gap between our current understanding of exosomes and their application as ideal drug delivery systems. In this review, we will briefly introduce the function and composition of exosomes, and mainly summarize the potential advantages and challenges of exosomes as drug carriers. Finally, this review is expected to provide new ideas for the development of exosome-based drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- 婉蓉 孟
- 电子科技大学 医学院附属肿瘤医院 四川省肿瘤医院(研究所)四川省癌症防治中心 四川省放射肿瘤学重点实验室(成都 610041)Sichuan Cancer Hospital& Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - 灵 李
- 电子科技大学 医学院附属肿瘤医院 四川省肿瘤医院(研究所)四川省癌症防治中心 四川省放射肿瘤学重点实验室(成都 610041)Sichuan Cancer Hospital& Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - 桂全 朱
- 电子科技大学 医学院附属肿瘤医院 四川省肿瘤医院(研究所)四川省癌症防治中心 四川省放射肿瘤学重点实验室(成都 610041)Sichuan Cancer Hospital& Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
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Valcz G, Buzás EI, Sebestyén A, Krenács T, Szállási Z, Igaz P, Molnár B. Extracellular Vesicle-Based Communication May Contribute to the Co-Evolution of Cancer Stem Cells and Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in Anti-Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082324. [PMID: 32824649 PMCID: PMC7465064 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Analogously to the natural selective forces in ecosystems, therapies impose selective pressure on cancer cells within tumors. Some tumor cells can adapt to this stress and are able to form resistant subpopulations, parallel with enrichment of cancer stem cell properties in the residual tumor masses. However, these therapy-resistant cells are unlikely to be sufficient for the fast tumor repopulation and regrowth by themselves. The dynamic and coordinated plasticity of residual tumor cells is essential both for the conversion of their regulatory network and for the stromal microenvironment to produce cancer supporting signals. In this nursing tissue "niche", cancer-associated fibroblasts are known to play crucial roles in developing therapy resistance and survival of residual stem-like cells. As paracrine messengers, extracellular vesicles carrying a wide range of signaling molecules with oncogenic potential, can support the escape of some tumor cells from their deadly fate. Here, we briefly overview how extracellular vesicle signaling between fibroblasts and cancer cells including cancer progenitor/stem cells may contribute to the progression, therapy resistance and recurrence of malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Valcz
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine and MTA-SE Molecular Medicine Research Group, 1051 Budapest, Hungary; (P.I.); (B.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Edit I. Buzás
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary;
- MTA-SE Immune-Proteogenomics Extracellular Vesicle Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
- Hungarian Center of Excellence Molecular Medicine-Semmelweis University Extracellular Vesicle Research Group, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Sebestyén
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (A.S.); (T.K.)
| | - Tibor Krenács
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (A.S.); (T.K.)
| | - Zoltán Szállási
- Computational Health Informatics Program (CHIP), Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Péter Igaz
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine and MTA-SE Molecular Medicine Research Group, 1051 Budapest, Hungary; (P.I.); (B.M.)
| | - Béla Molnár
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine and MTA-SE Molecular Medicine Research Group, 1051 Budapest, Hungary; (P.I.); (B.M.)
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Wysoczynski M, Pathan A, Moore JB, Farid T, Kim J, Nasr M, Kang Y, Li H, Bolli R. Pro-Angiogenic Actions of CMC-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Rely on Selective Packaging of Angiopoietin 1 and 2, but Not FGF-2 and VEGF. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 15:530-542. [PMID: 31102187 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-019-09891-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
While the fundamental mechanism by which cardiac cell therapy mitigates ventricular dysfunction in the post ischemic heart remains poorly defined, donor cell paracrine signaling is presumed to be a chief contributor to the afforded benefits. Of the many bioactive molecules secreted by transplanted cells, extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their proteinaceous, nucleic acid, and lipid rich contents, comprise a heterogeneous assortment of prospective cardiotrophic factors-whose involvement in the activation of endogenous cardiac repair mechanism(s), including reducing fibrosis and promoting angiogenesis, have yet to be fully explained. In the current study we aimed to interrogate potential mechanisms by which cardiac mesenchymal stromal cell (CMC)-derived EVs contribute to the CMC pro-angiogenic paracrine signaling capacity in vitro. Vesicular transmission and biological activity of human CMC-derived EVs was evaluated in in vitro assays for human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) function, including EV uptake, cell survival, migration, tube formation, and intracellular pathway activation. HUVECs incubated with EVs exhibited augmented cell migration, tube formation, and survival under peroxide exposure; findings which paralleled enhanced activation of the archetypal pro-survival/pro-angiogenic pathways, STAT3 and PI3K-AKT. Cytokine array analyses revealed preferential enrichment of a subset of prototypical angiogenic factors, Ang-1 and Ang-2, in CMC EVs. Interestingly, pharmacologic inhibition of Tie2 in HUVECs, the cognate receptors of angiopoietins, efficiently attenuated CMC-EV-induced HUVEC migration. Further, in additional assays a Tie2 kinase inhibitor exhibited specificity to inhibit Ang-1-, but not Ang-2-, induced HUVEC migration. Overall, these findings suggest that the pro-angiogenic activities of CMC EVs are principally mediated by Ang-1-Tie2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Wysoczynski
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
- University of Louisville, 580 South Preston St. - Rm 119F, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
| | - Asif Pathan
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Joseph B Moore
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Talha Farid
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jae Kim
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Marjan Nasr
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Yi Kang
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Hong Li
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Roberto Bolli
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
- University of Louisville, 550 S Jackson St.- ACB, Third Floor, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA.
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miR-210 transferred by lung cancer cell-derived exosomes may act as proangiogenic factor in cancer-associated fibroblasts by modulating JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:807-825. [PMID: 32219336 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It has been generally believed that cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have the ability to increase the process of tumor angiogenesis. However, the potential mechanisms by which cancer-derived exosomes in lung cancer (LC) remains to be investigated. LC-derived exosomes were administrated to NIH/3T3 cells. A variety of experiments were conducted to investigate the proangiogenic factors of CAFs, including Western blot, RT-PCR, colony formation assay, tube formation assay, Matrigel plug assay et al. In addition, the impact of JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway were also explored. The role of hsa-miR-210 was identified with microarray profiling and validated in vitro and in vivo assays. The target of miR-210 was screened by RNA pull down, RNA-sequencing and then verified. It was shown that LC-derived exosomes could induce cell reprogramming, thus promoting the fibroblasts transferring into CAFs. In addition, the exosomes with overexpressed miR-210 could increase the level of angiogenesis and vice versa, which suggested the miR-210 secreted by the LC-derived exosomes may initiate the CAF proangiogenic switch. According to our analysis, the miR-210 had the ability of elevating the expression of some proangiogenic factors such as MMP9, FGF2 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) a (VEGFa) by activating the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway, ten-eleven translocation 2 (TET2) was identified as the target of miR-210 in CAFs which has been involved in proangiogenic switch. miR-210 was overexpressed in serum exosomes of untreated non-small cell LC (NSCLC) patients. We concluded that the promotion effect of exosomal miR-210 on proangiogenic switch of CAFs may be explained by the modulation of JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway and TET2 in recipient fibroblasts.
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A human lung tumor microenvironment interactome identifies clinically relevant cell-type cross-talk. Genome Biol 2020; 21:107. [PMID: 32381040 PMCID: PMC7206807 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-020-02019-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumors comprise a complex microenvironment of interacting malignant and stromal cell types. Much of our understanding of the tumor microenvironment comes from in vitro studies isolating the interactions between malignant cells and a single stromal cell type, often along a single pathway. Result To develop a deeper understanding of the interactions between cells within human lung tumors, we perform RNA-seq profiling of flow-sorted malignant cells, endothelial cells, immune cells, fibroblasts, and bulk cells from freshly resected human primary non-small-cell lung tumors. We map the cell-specific differential expression of prognostically associated secreted factors and cell surface genes, and computationally reconstruct cross-talk between these cell types to generate a novel resource called the Lung Tumor Microenvironment Interactome (LTMI). Using this resource, we identify and validate a prognostically unfavorable influence of Gremlin-1 production by fibroblasts on proliferation of malignant lung adenocarcinoma cells. We also find a prognostically favorable association between infiltration of mast cells and less aggressive tumor cell behavior. Conclusion These results illustrate the utility of the LTMI as a resource for generating hypotheses concerning tumor-microenvironment interactions that may have prognostic and therapeutic relevance. Supplementary information Supplementary information accompanies this paper at 10.1186/s13059-020-02019-x.
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Li Q, Wang Y, Hu R, Yang G. Dysregulation of SPRR3/miR-876-3p Axis Contributes to Tumorigenesis in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:2411-2419. [PMID: 32273714 PMCID: PMC7106992 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s245422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background SPRR3, also known as esophagin, has been shown to be involved in the initiation and progression of numerous types of tumor. However, the biological function of SPRR3 that contributes to non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) growth and migration is largely unknown. Methods The expression of SPRR3 and its association with EZH2 and miR-876-3p in NSCLC cells were determined by real-time PCR. Protein levels were measured by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot. Cell functions were studied by CCK-8, transwell assay, flow cytometry and dual-luciferase reporter assay. The effect of SPRR3 on tumor growth in vivo was evaluated in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. Results SPRR3 was up-regulated in most NSCLC cell lines and clinical tissues. Also, the correlation between SPRR3 expression and clinical features was significant. Functional studies confirmed that SPRR3 modulates cell proliferation, invasion and cell apoptosis in NSCLC via regulating EZH2, which is a well-known oncogene in NSCLC. Furthermore, SPRR3 was found to be a direct target of miR-876-3p that also plays a suppressor role in NSCLC. Conclusion These findings indicated that miR-876-3p/SPRR3/EZH2 signaling cascade exerts important roles in the regulation of NSCLC, suggesting that this pathway can serve as a potential therapeutic target in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Li
- Department of Oncology, BenQ Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxuan Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongkuan Hu
- GenePharma Co., Ltd, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Oncology, BenQ Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People's Republic of China
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Colangelo NW, Azzam EI. Extracellular vesicles originating from glioblastoma cells increase metalloproteinase release by astrocytes: the role of CD147 (EMMPRIN) and ionizing radiation. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:21. [PMID: 32033611 PMCID: PMC7006136 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0494-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma multiforme is an aggressive primary brain tumor that is characterized by local invasive growth and resistance to therapy. The role of the microenvironment in glioblastoma invasiveness remains unclear. While carcinomas release CD147, a protein that signals for increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) release by fibroblasts, glioblastoma does not have a significant fibroblast component. We hypothesized that astrocytes release MMPs in response to CD147 contained in glioblastoma-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) and that ionizing radiation, part of the standard treatment for glioblastoma, enhances this release. METHODS Astrocytes were incubated with EVs released by irradiated or non-irradiated human glioblastoma cells wild-type, knockdown, or knockout for CD147. Levels of CD147 in glioblastoma EVs and MMPs secreted by astrocytes were quantified. Levels of proteins in the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, which can be regulated by CD147, were measured in astrocytes incubated with EVs from glioblastoma cells wild-type or knockdown for CD147. Immunofluorescence was performed on the glioblastoma cells to identify changes in CD147 localization in response to irradiation, and to confirm uptake of the EVs by astrocytes. RESULTS Immunoblotting and mass spectrometry analyses showed that CD147 levels in EVs were transiently increased when the EVs were from glioblastoma cells that were irradiated with γ rays. Specifically, the highly-glycosylated 45 kDa form of CD147 was preferentially present in the EVs relative to the cells themselves. Immunofluorescence demonstrated that astrocytes incorporate glioblastoma EVs and subsequently increase their secretion of active MMP9. The increase was greater if the EVs were from irradiated glioblastoma cells. Testing MAPK pathway activation, which also regulates MMP expression, showed that JNK signaling, but not ERK1/2 or p38, was increased in astrocytes incubated with EVs from irradiated compared to non-irradiated glioblastoma cells. Knockout of CD147 in glioblastoma cells blocked the increased JNK signaling and the rise in secreted active MMP9 levels. CONCLUSIONS The results support a tumor microenvironment-mediated role of CD147 in glioblastoma invasiveness, and reveal a prominent role for ionizing radiation in enhancing the effect. They provide an improved understanding of glioblastoma intercellular signaling in the context of radiotherapy, and identify pathways that can be targeted to reduce tumor invasiveness. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W. Colangelo
- Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, Department of Radiology, 205 South Orange Avenue - Room, Newark, NJ 07103 USA
| | - Edouard I. Azzam
- Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, Department of Radiology, 205 South Orange Avenue - Room, Newark, NJ 07103 USA
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Salamon P, Mekori YA, Shefler I. Lung cancer-derived extracellular vesicles: a possible mediator of mast cell activation in the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 69:373-381. [PMID: 31897659 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-019-02459-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Activated mast cells are often found in the tumor microenvironment. They have both pro- and anti-tumorigenic roles, depending on the tumor type. Several lines of evidence suggest that the tumor microenvironment contains multiple soluble factors that can drive mast cell recruitment and activation. However, it is not yet clear how mast cells are activated by tumor cells. In this study, we explored whether tumor-derived microvesicles (TMV) from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells interact with human mast cells, activate them to release cytokines, and affect their migratory ability. PKH67-labelled TMV isolated from NSCLC cell lines were found to be internalized by mast cells. This internalization was first noticed after 4 h and peaked within 24 h of co-incubation. Furthermore, internalization of TMV derived from NSCLC cell lines or from surgical lung tissue specimens resulted in ERK phosphorylation, enhanced mast cell migratory ability and increased release of cytokines and chemokines, such as TNF-α and MCP-1. Our data are thus, consistent with the conclusion that TMV have the potential to influence mast cell activity and thereby, affect tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pazit Salamon
- The Herbert Mast Cell Disorders Center, Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Meir Medical Center, 59 Tchernichovsky St., 4428164, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Yoseph A Mekori
- The Herbert Mast Cell Disorders Center, Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Meir Medical Center, 59 Tchernichovsky St., 4428164, Kfar Saba, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Tel Hai College, Tel Hai, Israel
| | - Irit Shefler
- The Herbert Mast Cell Disorders Center, Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Meir Medical Center, 59 Tchernichovsky St., 4428164, Kfar Saba, Israel.
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Zhang Z, Xiao C, Yong T, Yang X, Gan L, Li Z. Cellular microparticles for tumor targeting delivery: from bench to bedside. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:6171-6188. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02333g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This feature article summarizes the progress in leveraging microparticles for tumor targeting delivery, from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Chen Xiao
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Tuying Yong
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Xiangliang Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Lu Gan
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Zifu Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan
- China
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Hu X, Mu Y, Liu J, Mu X, Gao F, Chen L, Wu H, Wu H, Liu W, Zhao Y. Exosomes Derived from Hypoxic Colorectal Cancer Cells Transfer miR-410-3p to Regulate Tumor Progression. J Cancer 2020; 11:4724-4735. [PMID: 32626519 PMCID: PMC7330706 DOI: 10.7150/jca.33232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a common characteristic of solid tumors and is associated with cancer progression and poor outcomes. However, the roles and specific mechanisms of exosomes and hypoxia during cancer progression still remain unclear. Herein, we found that exosomes secreted from hypoxic colorectal cancer (CRC) cells promoted the proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis of normoxic CRC cells, and these hypoxic exosomes exerted their biological effects depending on miR-410-3p. We discovered that miR-410-3p was highly enriched in hypoxic CRC-derived exosomes in a HIF1α or HIF2α-dependent manner, and miR-410-3p levels positively associated with poor prognosis of CRC. Moreover, decreased PTEN levels caused by hypoxic CRC cells-derived exosomal miR-410-3p increased activation of PI3K/Akt as well as tumor progression. Conversely, inhibition of miR-410-3p or PI3K/Akt signaling pathway effectively decreased hypoxic CRC cells-derived exosomes-mediated tumor progression. In conclusion, our findings indicate that the hypoxic microenvironment in CRC may promote tumor cells to release miR-410-3p-rich exosomes that are transferred to normoxic cells to enhance tumor progression, revealing a new investigation into the therapeutic targets of exosome for CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufeng Hu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu Mu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqian Mu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fangfang Gao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huijuan Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongbo Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanqiu Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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41
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Quintero-Fabián S, Arreola R, Becerril-Villanueva E, Torres-Romero JC, Arana-Argáez V, Lara-Riegos J, Ramírez-Camacho MA, Alvarez-Sánchez ME. Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Angiogenesis and Cancer. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1370. [PMID: 31921634 PMCID: PMC6915110 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 496] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During angiogenesis, new vessels emerge from existing endothelial lined vessels to promote the degradation of the vascular basement membrane and remodel the extracellular matrix (ECM), followed by endothelial cell migration, and proliferation and the new generation of matrix components. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) participate in the disruption, tumor neovascularization, and subsequent metastasis while tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) downregulate the activity of these MMPs. Then, the angiogenic response can be directly or indirectly mediated by MMPs through the modulation of the balance between pro- and anti-angiogenic factors. This review analyzes recent knowledge on MMPs and their participation in angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saray Quintero-Fabián
- Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, Military School of Graduate of Health, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Arreola
- Psychiatric Genetics Department, National Institute of Psychiatry "Ramón de la Fuente", Clinical Research Branch, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Julio César Torres-Romero
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Facultad de Química de la Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, Mexico
| | - Victor Arana-Argáez
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Facultad de Química de la Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Julio Lara-Riegos
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Facultad de Química de la Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, Mexico
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Zhang J, Lei JR, Yuan LL, Wen R, Yang J. Response gene to complement-32 promotes cell survival via the NF-κB pathway in non-small-cell lung cancer. Exp Ther Med 2019; 19:107-114. [PMID: 31853279 PMCID: PMC6909658 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Response gene to complement (RGC)-32 regulates the cell cycle in response to complement activation. The present study demonstrated that the expression level of RGC-32 is higher in human non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissues compared with health controls. Overexpressing RGC-32 induced p65 nucleus translocation, significantly increased nuclear p65 levels and promoted the proliferation of A549 cells. Knockdown of RGC-32 by short hairpin RNA decreased the expression level of nuclear p65 and inhibited cell proliferation. The increase in cell proliferation induced by RGC32 could be abolished by the NF-κB inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate. Mechanistic studies indicated that RGC32 mediated NF-κB downstream genes, including vascular cell adhesion protein 1, interleukin-6, cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2C, testin and vascular endothelial growth factor A. In summary, the present study demonstrated a novel role of RGC-32 in the progression of NSCLC via the NF-κB pathway and p65. Therefore, RGC-32 could be a potential therapeutic target for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Rong Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Ling-Ling Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Ru Wen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jiong Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
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Andrade LNDS, Otake AH, Cardim SGB, da Silva FI, Ikoma Sakamoto MM, Furuya TK, Uno M, Pasini FS, Chammas R. Extracellular Vesicles Shedding Promotes Melanoma Growth in Response to Chemotherapy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14482. [PMID: 31597943 PMCID: PMC6785560 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50848-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as key players in intercellular communication. EVs can transfer biological macromolecules to recipient cells, modulating various physiological and pathological processes. It has been shown that tumor cells secrete large amounts of EVs that can be taken up by malignant and stromal cells, dictating tumor progression. In this study, we investigated whether EVs secreted by melanoma cells in response to chemotherapy modulate tumor response to alkylating drugs. Our findings showed that human and murine melanoma cells secrete more EVs after treatment with temozolomide and cisplatin. We observed that EVs shed by melanoma cells after temozolomide treatment modify macrophage phenotype by skewing macrophage activation towards the M2 phenotype through upregulation of M2-marker genes. Moreover, these EVs were able to favor melanoma re-growth in vivo, which was accompanied by an increase in Arginase 1 and IL10 gene expression levels by stromal cells and an increase in genes related to DNA repair, cell survival and stemness in tumor cells. Taken together, this study suggests that EVs shed by tumor cells in response to chemotherapy promote tumor repopulation and treatment failure through cellular reprogramming in melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Nogueira de Sousa Andrade
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (LIM24), Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Hospital das Clinicas (HCFMUSP) Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 251, São Paulo, SP, CEP 01246-000, Brazil.
| | - Andréia Hanada Otake
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (LIM24), Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Hospital das Clinicas (HCFMUSP) Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 251, São Paulo, SP, CEP 01246-000, Brazil.
| | - Silvia Guedes Braga Cardim
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (LIM24), Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Hospital das Clinicas (HCFMUSP) Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 251, São Paulo, SP, CEP 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Felipe Ilelis da Silva
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (LIM24), Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Hospital das Clinicas (HCFMUSP) Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 251, São Paulo, SP, CEP 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Mariana Mari Ikoma Sakamoto
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (LIM24), Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Hospital das Clinicas (HCFMUSP) Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 251, São Paulo, SP, CEP 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Katsue Furuya
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (LIM24), Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Hospital das Clinicas (HCFMUSP) Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 251, São Paulo, SP, CEP 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Miyuki Uno
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (LIM24), Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Hospital das Clinicas (HCFMUSP) Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 251, São Paulo, SP, CEP 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Fátima Solange Pasini
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (LIM24), Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Hospital das Clinicas (HCFMUSP) Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 251, São Paulo, SP, CEP 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Roger Chammas
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (LIM24), Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Hospital das Clinicas (HCFMUSP) Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 251, São Paulo, SP, CEP 01246-000, Brazil
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Yu S, Choi HH, Kim IW, Kim TJ. Conditioned medium from asbestos-exposed fibroblasts affects proliferation and invasion of lung cancer cell lines. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222160. [PMID: 31491033 PMCID: PMC6730856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of the role of fibroblasts in cancer microenvironment is well-recognized. However, the relationship between fibroblasts and asbestos-induced lung cancer remains underexplored. To investigate the effect of the asbestos-related microenvironment on lung cancer progression, lung cancer cells (NCI-H358, Calu-3, and A549) were cultured in media derived from IMR-90 lung fibroblasts exposed to 50 mg/L asbestos (chrysotile, amosite, and crocidolite) for 24 h. The kinetics and migration of lung cancer cells in the presence of asbestos-exposed lung fibroblast media were monitored using a real-time cell analysis system. Proliferation and migration of A549 cells increased in the presence of media derived from asbestos-exposed lung fibroblasts than in the presence of media derived from normal lung fibroblasts. We observed no increase in proliferation and migration in lung cancer cells cultured in asbestos-exposed lung cancer cell medium. In contrast, increased proliferation and migration in lung cancer cells exposed to media from asbestos-exposed lung fibroblasts was observed for all types of asbestos. Media derived from lung fibroblasts exposed to other stressors, such as hydrogen peroxide and UV radiation didn't show as similar effect as asbestos exposure. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based cytokine array identified interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8, which show pleiotropic regulatory effects on lung cancer cells, to be specifically produced in higher amounts by the three types of asbestos-exposed lung fibroblasts than normal lung fibroblasts. Thus, the present study demonstrated that interaction of lung fibroblasts with asbestos may support the growth and metastasis of lung cancer cells and that chrysotile exposure can lead to lung cancer similar to that caused by amphibole asbestos (amosite and crocidolite).
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghye Yu
- Department of Hospital Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee-Hyun Choi
- Department of Hospital Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Il Won Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Jung Kim
- Department of Hospital Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Exosomal PD-L1 promotes tumor growth through immune escape in non-small cell lung cancer. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-13. [PMID: 31399559 PMCID: PMC6802663 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0295-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death protein-1/programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) pathway blockade is a promising new cancer therapy. Although PD-1/PD-L1 treatment has yielded clinical benefits in several types of cancer, further studies are required to clarify predictive biomarkers for drug efficacy and to understand the fundamental mechanism of PD-1/PD-L1 interaction between host and tumor cells. Here, we show that exosomes derived from lung cancer cells express PD-L1 and play a role in immune escape by reducing T-cell activity and promoting tumor growth. The abundance of PD-L1 on exosomes represented the quantity of PD-L1 expression on cell surfaces. Exosomes containing PD-L1 inhibited interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) secretion by Jurkat T cells. IFN-γ secretion was restored by PD-L1 knockout or masking on the exosomes. Both forced expression of PD-L1 on cells without PD-L1 and treatment with exosomes containing PD-L1 enhanced tumor growth in vivo. PD-L1 was present on exosomes isolated from the plasma of patients with non-small cell lung cancer, and its abundance in exosomes was correlated with PD-L1 positivity in tumor tissues. Exosomes can impair immune functions by reducing cytokine production and inducing apoptosis in CD8+ T cells. Our findings indicate that tumor-derived exosomes expressing PD-L1 may be an important mediator of tumor immune escape. An immune suppressant protein expressed by non-small cell lung cancer cells (NSCLC) to facilitate tumor growth could be a valuable therapeutic target. NSCLC is often diagnosed at advanced stages, making treatment challenging. Therapies that inhibit an immune suppressant protein called programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) have shown promise for other cancers, but how PD-L1 interacts with host and tumor cells in NSCLC needs clarification. In experiments on human cell lines and mice, Jae Cheol Lee and Jin Kyung Rho at the University of Ulsan in Seoul, South Korea, and co-workers found that microvesicles (or ‘exosomes’) released by NSCLC cells carry PD-L1, which interacts with tumor-infiltrating immune cells, inhibiting their activity. The amount of PD-L1 in exosomes directly correlates with PD-L1 expression levels on tumor cell surfaces, providing a useful indication of disease activity.
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Effects of Microvesicles on Cell Apoptosis under Hypoxia. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:5972152. [PMID: 31178970 PMCID: PMC6501227 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5972152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia, as one of the severe cellular stresses, can cause cellular injury and even cell death. Apoptosis is the main mechanism of regulating cell death and is closely related to the cell death caused by hypoxia. However, hypoxia-induced apoptosis is not entirely the result of direct hypoxic stimulus of cells. In recent years, it has been found that cells injured by hypoxia can shed a kind of membranous vesicles, which are called microvesicles (MVs). MVs can carry bioactive molecules from injured mother cells and appear in blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and other body fluids. MVs can induce normal cell apoptosis by transferring bioactive molecules into adjacent cells and amplifying the hypoxic injury in an organism. This review summarizes the characteristic changes of MVs derived from hypoxic cells and the mechanism of normal cell apoptosis mediated by hypoxic cell-derived MVs. Finally, we introduce the significance of this apoptosis-apoptosis cascade reaction in hypoxic diseases.
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47
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Analysis of the thrombotic and fibrinolytic activities of tumor cell-derived extracellular vesicles. Blood Adv 2019; 2:1054-1065. [PMID: 29752284 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017015479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes and microvesicles (MVs) are small extracellular vesicles secreted by tumor cells and are suggested to contribute to the thrombotic events that commonly occur in patients with advanced malignancies. Paradoxically, these vesicles have been reported to also possess fibrinolytic activity. To determine whether thrombotic or fibrinolytic activity is a predominant characteristic of these extracellular vesicles, we prepared exosomes and MVs from 2 breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and MCF7), a lung cancer cell line (A549), and a leukemia cell line (NB4) and assayed their thrombotic and fibrinolytic activities. We observed that thrombotic activity was a common feature of MVs but not exosomes. Exosomes and/or MVs from several cell lines, with the exception of the A549 cell line, displayed fibrinolytic activity toward a pure fibrin clot, but only exosomes from MDA-MB-231 cells could degrade a fibrin clot formed in plasma. Increasing the malignant potential of MCF7 cells decreased the thrombotic activity of their MVs but did not alter their fibrinolytic activity. Decreasing the malignant potential of NB4 cells did not alter the thrombotic or fibrinolytic activity of their MVs or exosomes. Finally, the incubation of MDA-MB-231 cell-derived exosomes with A549 cells increased plasmin generation by these cells. Our data indicate that MVs generally have thrombotic activity, whereas thrombotic activity is not commonly observed for exosomes. Furthermore, exosomes and MVs generally do not display fibrinolytic activity under physiological conditions.
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48
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Jaiswal R, Sedger LM. Intercellular Vesicular Transfer by Exosomes, Microparticles and Oncosomes - Implications for Cancer Biology and Treatments. Front Oncol 2019; 9:125. [PMID: 30895170 PMCID: PMC6414436 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular communication is a normal feature of most physiological interactions between cells in healthy organisms. While cells communicate directly through intimate physiology contact, other mechanisms of communication exist, such as through the influence of soluble mediators such as growth factors, cytokines and chemokines. There is, however, yet another mechanism of intercellular communication that permits the exchange of information between cells through extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are microscopic (50 nm−10 μM) phospholipid bilayer enclosed entities produced by virtually all eukaryotic cells. EVs are abundant in the intracellular space and are present at a cells' normal microenvironment. Irrespective of the EV “donor” cell type, or the mechanism of EV biogenesis and production, or the size and EV composition, cancer cells have the potential to utilize EVs in a manner that enhances their survival. For example, cancer cell EV overproduction confers benefits to tumor growth, and tumor metastasis, compared with neighboring healthy cells. Herein, we summarize the current status of knowledge on different populations of EVs. We review the situations that regulate EV release, and the factors that instruct differential packaging or sorting of EV content. We then highlight the functions of cancer-cell derived EVs as they impact on cancer outcomes, promoting tumor progression, metastases, and the mechanisms by which they facilitate the creation of a pre-metastatic niche. The review finishes by focusing on the beneficial (and challenging) features of tumor-derived EVs that can be adapted and utilized for cancer treatments, including those already being investigated in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Jaiswal
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lisa M Sedger
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Cocozza F, Menay F, Tsacalian R, Elisei A, Sampedro P, Soria I, Waldner C, Gravisaco MJ, Mongini C. Cyclophosphamide enhances the release of tumor exosomes that elicit a specific immune response in vivo in a murine T-cell lymphoma. Vaccine 2019; 37:1565-1576. [PMID: 30777349 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are 60-150 nm small extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by most cells. Tumor-cell-derived exosomes, used as a vaccine, elicit a specific cytotoxic response against tumor cells, usually with a greater immunogenicity than tumor-cell lysates. However, the number of exosomes isolated from culture cells is limited. In recent studies, it was observed that cells respond to different stressor stimuli such as cytotoxic drugs, hypoxia, acidosis, or radiation by increasing the release of EVs. In this study, using the murine LBC T-cell lymphoma, we found that cyclophosphamide significantly increased EVs yield. These EVs express exosome marker proteins such as TSG-101, CD9, CD81, and CD63. Furthermore, similar humoral and cellular immune responses were induced in vivo by EVs isolated from LBC-tumor cells whether they were grown under normal culture conditions (EVs C) or in the presence of cyclophosphamide (EVs CTX). Mice vaccinated either with EVs C or EVs CTX were similarly protected against an intraperitoneal challenge with LBC tumor cells. CD4+ and CD8+ IFN-γ secreting cells were induced in immunized mice and a specific cytotoxic cellular immune response was elicited in vitro. These results demonstrate that a Th1 response was induced by immunization with the EVs. Our findings suggest that treatment of tumor cells with cyclophosphamide is a useful method to enhance the secretion of EVs in sensitive cell lines without altering their antitumor properties and thus may be used to produce antigens for future design of cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Cocozza
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), CONICET-UBA, Argentina
| | - Florencia Menay
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), CONICET-UBA, Argentina
| | - Rodrigo Tsacalian
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), CONICET-UBA, Argentina
| | | | - Pura Sampedro
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Químicas y Naturales Universidad de Morón, Argentina
| | - Ivana Soria
- Instituto de Virología, INTA Castelar, Argentina
| | - Claudia Waldner
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), CONICET-UBA, Argentina
| | | | - Claudia Mongini
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), CONICET-UBA, Argentina; Instituto de Virología, INTA Castelar, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Químicas y Naturales Universidad de Morón, Argentina.
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Liu C, Su C. Design strategies and application progress of therapeutic exosomes. Theranostics 2019; 9:1015-1028. [PMID: 30867813 PMCID: PMC6401399 DOI: 10.7150/thno.30853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes have great potential to be drug delivery vehicles due to their natural material transportation properties, intrinsic long-term circulatory capability, and excellent biocompatibility, which are suitable for delivering a variety of chemicals, proteins, nucleic acids, and gene therapeutic agents. However, an effective method of loading specific protein agents into exosomes for absorption by target cells is still lacking. The application potential of exosome is still limited. In this review, we discussed the methods for loading specific treating molecules (proteins, nucleic acids and small chemicals) into exosomes, the design strategies for cell and tissue targeting, and the factors for exosome formation. This review can be used as a reference for further research as well as for the development of therapeutic exosomes.
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