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Hart DA. Regulation of Bone by Mechanical Loading, Sex Hormones, and Nerves: Integration of Such Regulatory Complexity and Implications for Bone Loss during Space Flight and Post-Menopausal Osteoporosis. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1136. [PMID: 37509172 PMCID: PMC10377148 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
During evolution, the development of bone was critical for many species to thrive and function in the boundary conditions of Earth. Furthermore, bone also became a storehouse for calcium that could be mobilized for reproductive purposes in mammals and other species. The critical nature of bone for both function and reproductive needs during evolution in the context of the boundary conditions of Earth has led to complex regulatory mechanisms that require integration for optimization of this tissue across the lifespan. Three important regulatory variables include mechanical loading, sex hormones, and innervation/neuroregulation. The importance of mechanical loading has been the target of much research as bone appears to subscribe to the "use it or lose it" paradigm. Furthermore, because of the importance of post-menopausal osteoporosis in the risk for fractures and loss of function, this aspect of bone regulation has also focused research on sex differences in bone regulation. The advent of space flight and exposure to microgravity has also led to renewed interest in this unique environment, which could not have been anticipated by evolution, to expose new insights into bone regulation. Finally, a body of evidence has also emerged indicating that the neuroregulation of bone is also central to maintaining function. However, there is still more that is needed to understand regarding how such variables are integrated across the lifespan to maintain function, particularly in a species that walks upright. This review will attempt to discuss these regulatory elements for bone integrity and propose how further study is needed to delineate the details to better understand how to improve treatments for those at risk for loss of bone integrity, such as in the post-menopausal state or during prolonged space flight.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Hart
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Kinesiology, and McCaig Institute for Bone & Joint Research, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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Zhang S, Li T, Feng Y, Zhang K, Zou J, Weng X, Yuan Y, Zhang L. Exercise improves subchondral bone microenvironment through regulating bone-cartilage crosstalk. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1159393. [PMID: 37288291 PMCID: PMC10242115 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1159393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage degeneration has been proved to cause a variety of joint diseases, among which osteoarthritis is the most typical. Osteoarthritis is characterized by articular cartilage degeneration and persistent pain, which affects the quality of life of patients as well as brings a heavy burden to society. The occurrence and development of osteoarthritis is related to the disorder of the subchondral bone microenvironment. Appropriate exercise can improve the subchondral bone microenvironment, thus playing an essential role in preventing and treating osteoarthritis. However, the exact mechanism whereby exercise improves the subchondral bone microenvironment remains unclear. There is biomechanical interaction as well as biochemical crosstalk between bone and cartilage. And the crosstalk between bone and cartilage is the key to bone-cartilage homeostasis maintenance. From the perspective of biomechanical and biochemical crosstalk between bone and cartilage, this paper reviews the effects of exercise-mediated bone-cartilage crosstalk on the subchondral bone microenvironment, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of degenerative bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihua Zhang
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- School of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Li
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Feng
- School of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Keping Zhang
- School of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Zou
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiquan Weng
- School of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Yuan
- School of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- College of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
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Tirado‐Cabrera I, Martin‐Guerrero E, Heredero‐Jimenez S, Ardura JA, Gortázar AR. PTH1R translocation to primary cilia in mechanically-stimulated ostecytes prevents osteoclast formation via regulation of CXCL5 and IL-6 secretion. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:3927-3943. [PMID: 35933642 PMCID: PMC9804361 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Osteocytes respond to mechanical forces controlling osteoblast and osteoclast function. Mechanical stimulation decreases osteocyte apoptosis and promotes bone formation. Primary cilia have been described as potential mechanosensors in bone cells. Certain osteogenic responses induced by fluid flow (FF) in vitro are decreased by primary cilia inhibition in MLO-Y4 osteocytes. The parathyroid hormone (PTH) receptor type 1 (PTH1R) modulates osteoblast, osteoclast, and osteocyte effects upon activation by PTH or PTH-related protein (PTHrP) in osteoblastic cells. Moreover, some actions of PTH1R seem to be triggered directly by mechanical stimulation. We hypothesize that PTH1R forms a signaling complex in the primary cilium that is essential for mechanotransduction in osteocytes and affects osteocyte-osteoclast communication. MLO-Y4 osteocytes were stimulated by FF or PTHrP (1-37). PTH1R and primary cilia signaling were abrogated using PTH1R or primary cilia specific siRNAs or inhibitors, respectively. Conditioned media obtained from mechanically- or PTHrP-stimulated MLO-Y4 cells inhibited the migration of preosteoclastic cells and osteoclast differentiation. Redistribution of PTH1R along the entire cilium was observed in mechanically stimulated MLO-Y4 osteocytic cells. Preincubation of MLO-Y4 cells with the Gli-1 antagonist, the adenylate cyclase inhibitor (SQ22536), or with the phospholipase C inhibitor (U73122), affected the migration of osteoclast precursors and osteoclastogenesis. Proteomic analysis and neutralizing experiments showed that FF and PTH1R activation control osteoclast function through the modulation of C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 5 (CXCL5) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion in osteocytes. These novel findings indicate that both primary cilium and PTH1R are necessary in osteocytes for proper communication with osteoclasts and show that mechanical stimulation inhibits osteoclast recruitment and differentiation through CXCL5, while PTH1R activation regulate these processes via IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Tirado‐Cabrera
- Bone Physiopathology Laboratory, Applied Molecular Medicine Institute (IMMA), Universidad San Pablo‐CEU, CEU UniversitiesCampus MonteprincipeAlcorcónSpain,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad San Pablo‐CEU, CEU UniversitiesCampus MonteprincipeAlcorcónMadridSpain
| | - Eduardo Martin‐Guerrero
- Bone Physiopathology Laboratory, Applied Molecular Medicine Institute (IMMA), Universidad San Pablo‐CEU, CEU UniversitiesCampus MonteprincipeAlcorcónSpain
| | - Sara Heredero‐Jimenez
- Bone Physiopathology Laboratory, Applied Molecular Medicine Institute (IMMA), Universidad San Pablo‐CEU, CEU UniversitiesCampus MonteprincipeAlcorcónSpain
| | - Juan A. Ardura
- Bone Physiopathology Laboratory, Applied Molecular Medicine Institute (IMMA), Universidad San Pablo‐CEU, CEU UniversitiesCampus MonteprincipeAlcorcónSpain,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad San Pablo‐CEU, CEU UniversitiesCampus MonteprincipeAlcorcónMadridSpain
| | - Arancha R. Gortázar
- Bone Physiopathology Laboratory, Applied Molecular Medicine Institute (IMMA), Universidad San Pablo‐CEU, CEU UniversitiesCampus MonteprincipeAlcorcónSpain,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad San Pablo‐CEU, CEU UniversitiesCampus MonteprincipeAlcorcónMadridSpain
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Ardura JA, Martín-Guerrero E, Heredero-Jiménez S, Gortazar AR. Primary cilia and PTH1R interplay in the regulation of osteogenic actions. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2022; 120:345-370. [PMID: 35953116 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia are subcellular structures specialized in sensing different stimuli in a diversity of cell types. In bone, the primary cilium is involved in mechanical sensing and transduction of signals that regulate the behavior of mesenchymal osteoprogenitors, osteoblasts and osteocytes. To perform its functions, the primary cilium modulates a plethora of molecules including those stimulated by the parathyroid hormone (PTH) receptor type I (PTH1R), a master regulator of osteogenesis. Binding of the agonists PTH or PTH-related protein (PTHrP) to the PTH1R or direct agonist-independent stimulation of the receptor activate PTH1R signaling pathways. In turn, activation of PTH1R leads to regulation of bone formation and remodeling. Herein, we describe the structure, function and molecular partners of primary cilia in the context of bone, playing special attention to those signaling pathways that are mediated directly or indirectly by PTH1R in association with primary cilia during the process of osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Ardura
- Bone Physiopathology Laboratory, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, CEU San Pablo University, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Eduardo Martín-Guerrero
- Bone Physiopathology Laboratory, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, CEU San Pablo University, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Heredero-Jiménez
- Bone Physiopathology Laboratory, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, CEU San Pablo University, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arancha R Gortazar
- Bone Physiopathology Laboratory, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, CEU San Pablo University, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
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Suksridechacin N, Thongon N. Fibroblast growth factor-23 and parathyroid hormone suppress small intestinal magnesium absorption. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15247. [PMID: 35385223 PMCID: PMC8985197 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we examined the systemic and direct effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) on duodenal, jejunal, and ileal Mg2+ absorption. The rats were injected with FGF-23 or PTH for 5 h before collecting the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum for Mg2+ transport analysis in Ussing chambers. The duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were directly exposed to FGF-23, PTH, or FGF-23 plus PTH with or without cell signaling inhibitors for 150 min in Ussing chambers prior to performing the Mg2+ transport study. The small intestinal tissues were also subjected to western blot analyses for FGF receptor (FGFR), PTH receptor (PTHR), Klotho, transient receptor potential melastatin 6 (TRPM6), and cyclin as well as the cystathionine β-synthase domain divalent metal cation transport mediator 4 (CNNM4) expression. The small intestine abundantly expressed FGFR and PTHR proteins, whereas, Klotho was not expressed in rat small intestine. Systemic PTH or FGF-23 injection significantly suppressed transcellular Mg2+ transport in the duodenum and jejunum. Direct FGF-23-, PTH-, or FGF-23 plus PTH exposure also suppressed transcellular Mg2+ absorption in the duodenum and jejunum. There was no additional inhibitory effect of PTH and FGF-23 on intestinal Mg2+ absorption. The inhibitory effect of PTH, FGF-23, or FGF-23 plus PTH was abolished by Gö 6850. Systemic PTH- or FGF-23-injection significantly decreased membranous TRPM6 expression, but increased cytosolic CNNM4 expression in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. In the present study, we propose a novel magnesiotropic action of PTH and FGF-23 by modulating small intestinal Mg2+ absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasisorn Suksridechacin
- Division of PhysiologyDepartment of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Allied Health SciencesBurapha UniversityChonburiThailand
- Biodiversity Research CentreThailand Institute of Scientific and Technological ResearchPathumthaniThailand
| | - Narongrit Thongon
- Division of PhysiologyDepartment of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Allied Health SciencesBurapha UniversityChonburiThailand
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Choi JUA, Kijas AW, Lauko J, Rowan AE. The Mechanosensory Role of Osteocytes and Implications for Bone Health and Disease States. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:770143. [PMID: 35265628 PMCID: PMC8900535 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.770143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone homeostasis is a dynamic equilibrium between bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts. This process is primarily controlled by the most abundant and mechanosensitive bone cells, osteocytes, that reside individually, within chambers of porous hydroxyapatite bone matrix. Recent studies have unveiled additional functional roles for osteocytes in directly contributing to local matrix regulation as well as systemic roles through endocrine functions by communicating with distant organs such as the kidney. Osteocyte function is governed largely by both biochemical signaling and the mechanical stimuli exerted on bone. Mechanical stimulation is required to maintain bone health whilst aging and reduced level of loading are known to result in bone loss. To date, both in vivo and in vitro approaches have been established to answer important questions such as the effect of mechanical stimuli, the mechanosensors involved, and the mechanosensitive signaling pathways in osteocytes. However, our understanding of osteocyte mechanotransduction has been limited due to the technical challenges of working with these cells since they are individually embedded within the hard hydroxyapatite bone matrix. This review highlights the current knowledge of the osteocyte functional role in maintaining bone health and the key regulatory pathways of these mechanosensitive cells. Finally, we elaborate on the current therapeutic opportunities offered by existing treatments and the potential for targeting osteocyte-directed signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Un Ally Choi
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Amanda W Kijas
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jan Lauko
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Alan E Rowan
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Exogenous Parathyroid Hormone Alleviates Intervertebral Disc Degeneration through the Sonic Hedgehog Signalling Pathway Mediated by CREB. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:9955677. [PMID: 35265269 PMCID: PMC8898813 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9955677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As an important hormone that regulates the balance of calcium and phosphorus, parathyroid hormone (PTH) has also been found to have an important function in intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). Our aim was to investigate the mechanism by which PTH alleviates IVDD. In this study, the PTH 1 receptor was found to be highly expressed in severely degenerated human nucleus pulposus (NP) cells. We found in the mouse model of IVDD that supplementation with exogenous PTH alleviated the narrowing of the intervertebral space and the degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) caused by tail suspension (TS). In addition, inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis levels were significantly increased in the intervertebral disc tissues of TS-induced mice, and the activity of NP cells was decreased. TS also led to the downregulation of Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signalling pathway-related signal molecules in NP cells such as SHH, Smoothened, and GLI1. However, supplementation with exogenous PTH can reverse these changes. In vitro, PTH also promotes the activity of NP cells and the secretion of ECM. However, the antagonist of the SHH signalling pathway can inhibit the therapeutic effect of PTH on NP cells. In addition, a cAMP-response element-binding protein, as an important transcription factor, was found to mediate the promotion of PTH on the SHH signalling pathway. Our results revealed that PTH can alleviate IVDD by inhibiting inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis and improving the activity of NP cells via activating the SHH signalling pathway.
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Che J, Ren W, Chen X, Wang F, Zhang G, Shang P. PTH 1-34 promoted bone formation by regulating iron metabolism in unloading-induced bone loss. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1048818. [PMID: 36818465 PMCID: PMC9933505 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1048818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PTH 1-34 (teriparatide) is approved by FDA for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Iron overload is a major contributing factor for bone loss induced by unloading. Whether iron metabolism is involved in the regulation of PTH 1-34 on unloading-induced osteoporosis has not yet been reported. Here, we found that PTH 1-34 attenuated bone loss in unloading mice. PTH 1-34 regulated the disturbance of iron metabolism in unloading mice by activating Nrf2 and further promoting hepcidin expression in the liver. In addition, the Nrf2 inhibitor selectively blocked hepcidin expression in the liver of unloading mice, which neutralized the inhibitory effect of PTH 1-34 on bone loss and the recovery of iron metabolism in unloading mice. Finally, we found that PTH 1-34 promoted the differentiation and inhibited apoptosis of osteoblasts by regulating iron metabolism and maintaining redox balance under unloading conditions. Our results suggested that PTH 1-34 promoted bone formation by regulating iron metabolism under unloading conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingmin Che
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immune Diseases, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an, China
| | - Weihao Ren
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Gejing Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peng Shang
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- *Correspondence: Peng Shang,
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Postmenopausal osteoporosis reduces circulating estrogen levels, which leads to osteoclast resorption, bone loss, and fracture. This review addresses emerging evidence that osteoporosis is not simply a disease of bone loss but that mechanosensitive osteocytes that regulate both osteoclasts and osteoblasts are also impacted by estrogen deficiency. RECENT FINDINGS At the onset of estrogen deficiency, the osteocyte mechanical environment is altered, which coincides with temporal changes in bone tissue composition. The osteocyte microenvironment is also altered, apoptosis is more prevalent, and hypermineralization occurs. The mechanobiological responses of osteocytes are impaired under estrogen deficiency, which exacerbates osteocyte paracrine regulation of osteoclasts. Recent research reveals changes in osteocytes during estrogen deficiency that may play a critical role in the etiology of the disease. A paradigm change for osteoporosis therapy requires an advanced understanding of such changes to establish the efficacy of osteocyte-targeted therapies to inhibit resorption and secondary mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laoise M McNamara
- Mechanobiology and Medical Device Research Group, Biomedical Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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Li F, He M, Li S, Bai Y. Combination of parathyroid hormone pretreatment and mechanical stretch promotes osteogenesis of periodontal ligament fibroblasts. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2021; 161:e62-e71. [PMID: 34663539 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2021.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parathyroid hormone (PTH) potentiates the mechanical loading induced bone formation in fracture healing and orthodontics. This study aimed to gain insight into the underlying mechanisms in periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLFs). METHODS Human PDLFs were cultured and subjected to uniaxial cyclic stretch at 0.5 Hz and 2000μ for 0, 6, 12, and 24 hours, respectively. 10 nM PTH was preadministered for 30 minutes before loading. The expression of PTH1R and osteogenic biomarkers Runx2, osteopontin, collagen type 1, alkaline phosphatase was assessed via immunofluorescence staining, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, or Western blot. Transfection of siPTH1R was applied, and alterations of osteogenic biomarkers were examined by Western blot. The expression of essential Wnt signal components Wnt3a, β-catenin, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5, Wnt5a, receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 were examined, and the influence of dickkopf-related protein 1 on osteogenic biomarkers was evaluated. RESULTS The expression of PTH1R was instantaneously upregulated with PTH pretreatment and maintained a gradual increase until 24 hours. PTH synergistically enhanced the increase of Runx2, osteopontin, collagen type 1, and alkaline phosphatase under cyclic stretch, which was substantially attenuated by siPTH1R transfection. As for Wnt signal components, synergistic upregulation was detected on Wnt3a, β-catenin, and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5, whereas Wnt5a and receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 increased relatively mildly. Blockage of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway by dickkopf-related protein 1 impaired the boost of osteogenic biomarkers under the combined action of PTH and cyclic stretch. CONCLUSIONS The combination of PTH pretreatment and cyclic stretch promotes osteogenesis of PDLFs synergistically, and the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway is crucially involved in the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Li
- Institute of Dental Research and Department of Orthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengya He
- Institute of Dental Research and Department of Orthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shengnan Li
- Institute of Dental Research and Department of Orthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxing Bai
- Institute of Dental Research and Department of Orthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Wang L, Liu L, Sun S, Xiao L, Jiang Q, Ding H. Effects of Parathyroid Hormone on Osteoporotic Fracture Healing in Mice via Non-Phospholipases C-Dependent Protein Kinase C Signaling Pathway. J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2021.2757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: This study was aimed to explore the effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on osteoporotic fracture healing in mice and the underlying mechanisms. Methods: Microarray analysis was conducted to analyze the gene expression level in MC3T3-E1 cells. Carboxyfluorescein
succinimidyl ester (CFSE) staining and flow cytometry was adopted to analyze the proliferation and apopto-sis of MC3T3-E1 cells. qRT-PCR was used to analyze the mRNA expression level. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay was conducted to detect PKC activity. The bone mineral
density (BMD) and bone volume (BV)/total volume (TV) were determined via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and microscopic computed tomography (micro-CT). Results: ERK1/2 was abnormally expressed in MC3T3-E1 cells after GlylArg19hPTH (1-34) + KT5720 treatment. GlylArg19hPTH
(1-34)+ KT5720 treatment promoted cell proliferation, inhibited cell apoptosis, and upregulatedthe expression of osteogenesis-related genes (ALP, OPN, Runx2 and OPG) in MC3T3-E1 cells, which were due to the activation of the non-PLC-dependent PKC signaling pathway and can be blocked by PKC
inhibitor Go6983 or ERK1/2 inhibitor BVD-523. Moreover, the activity of PKC in MC3T3-E1 cells treated with GlylArg19hPTH (1-34) + KT5720 + Go6983 was alleviated by ERK1/2 inhibitor BVD-523. In vivo, specific activation of the non-PLC-dependent PKC signaling pathway increased the serum
levels of APL and OPG in mice with osteoporotic fracture, which were reversed by PKC inhibitor Go6983 and ERK1/2 inhibitor BVD-523. Moreover, PKC inhibitor Go6983 and ERK1/2 inhibitor BVD-523 suppressed the elevation of BV/TV and BMD induced by specific activation of the non-PKC-dependent
signaling pathway. Conclusions: Taken together, PTH stimulates osteoporotic fracture healing in mice through the non-PLC-dependent PKC signaling pathway in which ERK1/2 exerts a vital role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Zhenjiang First People’s Hospital, Dianli Road 8, Zhenjiang, 212001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Linjuan Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, 310000, China
| | - Sixin Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Taixing People’s Hospital, ChangZheng Road 1, Taixing, 225400, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Zhenjiang First People’s Hospital, Dianli Road 8, Zhenjiang, 212001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qinyi Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Zhenjiang First People’s Hospital, Dianli Road 8, Zhenjiang, 212001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hua Ding
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Zhenjiang First People’s Hospital, Dianli Road 8, Zhenjiang, 212001, Jiangsu Province, China
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Gortázar AR, Ardura JA. Osteocytes and Diabetes: Altered Function of Diabetic Osteocytes. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2020; 18:796-802. [PMID: 33184775 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-020-00641-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Diabetes mellitus is a prevalent chronic disease affecting millions of people in the world. Bone fragility is a complication found in diabetic patients. Although osteoblasts and osteoclasts are directly affected by diabetes, herein we focus on how the diabetic state-based on hyperglycemia and accumulation of advanced glycation end products among other features-impairs osteocyte functions exerting deleterious effects on bone. RECENT FINDINGS In the last years, several studies described that diabetic conditions cause morphological modifications on lacunar-canalicular system, alterations on osteocyte mechanoreceptors and intracellular pathways and on osteocyte communication with other cells through the secretion of proteins such as sclerostin or RANKL. This article gives an overview of events occurring in diabetic osteocytes. In particular, mechanical responses seem to be seriously affected in these conditions, suggesting that mechanical sensibility could be a target for future research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arancha R Gortázar
- Bone Physiopathology laboratory, Applied Molecular Medicine Institute (IMMA), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, 28925, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU,CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, 28925, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan A Ardura
- Bone Physiopathology laboratory, Applied Molecular Medicine Institute (IMMA), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, 28925, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU,CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, 28925, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
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Osteocyte apoptosis: the roles and key molecular mechanisms in resorption-related bone diseases. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:846. [PMID: 33046704 PMCID: PMC7552426 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03059-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Vital osteocytes have been well known to function as an important orchestrator in the preservation of robustness and fidelity of the bone remodeling process. Nevertheless, some key pathological factors, such as sex steroid deficiency and excess glucocorticoids, and so on, are implicated in inducing a bulk of apoptotic osteocytes, subsequently resulting in resorption-related bone loss. As much, osteocyte apoptosis, under homeostatic conditions, is in an optimal state of balance tightly controlled by pro- and anti-apoptotic mechanism pathways. Importantly, there exist many essential signaling proteins in the process of osteocyte apoptosis, which has a crucial role in maintaining a homeostatic environment. While increasing in vitro and in vivo studies have established, in part, key signaling pathways and cross-talk mechanism on osteocyte apoptosis, intrinsic and complex mechanism underlying osteocyte apoptosis occurs in various states of pathologies remains ill-defined. In this review, we discuss not only essential pro- and anti-apoptotic signaling pathways and key biomarkers involved in these key mechanisms under different pathological agents, but also the pivotal role of apoptotic osteocytes in osteoclastogenesis-triggered bone loss, hopefully shedding new light on the attractive and proper actions of pharmacotherapeutics of targeting apoptosis and ensuing resorption-related bone diseases such as osteoporosis and fragility fractures.
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14
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Smargiassi A, Bertacchini J, Checchi M, Potì F, Tenedini E, Montosi G, Magarò MS, Amore E, Cavani F, Ferretti M, Grisendi G, Maurel DB, Palumbo C. WISP-2 expression induced by Teriparatide treatment affects in vitro osteoblast differentiation and improves in vivo osteogenesis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 513:110817. [PMID: 32439416 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Osteocyte, recognized as a major orchestrator of osteoblast and osteoclast activity, is the most important key player during bone remodeling processes. Imbalances occurring during bone remodeling, caused by hormone perturbations or by mechanical loading alterations, can induce bone pathologies such as osteoporosis. Recently, the active fraction of parathormone, PTH (1-34) or Teriparatide (TPTD), was chosen as election treatment for osteoporosis. The effect of such therapy is dependent on the temporal manner of administration. The molecular reasons why the type of administration regimen is so critical for the fate of bone remodeling are numerous and not yet well known. Our study attempts to analyze diverse signaling pathways directly activated in osteocytes upon TPTD treatment. By means of gene array analysis, we found many molecules upregulated or downregulated in osteocytes. Later, we paid attention to Wisp-2, a protein involved in the Wnt pathway, that is secreted by MLO-Y4 cells and increases upon TPTD treatment and that is able to positively influence the early phases of osteogenic differentiation. We also confirmed the pro osteogenic property of Wisp-2 during mesenchymal stem cell differentiation into the preliminary osteoblast phenotype. The same results were confirmed with an in vivo approach confirming a remarkable Wisp-2 expression in metaphyseal trabecular bone. These results highlighted the anabolic roles unrolled by osteocytes in controlling the action of neighboring cells, suggesting that the perturbation of certain signaling cascades, such as the Wnt pathway, is crucial for the positive regulation of bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Smargiassi
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health (ICMH), University Building, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jessika Bertacchini
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Human Morphology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| | - Marta Checchi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Human Morphology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Francesco Potì
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Unit of Neurosciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Elena Tenedini
- Center for Genome Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giuliana Montosi
- Center for Hemochromatosis, Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Maria Sara Magarò
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Human Morphology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Emanuela Amore
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Human Morphology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Francesco Cavani
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Human Morphology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Marzia Ferretti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Human Morphology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Grisendi
- Laboratory of Experimental Epileptology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Delphine B Maurel
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, University of Bordeaux, BioTis, INSERM Unit 1026, Bordeaux, France
| | - Carla Palumbo
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Human Morphology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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15
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Phosphodiesterase 10A Is a Mediator of Osteogenic Differentiation and Mechanotransduction in Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:7865484. [PMID: 32587621 PMCID: PMC7294361 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7865484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) are capable of differentiating into the osteogenic lineage, and for osteogenic differentiation, mechanical loading is a relevant stimulus. Mechanotransduction leads to the formation of second messengers such as cAMP, cGMP, or Ca2+ influx resulting in the activation of transcription factors mediating gene regulation. The second messengers cAMP and cGMP are degraded by phosphodiesterase isoenzymes (PDE), but the role of these enzymes during osteogenic differentiation or mechanotransduction remains unclear. Here, we focused on the isoenzyme phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) and its role during osteogenic commitment and mechanotransduction. We observed a time-dependent decrease of PDE10A expression in hMSC undergoing differentiation towards the osteogenic lineage. PDE10A inhibition by papaverine diminished osteogenic differentiation. While applying mechanical strain via cyclic stretching of hMSCs led to an upregulation of PDE10A gene expression, inhibition of PDE10A using the drug papaverine repressed expression of mechanoresponsive genes. We conclude that PDE10A is a modulator of osteogenic differentiation as well as mechanotransduction in hMSCs. Our data further suggests that the relative increase of cAMP, rather than the absolute cAMP level, is a key driver of the observed effects.
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16
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Martín‐Guerrero E, Tirado‐Cabrera I, Buendía I, Alonso V, Gortázar AR, Ardura JA. Primary cilia mediate parathyroid hormone receptor type 1 osteogenic actions in osteocytes and osteoblasts via Gli activation. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:7356-7369. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Martín‐Guerrero
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Bone Physiopathology LaboratoryUniversidad San Pablo‐CEUAlcorcón Madrid Spain
| | - Irene Tirado‐Cabrera
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Bone Physiopathology LaboratoryUniversidad San Pablo‐CEUAlcorcón Madrid Spain
| | - Irene Buendía
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Bone Physiopathology LaboratoryUniversidad San Pablo‐CEUAlcorcón Madrid Spain
| | - Verónica Alonso
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Bone Physiopathology LaboratoryUniversidad San Pablo‐CEUAlcorcón Madrid Spain
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad San Pablo‐CEU, CEU Universities, Campus MonteprincipeAlcorcón Madrid Spain
| | - Arancha R. Gortázar
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Bone Physiopathology LaboratoryUniversidad San Pablo‐CEUAlcorcón Madrid Spain
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad San Pablo‐CEU, CEU Universities, Campus MonteprincipeAlcorcón Madrid Spain
| | - Juan A. Ardura
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Bone Physiopathology LaboratoryUniversidad San Pablo‐CEUAlcorcón Madrid Spain
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad San Pablo‐CEU, CEU Universities, Campus MonteprincipeAlcorcón Madrid Spain
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17
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Yan Y, Wang L, Ge L, Pathak JL. Osteocyte-Mediated Translation of Mechanical Stimuli to Cellular Signaling and Its Role in Bone and Non-bone-Related Clinical Complications. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2020; 18:67-80. [PMID: 31953640 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-020-00564-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Osteocytes comprise > 95% of the cellular component in bone tissue and produce a wide range of cytokines and cellular signaling molecules in response to mechanical stimuli. In this review, we aimed to summarize the molecular mechanisms involved in the osteocyte-mediated translation of mechanical stimuli to cellular signaling, and discuss their role in skeletal (bone) diseases and extra-skeletal (non-bone) clinical complications. RECENT FINDINGS Two decades before, osteocytes were assumed as a dormant cells buried in bone matrix. In recent years, emerging evidences have shown that osteocytes are pivotal not only for bone homeostasis but also for vital organ functions such as muscle, kidney, and heart. Osteocyte mechanotransduction regulates osteoblast and osteoclast function and maintains bone homeostasis. Mechanical stimuli modulate the release of osteocyte-derived cytokines, signaling molecules, and extracellular cellular vesicles that regulate not only the surrounding bone cell function and bone homeostasis but also the distant organ function in a paracrine and endocrine fashion. Mechanical loading and unloading modulate the osteocytic release of NO, PGE2, and ATPs that regulates multiple cellular signaling such as Wnt/β-catenin, RANKL/OPG, BMPs, PTH, IGF1, VEGF, sclerostin, and others. Therefore, the in-depth study of the molecular mechanism of osteocyte mechanotransduction could unravel therapeutic targets for various bone and non-bone-related clinical complications such as osteoporosis, sarcopenia, and cancer metastasis to bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510140, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510140, China
| | - Linhu Ge
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510140, China.
| | - Janak L Pathak
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510140, China.
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18
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Ardura JA, Portal-Núñez S, Alonso V, Bravo B, Gortazar AR. Handling Parathormone Receptor Type 1 in Skeletal Diseases: Realities and Expectations of Abaloparatide. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:756-766. [PMID: 31409530 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal disorders represent an elevated socioeconomic burden for developed aging societies. Osteoporosis (OP) has been treated with antiresorptive therapies or with teriparatide that was until recently the only anabolic therapy. However, approval of osteoporosis treatment in postmenopausal women with abaloparatide, which is an analog of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP), has created a new alternative for OP management. The success of this new treatment is related to differential mechanisms of activation of PTH receptor type 1 (PTH1R) by abaloparatide and PTH. Here, we address the distinguishing mechanisms of PTH1R activation; the effects of PTH1R stimulation in osteoblast, osteocytes, and chondrocytes; the differences between PTH and abaloparatide actions on PTH1R; potential safety concerns; and future perspectives about abaloparatide use in other musculoskeletal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Ardura
- Bone Physiopathology Laboratory, Applied Molecular Medicine Institute (IMMA), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, 28925 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, 28925 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sergio Portal-Núñez
- Bone Physiopathology Laboratory, Applied Molecular Medicine Institute (IMMA), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, 28925 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, 28925 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Alonso
- Bone Physiopathology Laboratory, Applied Molecular Medicine Institute (IMMA), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, 28925 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, 28925 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Bravo
- Bone Physiopathology Laboratory, Applied Molecular Medicine Institute (IMMA), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, 28925 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, 28925 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arancha R Gortazar
- Bone Physiopathology Laboratory, Applied Molecular Medicine Institute (IMMA), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, 28925 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, 28925 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
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19
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Osteocytes are the main mechanosensitive cells in bone. Integrin-based adhesions have been shown to facilitate mechanotransduction, and therefore play an important role in load-induced bone formation. This review outlines the role of integrins in osteocyte function (cell adhesion, signalling, and mechanotransduction) and possible role in disease. RECENT FINDINGS Both β1 and β3 integrins subunits have been shown to be required for osteocyte mechanotransduction. Antagonism of these integrin subunits in osteocytes resulted in impaired responses to fluid shear stress. Various disease states (osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, bone metastases) have been shown to result in altered integrin expression and function. Osteocyte integrins are required for normal cell function, with dysregulation of integrins seen in disease. Understanding the mechanism of faulty integrins in disease may aid in the creation of novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivor P Geoghegan
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Mechanobiology and Medical Device Research Group (MMDRG), Biomedical Engineering, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - David A Hoey
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre, Trinity College Dublin & RCSI, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Laoise M McNamara
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Mechanobiology and Medical Device Research Group (MMDRG), Biomedical Engineering, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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20
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Li S, Li F, Zou S, Zhang L, Bai Y. PTH1R signalling regulates the mechanotransduction process of cementoblasts under cyclic tensile stress. Eur J Orthod 2019; 40:537-543. [PMID: 29394342 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjx099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the regulatory role of type I parathyroid hormone receptor (PTH1R) signalling in the mechanotransduction process of cementoblasts under cyclic tensile stress (CTS). Materials and methods Immortalized cementoblast cell line OCCM-30 were employed and subjected to cyclic tensile strain applied by a four-point bending system. The expression of PTHrP and PTH1R, as well as cementoblastic transcription factor Runx-2, Osterix, and extracellular matrix protein COL-1 and OPN were assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. PTH1R expression was knocked down by siPTH1R transfection, and the alteration of cementoblastic biomarkers expression was examined to evaluate the function of PTH1R. Furthermore, to investigate possible downstream molecules, expression of signal molecule ERK1/2 with or without siPTH1R transfection, and the effect of ERK inhibitor PD98059 on the expression of cementoblastic biomarkers was also examined. Results Cyclic tensile strain elevated the expression of PTHrP and PTH1R, as well as cementoblastic biomarkers Runx-2, Osterix, COL-1, and OPN in a time-dependent manner, which was inhibited by siPTH1R transfection. The expression of phosphorylated ERK1/2 was upregulated time-dependently under cyclic stretch, which was also inhibited by siPTH1R transfection, and pretreatment of p-ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 undermined the increase of Runx-2, Osterix, COL-1, and OPN prominently. Conclusion The findings of the present study indicate that PTH1R signalling plays a regulatory role in the CTS induced cementoblastic differentiation in mature cementoblasts, and ERK1/2 is essentially involved as a downstream intracellular signal molecule in this mechanotransduction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Li
- Institute of Dental Research and Department of Orthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Fan Li
- Institute of Dental Research and Department of Orthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Shujuan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Dental Research and Department of Orthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yuxing Bai
- Institute of Dental Research and Department of Orthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
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21
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Gardinier JD, Daly-Seiler C, Rostami N, Kundal S, Zhang C. Loss of the PTH/PTHrP receptor along the osteoblast lineage limits the anabolic response to exercise. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211076. [PMID: 30682096 PMCID: PMC6347174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise and physical activity are critical to maintain bone mass and strength throughout life. Both exercise and physical activity subject bone to a unique combination of stimuli in the forms of dynamic loading and a systemic increase in parathyroid hormone (PTH). Although dynamic loading is considered to be the primary osteogenic stimuli, the influence of increasing PTH levels remains unclear. We hypothesize that activation of the PTH/PTH-related peptide type 1 receptor (PPR) along the osteoblast lineage facilitates bone formation and improved mechanical properties in response to exercise. To test this hypothesis, conditional PPR-knockout mice (PPRcKO) were generated in which PPR expression was deleted along the osteoblast lineage under the osterix promoter. At 8-weeks of age, both PPRfl/fl and PPRcKO mice were subjected to treadmill running or sedentary conditions for 5-weeks. Under sedentary conditions, PPRcKO mice displayed significantly less bone mass as well as smaller structural-level strength (yield-load and ultimate load), while tissue level properties were largely unaffected. However, PPRcKO mice exposed to exercise displayed significantly less structural-level and tissue-level mechanical properties when compared to exercised PPRfl/fl mice. Overall, these data demonstrate that PPR expression along the osteoblast lineage is essential for exercise to improve the mechanical properties of cortical bone. Furthermore, the influence of PPR activation on material properties is unique to exercise and not during normal growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D. Gardinier
- Bone and Joint Center, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Conor Daly-Seiler
- Bone and Joint Center, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - Niloufar Rostami
- Bone and Joint Center, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - Siddharth Kundal
- Biomedical Physics Department, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - Chunbin Zhang
- Bone and Joint Center, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States of America
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22
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Hemmatian H, Jalali R, Semeins CM, Hogervorst JMA, van Lenthe GH, Klein-Nulend J, Bakker AD. Mechanical Loading Differentially Affects Osteocytes in Fibulae from Lactating Mice Compared to Osteocytes in Virgin Mice: Possible Role for Lacuna Size. Calcif Tissue Int 2018; 103:675-685. [PMID: 30109376 PMCID: PMC6208961 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-018-0463-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hormonal changes during lactation are associated with profound changes in bone cell biology, such as osteocytic osteolysis, resulting in larger lacunae. Larger lacuna shape theoretically enhances the transmission of mechanical signals to osteocytes. We aimed to provide experimental evidence supporting this theory by comparing the mechanoresponse of osteocytes in the bone of lactating mice, which have enlarged lacunae due to osteocytic osteolysis, with the response of osteocytes in bone from age-matched virgin mice. The osteocyte mechanoresponse was measured in excised fibulae that were cultured in hormone-free medium for 24 h and cyclically loaded for 10 min (sinusoidal compressive load, 3000 µε, 5 Hz) by quantifying loading-related changes in Sost mRNA expression (qPCR) and sclerostin and β-catenin protein expression (immunohistochemistry). Loading decreased Sost expression by ~ threefold in fibulae of lactating mice. The loading-induced decrease in sclerostin protein expression by osteocytes was larger in lactating mice (55% decrease ± 14 (± SD), n = 8) than virgin mice (33% decrease ± 15, n = 7). Mechanical loading upregulated β-catenin expression in osteocytes in lactating mice by 3.5-fold (± 0.2, n = 6) which is significantly (p < 0.01) higher than the 1.6-fold increase in β-catenin expression by osteocytes in fibulae from virgin mice (± 0.12, n = 4). These results suggest that osteocytes in fibulae from lactating mice with large lacunae may respond stronger to mechanical loading than those from virgin mice. This could indicate that osteocytes residing in larger lacuna show a stronger response to mechanical loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haniyeh Hemmatian
- Biomechanics Section, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rozita Jalali
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis M Semeins
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda M A Hogervorst
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G Harry van Lenthe
- Biomechanics Section, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jenneke Klein-Nulend
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Astrid D Bakker
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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23
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Yan Z, Wang P, Wu J, Feng X, Cai J, Zhai M, Li J, Liu X, Jiang M, Luo E, Jing D. Fluid shear stress improves morphology, cytoskeleton architecture, viability, and regulates cytokine expression in a time-dependent manner in MLO-Y4 cells. Cell Biol Int 2018; 42:1410-1422. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zedong Yan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an China
| | - Pan Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an China
| | - Junjie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Department of Orthodontics; School of Stomatology; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an China
| | - Xue Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Department of Orthodontics; School of Stomatology; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an China
| | - Jing Cai
- College of Basic Medicine; Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine; Xianyang China
| | - Mingming Zhai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery; Xijing Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an China
| | - Xiyu Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an China
| | - Maogang Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an China
| | - Erping Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an China
| | - Da Jing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an China
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24
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Bumann EE, Frazier-Bowers SA. A new cyte in orthodontics: Osteocytes in tooth movement. Orthod Craniofac Res 2018. [PMID: 28643925 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) relies on the orchestration of clinical and biologic events that include the application of clinical force followed by a cascade of cellular and molecular responses. Our understanding about OTM today has evolved from, and is largely based on historic studies. However, the advances in bone biology and clinical orthodontics today continue to pave the pathway towards an improved knowledge base, and state of the art therapeutics in OTM. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts have been the primary cells analyzed in OTM. However, the role of osteocytes, a cell previously thought to be static, should be considered in light of new findings in molecular biological research. Osteocytes are now known to be significant in controlling responses to mechanical forces and therefore may be central to both OTM and normal tooth eruption. In this review, we explore the biology of OTM by focusing specifically on the potential role of osteocytes. Evidence from recent studies reveal that osteocytes have a role in controlling the response to mechanical forces and OTM. We therefore propose that these findings and further research endeavours may shape the future of clinical applications-specifically enhanced outcomes in OTM.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Bumann
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University of Michigan, School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - S A Frazier-Bowers
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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25
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Tajima T, Menuki K, Okuma KF, Tsukamoto M, Fukuda H, Okada Y, Kosugi K, Yamanaka Y, Uchida S, Sakai A. Cortical bone loss due to skeletal unloading in aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 gene knockout mice is associated with decreased PTH receptor expression in osteocytes. Bone 2018; 110:254-266. [PMID: 29482068 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is the enzyme that degrades and detoxifies the acetaldehyde produced by alcohol metabolism. In our previous study, we found that compared with wild-type mice (WT), climbing exercises did not increase trabecular bone mass in Aldh2 knockout mice (KO). The purpose of this study was to clarify the effect of the Aldh2 gene on cortical bone structure and on the dynamics of skeletal unloading. Eight-week-old male KO and WT were divided into ground control (GC) or tail suspension (TS) groups for one week (i.e., the KOGC, KOTS, WTGC and WTTS groups). We measured the bone mineral density (BMD) of the femur using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. We assessed the femoral morphometry using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) and evaluated the femoral cortex histomorphometry, and cortical mRNA using quantitative RT-PCR and cortical bone immunohistostaining. No significant differences were found between the femoral BMD of WTGC and that of WTTS, but the BMD in KOTS was significantly lower than that of KOGC. The pQCT results revealed that the cortical BMD of the femoral diaphysis in KOTS was significantly lower than that of KOGC. Furthermore, the cortical bone area and cortical thickness were significantly lower in KOTS than in the other three groups. Cortical histomorphometric analysis revealed that the endosteal and periosteal bone formation parameters were significantly lower in KOTS than in KOGC. Bone formation signals such as parathyroid hormone receptor (PTHR) were significantly decreased in KOTS compared with the levels in KOGC. Cortical bone immunohistostaining revealed a significantly decreased expression of PTHR in the osteocytes of KOTS compared with the expression level in KOGC. Thus, we concluded that when the Aldh2 gene is disrupted, skeletal unloading suppresses bone formation to decrease cortical bone mass, which may be mediated by a decreased expression of PTH receptors in osteocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Tajima
- Department of Orthpaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Kunitaka Menuki
- Department of Orthpaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.
| | - Kayoko Furukawa Okuma
- Department of Orthpaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Manabu Tsukamoto
- Department of Orthpaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.
| | - Hokuto Fukuda
- Department of Orthpaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Okada
- Department of Orthpaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Kenji Kosugi
- Department of Orthpaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Yamanaka
- Department of Orthpaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Soshi Uchida
- Department of Orthpaedic Surgery, Wakamatsu Hospital for the University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.
| | - Akinori Sakai
- Department of Orthpaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.
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26
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He S, Xue M, Liu C, Xie F, Bai L. Parathyroid Hormone-Like Hormone Induces Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition of Intestinal Epithelial Cells by Activating the Runt-Related Transcription Factor 2. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:1374-1388. [PMID: 29577935 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key contributor to fibroblast activation in fibrosis of multiple organs, including the intestine. Parathyroid hormone-like hormone (PTHLH) is an important factor in renal fibrosis and regulates several processes, including EMT. Herein, we investigated the role of PTHLH-induced EMT in intestinal fibrosis associated with Crohn disease. The expression levels of the EMT-related proteins, PTHLH, and parathyroid hormone receptor 1 (PTH1R) in intestinal tissues were determined by immunohistochemistry, and our results revealed that PTHLH and PTH1R were significantly elevated and associated with EMT marker expression. Moreover, neutralizing PTH1R and antagonizing PTHLH bioactivity prevented transforming growth factor-β1-induced EMT. PTH1R can propagate the protein kinase A (PKA) signal and activate downstream nuclear transcription factors, including runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2). In addition, lentiviral vector-PTHLH-treated mice were highly sensitive to 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid, and analysis of the PTHLH-PTH1R axis revealed the involvement of PKA-Runx2 in PTHLH-induced EMT. Our results indicate that PTHLH triggered EMT in intestinal epithelial cells through the PKA-Runx2 pathway, which might serve as a therapeutic target for intestinal fibrosis in Crohn disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuying He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minmin Xue
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chinese People's Liberation Army 254 Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Cuiping Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lan Bai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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27
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Gardinier JD, Rostami N, Juliano L, Zhang C. Bone adaptation in response to treadmill exercise in young and adult mice. Bone Rep 2018; 8:29-37. [PMID: 29379848 PMCID: PMC5787623 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise is a key determinate of fracture risk and provides a clinical means to promote bone formation. However, the efficacy of exercise to increase bone mass declines with age. The purpose of this study was to identify age-related differences in the anabolic response to exercise at the cellular and tissue level. To this end, young (8-weeks of age) and adult (36-weeks of age) male mice were subjected to a moderate exercise regimen of running on a treadmill. As a result, exercise had a significant effect on PTHrP and SOST gene expression during the first week that was dependent upon age. In particular, young mice displayed an increase in PTHrP expression and decrease in SOST expression, both of which remained unaffected by exercise in the adult mice. After 5-weeks of exercise, a significant decrease in the percentage of osteocytes expressing sclerostin at the protein level was found in young mice, but not adult mice. Mechanical testing of the tibia found exercise to have a significant influence on tissue-level mechanical properties, specifically ultimate-stress and modulus that was dependent on age. Adult mice in particular experienced a significant decrease in modulus despite an increase in cortical area and cortical thickness compared to sedentary controls. Altogether, this study demonstrates a shift in the cellular response to exercise with age, and that gains in bone mass at the adult stage fail to improve bone strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D. Gardinier
- Bone and Joint Center, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Corresponding author at: Bone and Joint Center, Henry Ford Health System, 6135 Woodward Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
| | - Niloufar Rostami
- Bone and Joint Center, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | | | - Chunbin Zhang
- Bone and Joint Center, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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28
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Sano H, Kondo N, Shimakura T, Fujisawa J, Kijima Y, Kanai T, Poole KES, Yamamoto N, Takahashi HE, Endo N. Evidence for Ongoing Modeling-Based Bone Formation in Human Femoral Head Trabeculae via Forming Minimodeling Structures: A Study in Patients with Fractures and Arthritis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:88. [PMID: 29615973 PMCID: PMC5868326 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone modeling is a biological process of bone formation that adapts bone size and shape to mechanical loads, especially during childhood and adolescence. Bone modeling in cortical bone can be easily detected using sequential radiographic images, while its assessment in trabecular bone is challenging. Here, we performed histomorphometric analysis in 21 bone specimens from biopsies collected during hip arthroplasty, and we proposed the criteria for histologically identifying an active modeling-based bone formation, which we call a "forming minimodeling structure" (FMiS). Evidence of FMiSs was found in 9 of 20 specimens (45%). In histomorphometric analysis, bone volume was significant higher in specimens displaying FMiSs compared with the specimens without these structures (BV/TV, 31.7 ± 10.2 vs. 23.1 ± 3.9%; p < 0.05). Osteoid parameters were raised in FMiS-containing bone specimens (OV/BV, 2.1 ± 1.6 vs. 0.6 ± 0.3%; p < 0.001, OS/BS, 23.6 ± 15.5 vs. 7.6 ± 4.2%; p < 0.001, and O.Th, 7.4 µm ± 2.0 vs. 5.2 ± 1.0; p < 0.05). Our results showed that the modeling-based bone formation on trabecular bone surfaces occurs even during adulthood. As FMiSs can represent histological evidence of modeling-based bone formation, understanding of this physiology in relation to bone homeostasis is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshige Sano
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
- Niigata Bone Science Institute, Niigata, Japan
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Hiroshige Sano,
| | - Naoki Kondo
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | | | - Junichi Fujisawa
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Kijima
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tomotake Kanai
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | | | - Noriaki Yamamoto
- Niigata Bone Science Institute, Niigata, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Niigata Rehabilitation Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hideaki E. Takahashi
- Niigata Bone Science Institute, Niigata, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Niigata Rehabilitation Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Naoto Endo
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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29
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Maycas M, Portolés MT, Matesanz MC, Buendía I, Linares J, Feito MJ, Arcos D, Vallet-Regí M, Plotkin LI, Esbrit P, Gortázar AR. High glucose alters the secretome of mechanically stimulated osteocyte-like cells affecting osteoclast precursor recruitment and differentiation. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:3611-3621. [PMID: 28138960 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) induces bone deterioration, while mechanical stimulation promotes osteocyte-driven bone formation. We aimed to evaluate the interaction of acute exposure (24 h) to high glucose (HG) with both the pro-survival effect conferred to osteocytic MLO-Y4 cells and osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells by mechanical stimulation and the interaction of these cells with osteoclast precursor RAW264.7 cells. We found that 24 h of HG (25 mM) pre-exposure prevented both cell survival and ERK and β-catenin nuclear translocation upon mechanical stimulation by fluid flow (FF) (10 min) in both MLO-Y4 and MC3T3-E1 cells. However, migration of RAW 264.7 cells was inhibited by MLO-Y4 cell-conditioned medium (CM), but not by MC3T3-E1 cell-CM, with HG or FF. This inhibitory effect was associated with consistent changes in VEGF, RANTES, MIP-1α, MIP-1β MCP-1, and GM-CSF in MLO-Y4 cell-CM. RAW264.7 proliferation was inhibited by MLO-Y4 CM under static or HG conditions, but it increased by FF-CM with or without HG. In addition, both FF and HG abrogated the capacity of RAW 264.7 cells to differentiate into osteoclasts, but in a different manner. Thus, HG-CM in static condition allowed formation of osteoclast-like cells, which were unable to resorb hydroxyapatite. In contrast, FF-CM prevented osteoclastogenesis even in HG condition. Moreover, HG did not affect basal RANKL or IL-6 secretion or their inhibition induced by FF in MLO-Y4 cells. In conclusion, this in vitro study demonstrates that HG exerts disparate effects on osteocyte mechanotransduction, and provides a novel mechanism by which DM disturbs skeletal metabolism through altered osteocyte-osteoclast communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Maycas
- Laboratorio de Metabolismo Mineral y Óseo, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS)-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Teresa Portolés
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, UCM, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Concepción Matesanz
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, UCM, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Buendía
- IMMA- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo CEU, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Linares
- Facultad de Farmacia, Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Bioinorgánica, UCM, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (i + 12) CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Feito
- Facultad de Farmacia, Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Bioinorgánica, UCM, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (i + 12) CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Arcos
- Facultad de Farmacia, Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Bioinorgánica, UCM, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (i + 12) CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Vallet-Regí
- Facultad de Farmacia, Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Bioinorgánica, UCM, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (i + 12) CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lilian I Plotkin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Pedro Esbrit
- Laboratorio de Metabolismo Mineral y Óseo, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS)-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arancha R Gortázar
- IMMA- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo CEU, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
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30
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Bravo B, García de Durango C, González Á, Gortázar AR, Santos X, Forteza-Vila J, Vidal-Vanaclocha F. Opposite Effects of Mechanical Action of Fluid Flow on Proangiogenic Factor Secretion From Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells With and Without Oxidative Stress. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:2158-2167. [PMID: 27925206 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical forces, hypoxia, and oxidative stress contribute to skin renewal, perfusion, and wound healing, but how are they regulating subcutaneous adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) in the inflammatory microenvironment associated to skin repair and disorders is unknown. In this study, ASCs were isolated from lipoaspirate samples from plastic surgery patients, primary cultured and their differentiation and secretion of a panel of cytokines with pronounced effects on skin repair and angiogenesis were studied under mechanical stimulation by intermittent fluid flow, 1% hypoxia and oxidative stress by glutathione (GSH) depletion with buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) treatment. Mechanical action of fluid flow did not alter mesenchymal phenotype of CD90+ /CD29+ /CD44+ /CD34- /CD106- /CD45- ASCs; however, it remarkably induced ASC secretion of human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) migration-stimulating factors. Multiplex Luminex assay further confirmed an increased secretion of VEGF, G-CSF, HGF, Leptin, IL-8, PDGF-BB, Angiopoietin-2, and Follistatin from mechanically-stimulated ASCs via cyclooxygenase-2. Consistent with this mechanism, GSH depletion and hypoxia also increased ASC secretion of VEGF, IL-8, leptin, Angiopoitein-2, and PDGF-BB. However, mechanical action of fluid flow abrogated VEGF and HUVEC migration-stimulating activity from GSH-depleted and hypoxic ASCs. Conversely, GSH depletion and hypoxia abrogated VEGF and HUVEC migration-stimulating activity from mechano-stimulated ASCs. Although mechanical action of fluid flow, hypoxia, and GSH-depletion had independent proangiogenic-stimulating activity on ASCs, mechanical stimulation had opposite effects on proangiogenic factor secretion from ASCs with and without oxidative stress. These data uncover the role of hypoxia and endogenous redox balance during the proangiogenic response of ASCs and other mesenchymal-derived cell types to mechanical action of interstitial fluid flow. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 2158-2167, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Bravo
- Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine (IMMA), CEU-San Pablo University School of Medicine, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cira García de Durango
- Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine (IMMA), CEU-San Pablo University School of Medicine, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro González
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology Houston, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Arancha R Gortázar
- Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine (IMMA), CEU-San Pablo University School of Medicine, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xavier Santos
- Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine (IMMA), CEU-San Pablo University School of Medicine, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jerónimo Forteza-Vila
- Valencia Institute of Pathology (IVP), Catholic University of Valencia School of Medicine and Odontology, Valencia, Spain
| | - Fernando Vidal-Vanaclocha
- Valencia Institute of Pathology (IVP), Catholic University of Valencia School of Medicine and Odontology, Valencia, Spain
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31
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Maycas M, McAndrews KA, Sato AY, Pellegrini GG, Brown DM, Allen MR, Plotkin LI, Gortazar AR, Esbrit P, Bellido T. PTHrP-Derived Peptides Restore Bone Mass and Strength in Diabetic Mice: Additive Effect of Mechanical Loading. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:486-497. [PMID: 27683064 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
There is an unmet need to understand the mechanisms underlying skeletal deterioration in diabetes mellitus (DM) and to develop therapeutic approaches to treat bone fragility in diabetic patients. We demonstrate herein that mice with type 1 DM induced by streptozotocin exhibited low bone mass, inferior mechanical and material properties, increased bone resorption, decreased bone formation, increased apoptosis of osteocytes, and increased expression of the osteocyte-derived bone formation inhibitor Sost/sclerostin. Further, short treatment of diabetic mice with parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrP)-derived peptides corrected these changes to levels undistinguishable from non-diabetic mice. In addition, diabetic mice exhibited reduced bone formation in response to mechanical stimulation, which was corrected by treatment with the PTHrP peptides, and higher prevalence of apoptotic osteocytes, which was reduced by loading or by the PTHrP peptides alone and reversed by a combination of loading and PTHrP peptide treatment. In vitro experiments demonstrated that the PTHrP peptides or mechanical stimulation by fluid flow activated the survival kinases ERKs and induced nuclear translocation of the canonical Wnt signaling mediator β-catenin, and prevented the increase in osteocytic cell apoptosis induced by high glucose. Thus, PTHrP-derived peptides cross-talk with mechanical signaling pathways to reverse skeletal deterioration induced by DM in mice. These findings suggest a crucial role of osteocytes in the harmful effects of diabetes on bone and raise the possibility of targeting these cells as a novel approach to treat skeletal deterioration in diabetes. Moreover, our study suggests the potential therapeutic efficacy of combined pharmacological and mechanical stimuli to promote bone accrual and maintenance in diabetic subjects. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Maycas
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kevin A McAndrews
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Amy Y Sato
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Gretel G Pellegrini
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Drew M Brown
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Matthew R Allen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lilian I Plotkin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Arancha R Gortazar
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada-Universidad San Pablo CEU, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Esbrit
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresita Bellido
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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32
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González Á, García de Durango C, Alonso V, Bravo B, Rodríguez de Gortázar A, Wells A, Forteza J, Vidal-Vanaclocha F. Distinct Osteomimetic Response of Androgen-Dependent and Independent Human Prostate Cancer Cells to Mechanical Action of Fluid Flow: Prometastatic Implications. Prostate 2017; 77:321-333. [PMID: 27813116 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND METHODS Prostate cancer frequently expresses an osteomimetic phenotype, but it is unclear how it is regulated and what biological and clinical implications it confers. Because mechanical forces physiologically regulate bone-remodeling activity in osteocytes, we hypothesized that mechanical action of fluid flow (MAFF) at the cancer microenvironment may similarly foster prostate cancer cell osteomimicry. RESULTS We showed that in vitro MAFF on androgen-dependent (LNCap) and androgen-independent (PC3) prostate cancer cells remarkably increased OPG, VEGF, RunX2, PTH1R, and PTHrP gene expression in both cell lines irrespective of their androgen dependency. MAFF also altered the cytokine secretion pattern of prostate cancer cells, including Ang2, SCF, and TNFα increase with TRAIL decrease in the supernatant of both cell lines; preferential increase of Leptin and PDGF-BB in LnCap and of VEGF, IL-8, and G-CSF in PC3; and exclusive increase of FGFβ, MIF, and PECAM-1 with HGF decrease in LnCap, and of TGBβ1, HGF, M-CSF, CXCL1, and CCL7 with NGF decrease in PC3. Murine MLO-Y4 osteocyte-conditioned medium (CM) abrogated M-CSF, G-CSG, IL-8, TNFα, and FGFβ secretion-stimulating activity of mechanical stimulation on PC3 cells, and did the opposite effect on LnCap cells. However, MAFF fostered osteomimetic gene expression response of PC3 cells, but not of LnCap cells, to mechanically stimulated osteocyte-CM. Moreover, it abrogated TNFα and IL-8 secretion inhibitory effect of osteocyte-CM on mechanically stimulated PC3 cells and G-CSF, TNFα, and FGFβ-stimulating effect on mechanically stimulated LnCap cells. CONCLUSIONS MAFF activated osteoblast-like phenotype of prostate cancer cells and altered their responses to osteocyte soluble factors. It also induced osteocyte production of osteomimetic gene expression- and cytokine secretion-stimulating factors for prostate cancer cells, particularly, when they were mechanically stimulated. Importantly, MAFF induced a prometastatic response in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells, suggesting the interest of mechanical stimulation-dependent transcription and secretion patterns as diagnostic biomarkers, and as therapeutic targets for the screening of bone-metastasizing phenotype inhibitors upregulated during prostate cancer cell response to MAFF at the cancer microenvironment. Prostate 77:321-333, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro González
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Cira García de Durango
- Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine (IMMA), CEU-San Pablo University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Alonso
- Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine (IMMA), CEU-San Pablo University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Bravo
- Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine (IMMA), CEU-San Pablo University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Alan Wells
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jerónimo Forteza
- Valencia Institute of Pathology, Catholic University of Valencia School of Medicine and Odontology, Valencia, Spain
| | - Fernando Vidal-Vanaclocha
- Valencia Institute of Pathology, Catholic University of Valencia School of Medicine and Odontology, Valencia, Spain
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33
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Abstract
Osteocytes are differentiated osteoblasts that become surrounded by matrix during the process of bone formation. Acquisition of the osteocyte phenotype is achieved by profound changes in gene expression that facilitate adaptation to the changing cellular environment and constitute the molecular signature of osteocytes. During osteocytogenesis, the expression of genes that are characteristic of the osteoblast are altered and the expression of genes and/or proteins that impart dendritic cellular morphology, regulate matrix mineralization and control the function of cells at the bone surface are ordely modulated. The discovery of mutations in human osteocytic genes has contributed, in a large part, to our understanding of the role of osteocytes in bone homeostasis. Osteocytes are targets of the mechanical force imposed on the skeleton and have a critical role in integrating mechanosensory pathways with the action of hormones, which thereby leads to the orchestrated response of bone to environmental cues. Current, therapeutic approaches harness this accumulating knowledge by targeting osteocytic signalling pathways and messengers to improve skeletal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian I. Plotkin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine
- Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Teresita Bellido
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Indiana University School of Medicine
- Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN
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34
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Moorer MC, Buo AM, Garcia-Pelagio KP, Stains JP, Bloch RJ. Deficiency of the intermediate filament synemin reduces bone mass in vivo. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 311:C839-C845. [PMID: 27605453 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00218.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
While the type IV intermediate filament protein, synemin, has been shown to play a role in striated muscle and neuronal tissue, its presence and function have not been described in skeletal tissue. Here, we report that genetic ablation of synemin in 14-wk-old male mice results in osteopenia that includes a more than 2-fold reduction in the trabecular bone fraction in the distal femur and a reduction in the cross-sectional area at the femoral middiaphysis due to an attendant reduction in both the periosteal and endosteal perimeter. Analysis of serum markers of bone formation and static histomorphometry revealed a statistically significant defect in osteoblast activity and osteoblast number in vivo. Interestingly, primary osteoblasts isolated from synemin-null mice demonstrate markedly enhanced osteogenic capacity with a concomitant reduction in cyclin D1 mRNA expression, which may explain the loss of osteoblast number observed in vivo. In total, these data suggest an important, previously unknown role for synemin in bone physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C Moorer
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Atum M Buo
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Karla P Garcia-Pelagio
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joseph P Stains
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Robert J Bloch
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Camirand A, Goltzman D, Gupta A, Kaouass M, Panda D, Karaplis A. The Role of Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein (PTHrP) in Osteoblast Response to Microgravity: Mechanistic Implications for Osteoporosis Development. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160034. [PMID: 27463808 PMCID: PMC4963112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged skeletal unloading through bedrest results in bone loss similar to that observed in elderly osteoporotic patients, but with an accelerated timeframe. This rapid effect on weight-bearing bones is also observed in astronauts who can lose up to 2% of their bone mass per month spent in Space. Despite the important implications for Spaceflight travelers and bedridden patients, the exact mechanisms involved in disuse osteoporosis have not been elucidated. Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) regulates many physiological processes including skeletal development, and has been proposed as a mechanosensor. To investigate the role of PTHrP in microgravity-induced bone loss, trabecular and calvarial osteoblasts (TOs and COs) from Pthrp+/+ and -/- mice were subjected to actual Spaceflight for 6 days (Foton M3 satellite). Pthrp+/+, +/- and -/- osteoblasts were also exposed to simulated microgravity for periods varying from 6 days to 6 weeks. While COs displayed little change in viability in 0g, viability of all TOs rapidly decreased in inverse proportion to PTHrP expression levels. Furthermore, Pthrp+/+ TOs displayed a sharp viability decline after 2 weeks at 0g. Microarray analysis of Pthrp+/+ TOs after 6 days in simulated 0g revealed expression changes in genes encoding prolactins, apoptosis/survival molecules, bone metabolism and extra-cellular matrix composition proteins, chemokines, insulin-like growth factor family members and Wnt-related signalling molecules. 88% of 0g-induced expression changes in Pthrp+/+ cells overlapped those caused by Pthrp ablation in normal gravity, and pulsatile treatment with PTHrP1-36 not only reversed a large proportion of 0g-induced effects in Pthrp+/+ TOs but maintained viability over 6-week exposure to microgravity. Our results confirm PTHrP efficacy as an anabolic agent to prevent microgravity-induced cell death in TOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Camirand
- McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - David Goltzman
- McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ajay Gupta
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mohammadi Kaouass
- Department of Biology, Université Sainte-Anne, Pointe-de-l'Eglise, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Dibyendu Panda
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Andrew Karaplis
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Kaito T, Morimoto T, Kanayama S, Otsuru S, Kashii M, Makino T, Kitaguchi K, Furuya M, Chijimatsu R, Ebina K, Yoshikawa H. Modeling and remodeling effects of intermittent administration of teriparatide (parathyroid hormone 1-34) on bone morphogenetic protein-induced bone in a rat spinal fusion model. Bone Rep 2016; 5:173-180. [PMID: 28580385 PMCID: PMC5440964 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-based tissue engineering has focused on inducing new bone efficiently. However, modeling and remodeling of BMP-induced bone have rarely been discussed. Teriparatide (parathyroid hormone [PTH] 1-34) administration initially increases markers of bone formation, followed by an increase in bone resorption markers. This unique activity would be expected to accelerate the modeling and remodeling of new BMP-induced bone. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent posterolateral spinal fusion surgery and implantation of collagen sponge containing either 50 μg recombinant human (rh)BMP-2 or saline. PTH 1-34 (60 μg/kg, 3 times/week) or saline injections were continued from preoperative week 2 week to postoperative week 12. The volume and quality of newly formed bone were monitored by in vivo micro-computed tomography and analyses of bone histomorphometry and serum bone metabolism markers were conducted at postoperative week 12. Results Microstructural indices of the newly formed bone were significantly improved by PTH 1-34 administration, which significantly decreased the tissue volumes of the fusion mass at postoperative week 12 compared to that at postoperative week 2. Bone histomorphometry and serum analyses showed that PTH administration significantly increased both bone formation and resorption markers. Analysis of the histomorphometry of cortical bone identified predominant periosteal bone resorption and endosteal bone formation. Conclusions Long-term intermittent administration of PTH 1-34 significantly accelerated the modeling and remodeling of new BMP-induced bone. Clinical relevance Our results suggest that the combined administration of rhBMP-2 and PTH 1-34 facilitates qualitative and quantitative improvements in bone regeneration, by accelerating bone modeling and remodeling. The present study found that intermittent administration of PTH 1-34 significantly decreased the TV of new rhBMP-2-induced bone, following the initial formation of a fusion mass equivalent to that of the control group. Bone histomorphometry demonstrated predominant bone resorption at the periosteum and bone formation at the endosteum in rats receiving PTH 1-34. These results indicated that PTH 1-34 supported modeling of rhBMP-2-induced bone in addition to the remodeling effect which confirmed by bone histomorphometry and serum markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kaito
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tokimitsu Morimoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sadaaki Kanayama
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoru Otsuru
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disease, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Chidlren's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Masafumi Kashii
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takahiro Makino
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuma Kitaguchi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masayuki Furuya
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryota Chijimatsu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kosuke Ebina
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hideki Yoshikawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Esbrit P, Herrera S, Portal-Núñez S, Nogués X, Díez-Pérez A. Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein Analogs as Osteoporosis Therapies. Calcif Tissue Int 2016; 98:359-69. [PMID: 26259869 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-015-0050-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The only bone anabolic agent currently available for osteoporosis treatment is parathyroid hormone (PTH)-either its N-terminal 1-34 fragment or the whole molecule of 1-84 aminoacids-whose intermittent administration stimulates new bone formation by targeting osteoblastogenesis and osteoblast survival. PTH-related protein (PTHrP) is an abundant factor in bone which shows N-terminal homology with PTH and thus exhibits high affinity for the same PTH type 1 receptor in osteoblasts. Therefore, it is not surprising that intermittently administered N-terminal PTHrP peptides induce bone anabolism in animals and humans. Furthermore, the C-terminal region of PTHrP also elicits osteogenic features in vitro in osteoblastic cells and in various animal models of osteoporosis. In this review, we discuss the current concepts about the cellular and molecular mechanisms whereby PTHrP may induce anabolic actions in bone. Pre-clinical studies and clinical data using N-terminal PTHrP analogs are also summarized, pointing to PTHrP as a promising alternative to current bone anabolic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Esbrit
- Laboratorio de Metabolismo Mineral y Óseo, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS)-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Avda. Reyes Católicos, 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Envejecimiento y Fragilidad (RETICEF), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sabina Herrera
- Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Envejecimiento y Fragilidad (RETICEF), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Portal-Núñez
- Laboratorio de Metabolismo Mineral y Óseo, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS)-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Avda. Reyes Católicos, 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Envejecimiento y Fragilidad (RETICEF), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xavier Nogués
- Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Envejecimiento y Fragilidad (RETICEF), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adolfo Díez-Pérez
- Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Envejecimiento y Fragilidad (RETICEF), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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38
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Exercise and Regulation of Bone and Collagen Tissue Biology. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 135:259-91. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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