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Wen Y, Liu Y, Li Q, Tan J, Fu X, Liang Y, Tuo Y, Liu L, Zhou X, LiuFu D, Fan X, Chen C, Chen Z, Wang Z, Fan S, Liu R, Pan L, Zhang Y, Tang WH. Spatiotemporal ATF3 Expression Determines VSMC Fate in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. Circ Res 2024; 134:1495-1511. [PMID: 38686580 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.124.324323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a catastrophic disease with little effective therapy, likely due to the limited understanding of the mechanisms underlying AAA development and progression. ATF3 (activating transcription factor 3) has been increasingly recognized as a key regulator of cardiovascular diseases. However, the role of ATF3 in AAA development and progression remains elusive. METHODS Genome-wide RNA sequencing analysis was performed on the aorta isolated from saline or Ang II (angiotensin II)-induced AAA mice, and ATF3 was identified as the potential key gene for AAA development. To examine the role of ATF3 in AAA development, vascular smooth muscle cell-specific ATF3 knockdown or overexpressed mice by recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 9 vectors carrying ATF3, or shRNA-ATF3 with SM22α (smooth muscle protein 22-α) promoter were used in Ang II-induced AAA mice. In human and murine vascular smooth muscle cells, gain or loss of function experiments were performed to investigate the role of ATF3 in vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and apoptosis. RESULTS In both Ang II-induced AAA mice and patients with AAA, the expression of ATF3 was reduced in aneurysm tissues but increased in aortic lesion tissues. The deficiency of ATF3 in vascular smooth muscle cell promoted AAA formation in Ang II-induced AAA mice. PDGFRB (platelet-derived growth factor receptor β) was identified as the target of ATF3, which mediated vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation in response to TNF-alpha (tumor necrosis factor-α) at the early stage of AAA. ATF3 suppressed the mitochondria-dependent apoptosis at the advanced stage by upregulating its direct target BCL2. Our chromatin immunoprecipitation results also demonstrated that the recruitment of NFκB1 and P300/BAF/H3K27ac complex to the ATF3 promoter induces ATF3 transcription via enhancer activation. NFKB1 inhibitor (andrographolide) inhibits the expression of ATF3 by blocking the recruiters NFKB1 and ATF3-enhancer to the ATF3-promoter region, ultimately leading to AAA development. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate a previously unrecognized role of ATF3 in AAA development and progression, and ATF3 may serve as a novel therapeutic and prognostic marker for AAA.
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MESH Headings
- Activating Transcription Factor 3/genetics
- Activating Transcription Factor 3/metabolism
- Animals
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/metabolism
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/pathology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/genetics
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/chemically induced
- Humans
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Mice
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Apoptosis
- Cells, Cultured
- Angiotensin II
- Cell Proliferation
- Aorta, Abdominal/pathology
- Aorta, Abdominal/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wen
- Institute of Pediatrics (Y.W., Y. Liu, J.T., X.F., D.L., X.F., C.C., Y.Z., W.H.T.), Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- Institute of Pediatrics (Y.W., Y. Liu, J.T., X.F., D.L., X.F., C.C., Y.Z., W.H.T.), Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery (Q.L.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Jinlin Tan
- Institute of Pediatrics (Y.W., Y. Liu, J.T., X.F., D.L., X.F., C.C., Y.Z., W.H.T.), Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Xing Fu
- Institute of Pediatrics (Y.W., Y. Liu, J.T., X.F., D.L., X.F., C.C., Y.Z., W.H.T.), Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Yiwen Liang
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China (Y. Liang)
| | - Yonghua Tuo
- Department of Neurosurgery (Y.T.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Luhao Liu
- Department of Organ Transplantation (L.L., Z.C.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Xueqiong Zhou
- Department of Occupational Health and Medicine, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, China (X.Z.)
| | - Dongkai LiuFu
- Institute of Pediatrics (Y.W., Y. Liu, J.T., X.F., D.L., X.F., C.C., Y.Z., W.H.T.), Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Xuejiao Fan
- Institute of Pediatrics (Y.W., Y. Liu, J.T., X.F., D.L., X.F., C.C., Y.Z., W.H.T.), Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Chaofei Chen
- Institute of Pediatrics (Y.W., Y. Liu, J.T., X.F., D.L., X.F., C.C., Y.Z., W.H.T.), Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Organ Transplantation (L.L., Z.C.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Zhouping Wang
- Department of Cardiology (Z.W.), Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Shunyang Fan
- Heart Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China (S.F., W.H.T.)
| | - Renjing Liu
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, Australia (R.L.)
| | - Lei Pan
- The Center for Microbes, Development, and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China (L.P.)
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Institute of Pediatrics (Y.W., Y. Liu, J.T., X.F., D.L., X.F., C.C., Y.Z., W.H.T.), Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Wai Ho Tang
- Institute of Pediatrics (Y.W., Y. Liu, J.T., X.F., D.L., X.F., C.C., Y.Z., W.H.T.), Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, China
- Heart Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China (S.F., W.H.T.)
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China (W.H.T.)
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Siwakoti B, Lien TS, Lin YY, Pethaperumal S, Hung SC, Sun DS, Cheng CF, Chang HH. The Role of Activating Transcription Factor 3 in Metformin's Alleviation of Gastrointestinal Injury Induced by Restraint Stress in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10995. [PMID: 37446172 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Metformin is one of the most commonly used drugs for type 2 diabetes mellitus. In addition to its anti-diabetic property, evidence suggests more potential applications for metformin, such as antiaging, cellular protection, and anti-inflammation. Studies have reported that metformin activates pathways with anti-inflammatory effects, enhances the integrity of gut epithelial tight junctions, and promotes a healthy gut microbiome. These actions contribute to the protective effect of metformin against gastrointestinal (GI) tract injury. However, whether metformin plays a protective role in psychological-stress-associated GI tract injury remains elusive. We aim to elucidate the potential protective effect of metformin on the GI system and develop an effective intervention strategy to counteract GI injury induced by acute psychological stress. By monitoring the levels of GI-nonabsorbable Evans blue dye in the bloodstream, we assessed the progression of GI injury in live mice. Our findings demonstrate that the administration of metformin effectively mitigated GI leakage caused by psychological stress. The GI protective effect of metformin is more potent when used on wild-type mice than on activating-transcription-factor 3 (ATF3)-deficient (ATF3-/-) mice. As such, metformin-mediated rescue was conducted in an ATF3-dependent manner. In addition, metformin-mediated protection is associated with the induction of stress-induced GI mRNA expressions of the stress-induced genes ATF3 and AMP-activated protein kinase. Furthermore, metformin treatment-mediated protection of CD326+ GI epithelial cells against stress-induced apoptotic cell death was observed in wild-type but not in ATF3-/- mice. These results suggest that metformin plays a protective role in stress-induced GI injury and that ATF3 is an essential regulator for metformin-mediated rescue of stress-induced GI tract injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijaya Siwakoti
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Te-Sheng Lien
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - You-Yen Lin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Subhashree Pethaperumal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Che Hung
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Der-Shan Sun
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Feng Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taipei 23142, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hou Chang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
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3
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Wang B, Yang X, Sun X, Liu J, Fu Y, Liu B, Qiu J, Lian J, Zhou J. ATF3 in atherosclerosis: a controversial transcription factor. J Mol Med (Berl) 2022; 100:1557-1568. [PMID: 36207452 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-022-02263-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the pathophysiological basis of most malignant cardiovascular diseases, remains a global concern. Transcription factors play a key role in regulating cell function and disease progression in developmental signaling pathways involved in atherosclerosis. Activated transcription factor (ATF) 3 is an adaptive response gene in the ATF/cAMP response element binding (CREB) protein family that acts as a transcription suppressor or activator by forming homodimers or heterodimers with other ATF/CREB members. Appropriate ATF3 expression is vital for normal physiological cell function. Notably, ATF3 exhibits distinct roles in vascular endothelial cells, macrophages, and the liver, which will also be described in detail. This review provides a new perspective for atherosclerosis therapy by summarizing the mechanism of ATF3 in atherosclerosis, as well as the structure and pathophysiological properties of ATF3. KEY MESSAGES: • In endothelial cells, ATF3 overexpression aggravates oxidative stress and inflammation. • In macrophages and liver cells, ATF3 can act as a negative regulator of inflammation and promote cholesterol metabolism. • ATF3 can be used as a potential therapeutic factor in the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyu Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular, Medical College, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular, Medical College, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Department of Cardiovascular, Lihuili Hospital Affiliated to Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Central Laboratory, Ningbo Institute of Innovation for Combined Medicine and Engineering, Ningbo, China
| | - Xinyi Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular, Medical College, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jianhui Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular, Lihuili Hospital Affiliated to Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Central Laboratory, Ningbo Institute of Innovation for Combined Medicine and Engineering, Ningbo, China
| | - Yin Fu
- Department of Cardiovascular, Medical College, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Bingyang Liu
- Central Laboratory, Ningbo Institute of Innovation for Combined Medicine and Engineering, Ningbo, China
| | - Jun Qiu
- Department of Cardiovascular, Medical College, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiangfang Lian
- Department of Cardiovascular, Medical College, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Department of Cardiovascular, Lihuili Hospital Affiliated to Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Central Laboratory, Ningbo Institute of Innovation for Combined Medicine and Engineering, Ningbo, China
| | - Jianqing Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular, Medical College, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China. .,Department of Cardiovascular, Lihuili Hospital Affiliated to Ningbo University, Ningbo, China. .,Central Laboratory, Ningbo Institute of Innovation for Combined Medicine and Engineering, Ningbo, China.
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4
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Wang Y, Gao H, Wang F, Ye Z, Mokry M, Turner AW, Ye J, Koplev S, Luo L, Alsaigh T, Adkar SS, Elishaev M, Gao X, Maegdefessel L, Björkegren JLM, Pasterkamp G, Miller CL, Ross EG, Leeper NJ. Dynamic changes in chromatin accessibility are associated with the atherogenic transitioning of vascular smooth muscle cells. Cardiovasc Res 2022; 118:2792-2804. [PMID: 34849613 PMCID: PMC9586565 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS De-differentiation and activation of pro-inflammatory pathways are key transitions vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) make during atherogenesis. Here, we explored the upstream regulators of this 'atherogenic transition'. METHODS AND RESULTS Genome-wide sequencing studies, including Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin using sequencing and RNA-seq, were performed on cells isolated from both murine SMC-lineage-tracing models of atherosclerosis and human atherosclerotic lesions. At the bulk level, alterations in chromatin accessibility were associated with the atherogenic transitioning of lesional SMCs, especially in relation to genes that govern differentiation status and complement-dependent inflammation. Using computational biology, we observed that a transcription factor previously related to coronary artery disease, Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), was predicted to be an upstream regulator of genes altered during the transition. At the single-cell level, our results indicated that ATF3 is a key repressor of SMC transitioning towards the subset of cells that promote vascular inflammation by activating the complement cascade. The expression of ATF3 and complement component C3 was negatively correlated in SMCs from human atherosclerotic lesions, suggesting translational relevance. Phenome-wide association studies indicated that genetic variation that results in reduced expression of ATF3 is correlated with an increased risk for atherosclerosis, and the expression of ATF3 was significantly down-regulated in humans with advanced vascular disease. CONCLUSION Our study indicates that the plasticity of atherosclerotic SMCs may in part be explained by dynamic changes in their chromatin architecture, which in turn may contribute to their maladaptive response to inflammation-induced stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hua Gao
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Fudi Wang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zhongde Ye
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michal Mokry
- Department of Cardiology and Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht 3584 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Adam W Turner
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, 1335 Lee St, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Jianqin Ye
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Simon Koplev
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Lingfeng Luo
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tom Alsaigh
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 870 Quarry Road Extension, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Shaunak S Adkar
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Maria Elishaev
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Centre for Heart Lung Innvoation, University of British Columbia, 166-1081 Burrard St, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Xiangyu Gao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Centre for Heart Lung Innvoation, University of British Columbia, 166-1081 Burrard St, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Lars Maegdefessel
- Department for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, and the German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK partner site), Biedersteiner Str. 29, Munich 80802, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Visionsgatan 18, Stockholm 171 76, Sweden
| | - Johan L M Björkegren
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Department of Cardiology and Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht 3584 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Clint L Miller
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, 1335 Lee St, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Elsie G Ross
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nicholas J Leeper
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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5
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Chang HH, Sun DS. Emerging role of the itaconate-mediated rescue of cellular metabolic stress. Tzu Chi Med J 2022; 34:134-138. [PMID: 35465285 PMCID: PMC9020237 DOI: 10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_79_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic regulations play vital roles on maintaining the homeostasis of our body. Evidence have suggested that ATF3 and nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (NRF2) are critical for maintaining cell function, metabolism, and inflammation/anti-inflammation regulations when cells are under stress, while the upstream regulators in the stressed cells remain elusive. Recent findings have shown that tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites such as itaconate and succinate are not just mitochondrial metabolites, but rather important signaling mediators, involving in the regulations of metabolism, immune modulation. Itaconate exerts anti-inflammatory role through regulating ATF3 and NRF2 pathways under stressed conditions. In addition, itaconate inhibits succinate dehydrogenase, succinate oxidation and thus blocking succinate-mediated inflammatory processes. These findings suggest itaconate-ATF3 and itaconate-NRF2 axes are well-coordinated machineries that facilitate the rescue against cellular stress. Here, we review these fascinating discoveries, a research field may help the development of more effective therapeutic approach to manage stress-induced inflammation, tissue damage, and metabolic disorder.
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Chuang DJ, Pethaperumal S, Siwakoti B, Chien HJ, Cheng CF, Hung SC, Lien TS, Sun DS, Chang HH. Activating Transcription Factor 3 Protects against Restraint Stress-Induced Gastrointestinal Injury in Mice. Cells 2021; 10:3530. [PMID: 34944038 PMCID: PMC8700235 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychological stress increases the risk of gastrointestinal (GI) tract diseases, which involve bidirectional communication of the GI and nerves systems. Acute stress leads to GI ulcers; however, the mechanism of the native cellular protection pathway, which safeguards tissue integrality and maintains GI homeostasis, remains to be investigated. In a mouse model of this study, restraint stress induced GI leakage, abnormal tight junction protein expression, and cell death of gut epithelial cells. The expression of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), a stress-responsive transcription factor, is upregulated in the GI tissues of stressed animals. ATF3-deficient mice displayed an exacerbated phenotype of GI injuries. These results suggested that, in response to stress, ATF3 is part of the native cellular protective pathway in the GI system, which could be a molecular target for managing psychological stress-induced GI tract diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dun-Jie Chuang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan; (D.-J.C.); (S.P.); (B.S.); (T.-S.L.); (D.-S.S.)
| | - Subhashree Pethaperumal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan; (D.-J.C.); (S.P.); (B.S.); (T.-S.L.); (D.-S.S.)
| | - Bijaya Siwakoti
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan; (D.-J.C.); (S.P.); (B.S.); (T.-S.L.); (D.-S.S.)
| | - Hung-Jen Chien
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
| | - Ching-Feng Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan;
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Che Hung
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan;
| | - Te-Sheng Lien
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan; (D.-J.C.); (S.P.); (B.S.); (T.-S.L.); (D.-S.S.)
| | - Der-Shan Sun
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan; (D.-J.C.); (S.P.); (B.S.); (T.-S.L.); (D.-S.S.)
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan;
| | - Hsin-Hou Chang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan; (D.-J.C.); (S.P.); (B.S.); (T.-S.L.); (D.-S.S.)
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan;
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7
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Peng J, Le CY, Xia B, Wang JW, Liu JJ, Li Z, Zhang QJ, Zhang Q, Wang J, Wan CW. Research on the correlation between activating transcription factor 3 expression in the human coronary artery and atherosclerotic plaque stability. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2021; 21:356. [PMID: 34320932 PMCID: PMC8317287 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-021-02161-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) is an early response gene that is activated in response to atherosclerotic stimulation and may be an important factor in inhibiting the progression of atherosclerosis. In this study, we directly measured the expression of ATF3 and inflammatory factors in human coronary atherosclerotic plaques to examine the relationship between ATF3 expression, inflammation and structural stability in human coronary atherosclerotic plaques. Methods A total of 68 coronary artery specimens were collected from the autopsy group, including 36 cases of sudden death from coronary heart disease (SCD group) and 32 cases of acute death caused by mechanical injury with coronary atherosclerosis (CHD group). Twenty-two patients who had no coronary heart disease were collected as the control group (Con group). The histological structure of the coronary artery was observed under a light microscope after routine HE staining, and the intimal and lesion thicknesses, thickness of the fibrous cap, thickness of necrosis core, degree of lumen stenosis were assessed by image analysis software. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to measure the expression and distribution of ATF3, inflammatory factors (CD45, IL-1β, TNF-α) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1) in the coronary artery. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to analyse the correlation between ATF3 protein expression and inflammatory factors and between ATF3 protein expression and structure-related indexes in the lesion group. Results Compared with those in the control group, the intima and necrotic core in the coronary artery were thickened, the fibrous cap became thin and the degree of vascular stenosis was increased in the lesion group, while the intima and necrotic core became thicker and the fibrous cap became thinner in the SCD group than in the CHD group (P < 0.05). There was no or low expression of ATF3, inflammatory factors, VCAM1 and MMP-9 in the control group, and the expression of inflammatory factors, VCAM1 and MMP-9 in the SCD group was higher than that in CHD group, while the expression of ATF3 in the SCD group was significantly lower than that in CHD group (P < 0.05). In the lesion group, the expression of ATF3 was negatively correlated with intimal and necrotic focus thickness, positively correlated with fibrous cap thickness (P < 0.01), and negatively correlated with inflammatory factors, VCAM1 and MMP-9 (P < 0.01). Conclusions The expression of ATF3 may be related to the progression and stability of atherosclerotic plaques, and may affect the structural stability of atherosclerotic plaques by regulating the inflammatory response, thus participating in the regulation of atherosclerotic progression. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12872-021-02161-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Peng
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550000, Guizhou, China
| | - C Y Le
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550000, Guizhou, China
| | - B Xia
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550000, Guizhou, China
| | - J W Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550000, Guizhou, China
| | - J J Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550000, Guizhou, China
| | - Z Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550000, Guizhou, China
| | - Q J Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550000, Guizhou, China
| | - Q Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550000, Guizhou, China
| | - J Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550000, Guizhou, China.
| | - C W Wan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550000, Guizhou, China.
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Chen Z, Zhang J, Wei D, Chen J, Yang J. GCN2 Regulates ATF3-p38 MAPK Signaling Transduction in Pulmonary Veno-Occlusive Disease. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2021; 26:677-689. [PMID: 33988041 DOI: 10.1177/10742484211015535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD) is a fatal disease of pulmonary vascular lesions leading to right heart failure. Heritable PVOD (hPVOD) is related to biallelic mutation of EIF2AK4 (encoding GCN2), but its molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the pathogenesis of PVOD and to find potential drug targets for PVOD. GCN2 dysfunction led to an enhanced transcription of collagen I gene (col1a1 and col1a2) through decreasing ATF3-dependent p38 phosphorylation inhibition in PVOD, which promotes the collagen I synthesis in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) and eventually leads to increased collagen deposition in pulmonary artery. Four GCN2 knockout (KO) cell lines (exon 15 or 33 mutation) were successfully constructed by epiCRISPR system. Two induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were generated by reprogramming peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of PVOD patient. It was also comfirmed that GCN2 dysfunction could lead to increased expression of collagen I in lateral plate mesoderm lineage-smooth muscle cells (LM-SMCs) differentiated from both GCN2 KO cell lines and iPSCs. SB203580 (a specific inhibitor of p38) improved hemodynamics and pulmonary vascular remodeling in mitomycin C (MMC)-induced PVOD rats by right ventricle echocardiography. On the whole, we proposed that GCN2 deficiency decreased ATF3-dependent p38 phosphorylation inhibition in PVOD development and suggested a potential therapeutic reagent of SB203580 for the treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqiu Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, 12501Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Physiology, 26441Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingyuan Zhang
- Department of Physiology, 26441Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dong Wei
- Wuxi Lung Transplant Center, 261546Wuxi People's Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jingyu Chen
- Wuxi Lung Transplant Center, 261546Wuxi People's Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Physiology, 26441Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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9
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Zhao G, Lu H, Chang Z, Zhao Y, Zhu T, Chang L, Guo Y, Garcia-Barrio MT, Chen YE, Zhang J. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals the cellular heterogeneity of aneurysmal infrarenal abdominal aorta. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:1402-1416. [PMID: 32678909 PMCID: PMC8064434 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The artery contains numerous cell types which contribute to multiple vascular diseases. However, the heterogeneity and cellular responses of these vascular cells during abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) progression have not been well characterized. METHODS AND RESULTS Single-cell RNA sequencing was performed on the infrarenal abdominal aortas (IAAs) from C57BL/6J mice at Days 7 and 14 post-sham or peri-adventitial elastase-induced AAA. Unbiased clustering analysis of the transcriptional profiles from >4500 aortic cells identified 17 clusters representing nine-cell lineages, encompassing vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), fibroblasts, endothelial cells, immune cells (macrophages, T cells, B cells, and dendritic cells), and two types of rare cells, including neural cells and erythrocyte cells. Seurat clustering analysis identified four smooth muscle cell (SMC) subpopulations and five monocyte/macrophage subpopulations, with distinct transcriptional profiles. During AAA progression, three major SMC subpopulations were proportionally decreased, whereas the small subpopulation was increased, accompanied with down-regulation of SMC contractile markers and up-regulation of pro-inflammatory genes. Another AAA-associated cellular response is immune cell expansion, particularly monocytes/macrophages. Elastase exposure induced significant expansion and activation of aortic resident macrophages, blood-derived monocytes and inflammatory macrophages. We also identified increased blood-derived reparative macrophages expressing anti-inflammatory cytokines suggesting that resolution of inflammation and vascular repair also persist during AAA progression. CONCLUSION Our data identify AAA disease-relevant transcriptional signatures of vascular cells in the IAA. Furthermore, we characterize the heterogeneity and cellular responses of VSMCs and monocytes/macrophages during AAA progression, which provide insights into their function and the regulation of AAA onset and progression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta, Abdominal/metabolism
- Aorta, Abdominal/pathology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/chemically induced
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/genetics
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/metabolism
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/pathology
- Cell Lineage
- Cluster Analysis
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/pathology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Monocytes/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Pancreatic Elastase
- Phenotype
- RNA-Seq
- Single-Cell Analysis
- Transcriptome
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Guizhen Zhao
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, NCRC Bldg26, Room 357S. 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Haocheng Lu
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, NCRC Bldg26, Room 357S. 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ziyi Chang
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, NCRC Bldg26, Room 357S. 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, PR China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, NCRC Bldg26, Room 357S. 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Tianqing Zhu
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, NCRC Bldg26, Room 357S. 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lin Chang
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, NCRC Bldg26, Room 357S. 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yanhong Guo
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, NCRC Bldg26, Room 357S. 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Minerva T Garcia-Barrio
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, NCRC Bldg26, Room 357S. 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, NCRC Bldg26, Room 357S. 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, NCRC Bldg26, Room 357S. 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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10
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Liu X, Liu X, Li M, Zhang Y, Chen W, Zhang M, Zhang C, Zhang M. Mechanical Stretch Induces Smooth Muscle Cell Dysfunction by Regulating ACE2 via P38/ATF3 and Post-transcriptional Regulation by miR-421. Front Physiol 2021; 11:540591. [PMID: 33536929 PMCID: PMC7848200 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.540591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stretch promotes deregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) functions during hypertension-induced vascular remodeling. ACE2 has a wide range of cardiovascular and renal protective effects. Loss of ACE2 is associated with cardiovascular disease, but little is known about the regulation of its expression, especially by abnormal mechanical stretch during hypertension. The present study was designed to investigate the contribution of ACE2 to vascular remodeling under mechanical stretch and to assess the possible underlying mechanisms. The abdominal aortic constriction model was established to mimic the environment in vivo. FX-5000T Strain Unit provided mechanical stretch in vitro. Overexpression was used to analyze the role of ACE2 played in the proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and collagen metabolism of the VSMCs. RT-qPCR, Western blot, luciferase assay, and ChIP assay were used to elucidate the molecular mechanism of ACE2 expression regulated by stretch. We found that mechanical stretch modulated the expression of the ACE2/Ang-(1–7) and ACE/AngII axis. ACE2 was mechanically sensitive and was involved in the stretch-induced dysfunction of VSMCs. The p38 MAPK/ATF3 pathway and miR-421 participated in the regulation of ACE2. Thus, ACE2 may contribute to the development of vascular remodeling under conditions of mechanical stretch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xinxin Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Weijia Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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11
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Deng Y, Guo SL, Li JQ, Xie SS, Zhou YC, Wei B, Wang Q, Wang F. Interferon regulatory factor 7 inhibits rat vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and inflammation in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. Life Sci 2021; 264:118709. [PMID: 33152351 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Although interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) has known roles in regulating the inflammatory response, vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, and apoptosis, its role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension (PH) is unclear. We hypothesized that IRF7 overexpression could inhibit pulmonary vascular remodeling and slow the progression of PH. MAIN METHODS IRF7 mRNA and protein levels in the lung samples and pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) isolated from monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PH rats were assessed. We evaluated the effects of IRF7 on inflammation, proliferation, and apoptosis using an in vivo MCT-induced PH rat model and in vitro methods. KEY FINDINGS We noted decreased IRF7 mRNA and protein levels in the pulmonary vasculature of MCT-induced PH rats. IRF7 upregulation attenuated pulmonary vascular remodeling, decreased the pulmonary artery systolic pressure, and improved the right ventricular (RV) structure and function. Our findings suggest that nuclear factor kappa-Bp65 (NF-κBp65) deactivation could confer pulmonary vasculature protection, reduce proinflammatory cytokine (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin 6) release, and decrease PASMC proliferation and resistance to apoptosis via deactivating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) signaling. ATF3 deactivation induced the downregulation of the proliferation-dependent genes proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), cyclin D1, and survivin, coupled with increased levels of B cell lymphoma-2-associated X protein (Bax)/B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl2) ratio, and cleaved caspase-3 in PASMCs. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings showed that IRF7 downregulation could initiate inflammation via NF-κBp65 signaling, causing PASMC proliferation via ATF3 signaling pathway activation. Therefore, IRF7 could be a potential molecular target for PH therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Activating Transcription Factor 3/metabolism
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Caspase 3/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit/metabolism
- Cyclin D1/metabolism
- Dependovirus/metabolism
- Heart Ventricles/pathology
- Heart Ventricles/physiopathology
- Hemodynamics
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/chemically induced
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/metabolism
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/pathology
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/physiopathology
- Inflammation/complications
- Inflammation/pathology
- Interferon Regulatory Factor-7/metabolism
- Lung/pathology
- Lung/physiopathology
- Male
- Monocrotaline
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/metabolism
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Survivin/metabolism
- Up-Regulation
- Vascular Remodeling
- bcl-2-Associated X Protein/metabolism
- Rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Deng
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.
| | - Sheng-Lan Guo
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jia-Quan Li
- The Experimental Center of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Shan-Shan Xie
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Ying-Chuan Zhou
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Bin Wei
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Fen Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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12
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Choe N, Kwon DH, Ryu J, Shin S, Cho HJ, Joung H, Eom GH, Ahn Y, Park WJ, Nam KI, Kim YK, Kook H. miR-27a-3p Targets ATF3 to Reduce Calcium Deposition in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 22:627-639. [PMID: 33230462 PMCID: PMC7578555 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Vascular calcification, the ectopic deposition of calcium in blood vessels, develops in association with various metabolic diseases and atherosclerosis and is an independent predictor of morbidity and mortality associated with these diseases. Herein, we report that reduction of microRNA-27a-3p (miR-27a-3p) causes an increase in activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), a novel osteogenic transcription factor, in vascular smooth muscle cells. Both microRNA (miRNA) and mRNA microarrays were performed with rat vascular smooth muscle cells, and reciprocally regulated pairs of miRNA and mRNA were selected after bioinformatics analysis. Inorganic phosphate significantly reduced the expression of miR-27a-3p in A10 cells. The transcript level was also reduced in vitamin D3-administered mouse aortas. miR-27a-3p mimic reduced calcium deposition, whereas miR-27a-3p inhibitor increased it. The Atf3 mRNA level was upregulated in a cellular vascular calcification model, and miR-27a-3p reduced the Atf3 mRNA and protein levels. Transfection with Atf3 could recover the miR-27a-3p-induced reduction of calcium deposition. Our results suggest that reduction of miR-27a-3p may contribute to the development of vascular calcification by de-repression of ATF3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakwon Choe
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Duk-Hwa Kwon
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhee Ryu
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Sera Shin
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jung Cho
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Hosouk Joung
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang Hyeon Eom
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngkeun Ahn
- Department of Cardiology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Jin Park
- College of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Il Nam
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Kook
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea
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13
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Chen WJ, Lai YJ, Lee JL, Wu ST, Hsu YJ. CREB/ATF3 signaling mediates indoxyl sulfate-induced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and neointimal formation in uremia. Atherosclerosis 2020; 315:43-54. [PMID: 33227547 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Uremic patients are characterized by an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation contributes to neointimal formation, a main pathological feature in atherosclerosis. Activation of CREB/ATF3 signaling is pivotal in VSMC proliferation, yet its role in uremic atherosclerosis is unknown. This study aimed to explore whether CREB/ATF3 signaling is involved in the molecular mechanism underlying neointimal formation in uremia. METHODS AND RESULTS Treatment of VSMCs with uremic toxin (indoxyl sulfate [IS]) activated cAMP/CREB/ATF3/cyclin D signaling, which was reflected by increased VSMC proliferation. Blocking cAMP/PKA/CREB/ATF3 signaling attenuated the promoting effect of IS on cyclin D1 expression and VSMC proliferation. Loss-of-function and time-dependent experiments showed that ATF3 lies downstream of the CREB signaling. Mutational analysis of cyclin D1 promoter along with chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that CREB/ATF3 signaling participated in IS-induced cyclin D transcription. In vivo, phosphorylated CREB (an active form of CREB) and ATF3 were prominently upregulated in the neointima of experimental uremic rats, the atherosclerotic plaques of uremic ApoE-/- mice, and the iliac arteries of uremic patients. Notably, the use of lentivirus to knock down ATF3 in the neointima of balloon-injured arteries could suppress the effect of uremia in vivo, including neointimal formation and cyclin D expression. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we demonstrated that CREB/ATF3-related signaling may be involved in IS-induced VSMC proliferation and the pathogenesis of neointimal formation during uremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jan Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ju Lai
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Lin Lee
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Tang Wu
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Juei Hsu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
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14
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Ji R, Gu Y, Zhang J, Gao C, Gao W, Zang X, Zhao Y. TRIM7 promotes proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis through activating c-Jun/AP-1. IUBMB Life 2019; 72:247-258. [PMID: 31625258 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS), with associated risk of stroke or cerebrovascular disease, is one of the most common causes of death globally. It has been well established that tripartite motif-containing protein 7 Tripartite Motif-containing 7 (Trim7), as an E3 ubiquitin protein ligase, is involved in protein ubiquitination and thus regulating cellular proliferation. Moreover, TRIM7 is upregulated in advanced carotid AS. However, the detailed mechanism of TRIM7 on regulation of AS remains unclear. In the present study, we firstly discovered that TRIM7 expression was robustly induced in platelet-derived growth factor type BB-treated vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and human atherosclerotic plaques. Functional approaches established that knockdown of TRIM7 inhibited proliferation and migration of VSMCs, as well as arrested the cell cycle at G1-S, thus suppressing AS progression. Our results also identified that c-Jun/activator protein 1 (AP-1) signaling pathway was activated by TRIM7. Moreover, gain- and loss-of-function studies revealed that TRIM7 could promote proliferation and migration of VSMCs via activation of c-Jun/AP-1 signaling pathway. Finally, by using atherogenic apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE-/-) C57BL/6 mice with high-fat diet AS model, we demonstrated that interference of TRIM7 could effectively mitigate in vivo AS via inactivation of c-Jun/AP-1 signaling pathway. In general, activation of c-Jun/AP-1 signaling pathway via TRIM7 could be an important mechanism in AS progression, thus shedding light on the development of novel therapeutics to the treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjing Ji
- Department of Cardiology, FuWai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Cardiology, Medical School of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China.,Department of Cardiology, The People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Gu
- Department of neurology, The Third People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, FuWai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chuanyu Gao
- Department of Cardiology, FuWai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wanli Gao
- Department of Cardiology, FuWai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaobiao Zang
- Department of Cardiology, FuWai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yonghui Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, FuWai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Cardiology, The People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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15
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Duan Y, Zhang Y, Qu C, Yu W, Shen C. CKLF1 aggravates neointimal hyperplasia by inhibiting apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells through PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 117:108986. [PMID: 31387172 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine-like factor 1 (CKLF1) is a cytokine, which has a detrimental effect on the multiple disease progression. Our previous studies reported that arterial injury induced the upregulation of CKLF1 expression in artery at 7-14 days after injury. Here, using a rat carotid balloon injury model, we found that CKLF1 knockdown in the injured site abolished neointimal formation and even decreased medial area; contrarily, CKLF1 overexpression developed a thicker neointima than controls, demonstrating that CKLF1 exerted positive effects on neointimal hyperplasia and the accumulation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). The mechanism study indicated that CKLF1 reduced susceptibility to the cell cycle G2/M arrest and apoptosis, and thereby speeding up VSMC accumulation. This role of CKLF1 was tightly associated with phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase signaling pathway. CKLF1 increased the expression of four isoforms of the PI3-kinase catalytic subunits, which in turn activated its downstream targets Akt and an effector NF-κB accepted as critical transcription factors of cell survival and proliferation. Furthermore, RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that CKLF1 had wide-ranging roles in regulating the expression of genes that mainly engaged in cell apoptosis and innate immune response. Collectively, the data allow us to conclude that high level CKLF1 after artery injury switches the balance of VSMC proliferation and apoptosis through PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling and consequently leads to neointimal hyperplasia. The findings shed insight into new treatment strategies to limit restenosis based on CKLF1 as a future target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyu Duan
- Department of Vascular Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Yongbao Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Chengjia Qu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Weidong Yu
- Department of Central Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Chenyang Shen
- Department of Vascular Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China.
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16
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Ma ZG, Yuan YP, Wu HM, Zhang X, Tang QZ. Cardiac fibrosis: new insights into the pathogenesis. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:1645-1657. [PMID: 30416379 PMCID: PMC6216032 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.28103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is defined as the imbalance of extracellular matrix (ECM) production and degradation, thus contributing to cardiac dysfunction in many cardiac pathophysiologic conditions. This review discusses specific markers and origin of cardiac fibroblasts (CFs), and the underlying mechanism involved in the development of cardiac fibrosis. Currently, there are no CFs-specific molecular markers. Most studies use co-labelling with panels of antibodies that can recognize CFs. Origin of fibroblasts is heterogeneous. After fibrotic stimuli, the levels of myocardial pro-fibrotic growth factors and cytokines are increased. These pro-fibrotic growth factors and cytokines bind to its receptors and then trigger the activation of signaling pathway and transcriptional factors via Smad-dependent or Smad independent-manners. These fibrosis-related transcriptional factors regulate gene expression that are involved in the fibrosis to amplify the fibrotic response. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for initiation, progression, and amplification of cardiac fibrosis are of great clinical significance to find drugs that can prevent the progression of cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Guo Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, RP China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, RP China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, RP China
| | - Yu-Pei Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, RP China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, RP China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, RP China
| | - Hai-Ming Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, RP China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, RP China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, RP China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, RP China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, RP China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, RP China
| | - Qi-Zhu Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, RP China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, RP China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, RP China
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Rohini M, Haritha Menon A, Selvamurugan N. Role of activating transcription factor 3 and its interacting proteins under physiological and pathological conditions. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 120:310-317. [PMID: 30144543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.08.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) is a stress-responsive factor that belongs to the activator protein 1 (AP-1) family of transcription factors. ATF3 expression is stimulated by various factors such as hypoxia, cytokines, and chemotherapeutic and DNA damaging agents. Upon stimulation, ATF3 can form homodimers or heterodimers with other members of the AP-1 family to repress or activate transcription. Under physiological conditions, ATF3 expression is transient and plays a pivotal role in controlling the expression of cell-cycle regulators and tumor suppressor, DNA repair, and apoptosis genes. However, under pathological conditions such as those during breast cancer, a sustained and prolonged expression of ATF3 has been observed. In this review, the structure and function of ATF3, its posttranslational modifications (PTM), and its interacting proteins are discussed with a special emphasis on breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rohini
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A Haritha Menon
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Selvamurugan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India.
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18
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Activating transcription factor 3 in cardiovascular diseases: a potential therapeutic target. Basic Res Cardiol 2018; 113:37. [PMID: 30094473 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-018-0698-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the primary causes of death worldwide. Among the numerous signaling molecules involved in CVDs, transcriptional factors directly influence gene expression and play a critical role in regulating cell function and the development of diseases. Activating transcription factor (ATF) 3 is an adaptive-response gene in the ATF/cAMP responsive element-binding (CREB) protein family of transcription factors that acts as either a repressor or an activator of transcription via the formation of homodimers or heterodimers with other ATF/CREB members. A appropriate ATF3 expression is important for the normal physiology of cells, and dysfunction of ATF3 is associated with various pathophysiological responses such as inflammation, apoptosis, oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress, and diseases, including CVDs. This review focuses on the role of ATF3 in cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, atherosclerosis, ischemic heart diseases, hypertension and diabetes mellitus to provide a novel therapeutic target for CVDs.
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19
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Elolimy AA, Moisá SJ, Brennan KM, Smith AC, Graugnard D, Shike DW, Loor JJ. Skeletal muscle and liver gene expression profiles in finishing steers supplemented with Amaize. Anim Sci J 2018; 89:1107-1119. [PMID: 29808540 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Our main objective was to evaluate the effects of feeding α-amylase (Amaize, Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY, USA) for 140 days on skeletal muscle and liver gene transcription in beef steers. Steers fed Amaize had lower average daily gain (p = .03) and gain:feed ratio (p = .05). No differences (p > .10) in serum metabolites or carcass traits were detected between the two groups but Amaize steers tended (p < .15) to have increased 12th rib fat depth. Microarray analysis of skeletal muscle revealed 21 differentially expressed genes (DEG), where 14 were up-regulated and seven were down-regulated in Amaize-fed steers. The bioinformatics analysis indicated that metabolic pathways involved in fat formation and deposition, stress response, and muscle function were activated, while myogenesis was inhibited in Amaize-fed steers. The quantitative PCR results for liver revealed a decrease (p < .01) in expression of fatty acid binding protein 1 (FABP1) and 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase 1 (BDH1) with Amaize. Because these genes are key for intracellular fatty acid transport, oxidation and ketone body production, data suggest a reduction in hepatic lipid catabolism. Future work to investigate potential positive effects of Amaize on cellular stress response, muscle function, and liver function in beef cattle appears warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Elolimy
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Sonia J Moisá
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.,Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Kristen M Brennan
- Alltech Center for Nutrigenomics and Applied Animal Nutrition, Nicholasville, Kentucky
| | - Allison C Smith
- Alltech Center for Nutrigenomics and Applied Animal Nutrition, Nicholasville, Kentucky
| | - Daniel Graugnard
- Alltech Center for Nutrigenomics and Applied Animal Nutrition, Nicholasville, Kentucky
| | - Daniel W Shike
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Juan J Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.,Division of Nutritional Sciences, Illinois Informatics Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
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20
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Lin H, Cheng CF. Activating transcription factor 3, an early cellular adaptive responder in ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury. Tzu Chi Med J 2018; 30:61-65. [PMID: 29875584 PMCID: PMC5968744 DOI: 10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_37_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have reported that ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) may act in the immune system where an exaggerated inflammatory response is initiated. With the activation of the immune system, damage-associated molecular patterns migrate and adhere to the I/R region, consequently inducing multiorgan injury. Emerging data indicate that upon I/R, stress-inducible proteins, including activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), play essential roles in signaling during antiapoptotic, antimigration, and anti-inflammatory processes. Accumulating data suggest that ATF3 may be a potential target in I/R- or inflammation-induced organ dysfunction. This minireview focuses on the emerging evidence of the roles of ATF3 in multiple organs including the kidney, myocardium, and brain following I/R injury. In addition, this review addresses the role of ATF3 in chronic inflammation-induced pathophysiologies such as diabetes and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Lin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Feng Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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21
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Arnold CR, Lamont RE, Walker JT, Spice PJ, Chan CK, Ho CY, Childs SJ. Comparative analysis of genes regulated by Dzip1/iguana and hedgehog in zebrafish. Dev Dyn 2015; 244:211-23. [PMID: 25476803 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The zebrafish genetic mutant iguana (igu) has defects in the ciliary basal body protein Dzip1, causing improper cilia formation. Dzip1 also interacts with the downstream transcriptional activators of Hedgehog (Hh), the Gli proteins, and Hh signaling is disrupted in igu mutants. Hh governs a wide range of developmental processes, including stabilizing developing blood vessels to prevent hemorrhage. Using igu mutant embryos and embryos treated with the Hh pathway antagonist cyclopamine, we conducted a microarray to determine genes involved in Hh signaling mediating vascular stability. RESULTS We identified 40 genes with significantly altered expression in both igu mutants and cyclopamine-treated embryos. For a subset of these, we used in situ hybridization to determine localization during embryonic development and confirm the expression changes seen on the array. CONCLUSIONS Through comparing gene expression changes in a genetic model of vascular instability with a chemical inhibition of Hh signaling, we identified a set of 40 differentially expressed genes with potential roles in vascular stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey R Arnold
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Canada
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22
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Huang L, Zhang SM, Zhang P, Zhang XJ, Zhu LH, Chen K, Gao L, Zhang Y, Kong XJ, Tian S, Zhang XD, Li H. Interferon regulatory factor 7 protects against vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and neointima formation. J Am Heart Assoc 2014; 3:e001309. [PMID: 25304854 PMCID: PMC4323813 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.114.001309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7), a member of the interferon regulatory factor family, plays important roles in innate immunity and immune cell differentiation. However, the role of IRF7 in neointima formation is currently unknown. Methods and Results Significant decreases in IRF7 expression were observed in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) following carotid artery injury in vivo and platelet‐derived growth factor‐BB (PDGF‐BB) stimulation in vitro. Compared with non‐transgenic (NTG) controls, SMC‐specific IRF7 transgenic (IRF7‐TG) mice displayed reduced neointima formation and VSMC proliferation in response to carotid injury, whereas a global knockout of IRF7 (IRF7‐KO) resulted in the opposite effect. Notably, a novel IRF7‐KO rat strain was successfully generated and used to further confirm the effects of IRF7 deletion on the acceleration of intimal hyperplasia based on a balloon injury‐induced vascular lesion model. Mechanistically, IRF7's inhibition of carotid thickening and the expression of VSMC proliferation markers was dependent on the interaction of IRF7 with activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) and its downstream target, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). The evidence that IRF7/ATF3‐double‐TG (DTG) and IRF7/ATF3‐double‐KO (DKO) mice abolished the regulatory effects exhibited by the IRF7‐TG and IRF7‐KO mice, respectively, validated the underlying molecular events of IRF7‐ATF3 interaction. Conclusions These findings demonstrated that IRF7 modulated VSMC proliferation and neointima formation by interacting with ATF3, thereby inhibiting the ATF3‐mediated induction of PCNA transcription. The results of this study indicate that IRF7 is a novel modulator of neointima formation and VSMC proliferation and may represent a promising target for vascular disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.) Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.)
| | - Shu-Min Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.) Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.)
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.) Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.)
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China (X.J.Z.)
| | - Li-Hua Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.) Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.)
| | - Ke Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (K.C., X.D.Z.)
| | - Lu Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (L.G.)
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.) Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.)
| | - Xiang-Jie Kong
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.) Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.)
| | - Song Tian
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.) Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.)
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (K.C., X.D.Z.)
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.) Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.)
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23
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Chen YL, Tsai YT, Lee CY, Lee CH, Chen CY, Liu CM, Chen JJ, Loh SH, Tsai CS. Urotensin II inhibits doxorubicin-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cell death by modulating ATF expression and via the ERK and Akt pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106812. [PMID: 25268131 PMCID: PMC4182104 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Regulation of the homeostasis of vascular endothelium is critical for the processes of vascular remodeling and angiogenesis under physiological and pathological conditions. Urotensin II (U-II), a potent vasoactive peptide, participates in vascular and myocardial remodeling after injury. We investigated the protective effect of U-II on doxorubicin (DOX)-induced apoptosis in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and the potential mechanisms involved in this process. Experimental Approach Cultured HUVECs were treated with vehicle, DOX (1 µM), U-II, or U-II plus DOX. Apoptosis was evaluated by DNA strand break level with TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining. Western blot analysis was employed to determine the related protein expression and flow cytometry assay was used to determine the TUNEL positive cells. Key Results U-II reduced the quantity of cleaved caspase-3 and cytosol cytochrome c and increased Bcl-2 expression, which results in protecting HUVECs from DOX-induced apoptosis. U-II induced Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) at both mRNA and protein levels in U-II-treated cells. Knockdown of ATF3 with ATF3 siRNA significantly reduced ATF3 protein levels and U-II protective effect under DOX-treated condition. U-II downregulated p53 expression in DOX-induced HUVECs apoptosis, and it rapidly activated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) and Akt. The DOX induced change of p53 was not affected by U-II antagonist (urantide) under ATF-3 knockdown. The inhibitory effect of U-II on DOX-increased apoptosis was attenuated by inhibitors of ERK (U0126) and PI3K/Akt (LY294002). Conclusion and Implications Our observations provide evidence that U-II protects HUVECs from DOX-induced apoptosis. ERK-Akt phosphorylation, ATF3 activation, and p53 downregulation may play a signal-transduction role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ling Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Ting Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chung-Yi Lee
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chien-Hsing Lee
- Department of Nursing, Min-Hwei College of Health Care Management, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chung-Yi Chen
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chi-Ming Liu
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jin-Jer Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shih-Hurng Loh
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail: (C-ST); (S-HL)
| | - Chien-Sung Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail: (C-ST); (S-HL)
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Goldberg J, Daniel M, van Heuvel Y, Victor M, Beyer C, Clarner T, Kipp M. Short-Term Cuprizone Feeding Induces Selective Amino Acid Deprivation with Concomitant Activation of an Integrated Stress Response in Oligodendrocytes. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2013; 33:1087-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-013-9975-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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25
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Miller CL, Anderson DR, Kundu RK, Raiesdana A, Nürnberg ST, Diaz R, Cheng K, Leeper NJ, Chen CH, Chang IS, Schadt EE, Hsiung CA, Assimes TL, Quertermous T. Disease-related growth factor and embryonic signaling pathways modulate an enhancer of TCF21 expression at the 6q23.2 coronary heart disease locus. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003652. [PMID: 23874238 PMCID: PMC3715442 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of mortality in both developed and developing countries worldwide. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have now identified 46 independent susceptibility loci for CHD, however, the biological and disease-relevant mechanisms for these associations remain elusive. The large-scale meta-analysis of GWAS recently identified in Caucasians a CHD-associated locus at chromosome 6q23.2, a region containing the transcription factor TCF21 gene. TCF21 (Capsulin/Pod1/Epicardin) is a member of the basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor family, and regulates cell fate decisions and differentiation in the developing coronary vasculature. Herein, we characterize a cis-regulatory mechanism by which the lead polymorphism rs12190287 disrupts an atypical activator protein 1 (AP-1) element, as demonstrated by allele-specific transcriptional regulation, transcription factor binding, and chromatin organization, leading to altered TCF21 expression. Further, this element is shown to mediate signaling through platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFR-β) and Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) pathways. A second disease allele identified in East Asians also appears to disrupt an AP-1-like element. Thus, both disease-related growth factor and embryonic signaling pathways may regulate CHD risk through two independent alleles at TCF21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clint L. Miller
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, and Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CLM); (TQ)
| | - D. Ryan Anderson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, and Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Ramendra K. Kundu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, and Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Azad Raiesdana
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, and Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Sylvia T. Nürnberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, and Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Roxanne Diaz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, and Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Karen Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, and Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Nicholas J. Leeper
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, and Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Chung-Hsing Chen
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - I-Shou Chang
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Eric E. Schadt
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Chao Agnes Hsiung
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Themistocles L. Assimes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, and Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas Quertermous
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, and Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CLM); (TQ)
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26
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Bushel PR, McGovern R, Liu L, Hofmann O, Huda A, Lu J, Hide W, Lin X. Population differences in transcript-regulator expression quantitative trait loci. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34286. [PMID: 22479588 PMCID: PMC3313997 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) are useful for identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with diseases. At times, a genetic variant may be associated with a master regulator involved in the manifestation of a disease. The downstream target genes of the master regulator are typically co-expressed and share biological function. Therefore, it is practical to screen for eQTLs by identifying SNPs associated with the targets of a transcript-regulator (TR). We used a multivariate regression with the gene expression of known targets of TRs and SNPs to identify TReQTLs in European (CEU) and African (YRI) HapMap populations. A nominal p-value of <1×10(-6) revealed 234 SNPs in CEU and 154 in YRI as TReQTLs. These represent 36 independent (tag) SNPs in CEU and 39 in YRI affecting the downstream targets of 25 and 36 TRs respectively. At a false discovery rate (FDR) = 45%, one cis-acting tag SNP (within 1 kb of a gene) in each population was identified as a TReQTL. In CEU, the SNP (rs16858621) in Pcnxl2 was found to be associated with the genes regulated by CREM whereas in YRI, the SNP (rs16909324) was linked to the targets of miRNA hsa-miR-125a. To infer the pathways that regulate expression, we ranked TReQTLs by connectivity within the structure of biological process subtrees. One TReQTL SNP (rs3790904) in CEU maps to Lphn2 and is associated (nominal p-value = 8.1×10(-7)) with the targets of the X-linked breast cancer suppressor Foxp3. The structure of the biological process subtree and a gene interaction network of the TReQTL revealed that tumor necrosis factor, NF-kappaB and variants in G-protein coupled receptors signaling may play a central role as communicators in Foxp3 functional regulation. The potential pleiotropic effect of the Foxp3 TReQTLs was gleaned from integrating mRNA-Seq data and SNP-set enrichment into the analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre R Bushel
- Biostatistics Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America.
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Hunt D, Raivich G, Anderson PN. Activating transcription factor 3 and the nervous system. Front Mol Neurosci 2012; 5:7. [PMID: 22347845 PMCID: PMC3278981 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2012.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) belongs to the ATF/cyclic AMP responsive element binding family of transcription factors and is often described as an adaptive response gene whose activity is usually regulated by stressful stimuli. Although expressed in a number of splice variants and generally recognized as a transcriptional repressor, ATF3 has the ability to interact with a number of other transcription factors including c-Jun to form complexes which not only repress, but can also activate various genes. ATF3 expression is modulated mainly at the transcriptional level and has markedly different effects in different types of cell. The levels of ATF3 mRNA and protein are normally very low in neurons and glia but their expression is rapidly upregulated in response to injury. ATF3 expression in neurons is closely linked to their survival and the regeneration of their axons following axotomy, and that in peripheral nerves correlates with the generation of a Schwann cell phenotype that is conducive to axonal regeneration. ATF3 is also induced by Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands but acts as a negative regulator of TLR signaling, suppressing the innate immune response which is involved in immuno-surveillance and can enhance or reduce the survival of injured neurons and promote the regeneration of their axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hunt
- Medical Education Centre, Newham University Hospital London, UK
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Activating transcription factor 3 deficiency promotes cardiac hypertrophy, dysfunction, and fibrosis induced by pressure overload. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26744. [PMID: 22053207 PMCID: PMC3203896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), which is encoded by an adaptive-response gene induced by various stimuli, plays an important role in the cardiovascular system. However, the effect of ATF3 on cardiac hypertrophy induced by a pathological stimulus has not been determined. Here, we investigated the effects of ATF3 deficiency on cardiac hypertrophy using in vitro and in vivo models. Aortic banding (AB) was performed to induce cardiac hypertrophy in mice. Cardiac hypertrophy was estimated by echocardiographic and hemodynamic measurements and by pathological and molecular analysis. ATF3 deficiency promoted cardiac hypertrophy, dysfunction and fibrosis after 4 weeks of AB compared to the wild type (WT) mice. Furthermore, enhanced activation of the MEK-ERK1/2 and JNK pathways was found in ATF3-knockout (KO) mice compared to WT mice. In vitro studies performed in cultured neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes confirmed that ATF3 deficiency promotes cardiomyocyte hypertrophy induced by angiotensin II, which was associated with the amplification of MEK-ERK1/2 and JNK signaling. Our results suggested that ATF3 plays a crucial role in the development of cardiac hypertrophy via negative regulation of the MEK-ERK1/2 and JNK pathways.
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Buganim Y, Madar S, Rais Y, Pomeraniec L, Harel E, Solomon H, Kalo E, Goldstein I, Brosh R, Haimov O, Avivi C, Polak-Charcon S, Goldfinger N, Barshack I, Rotter V. Transcriptional activity of ATF3 in the stromal compartment of tumors promotes cancer progression. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32:1749-57. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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