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Bľandová G, Patlevičová A, Palkovičová J, Pavlíková Š, Beňuš R, Repiská V, Baldovič M. Pilot study of correlation of selected genetic factors with cribra orbitalia in individuals from a medieval population from Slovakia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2023; 41:1-7. [PMID: 36812666 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to investigate the potential genetic etiology of cribra orbitalia noted on human skeletal remains. MATERIALS We obtained and analyzed ancient DNA of 43 individuals with cribra orbitalia. The analyzed set represented medieval individuals from two cemeteries in western Slovakia, Castle Devín (11th-12th century AD) and Cífer-Pác (8th-9th century AD). METHODS We performed a sequence analysis of 5 variants in 3 genes associated with anemia (HBB, G6PD, PKLR), which are the most common pathogenic variants in present day of European populations, and one variant MCM6:c.1917 + 326 C>T (rs4988235) associated with lactose intolerance. RESULTS DNA variants associated with anemia were not found in the samples. The allele frequency of MCM6:c.1917 + 326 C was 0.875. This frequency is higher but not statistically significant in individuals displaying cribra orbitalia compared to individuals without the lesion. SIGNIFICANCE This study seeks to expand our knowledge of the etiology of cribra orbitalia by exploring the potential association between the lesion and the presence of alleles linked to hereditary anemias and lactose intolerance. LIMITATIONS A relatively small set of individuals were analyzed, so an unequivocal conclusion cannot be drawn. Hence, although it is unlikely, a genetic form of anemia caused by rare variants cannot be ruled out. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH Genetic research based on larger sample sizes and in more diverse geographical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Bľandová
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrea Patlevičová
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Nám. J. Herdu 2, 917 01 Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Jana Palkovičová
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Štefánia Pavlíková
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Radoslav Beňuš
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vanda Repiská
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marian Baldovič
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia; Laboratory of Genomic Medicine, GHC GENETICS SK, Science Park Comenius University, Ilkovičova 8, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Vissers LET, Sluijs I, Burgess S, Forouhi NG, Freisling H, Imamura F, Nilsson TK, Renström F, Weiderpass E, Aleksandrova K, Dahm CC, Perez-Cornago A, Schulze MB, Tong TYN, Aune D, Bonet C, Boer JMA, Boeing H, Chirlaque MD, Conchi MI, Imaz L, Jäger S, Krogh V, Kyrø C, Masala G, Melander O, Overvad K, Panico S, Sánches MJ, Sonestedt E, Tjønneland A, Tzoulaki I, Verschuren WMM, Riboli E, Wareham NJ, Danesh J, Butterworth AS, van der Schouw YT. Milk intake and incident stroke and CHD in populations of European descent: a Mendelian randomisation study. Br J Nutr 2022; 128:1789-1797. [PMID: 34670632 PMCID: PMC9592953 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521004244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Higher milk intake has been associated with a lower stroke risk, but not with risk of CHD. Residual confounding or reverse causation cannot be excluded. Therefore, we estimated the causal association of milk consumption with stroke and CHD risk through instrumental variable (IV) and gene-outcome analyses. IV analysis included 29 328 participants (4611 stroke; 9828 CHD) of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-CVD (eight European countries) and European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Netherlands (EPIC-NL) case-cohort studies. rs4988235, a lactase persistence (LP) SNP which enables digestion of lactose in adulthood was used as genetic instrument. Intake of milk was first regressed on rs4988235 in a linear regression model. Next, associations of genetically predicted milk consumption with stroke and CHD were estimated using Prentice-weighted Cox regression. Gene-outcome analysis included 777 024 participants (50 804 cases) from MEGASTROKE (including EPIC-CVD), UK Biobank and EPIC-NL for stroke, and 483 966 participants (61 612 cases) from CARDIoGRAM, UK Biobank, EPIC-CVD and EPIC-NL for CHD. In IV analyses, each additional LP allele was associated with a higher intake of milk in EPIC-CVD (β = 13·7 g/d; 95 % CI 8·4, 19·1) and EPIC-NL (36·8 g/d; 95 % CI 20·0, 53·5). Genetically predicted milk intake was not associated with stroke (HR per 25 g/d 1·05; 95 % CI 0·94, 1·16) or CHD (1·02; 95 % CI 0·96, 1·08). In gene-outcome analyses, there was no association of rs4988235 with risk of stroke (OR 1·02; 95 % CI 0·99, 1·05) or CHD (OR 0·99; 95 % CI 0·95, 1·03). Current Mendelian randomisation analysis does not provide evidence for a causal inverse relationship between milk consumption and stroke or CHD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. E. T. Vissers
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - I. Sluijs
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - S. Burgess
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - N. G. Forouhi
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - H. Freisling
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - F. Imamura
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - T. K. Nilsson
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Clinical Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - F. Renström
- Department of Biobank Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - E. Weiderpass
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - K. Aleksandrova
- Germany Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - C. C. Dahm
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - A. Perez-Cornago
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - M. B. Schulze
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Germany Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - T. Y. N. Tong
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - D. Aune
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Nutrition, Bjørknes University College, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - C. Bonet
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology-IDIBELL, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J. M. A. Boer
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - H. Boeing
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - M. D. Chirlaque
- Department of Epidemiology, Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia University, Murcia, Spain
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - M. I. Conchi
- Navarra Public Health Institute – IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
- Research Network on Health Services in Chronic Diseases (REDISSEC), Pamplona, Spain
| | - L. Imaz
- Ministry of Health of the Basque Government, Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - S. Jäger
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - V. Krogh
- Epidemiology and prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Instituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - C. Kyrø
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - G. Masala
- Cancer Risk Factors and Life-Style Epidemiology Unit, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network – ISPRO, Florence, Italy
| | - O. Melander
- Lund University, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Sweden
| | - K. Overvad
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - S. Panico
- Dipartemento di medicina clinica e chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - M. J. Sánches
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Andalusian School of Public Health (EASP), Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - E. Sonestedt
- Lund University, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Sweden
| | - A. Tjønneland
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - I. Tzoulaki
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - W. M. M. Verschuren
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - E. Riboli
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - N. J. Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - J. Danesh
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - A. S. Butterworth
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Y. T. van der Schouw
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Popadowska A, Kempinska-Podhorodecka A. Relation of the C/T-13910 LCT Polymorphism with Body Composition Measures and Their Modulation by Dairy Products in a Caucasian Men. Am J Mens Health 2021; 15:15579883211007272. [PMID: 33825585 PMCID: PMC8033404 DOI: 10.1177/15579883211007272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The C/T-13910 LCT is closely associated with lactase persistence and LCT has emerged as a new candidate gene for obesity, in particular in northern Europeans. The aim of this research is to investigate to what degree sex determines the association between the LCT variant and anthropometric traits in a cohort of healthy individuals. We recruited 1000 (500 males and 500 females aged 18-65 years) healthy blood donors. The C/T-13910 LCT polymorphism was genotyped using TaqMan assays. All individuals were phenotyped with respect to anthropometric characteristics. Prevalence of genotypes was 22.7% CC (lactase non-persistent, LNP), 58.6% CT, and 18.7% TT. LNP genotype was present less frequently among men p = .0005; OR 0.582 [0.425-0.794]. Therefore, in addition statistical calculations were performed separately for men and women. Additional analysis demonstrated an association between the CC genotypes and higher chest (p = .03), waist (p = .005), and forearm circumference (p = .0004) or more lean body mass (p = .04), than T-allele carriers in males. In females, they were not significantly different. Men consumed more milk (p = .003), while women ate more yoghurt (p = .001). Pearson's correlation analysis showed that the higher intake of milk and dairy products was associated with higher fat body mass among men with lactase persistence. In Caucasian men, the LNP genotype is associated with reduced milk intake and dairy products, but more fat-free mass and higher forearm circumference, which may be relevant to dietary management for lactose intolerant.
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Larsson SC, Mason AM, Kar S, Vithayathil M, Carter P, Baron JA, Michaëlsson K, Burgess S. Genetically proxied milk consumption and risk of colorectal, bladder, breast, and prostate cancer: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. BMC Med 2020; 18:370. [PMID: 33261611 PMCID: PMC7709312 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-01839-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Observational studies have shown that milk consumption is inversely associated with colorectal, bladder, and breast cancer risk, but positively associated with prostate cancer. However, whether the associations reflect causality remains debatable. We investigated the potential causal associations of milk consumption with the risk of colorectal, bladder, breast, and prostate cancer using a genetic variant near the LCT gene as proxy for milk consumption. METHODS We obtained genetic association estimates for cancer from the UK Biobank (n = 367,643 women and men), FinnGen consortium (n = 135,638 women and men), Breast Cancer Association Consortium (n = 228,951 women), and Prostate Cancer Association Group to Investigate Cancer Associated Alterations in the Genome consortium (n = 140,254 men). Milk consumption was proxied by a genetic variant (rs4988235 or rs182549) upstream of the gene encoding lactase, which catalyzes the breakdown of lactose. RESULTS Genetically proxied milk consumption was associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer. The odds ratio (OR) for each additional milk intake increasing allele was 0.95 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.91-0.99; P = 0.009). There was no overall association of genetically predicted milk consumption with bladder (OR 0.99; 95% CI 0.94-1.05; P = 0.836), breast (OR 1.01; 95% CI 1.00-1.02; P = 0.113), and prostate cancer (OR 1.01; 95% CI 0.99-1.02; P = 0.389), but a positive association with prostate cancer was observed in the FinnGen consortium (OR 1.07; 95% CI 1.01-1.13; P = 0.026). CONCLUSIONS Our findings strengthen the evidence for a protective role of milk consumption on colorectal cancer risk. There was no or limited evidence that milk consumption affects the risk of bladder, breast, and prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna C Larsson
- Unit of Medical Epidemiology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Amy M Mason
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge and Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
| | - Siddhartha Kar
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Paul Carter
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John A Baron
- Unit of Medical Epidemiology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Karl Michaëlsson
- Unit of Medical Epidemiology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stephen Burgess
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Association between Dairy Intake and Linear Growth in Chinese Pre-School Children. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092576. [PMID: 32854304 PMCID: PMC7551188 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stunting remains a major public health issue for pre-school children globally. Dairy product consumption is suboptimal in China. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between dairy intake and linear growth in Chinese pre-school children. A national representative survey (Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance) of children aged under 6 years was done in 2013. Stratified multistage cluster sampling was used to select study participants. A food frequency questionnaire was used to collect dietary information. We calculated height-for-age Z-scores (HAZs) and estimated stunting using the 2006 WHO growth standard. In total, 12,153 children aged two to four years old (24 to <60 months) were studied from 55 counties in 30 provinces in China. Approximately 39.2% (4759/12,153) of those children consumed dairy at least once per day, 11.9% (1450/12,153) consumed dairy at least once in the last week, and nearly half (48.9%, 5944/12,153) did not have any dairy in the last week. The HAZ was −0.15 ± 1.22 and the prevalence of stunting was 6.5% (785/12,153). The HAZ for children who consumed dairy at least once per day or per week was 0.11 points or 0.13 points higher than the children without dairy intake. The risk of stunting for children who consumed dairy at least once per day was 28% lower than the children without dairy intake in the last week, and the risk was similar between weekly dairy consumption and no dairy consumption (AOR: 1.03, 95% CI: 0.74–1.42) after adjusting for potential confounders, including socioeconomic characteristics, lifestyle, health status, and the intake frequency of other foods. Dairy intake was significantly associated with a higher HAZ and a lower risk of stunting for children aged 2–4 years old in China. The proportion of dairy intake was still low in Chinese pre-school children. The promotion of dairy consumption might be an effective and feasible measurement for improving linear growth in Chinese pre-school children.
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Ohadian Moghadam S, Momeni SA. Human microbiome and prostate cancer development: current insights into the prevention and treatment. Front Med 2020; 15:11-32. [PMID: 32607819 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-019-0731-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The huge communities of microorganisms that symbiotically colonize humans are recognized as significant players in health and disease. The human microbiome may influence prostate cancer development. To date, several studies have focused on the effect of prostate infections as well as the composition of the human microbiome in relation to prostate cancer risk. Current studies suggest that the microbiota of men with prostate cancer significantly differs from that of healthy men, demonstrating that certain bacteria could be associated with cancer development as well as altered responses to treatment. In healthy individuals, the microbiome plays a crucial role in the maintenance of homeostasis of body metabolism. Dysbiosis may contribute to the emergence of health problems, including malignancy through affecting systemic immune responses and creating systemic inflammation, and changing serum hormone levels. In this review, we discuss recent data about how the microbes colonizing different parts of the human body including urinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, oral cavity, and skin might affect the risk of developing prostate cancer. Furthermore, we discuss strategies to target the microbiome for risk assessment, prevention, and treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seyed Ali Momeni
- Uro-Oncology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Chin EL, Huang L, Bouzid YY, Kirschke CP, Durbin-Johnson B, Baldiviez LM, Bonnel EL, Keim NL, Korf I, Stephensen CB, Lemay DG. Association of Lactase Persistence Genotypes (rs4988235) and Ethnicity with Dairy Intake in a Healthy U.S. Population. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1860. [PMID: 31405126 PMCID: PMC6723957 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactase persistence (LP) is a trait in which lactose can be digested throughout adulthood, while lactase non-persistence (LNP) can cause lactose intolerance and influence dairy consumption. One single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP ID: rs4988235) is often used as a predictor for dairy intake, since it is responsible for LP in people in European descent, and can occur in other ethnic groups. The objective of this study was to determine whether rs4988235 genotypes and ethnicity influence reported dairy consumption in the United States (U.S.). A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and multiple Automated Self-Administered 24-h recalls (ASA24®) were used to measure habitual and recent intake, respectively, of total dairy, cheese, cow's milk, plant-based alternative milk, and yogurt in a multi-ethnic U.S. cohort genotyped for rs4988235. Within Caucasian subjects, LP individuals reported consuming more recent total dairy and habitual total cow's milk intake. For subjects of all ethnicities, LP individuals consumed more cheese (FFQ p = 0.043, ASA24 p = 0.012) and recent total dairy (ASA24 p = 0.005). For both dietary assessments, Caucasians consumed more cheese than all non-Caucasians (FFQ p = 0.036, ASA24 p = 0.002) independent of genotype, as well as more recent intake of yogurt (ASA24 p = 0.042). LP subjects consumed more total cow's milk than LNP, but only when accounting for whether subjects were Caucasian or not (FFQ p = 0.015). Fluid milk and alternative plant-based milk consumption were not associated with genotypes or ethnicity. Our results show that both LP genotype and ethnicity influence the intake of some dairy products in a multi-ethnic U.S. cohort, but the ability of rs4988235 genotypes to predict intake may depend on ethnic background, the specific dairy product, and whether intake is reported on a habitual or recent basis. Therefore, ethnicity and the dietary assessment method should also be considered when determining the suitability of rs4988235 as a proxy for dairy intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Chin
- USDA ARS Western Human Nutrition and Research Center, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Liping Huang
- USDA ARS Western Human Nutrition and Research Center, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yasmine Y Bouzid
- USDA ARS Western Human Nutrition and Research Center, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | | | - Lacey M Baldiviez
- USDA ARS Western Human Nutrition and Research Center, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ellen L Bonnel
- USDA ARS Western Human Nutrition and Research Center, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Nancy L Keim
- USDA ARS Western Human Nutrition and Research Center, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ian Korf
- Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Charles B Stephensen
- USDA ARS Western Human Nutrition and Research Center, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Danielle G Lemay
- USDA ARS Western Human Nutrition and Research Center, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
- Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Preble I, Zhang Z, Kopp R, Garzotto M, Bobe G, Shannon J, Takata Y. Dairy Product Consumption and Prostate Cancer Risk in the United States. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11071615. [PMID: 31315238 PMCID: PMC6683061 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
An ongoing controversy exists regarding the effect of dairy products on prostate cancer risk in observational studies. We prospectively investigated the associations between dairy product consumption and prostate cancer risk among men in the United States. After calculating pre-diagnostic intake of individual or subgroups of dairy products using a validated food frequency questionnaire, we estimated hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for pathologically-verified cases of incident prostate cancer among men, overall, or stratified by severity. Among 49,472 men, 4134 were diagnosed with prostate cancer during an average follow-up period of 11.2 years. The median total dairy intake was 101 g/1000 kcal. Consumption of total, individual, or subgroups of dairy products was not statistically significantly associated with prostate cancer risk overall (HR = 1.05, 95% CI = 0.96–1.15 comparing the highest with lowest quartile) or stratified by severity, except for regular-fat dairy product intake with late-stage prostate cancer risk (HR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.04–1.82 comparing the highest with lowest quartile) and 2%-fat milk intake with advanced prostate cancer risk (HR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.02–1.28 comparing the higher than median intake with no intake group). Our findings do not support the previously reported harmful impact of dairy consumption on overall prostate cancer risk among men in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Preble
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Ryan Kopp
- Department of Urology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Mark Garzotto
- Department of Urology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Gerd Bobe
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Jackilen Shannon
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Yumie Takata
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Dairy Intake and Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Traits among Adults: Mendelian Randomization Analysis of 182041 Individuals from 18 Studies. Clin Chem 2019; 65:751-760. [PMID: 31138550 PMCID: PMC6818094 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2018.300335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Associations between dairy intake and body composition and cardiometabolic traits have been inconsistently observed in epidemiological studies, and the causal relationship remains ill-defined. METHODS We performed Mendelian randomization analysis using an established genetic variant located upstream of the lactase gene (LCT-13910 C/T, rs4988235) associated with dairy intake as an instrumental variable (IV). The causal effects of dairy intake on body composition and cardiometabolic traits (lipids, glycemic traits, and inflammatory factors) were quantified by IV estimators among 182041 participants from 18 studies. RESULTS Each 1 serving/day higher dairy intake was associated with higher lean mass [β (SE) = 0.117 kg (0.035); P = 0.001], higher hemoglobin A1c [0.009% (0.002); P < 0.001], lower LDL [-0.014 mmol/L (0.006); P = 0.013], total cholesterol (TC) [-0.012 mmol/L (0.005); P = 0.023], and non-HDL [-0.012 mmol/L (0.005); P = 0.028]. The LCT-13910 C/T CT + TT genotype was associated with 0.214 more dairy servings/day (SE = 0.047; P < 0.001), 0.284 cm higher waist circumference (SE = 0.118; P = 0.017), 0.112 kg higher lean mass (SE = 0.027; P = 3.8 × 10-5), 0.032 mmol/L lower LDL (SE = 0.009; P = 0.001), and 0.032 mmol/L lower TC (SE = 0.010; P = 0.001). Genetically higher dairy intake was associated with increased lean mass [0.523 kg per serving/day (0.170); P = 0.002] after correction for multiple testing (0.05/18). However, we find that genetically higher dairy intake was not associated with lipids and glycemic traits. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides evidence to support a potential causal effect of higher dairy intake on increased lean mass among adults. Our findings suggest that the observational associations of dairy intake with lipids and glycemic traits may be the result of confounding.
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Vissers LET, Sluijs I, van der Schouw YT, Forouhi NG, Imamura F, Burgess S, Barricarte A, Boeing H, Bonet C, Chirlaque MD, Fagherazzi G, Franks PW, Freisling H, Gunter MJ, Quirós JR, Ibsen DB, Kaaks R, Key T, Khaw KT, Kühn T, Mokoroa O, Nilsson PM, Overvad K, Pala V, Palli D, Panico S, Sacerdote C, Spijkerman AMW, Tjonneland A, Tumino R, Rodríguez-Barranco M, Rolandsson O, Riboli E, Sharp SJ, Langenberg C, Wareham NJ. Dairy Product Intake and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in EPIC-InterAct: A Mendelian Randomization Study. Diabetes Care 2019; 42:568-575. [PMID: 30728219 PMCID: PMC7340535 DOI: 10.2337/dc18-2034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the causal association between intake of dairy products and incident type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The analysis included 21,820 European individuals (9,686 diabetes cases) of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-InterAct case-cohort study. Participants were genotyped, and rs4988235 (LCT-12910C>T), a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) for lactase persistence (LP) that enables digestion of dairy sugar, i.e., lactose, was imputed. Baseline dietary intakes were assessed with diet questionnaires. We investigated the associations between imputed SNP dosage for rs4988235 and intake of dairy products and other foods through linear regression. Mendelian randomization (MR) estimates for the milk-diabetes relationship were obtained through a two-stage least squares regression. RESULTS Each additional LP allele was associated with a higher intake of milk (β 17.1 g/day, 95% CI 10.6-23.6) and milk beverages (β 2.8 g/day, 95% CI 1.0-4.5) but not with intake of other dairy products. Other dietary intakes associated with rs4988235 included fruits (β -7.0 g/day, 95% CI -12.4 to -1.7 per additional LP allele), nonalcoholic beverages (β -18.0 g/day, 95% CI -34.4 to -1.6), and wine (β -4.8 g/day, 95% CI -9.1 to -0.6). In instrumental variable analysis, LP-associated milk intake was not associated with diabetes (hazard ratioper 15 g/day 0.99, 95% CI 0.93-1.05). CONCLUSIONS rs4988235 was associated with milk intake but not with intake of other dairy products. This MR study does not suggest that milk intake is associated with diabetes, which is consistent with previous observational and genetic associations. LP may be associated with intake of other foods as well, but owing to the modest associations, we consider it unlikely that this caused the observed null result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda E T Vissers
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ivonne Sluijs
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Yvonne T van der Schouw
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nita G Forouhi
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Fumiaki Imamura
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Stephen Burgess
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | | | - Heiner Boeing
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Catalina Bonet
- Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Institut Català d'Oncologia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria-Dolores Chirlaque
- Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Guy Fagherazzi
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), UMR1018, INSERM, Institut Gustave Roussy, Paris South University-Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Heinz Freisling
- Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Marc J Gunter
- Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | - Daniel B Ibsen
- Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Kay T Khaw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Tilman Kühn
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olatz Mokoroa
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, Biodonostia Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Valeria Pala
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Domenico Palli
- Cancer Risk Factors and Lifestyle Epidemiology Unit, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
| | - Salvatore Panico
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Carlotta Sacerdote
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, University Hospital "Città della Salute e della Scienza," University of Turin, and Center for Cancer Prevention (CPO), Torino, Italy
| | | | | | - Rosario Tumino
- Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale (ASP) Ragusa, Ragusa, Italy
| | - Miguel Rodríguez-Barranco
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Elio Riboli
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Stephen J Sharp
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
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Real-time PCR based detection of the lactase non-persistence associated genetic variant LCT-13910C>T directly from whole blood. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:2379-2385. [PMID: 30790118 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04696-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Primary hypolactasia is the main cause of lactose intolerance in adults. It is strongly associated with the single genetic variant LCT-13910C>T, located upstream of the lactase encoding gene. Consequently, analysis of LCT-13910C>T has been recommended as a direct genetic test for the trait. The aim of our study was to develop a TaqMan probe based real-time PCR protocol for the detection of the LCT-13910C>T variant directly from whole blood, circumventing DNA isolation. The LCT-13910C>T variant was determined using the DirectBlood Genotyping PCR Kit (myPOLS Biotec, Konstanz, Germany) together with an in-house TaqMan primer-probe assay. Validity and specificity of the assay was evaluated using EDTA anti-coagulated whole blood samples and corresponding DNA samples. Results from real-time PCR were compared with results obtained by Sanger sequencing from 105 blinded whole blood samples. Validity and specificity of the assay using whole blood were comparable to those using purified genomic DNA as substrate in PCR. Genetic analysis of blood samples were in complete agreement with results obtained by Sanger sequencing. In conclusion, we present a reliable real-time PCR protocol for the detection of the LCT-13910C>T variant directly from whole blood further facilitating diagnosis of primary hypolactasia in symptomatic patients.
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12
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Hoang TT, Lei Y, Mitchell LE, Sharma SV, Swartz MD, Waller DK, Finnell RH, Benjamin RH, Browne ML, Canfield MA, Lupo PJ, McKenzie P, Shaw G, Agopian AJ. Maternal Lactase Polymorphism (rs4988235) Is Associated with Neural Tube Defects in Offspring in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. J Nutr 2019; 149:295-303. [PMID: 30689919 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk of neural tube defect (NTD)-affected pregnancies is reduced with adequate folic acid intake during early pregnancy. However, NTDs have been observed among offspring of women with adequate folic acid intake. Some of these women are possibly not absorbing enough folic acid. Because lactase deficiency can lead to poor nutrient absorption, we hypothesized that lactase-deficient women will be at increased risk of having offspring with NTDs. OBJECTIVE We examined the association between maternal rs4988235 (a lactase deficiency genetic marker) and NTDs in offspring. METHODS We conducted a case-control study using data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, United States, 1997-2009, restricting to non-Hispanic white (NHW) and Hispanic women. Cases were women with an offspring with an NTD (n = 378 NHW, 207 Hispanic), and controls were women with an offspring without a birth defect (n = 461 NHW, 165 Hispanic). Analyses were conducted separately by race/ethnicity, using logistic regression. Women with the CC genotype were categorized as being lactase deficient. To assess potential effect modification, analyses were stratified by lactose intake, folic acid supplementation, dietary folate, and diet quality. RESULTS Among NHW women, the odds of being lactase deficient were greater among cases compared with controls (OR: 1.37; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.82). Among Hispanic women, the odds of being lactase deficient were significantly lower among cases compared with controls (OR: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.33, 0.77). The association differed when stratified by lactose intake in NHW women (higher odds among women who consumed ≥12 g lactose/1000 kcal) and by dietary folate in Hispanic women (opposite direction of associations). The association did not differ when stratified by folic acid supplementation or diet quality. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that maternal lactase deficiency is associated with NTDs in offspring. However, we observed opposite directions of effect by race/ethnicity that could not be definitively explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh T Hoang
- Departments of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences
| | | | - Laura E Mitchell
- Departments of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences
| | - Shreela V Sharma
- Departments of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences
| | - Michael D Swartz
- Biostatistics and Data Science, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX
| | - D Kim Waller
- Departments of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences
| | | | - Renata H Benjamin
- Departments of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences
| | - Marilyn L Browne
- Congenital Malformations Registry, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, NY.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany School of Public Health, Rensselaer, New York, NY
| | - Mark A Canfield
- Birth Defects Epidemiology and Surveillance Branch, Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, TX
| | - Philip J Lupo
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Paige McKenzie
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Gary Shaw
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - A J Agopian
- Departments of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences
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13
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Szilagyi A, Ishayek N. Lactose Intolerance, Dairy Avoidance, and Treatment Options. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10121994. [PMID: 30558337 PMCID: PMC6316316 DOI: 10.3390/nu10121994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactose intolerance refers to symptoms related to the consumption of lactose-containing dairy foods, which are the most common source for this disaccharide. While four causes are described, the most common is the genetically-determined adult onset lactose maldigestion due to loss of intestinal lactase governed by control of the gene by a 14,000 kb promoter region on chromosome 2. Gastrointestinal symptoms from lactose have expanded to include systemic effects and have also been confounded by other food intolerances or functional gastrointestinal disorders. Partly because lactose maldigestion is often interpreted as lactose intolerance (symptoms), focus of therapy for these symptoms starts with lactose restriction. However, withholding of dairy foods completely is not appropriate due to a more favorable impact on health. Industrial efforts to substitute with plant-based products is not completely successful at this time. This narrative article reviews the complexities of the perception of lactose intolerance, its epidemiology, and pathogenesis. Treatments are discussed, including the inappropriateness of dairy avoidance. In conjunction, effects of dairy products on 19 common diseases are reviewed. Different methods of treatment, lactose-reduced products, plant-based dairy substitutes, adaptation, prebiotics, exogenous lactase, probiotics, and some other dietary interventions are further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Szilagyi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University School of Medicine, 3755 Cote St Catherine Rd, Room E110, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
| | - Norma Ishayek
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University School of Medicine, 3755 Cote St Catherine Rd, Room E110, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
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14
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Bergholdt HKM, Larsen MK, Varbo A, Nordestgaard BG, Ellervik C. Lactase persistence, milk intake, hip fracture and bone mineral density: a study of 97 811 Danish individuals and a meta-analysis. J Intern Med 2018. [PMID: 29537719 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether a causal relationship exists between milk intake and reduced risk of fractures is unclear. OBJECTIVES We tested the hypothesis that genetically determined milk intake reduces the risk of fractures and increases bone mineral density (BMD). METHODS We investigated the association between milk intake, LCT-13910 C/T (rs4988235), which is associated with lactase persistence (TT/TC) in Northern Europeans, and hip fractures in three Danish prospective studies (N = 97 811, age ≥20 years). We added meta-analyses of LCT-13910 and fractures and BMD from five published Northern European population studies. RESULTS In the Danish studies, the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for hip fracture per one glass per week higher milk intake was 1.00 (95% CI: 0.99-1.01). The per T-allele milk intake was 0.58 (0.49-0.68) glasses per week, but HR was 1.01 (0.94-1.09) for hip fracture. In meta-analyses of Danish studies with published Northern European population studies, the random effects odds ratio for any fracture was 0.86 (0.61-1.21; I2 = 73%) for TT vs. CC and 0.90 (0.68-1.21; I2 = 63%) for TC vs. CC. The standardized mean difference in femoral neck BMD was 0.10 (0.02-0.18; I2 = 0%) g cm-2 for TT vs. CC and 0.06 (-0.04 to 0.17; I2 = 17%) g cm-2 for TC vs. CC. There were no differences in lumbar spine or total hip BMD comparing TT or TC with CC. CONCLUSION Genetically lifelong lactase persistence with high milk intake was not associated with hip fracture in Danish population-based cohorts. A meta-analysis combining Danish studies with published Northern European population studies also showed that lactase persistence was not associated with fracture risk. Genetic lactase persistence was associated with a higher femoral neck BMD, but not lumbar spine or total hip BMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K M Bergholdt
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital Naestved Slagelse Ringsted, Naestved, Denmark.,The Danish General Suburban Population Study, Copenhagen University Hospital Naestved Slagelse Ringsted, Naestved, Denmark
| | - M K Larsen
- The Danish General Suburban Population Study, Copenhagen University Hospital Naestved Slagelse Ringsted, Naestved, Denmark.,Department of Science and Environment, University of Roskilde, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - A Varbo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.,The Copenhagen General Population Study, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - B G Nordestgaard
- The Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.,The Copenhagen General Population Study, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.,The Copenhagen City Heart Study, Copenhagen University Hospital, Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - C Ellervik
- The Danish General Suburban Population Study, Copenhagen University Hospital Naestved Slagelse Ringsted, Naestved, Denmark.,The Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Production, Research and Innovation, Region Zealand, Sorø, Denmark.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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15
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Dairy Consumption and Body Mass Index Among Adults: Mendelian Randomization Analysis of 184802 Individuals from 25 Studies. Clin Chem 2017; 64:183-191. [PMID: 29187356 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2017.280701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Associations between dairy intake and body mass index (BMI) have been inconsistently observed in epidemiological studies, and the causal relationship remains ill defined. METHODS We performed Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis using an established dairy intake-associated genetic polymorphism located upstream of the lactase gene (LCT-13910 C/T, rs4988235) as an instrumental variable (IV). Linear regression models were fitted to analyze associations between (a) dairy intake and BMI, (b) rs4988235 and dairy intake, and (c) rs4988235 and BMI in each study. The causal effect of dairy intake on BMI was quantified by IV estimators among 184802 participants from 25 studies. RESULTS Higher dairy intake was associated with higher BMI (β = 0.03 kg/m2 per serving/day; 95% CI, 0.00-0.06; P = 0.04), whereas the LCT genotype with 1 or 2 T allele was significantly associated with 0.20 (95% CI, 0.14-0.25) serving/day higher dairy intake (P = 3.15 × 10-12) and 0.12 (95% CI, 0.06-0.17) kg/m2 higher BMI (P = 2.11 × 10-5). MR analysis showed that the genetically determined higher dairy intake was significantly associated with higher BMI (β = 0.60 kg/m2 per serving/day; 95% CI, 0.27-0.92; P = 3.0 × 10-4). CONCLUSIONS The present study provides strong evidence to support a causal effect of higher dairy intake on increased BMI among adults.
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16
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Gene-Dairy Food Interactions and Health Outcomes: A Review of Nutrigenetic Studies. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9070710. [PMID: 28684688 PMCID: PMC5537825 DOI: 10.3390/nu9070710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Each person differs from the next by an average of over 3 million genetic variations in their DNA. This genetic diversity is responsible for many of the interindividual differences in food preferences, nutritional needs, and dietary responses between humans. The field of nutrigenetics aims to utilize this type of genetic information in order to personalize diets for optimal health. One of the most well-studied genetic variants affecting human dietary patterns and health is the lactase persistence mutation, which enables an individual to digest milk sugar into adulthood. Lactase persistence is one of the most influential Mendelian factors affecting human dietary patterns to occur since the beginning of the Neolithic Revolution. However, the lactase persistence mutation is only one of many mutations that can influence the relationship between dairy intake and disease risk. The purpose of this review is to summarize the available nutrigenetic literature investigating the relationships between genetics, dairy intake, and health outcomes. Nonetheless, the understanding of an individual’s nutrigenetic responses is just one component of personalized nutrition. In addition to nutrigenetic responses, future studies should also take into account nutrigenomic responses (epigenomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic), and phenotypic/characteristic traits (age, gender, activity level, disease status, etc.), as these factors all interact with diet to influence health.
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17
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Yao S, Hong CC, Bandera EV, Zhu Q, Liu S, Cheng TYD, Zirpoli G, Haddad SA, Lunetta KL, Ruiz-Narvaez EA, McCann SE, Troester MA, Rosenberg L, Palmer JR, Olshan AF, Ambrosone CB. Demographic, lifestyle, and genetic determinants of circulating concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and vitamin D-binding protein in African American and European American women. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 105:1362-1371. [PMID: 28424184 PMCID: PMC5445669 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.143248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Vitamin D may have anticancer activities. The high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in African Americans (AAs) may be a contributing factor to the cancer health disparities between AAs and European Americans (EAs).Objectives: We compared concentrations of 25(OH)D and vitamin D-binding protein (VDBP) in AA and EA women and investigated determinants of the vitamin D-biomarker concentrations in both populations.Design: We used data and biospecimens from 909 AA and 847 EA healthy control subjects from the Carolina Breast Cancer Study (CBCS) and the Women's Circle of Health Study (WCHS) in the African American Breast Cancer Epidemiology and Risk Consortium. We measured plasma 25(OH)D and VDBP concentrations in all participants and genotyped 67 vitamin D-related genes in AA women only.Results: AA women had lower 25(OH)D concentrations than did EA women (mean ± SD: 14.2 ± 8.1 compared with 21.1 ± 11.5 ng/mL, respectively; P < 0.0001) but similar concentrations of VDBP (mean ± SD: 344 ± 133 compared with 336 ± 124 μg/mL, respectively; P = 0.25). With VDBP and other factors controlled for, the observed racial difference in 25(OH)D concentrations did not diminish. Relations of demographic and lifestyle factors with 25(OH)D were similar between AA and EA women. Although none of the genetic variants that have been identified in previous genome-wide association studies of 25(OH)D concentrations in EAs were significant (P > 0.05) in AAs, AA women who carried the allele of a functional single nucleotide polymorphism rs4988235, which has been previously associated with lactase expression and lactose tolerance, had higher dietary vitamin D intake and higher measured 25(OH)D concentrations.Conclusions: AA women have lower concentrations of total 25(OH)D than EA women do, but both groups have similar VDBP concentrations, suggesting that there are lower concentrations of free 25(OH)D in AAs. Although demographic and lifestyle determinants of 25(OH)D concentrations are similar between the 2 groups, genetic determinants may be ethnicity specific. Larger studies in AAs will be needed to fully elucidate the underlying determinants of low vitamin D concentrations in AA populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Yao
- Departments of Cancer Prevention and Control and
| | | | - Elisa V Bandera
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Qianqian Zhu
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - Song Liu
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | | | - Gary Zirpoli
- Departments of Cancer Prevention and Control and
| | | | - Kathryn L Lunetta
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA; and
| | | | | | - Melissa A Troester
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | | | - Andrew F Olshan
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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18
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Thorning TK, Raben A, Tholstrup T, Soedamah-Muthu SS, Givens I, Astrup A. Milk and dairy products: good or bad for human health? An assessment of the totality of scientific evidence. Food Nutr Res 2016; 60:32527. [PMID: 27882862 PMCID: PMC5122229 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v60.32527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is scepticism about health effects of dairy products in the public, which is reflected in an increasing intake of plant-based drinks, for example, from soy, rice, almond, or oat. Objective This review aimed to assess the scientific evidence mainly from meta-analyses of observational studies and randomised controlled trials, on dairy intake and risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, cancer, and all-cause mortality. Results The most recent evidence suggested that intake of milk and dairy products was associated with reduced risk of childhood obesity. In adults, intake of dairy products was shown to improve body composition and facilitate weight loss during energy restriction. In addition, intake of milk and dairy products was associated with a neutral or reduced risk of type 2 diabetes and a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, particularly stroke. Furthermore, the evidence suggested a beneficial effect of milk and dairy intake on bone mineral density but no association with risk of bone fracture. Among cancers, milk and dairy intake was inversely associated with colorectal cancer, bladder cancer, gastric cancer, and breast cancer, and not associated with risk of pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer, or lung cancer, while the evidence for prostate cancer risk was inconsistent. Finally, consumption of milk and dairy products was not associated with all-cause mortality. Calcium-fortified plant-based drinks have been included as an alternative to dairy products in the nutrition recommendations in several countries. However, nutritionally, cow's milk and plant-based drinks are completely different foods, and an evidence-based conclusion on the health value of the plant-based drinks requires more studies in humans. Conclusion The totality of available scientific evidence supports that intake of milk and dairy products contribute to meet nutrient recommendations, and may protect against the most prevalent chronic diseases, whereas very few adverse effects have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Kongerslev Thorning
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Raben
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tine Tholstrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Ian Givens
- Centre for Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Arne Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark;
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Stefan N, Häring HU, Hu FB, Schulze MB. Divergent associations of height with cardiometabolic disease and cancer: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and global implications. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2016; 4:457-67. [PMID: 26827112 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(15)00474-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Among chronic non-communicable diseases, cardiometabolic diseases and cancer are the most important causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although high BMI and waist circumference, as estimates of total and abdominal fat mass, are now accepted as predictors of the increasing incidence of these diseases, adult height, which also predicts mortality, has been neglected. Interestingly, increasing evidence suggests that height is associated with lower cardiometabolic risk, but higher cancer risk, associations supported by mendelian randomisation studies. Understanding the complex epidemiology, biology, and pathophysiology related to height, and its association with cardiometabolic diseases and cancer, is becoming even more important because average adult height has increased substantially in many countries during recent generations. Among the mechanisms driving the increase in height and linking height with cardiometabolic diseases and cancer are insulin and insulin-like growth factor signalling pathways. These pathways are thought to be activated by overnutrition, especially increased intake of milk, dairy products, and other animal proteins during different stages of child development. Limiting overnutrition during pregnancy, early childhood, and puberty would avoid not only obesity, but also accelerated growth in children-and thus might reduce risk of cancer in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Stefan
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM), Helmholtz Centre Munich at the Unversity of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM), Helmholtz Centre Munich at the Unversity of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Frank B Hu
- Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthias B Schulze
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
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20
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Bergholdt HKM, Nordestgaard BG, Varbo A, Ellervik C. Milk intake is not associated with ischaemic heart disease in observational or Mendelian randomization analyses in 98,529 Danish adults. Int J Epidemiol 2016; 44:587-603. [PMID: 26085675 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyv109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Observationally, reports on the association between milk intake and risk of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and myocardial infarction (MI) have produced conflicting results; and no previous large-scale study using the lactase persistent/non-persistent LCT-13910 C/T genotype as a largely unconfounded proxy for milk intake free of reverse causation has been conducted. We tested the hypothesis that milk intake observationally and genetically through the LCT-13910 C/T genotype is associated with risk of IHD and MI in a Mendelian randomization design. METHODS We included 98,529 White individuals of Danish descent, aged 20-100 years, from three studies of the general population. Information on IHD (N = 10,372) and MI (N = 4188) were obtained from national Danish registries. First, we investigated observational associations between milk intake and incident IHD and MI. Second, we confirmed the association between the rs4988235 genetic variant LCT-13910 C/T, associated with lactase persistence/non-persistence, and milk intake. Finally, we tested whether LCT-13910 C/T genotype was associated with risk of IHD and MI as well as with cardiovascular risk factors. RESULTS During a mean follow-up time of 5.4 years, the observational hazard ratio for a 1 glass/week higher milk intake was 1.00 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00,1.01] for both IHD and MI. Median milk intake was 3 glasses/week (interquartile range: 0-7) in lactase CC non-persistent individuals compared with 5 glasses/week (0-10) in lactase TC/TT persistent individuals (P = 3*10(-60)). In the dominant genetic model comparing lactase TC/TT persistent individuals with lactase CC non-persistent individuals, the odds ratio was 1.00 (0.92,1.09) for IHD and 0.96 (0.84,1.09) for MI. Finally, in the dominant genetic model genotype was not associated convincingly with plasma levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides or glucose, nor with blood pressure. CONCLUSION Milk intake was not associated with risk of IHD or MI, observationally or genetically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helle K M Bergholdt
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Naestved Hospital, Denmark, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and the Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Research, Nykoebing Falster Hospital, Nykoebing Falster, Denmark and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Naestved Hospital, Denmark, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and the Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Research, Nykoebing Falster Hospital, Nykoebing Falster, Denmark and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Naestved Hospital, Denmark, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and the Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Research, Nykoebing Falster Hospital, Nykoebing Falster, Denmark and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Naestved Hospital, Denmark, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and the Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Research, Nykoebing Falster Hospital, Nykoebing Falster, Denmark and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Naestved Hospital, Denmark, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and the Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Research, Nykoebing Falster Hospital, Nykoebing Falster, Denmark and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anette Varbo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Naestved Hospital, Denmark, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and the Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Research, Nykoebing Falster Hospital, Nykoebing Falster, Denmark and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Naestved Hospital, Denmark, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and the Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Research, Nykoebing Falster Hospital, Nykoebing Falster, Denmark and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christina Ellervik
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Naestved Hospital, Denmark, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and the Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Research, Nykoebing Falster Hospital, Nykoebing Falster, Denmark and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Naestved Hospital, Denmark, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and the Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Research, Nykoebing Falster Hospital, Nykoebing Falster, Denmark and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Naestved Hospital, Denmark, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and the Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Research, Nykoebing Falster Hospital, Nykoebing Falster, Denmark and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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21
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Amiri M, Diekmann L, von Köckritz-Blickwede M, Naim HY. The Diverse Forms of Lactose Intolerance and the Putative Linkage to Several Cancers. Nutrients 2015; 7:7209-30. [PMID: 26343715 PMCID: PMC4586527 DOI: 10.3390/nu7095332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LPH) is a membrane glycoprotein and the only β-galactosidase of the brush border membrane of the intestinal epithelium. Besides active transcription, expression of the active LPH requires different maturation steps of the polypeptide through the secretory pathway, including N- and O-glycosylation, dimerization and proteolytic cleavage steps. The inability to digest lactose due to insufficient lactase activity results in gastrointestinal symptoms known as lactose intolerance. In this review, we will concentrate on the structural and functional features of LPH protein and summarize the cellular and molecular mechanism required for its maturation and trafficking. Then, different types of lactose intolerance are discussed, and the molecular aspects of lactase persistence/non-persistence phenotypes are investigated. Finally, we will review the literature focusing on the lactase persistence/non-persistence populations as a comparative model in order to determine the protective or adverse effects of milk and dairy foods on the incidence of colorectal, ovarian and prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Amiri
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Lena Diekmann
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Maren von Köckritz-Blickwede
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
- The Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonosis (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Hassan Y Naim
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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Szilagyi A. Adaptation to Lactose in Lactase Non Persistent People: Effects on Intolerance and the Relationship between Dairy Food Consumption and Evalution of Diseases. Nutrients 2015; 7:6751-79. [PMID: 26287234 PMCID: PMC4555148 DOI: 10.3390/nu7085309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dairy foods contain complex nutrients which interact with the host. Yet, evolution of lactase persistence has divided the human species into those that can or cannot digest lactose in adulthood. Such a ubiquitous trait has differential effects on humanity. The literature is reviewed to explore how the divide affects lactose handling by lactase non persistent persons. There are two basic differences in digesters. Firstly, maldigesters consume less dairy foods, and secondly, excess lactose is digested by colonic microflora. Lactose intolerance in maldigesters may occur with random lactose ingestion. However, lactose intolerance without maldigestion tends to detract from gaining a clear understanding of the mechanisms of symptoms formation and leads to confusion with regards to dairy food consumption. The main consequence of intolerance is withholding dairy foods. However, regular dairy food consumption by lactase non persistent people could lead to colonic adaptation by the microbiome. This process may mimic a prebiotic effect and allows lactase non persistent people to consume more dairy foods enhancing a favorable microbiome. This process then could lead to alterations in outcome of diseases in response to dairy foods in lactose maldigesters. The evidence that lactose is a selective human prebiotic is reviewed and current links between dairy foods and some diseases are discussed within this context. Colonic adaptation has not been adequately studied, especially with modern microbiological techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Szilagyi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University School of Medicine; 3755, Chemin de la Cote-Ste-Catherine Rd, Rm E110, Montreal H3T 1E2, QC, Canada.
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23
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Bergholdt HKM, Nordestgaard BG, Ellervik C. Milk intake is not associated with low risk of diabetes or overweight-obesity: a Mendelian randomization study in 97,811 Danish individuals. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 102:487-96. [PMID: 26156736 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.105049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High dairy/milk intake has been associated with a low risk of type 2 diabetes observationally, but whether this represents a causal association is unknown. OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that high milk intake is associated with a low risk of type 2 diabetes and of overweight-obesity, observationally and genetically. DESIGN In 97,811 individuals from the Danish general population, we examined the risk of incident type 2 diabetes and of overweight-obesity by milk intake observationally and by LCT-13910 C/T genotype [polymorphism (rs4988235) upstream from the lactase (LCT) gene], where TT and TC genotypes are associated with lactase persistence and CC with nonpersistence. RESULTS Observationally for any compared with no milk intake, the HR for type 2 diabetes was 1.10 (95% CI: 0.98, 1.24; P = 0.11), whereas the OR for overweight-obesity was 1.06 (1.02, 1.09; P = 0.002). Median milk intake was 5 glasses/wk (IQR: 0-10) for lactase TT/TC persistence and 3 (0-7) for CC nonpersistence. Genetically for lactase TT/TC persistence compared with CC nonpersistence, the OR was 0.96 (0.86, 1.08; P = 0.50) for type 2 diabetes and 1.06 (1.00, 1.12; P = 0.04) for overweight-obesity. In a stratified analysis for type 2 diabetes, corresponding values in those with and without milk intake were 0.88 (0.76, 1.03; P = 0.11) and 1.35 (1.07, 1.70; P = 0.01) (P-interaction: 0.002), whereas no gene-milk interaction on overweight-obesity was found. For a 1-glass/wk higher milk intake, the genetic risk ratio for type 2 diabetes was 0.99 (0.93, 1.06), and the corresponding observational risk was 1.01 (1.00, 1.01). For overweight-obesity, the corresponding values were 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) genetically and 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) observationally. CONCLUSIONS High milk intake is not associated with a low risk of type 2 diabetes or overweight-obesity, observationally or genetically via lactase persistence. The higher risk of type 2 diabetes in lactase-persistent individuals without milk intake likely is explained by collider stratification bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helle K M Bergholdt
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Naestved Hospital, Naestved, Denmark; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry and the Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; The Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina Ellervik
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Research, Nykoebing Falster Hospital, Nykoebing Falster, Denmark; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
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Boef AGC, Dekkers OM, le Cessie S. Mendelian randomization studies: a review of the approaches used and the quality of reporting. Int J Epidemiol 2015; 44:496-511. [PMID: 25953784 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyv071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mendelian randomization (MR) studies investigate the effect of genetic variation in levels of an exposure on an outcome, thereby using genetic variation as an instrumental variable (IV). We provide a meta-epidemiological overview of the methodological approaches used in MR studies, and evaluate the discussion of MR assumptions and reporting of statistical methods. METHODS We searched PubMed, Medline, Embase and Web of Science for MR studies up to December 2013. We assessed (i) the MR approach used; (ii) whether the plausibility of MR assumptions was discussed; and (iii) whether the statistical methods used were reported adequately. RESULTS Of 99 studies using data from one study population, 32 used genetic information as a proxy for the exposure without further estimation, 44 performed a formal IV analysis, 7 compared the observed with the expected genotype-outcome association, and 1 used both the latter two approaches. The 80 studies using data from multiple study populations used many different approaches to combine the data; 52 of these studies used some form of IV analysis; 44% of studies discussed the plausibility of all three MR assumptions in their study. Statistical methods used for IV analysis were insufficiently described in 14% of studies. CONCLUSIONS Most MR studies either use the genotype as a proxy for exposure without further estimation or perform an IV analysis. The discussion of underlying assumptions and reporting of statistical methods for IV analysis are frequently insufficient. Studies using data from multiple study populations are further complicated by the combination of data or estimates. We provide a checklist for the reporting of MR studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna G C Boef
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Olaf M Dekkers
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands. Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia le Cessie
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands. Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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25
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Bernichtein S, Pigat N, Capiod T, Boutillon F, Verkarre V, Camparo P, Viltard M, Méjean A, Oudard S, Souberbielle JC, Friedlander G, Goffin V. High milk consumption does not affect prostate tumor progression in two mouse models of benign and neoplastic lesions. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125423. [PMID: 25938513 PMCID: PMC4418739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies that have investigated whether dairy (mainly milk) diets are associated with prostate cancer risk have led to controversial conclusions. In addition, no existing study clearly evaluated the effects of dairy/milk diets on prostate tumor progression, which is clinically highly relevant in view of the millions of men presenting with prostate pathologies worldwide, including benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) or high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN). We report here a unique interventional animal study to address this issue. We used two mouse models of fully penetrant genetically-induced prostate tumorigenesis that were investigated at the stages of benign hyperplasia (probasin-Prl mice, Pb-Prl) or pre-cancerous PIN lesions (KIMAP mice). Mice were fed high milk diets (skim or whole) for 15 to 27 weeks of time depending on the kinetics of prostate tumor development in each model. Prostate tumor progression was assessed by tissue histopathology examination, epithelial proliferation, stromal inflammation and fibrosis, tumor invasiveness potency and expression of various tumor markers relevant for each model (c-Fes, Gprc6a, activated Stat5 and p63). Our results show that high milk consumption (either skim or whole) did not promote progression of existing prostate tumors when assessed at early stages of tumorigenesis (hyperplasia and neoplasia). For some parameters, and depending on milk type, milk regimen could even exhibit slight protective effects towards prostate tumor progression by decreasing the expression of tumor-related markers like Ki-67 and Gprc6a. In conclusion, our study suggests that regular milk consumption should not be considered detrimental for patients presenting with early-stage prostate tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Bernichtein
- Inserm, U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, PRL/GH Pathophysiology Laboratory, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Natascha Pigat
- Inserm, U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, PRL/GH Pathophysiology Laboratory, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Capiod
- Inserm, U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, PRL/GH Pathophysiology Laboratory, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Florence Boutillon
- Inserm, U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, PRL/GH Pathophysiology Laboratory, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Verkarre
- Pathology Department, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Camparo
- Inserm, U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, PRL/GH Pathophysiology Laboratory, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Viltard
- Institute for European Expertise in Physiology, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Méjean
- Urology Department, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Oudard
- Medical Oncology Department, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Claude Souberbielle
- Inserm, U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Phosphate Homeostasis Laboratory, Paris, France
- Physiology Department, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Gérard Friedlander
- Inserm, U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Phosphate Homeostasis Laboratory, Paris, France
- Physiology Department, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Goffin
- Inserm, U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, PRL/GH Pathophysiology Laboratory, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult assimilation of lactose divides humans into dominant lactase-persistent and recessive nonpersistent phenotypes. OBJECTIVES To review three medical parameters of lactose digestion, namely: the changing concept of lactose intolerance; the possible impact on diseases of microbial adaptation in lactase-nonpersistent populations; and the possibility that the evolution of lactase has influenced some disease pattern distributions. METHODS A PubMed, Google Scholar and manual review of articles were used to provide a narrative review of the topic. RESULTS The concept of lactose intolerance is changing and merging with food intolerances. Microbial adaptation to regular lactose consumption in lactase-nonpersistent individuals is supported by limited evidence. There is evidence suggestive of a relationship among geographical distributions of latitude, sunhine exposure and lactase proportional distributions worldwide. DISCUSSION The definition of lactose intolerance has shifted away from association with lactose maldigestion. Lactose sensitivity is described equally in lactose digesters and maldigesters. The important medical consequence of withholding dairy foods could have a detrimental impact on several diseases; in addition, microbial adaptation in lactase-nonpersistent populations may alter risk for some diseases. There is suggestive evidence that the emergence of lactase persistence, together with human migrations before and after the emergence of lactase persistence, have impacted modern-day diseases. CONCLUSIONS Lactose maldigestion and lactose intolerance are not synonymous. Withholding dairy foods is a poor method to treat lactose intolerance. Further epidemiological work could shed light on the possible effects of microbial adaptation in lactose maldigesters. The evolutionary impact of lactase may be still ongoing.
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Zou S, He X, Liu Y, Chen D, Luo Y, Huang K, Zhang W, Xu W. Toxicological evaluation of lactase derived from recombinant Pichia pastoris. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106470. [PMID: 25184300 PMCID: PMC4153634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A recombinant lactase was expressed in Pichia pastoris, resulting in enzymatic activity of 3600 U/mL in a 5 L fermenter. The lactase product was subjected to a series of toxicological tests to determine its safety for use as an enzyme preparation in the dairy industry. This recombinant lactase had the highest activity of all recombinant strains reported thus far. Acute oral toxicity, mutagenicity, genotoxic, and subchronic toxicity tests performed in rats and mice showed no death in any groups. The lethal dose 50% (LD50) based on the acute oral toxicity study is greater than 30 mL/kg body weight, which is in accordance with the 1500 L milk consumption of a 50 kg human daily. The lactase showed no mutagenic activity in the Ames test or a mouse sperm abnormality test at levels of up to 5 mg/plate and 1250 mg/kg body weight, respectively. It also showed no genetic toxicology in a bone marrow cell micronucleus test at levels of up to 1250 mg/kg body weight. A 90-day subchronic repeated toxicity study via the diet with lactase levels up to 1646 mg/kg (1000-fold greater than the mean human exposure) did not show any treatment-related significant toxicological effects on body weight, food consumption, organ weights, hematological and clinical chemistry, or histopathology compared to the control groups. This toxicological evaluation system is comprehensive and can be used in the safety evaluation of other enzyme preparations. The lactase showed no acute, mutagenic, genetic, or subchronic toxicity under our evaluation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiying Zou
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Molecular Biology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- The Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center of Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyun He
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Molecular Biology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- The Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center of Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yifei Liu
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Molecular Biology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Delong Chen
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Molecular Biology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunbo Luo
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Molecular Biology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- The Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center of Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kunlun Huang
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Molecular Biology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- The Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center of Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (WZ); (WTX)
| | - Wentao Xu
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Molecular Biology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- The Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center of Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (WZ); (WTX)
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28
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Mandair D, Rossi RE, Pericleous M, Whyand T, Caplin ME. Prostate cancer and the influence of dietary factors and supplements: a systematic review. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2014; 11:30. [PMID: 24976856 PMCID: PMC4073189 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-11-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer is the second most common cause of cancer worldwide after lung cancer. There is increasing evidence that diet and lifestyle plays a crucial role in prostate cancer biology and tumourigenesis. Prostate cancer itself represents a good model of cancer in which to look for chemopreventive agents due to the high disease prevalence, slowly progressive nature, and long latency period. Dietary agents have gained considerable attention, often receiving much publicity in the media. Aim To review the key evidence available for potential chemopreventive nutrients. Methods The methodology for this review involved a PubMed search from 1990 to 2013 using the key-words “diet and prostate cancer”, “nutrition and prostate cancer”, “dietary factors and prostate cancer”, “prostate cancer epidemiology”, “prostate cancer prevention”, “prostate cancer progression”. Results Red meat, dietary fat and milk intake should be minimised as they appear to increase the risk of prostate cancer. Fruit and vegetables and polyphenols may be preventive in prostate cancer, but further studies are needed to draw more solid conclusions and to clarify their role in patients with an established diagnosis of prostate cancer. Selenium and vitamin supplements cannot be advocated for the prevention of prostate cancer and indeed higher doses may be associated with a worse prognosis. There is no specific evidence regarding benefits of probiotics or prebiotics in prostate cancer. Conclusions From the wealth of evidence available, many recommendations can be made although more randomised control trials are required. These need to be carefully designed due to the many confounding factors and heterogeneity of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalvinder Mandair
- Centre for Gastroenterology, Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, UK ; Cancer Institute, University College London, Huntley Street, London, UK
| | - Roberta Elisa Rossi
- Centre for Gastroenterology, Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, UK ; Department of Pathophysiology and Organ Transplant, Universita' degli Studi di Milano and Gastroenterology Unit II, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Marinos Pericleous
- Centre for Gastroenterology, Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Tara Whyand
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Martyn Evan Caplin
- Centre for Gastroenterology, Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, UK
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Key TJ. Nutrition, hormones and prostate cancer risk: results from the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition. Recent Results Cancer Res 2014; 202:39-46. [PMID: 24531775 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-45195-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nutritional factors may influence the risk of developing prostate cancer, but understanding of this topic is poor. This chapter discusses research on this subject, mostly from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), a cohort which includes 150,000 men recruited in the 1990s in eight European countries. So far the EPIC collaborators have published analyses of the relationship of prostate cancer risk with the intake of a range of foods and nutrients, and with blood-based markers of nutritional factors, on up to nearly 3,000 incident cases of prostate cancer. Most of the results of these analyses have been null, with no clear indication that the risk for prostate cancer is related to intakes of meat, fish, fruit, vegetables, fibre, fat or alcohol or with blood levels of fatty acids, carotenoids, tocopherols, B vitamins, vitamin D, or selenium. There is some evidence from EPIC that risk may be increased in men with a high intake of protein from dairy products, and analyses of hormone levels have shown that risk is higher in men with relatively high blood levels of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). More research is needed to better describe the relationships of prostate cancer risk with IGF-I and related hormones, and to better understand whether nutritional factors may influence risk through hormones or perhaps by other mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Key
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Richard Doll Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LF, United Kingdom,
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Amirian ES, Petrosino JF, Ajami NJ, Liu Y, Mims MP, Scheurer ME. Potential role of gastrointestinal microbiota composition in prostate cancer risk. Infect Agent Cancer 2013; 8:42. [PMID: 24180596 PMCID: PMC3826836 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-8-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Among men in the U.S., prostate cancer is the most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death. Despite its prevalence, there are few established risk factors for prostate cancer. Some studies have found that intake of certain foods/nutrients may be associated with prostate cancer risk, but few have accounted for how intake and metabolic factors may interact to influence bioavailable nutrient levels and subsequent disease risk. Presentation of the hypothesis The composition of the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome may influence metabolism of dietary compounds and nutrients (e.g., plant phenols, calcium, choline) that may be relevant to prostate cancer risk. We, therefore, propose the hypothesis that GI microbiota may have a markedly different composition among individuals with higher prostate cancer risk. These individuals could have microbial profiles that are conducive to intestinal inflammation and/or are less favorable for the metabolism and uptake of chemopreventive agents. Testing the hypothesis Because very little preliminary data exist on this potential association, a case–control study may provide valuable information on this topic. Such a study could evaluate whether the GI microbial profile is markedly different between three groups of individuals: healthy men, those with latent prostate cancer, and those with invasive prostate cancer. Any findings could then be validated in a larger study, designed to collect a series of specimens over time. Implications of the hypothesis Given the plethora of information emerging from the Human Microbiome Project, this is an opportune time to explore associations between the microbiome and complex human diseases. Identification of profiles that alter the host’s risk for disease may clarify inconsistencies in the literature on dietary factors and cancer risk, and could provide valuable targets for novel cancer prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael E Scheurer
- Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza MS:BCM305, 77030 Houston, TX, USA.
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Lamri A, Poli A, Emery N, Bellili N, Velho G, Lantieri O, Balkau B, Marre M, Fumeron F. The lactase persistence genotype is associated with body mass index and dairy consumption in the D.E.S.I.R. study. Metabolism 2013; 62:1323-9. [PMID: 23647908 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The T allele of a functional polymorphism (rs4988235: LCT-13910 C>T), close to the lactase gene, correlates with lactase persistence (LP) in adults. The LP genotype (TT+TC) has been associated with a higher BMI in European populations in cross-sectional studies. In the French D.E.S.I.R. cohort, a high consumption of dairy products was associated with a lower body weight gain over 9-years, and with a lower incidence of high plasma glucose levels and/or the metabolic syndrome. Our aim was to test in this study, the association of rs4988235 with BMI and related metabolic diseases, in interaction with dairy product consumption. METHODS Among 5212 subjects from D.E.S.I.R., 3575 Caucasians born in mainland France were genotyped and followed over 9years. RESULTS Those with the LP genotype (frequency: 78.5%) had a higher dairy product consumption, at inclusion and at year-9 (P<0.001). They also had a higher BMI at both time points (difference=0.3kg/m(2), P=0.05), but this effect was restricted to medium/high dairy product consumers (difference=0.5kg/m(2), P=0.006). This genotype was also associated with the metabolic syndrome (IDF definition), but this association disappeared after adjustment for BMI. In the whole population, the C allele was associated with a higher prevalence of impaired fasting glycemia and/or type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS The lactase persistence genotype was shown to be associated with a higher BMI in a longitudinal study, mainly in those consuming high amounts of dairy products. The association of the C allele, responsible for lactase non-persistence, with the risk of hyperglycemia needs to be replicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Lamri
- INSERM, U695, Genetic Determinants of Type 2 Diabetes and Its Vascular Complications, Paris, France; Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS 695, UFR de Médecine Site Bichat, Paris, France
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