1
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Onoki T, Kanczler J, Rawlings A, Smith M, Kim YH, Hashimoto K, Aizawa T, Oreffo ROC. Modulation of osteoblastogenesis by NRF2: NRF2 activation suppresses osteogenic differentiation and enhances mineralization in human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23892. [PMID: 39230563 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202400602r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal stem cells (MSCs) or skeletal stem cells (SSCs) play a major role in tissue repair due to their robust ability to differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes. Complex cell signaling cascades tightly regulate this differentiation. In osteogenic differentiation, Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) and ALP activity are essential. Furthermore, during the latter stages of osteogenic differentiation, mineral formation mediated by the osteoblast occurs with the secretion of a collagenous extracellular matrix and calcium deposition. Activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), an important transcription factor against oxidative stress, inhibits osteogenic differentiation and mineralization via modulation of RUNX2 function; however, the exact role of NRF2 in osteoblastogenesis remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that NRF2 activation in human bone marrow-derived stromal cells (HBMSCs) suppressed osteogenic differentiation. NRF2 activation increased the expression of STRO-1 and KITLG (stem cell markers), indicating NRF2 protects HBMSCs stemness against osteogenic differentiation. In contrast, NRF2 activation enhanced mineralization, which is typically linked to osteogenic differentiation. We determined that these divergent results were due in part to the modulation of cellular calcium flux genes by NRF2 activation. The current findings demonstrate a dual role for NRF2 as a HBMSC maintenance factor as well as a central factor in mineralization, with implications therein for elucidation of bone formation and cellular Ca2+ kinetics, dystrophic calcification and, potentially, application in the modulation of bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Onoki
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Janos Kanczler
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Andrew Rawlings
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Melanie Smith
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Yang-Hee Kim
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ko Hashimoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toshimi Aizawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Richard O C Oreffo
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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2
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Sheikh IA, Midura‐Kiela MT, Herchuelz A, Sokolow S, Kiela PR, Ghishan FK. The Na +/Ca 2+ exchanger NCX3 mediates Ca 2+ entry into matrix vesicles to facilitate initial steps of mineralization in osteoblasts. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12450. [PMID: 38859730 PMCID: PMC11165172 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Matrix vesicles (MVs) provide the initial site for amorphous hydroxyapatite (HA) formation within mineralizing osteoblasts. Although Na+/Ca2+ exchanger isoform-3 (NCX3, SLC8A3) was presumed to function as major Ca2+ transporter responsible for Ca2+ extrusion out of osteoblast into the calcifying bone matrix, its presence and functional role in MVs have not been investigated. In this study, we investigated the involvement of NCX3 in MV-mediated mineralization process and its impact on bone formation. Using differentiated MC3T3-E1 cells, we demonstrated that NCX3 knockout in these cells resulted in a significant reduction of Ca2+ deposition due to reduced Ca2+ entry within the MVs, leading to impaired mineralization. Consequently, the capacity of MVs to promote extracellular HA formation was diminished. Moreover, primary osteoblast isolated from NCX3 deficient mice (NCX3-/-) exhibits reduced mineralization efficacy without any effect on osteoclast activity. To validate this in vitro finding, μCT analysis revealed a substantial decrease in trabecular bone mineral density in both genders of NCX3-/- mice, thus supporting the critical role of NCX3 in facilitating Ca2+ uptake into the MVs to initiate osteoblast-mediated mineralization. NCX3 expression was also found to be the target of downregulation by inflammatory mediators in vitro and in vivo. This newfound understanding of NCX3's functional role in MVs opens new avenues for therapeutic interventions aimed at enhancing bone mineralization and treating mineralization-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irshad A. Sheikh
- Daniel Cracchiolo Institute for Pediatric Autoimmune Disease Research, Steele Children’s Research Center, Department of PediatricsUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
| | - Monica T. Midura‐Kiela
- Daniel Cracchiolo Institute for Pediatric Autoimmune Disease Research, Steele Children’s Research Center, Department of PediatricsUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
| | - André Herchuelz
- Laboratoire de Pharmacodynamie et de Thérapeutique, Faculté de MédecineUniversité Libre de BruxellesBruxellesBelgium
| | - Sophie Sokolow
- School of NursingUniversity of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)Los AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Pawel R. Kiela
- Daniel Cracchiolo Institute for Pediatric Autoimmune Disease Research, Steele Children’s Research Center, Department of PediatricsUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
- Department of ImmunobiologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
| | - Fayez K. Ghishan
- Daniel Cracchiolo Institute for Pediatric Autoimmune Disease Research, Steele Children’s Research Center, Department of PediatricsUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
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3
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Garneau AP, Slimani S, Haydock L, Nsimba-Batomene TR, Préfontaine FCM, Lavoie MM, Tremblay LE, Fiola MJ, Mac-Way F, Isenring P. Molecular mechanisms, physiological roles, and therapeutic implications of ion fluxes in bone cells: Emphasis on the cation-Cl - cotransporters. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:4356-4368. [PMID: 36125923 PMCID: PMC10087713 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bone turnover diseases are exceptionally prevalent in human and come with a high burden on physical health. While these diseases are associated with a variety of risk factors and causes, they are all characterized by common denominators, that is, abnormalities in the function or number of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and/or osteocytes. As such, much effort has been deployed in the recent years to understand the signaling mechanisms of bone cell proliferation and differentiation with the objectives of exploiting the intermediates involved as therapeutic preys. Ion transport systems at the external and in the intracellular membranes of osteoblasts and osteoclasts also play an important role in bone turnover by coordinating the movement of Ca2+ , PO4 2- , and H+ ions in and out of the osseous matrix. Even if they sustain the terminal steps of osteoformation and osteoresorption, they have been the object of very little attention in the last several years. Members of the cation-Cl- cotransporter (CCC) family are among the systems at work as they are expressed in bone cells, are known to affect the activity of Ca2+ -, PO4 2- -, and H+ -dependent transport systems and have been linked to bone mass density variation in human. In this review, the roles played by the CCCs in bone remodeling will be discussed in light of recent developments and their potential relevance in the treatment of skeletal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre P Garneau
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Service de Néphrologie-Transplantation Rénale Adultes, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Inserm U1151, Université Paris Cité, rue de Sèvres, Paris, France
| | - Samira Slimani
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Ludwig Haydock
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | - Mathilde M Lavoie
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Laurence E Tremblay
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Jeanne Fiola
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Fabrice Mac-Way
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Paul Isenring
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
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Bohner M, Maazouz Y, Ginebra MP, Habibovic P, Schoenecker JG, Seeherman H, van den Beucken JJ, Witte F. Sustained local ionic homeostatic imbalance caused by calcification modulates inflammation to trigger heterotopic ossification. Acta Biomater 2022; 145:1-24. [PMID: 35398267 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a condition triggered by an injury leading to the formation of mature lamellar bone in extraskeletal soft tissues. Despite being a frequent complication of orthopedic and trauma surgery, brain and spinal injury, the etiology of HO is poorly understood. The aim of this study is to evaluate the hypothesis that a sustained local ionic homeostatic imbalance (SLIHI) created by mineral formation during tissue calcification modulates inflammation to trigger HO. This evaluation also considers the role SLIHI could play for the design of cell-free, drug-free osteoinductive bone graft substitutes. The evaluation contains five main sections. The first section defines relevant concepts in the context of HO and provides a summary of proposed causes of HO. The second section starts with a detailed analysis of the occurrence and involvement of calcification in HO. It is followed by an explanation of the causes of calcification and its consequences. This allows to speculate on the potential chemical modulators of inflammation and triggers of HO. The end of this second section is devoted to in vitro mineralization tests used to predict the ectopic potential of materials. The third section reviews the biological cascade of events occurring during pathological and material-induced HO, and attempts to propose a quantitative timeline of HO formation. The fourth section looks at potential ways to control HO formation, either acting on SLIHI or on inflammation. Chemical, physical, and drug-based approaches are considered. Finally, the evaluation finishes with a critical assessment of the definition of osteoinduction. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The ability to regenerate bone in a spatially controlled and reproducible manner is an essential prerequisite for the treatment of large bone defects. As such, understanding the mechanism leading to heterotopic ossification (HO), a condition triggered by an injury leading to the formation of mature lamellar bone in extraskeletal soft tissues, would be very useful. Unfortunately, the mechanism(s) behind HO is(are) poorly understood. The present study reviews the literature on HO and based on it, proposes that HO can be caused by a combination of inflammation and calcification. This mechanism helps to better understand current strategies to prevent and treat HO. It also shows new opportunities to improve the treatment of bone defects in orthopedic and dental procedures.
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Yeh SCA, Hou J, Wu JW, Yu S, Zhang Y, Belfield KD, Camargo FD, Lin CP. Quantification of bone marrow interstitial pH and calcium concentration by intravital ratiometric imaging. Nat Commun 2022; 13:393. [PMID: 35046411 PMCID: PMC8770570 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-27973-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The fate of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) can be directed by microenvironmental factors including extracellular calcium ion concentration ([Ca2+]e), but the local [Ca2+]e around individual HSCs in vivo remains unknown. Here we develop intravital ratiometric analyses to quantify the absolute pH and [Ca2+]e in the mouse calvarial bone marrow, taking into account the pH sensitivity of the calcium probe and the wavelength-dependent optical loss through bone. Unexpectedly, the mean [Ca2+]e in the bone marrow (1.0 ± 0.54 mM) is not significantly different from the blood serum, but the HSCs are found in locations with elevated local [Ca2+]e (1.5 ± 0.57 mM). With aging, a significant increase in [Ca2+]e is found in M-type cavities that exclusively support clonal expansion of activated HSCs. This work thus establishes a tool to investigate [Ca2+]e and pH in the HSC niche with high spatial resolution and can be broadly applied to other tissue types.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-C A Yeh
- Advanced Microscopy Program, Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - J Hou
- Advanced Microscopy Program, Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - J W Wu
- Advanced Microscopy Program, Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - S Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd., Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd., Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - K D Belfield
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd., Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - F D Camargo
- Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - C P Lin
- Advanced Microscopy Program, Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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6
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Berry TM, Moustafa AA. Osteoporosis and the effect of dysregulation of the transsulfuration pathway via taurine on intracellular calcium homeostasis, vitamin D absorption and vitamin K absorption. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2021; 43:191-196. [PMID: 34024513 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS In this article we connect the dysregulation of the transsulfuration pathway to bone dysregulations and propose a novel treatment for osteoporosis. Current treatments for osteoporosis are very frequently inadequate. In osteoporosis, the risk of fractures increases with increased homocysteine (Hcy). METHODS Here, we conduct a review on the relationship between osteoporosis and the dysregulation of the transsulfuration pathway. RESULTS we show that the transsulfuration pathway metabolizes Hcy to L-cysteine. Increased Hcy levels point to the transsulfuration pathway being dysregulated. With the transsulfuration pathway dysregulated, there will be decreased levels of L-cysteine and decreased levels of taurine, which is synthesized from L-cysteine. Taurine levels are decreased in patients with osteoporosis. Taurine regulates intracellular calcium homeostasis. Taurine, also, when conjugated with bile acids assists with absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins such as vitamin D and vitamin K. Dysregulated calcium homeostasis, decreased calcium absorption and decreased absorption of vitamin D and vitamin K due to low levels of taurine negatively affect bone mineral density (BMD) leading to osteoporosis and fractures. CONCLUSIONS In this article, we propose that a combination of taurine, calcium, vitamin D and vitamin K, could increase BMD reducing number of years spent in disability and reducing deaths due to fractures in patients with osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Berry
- School of Psychology, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ahmed A Moustafa
- School of Psychology, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Marcs Institute for Brain and Behaviour, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, South Africa.
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7
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Schlesinger PH, Braddock DT, Larrouture QC, Ray EC, Riazanski V, Nelson DJ, Tourkova IL, Blair HC. Phylogeny and chemistry of biological mineral transport. Bone 2020; 141:115621. [PMID: 32858255 PMCID: PMC7771281 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Three physiologically mineralizing tissues - teeth, cartilage and bone - have critical common elements and important evolutionary relationships. Phylogenetically the most ancient densely mineralized tissue is teeth. In jawless fishes without skeletons, tooth formation included epithelial transport of phosphates, a process echoed later in bone physiology. Cartilage and mineralized cartilage are skeletal elements separate from bone, but with metabolic features common to bone. Cartilage mineralization is coordinated with high expression of tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase and PHOSPHO1 to harvest available phosphate esters and support mineralization of collagen secreted locally. Mineralization in true bone results from stochastic nucleation of hydroxyapatite crystals within the cross-linked collagen fibrils. Mineral accumulation in dense collagen is, at least in major part, mediated by amorphous aggregates - often called Posner clusters - of calcium and phosphate that are small enough to diffuse into collagen fibrils. Mineral accumulation in membrane vesicles is widely suggested, but does not correlate with a definitive stage of mineralization. Conversely mineral deposition at non-physiologic sites where calcium and phosphate are adequate has been shown to be regulated in large part by pyrophosphate. All of these elements are present in vertebrate bone metabolism. A key biological element of bone formation is an epithelial-like cellular organization which allows control of phosphate, calcium and pH during mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul H Schlesinger
- Dept of Cell Biology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Demetrios T Braddock
- Dept. of Pathology, Yale New Haven Hospital, 310 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Quitterie C Larrouture
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, Windmill Road, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Evan C Ray
- Renal Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Vladimir Riazanski
- Dept of Neurobiology, Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Deborah J Nelson
- Dept of Neurobiology, Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Irina L Tourkova
- Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh PA and Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Harry C Blair
- Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh PA and Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America.
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8
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Muszyńska M, Ambrożewicz E, Gęgotek A, Grynkiewicz G, Skrzydlewska E. Protective Effects of Vitamin K Compounds on the Proteomic Profile of Osteoblasts under Oxidative Stress Conditions. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25081990. [PMID: 32340397 PMCID: PMC7222007 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress, which accompanies the pathogenesis of many bone diseases, contributes to the reduction of osteoblast activity, resulting in the inhibition of differentiation. This study aimed to assess the effect of vitamins K1 and K2 (MK4 and MK7) on the proteomic profile of human osteoblasts cell line under oxidative conditions induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The analysis was performed using QExactiveHF mass spectrometer with a nanoelectrospray ionization source. The osteoblast protein exposed to oxidative stress and vitamin K was compared with the proteome of cells exposed only to oxidative stress. Our proteomic analysis identified 1234 proteins changed after 5 days, 967 after 15 days, and 1214 after 20 days of culture. We observed the most frequent changes in the expression of proteins with catalytic activity or protein/DNA binding properties (45% and 40%, respectively). Significant changes were also observed in proteins with transcription/translation regulator activity (2–6%), regulators of molecular functions (5–6%), signal transducers (1–4%), transporters (4–6%), and structural molecules (3–5%). Our results clearly show that vitamins K protect cells from H2O2-induced changes in protein expression, primarily through their effects on transcriptional regulators and transporter proteins. As a result, vitamins K can support the formation, remodeling, and mineralization of bone tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Muszyńska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (M.M.); (E.A.); (A.G.)
| | - Ewa Ambrożewicz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (M.M.); (E.A.); (A.G.)
| | - Agnieszka Gęgotek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (M.M.); (E.A.); (A.G.)
| | - Grzegorz Grynkiewicz
- Łukasiewicz Research Network, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 01-793 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Elżbieta Skrzydlewska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (M.M.); (E.A.); (A.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-85-748-5708
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9
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Zhu YS, Gu Y, Jiang C, Chen L. Osteonectin regulates the extracellular matrix mineralization of osteoblasts through P38 signaling pathway. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:2220-2231. [PMID: 31489629 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Osteonectin binds strongly to type I collagen and hydroxyapatite and plays a crucial role in extracellular matrix mineralization. Previous studies have also shown that p38 signaling pathway is an important regulator for osteoblast mineralization. This study focused on the role of osteonectin in regulating extracellular matrix mineralization via the p38 signaling pathway. Osteoblasts were isolated and cultured from parietal bones of neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats. The gene and protein expressions of noncollagen proteins (BSP, bone sialoprotein; OCN, osteocalcin; OPN, osteopontin), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and SIBLINGs (Small Integrin-Binding LIgand N-linked Glycoproteins) members (DMP1, dentine matrix protein 1, DSPP, dentin sialophosphoprotein, and MEPE, matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein) were detected by reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. Alizarin red staining, intracellular calcium assay, and transmission electron microscopy were used to detect mineralization. Initially, by adding osteonectin at different concentrations in osteoblasts and detecting the above mineralization indexes, 1 µg/ml was determined to be the optima osteonectin concentration, which significantly increased gene expressions of BSP, OPN, OCN, DMP1, MEPE, DSPP, and p38 in osteoblasts, p38 and p-p38 protein expressions were also significantly increased, mineralized nodules were significantly enhanced; when added with SB203580 (a specific inhibitor for p38) these effects were inhibited. Furthermore, osteoblasts transfected with Ad-p38 also significantly upregulated the protein and gene expressions of noncollagens and SIBLINGs members, whereas transfection of p38-rhRNA showed the opposite effect. Our data suggest that osteonectin regulates the extracellular matrix mineralization of osteoblasts through the P38 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Sen Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yong Gu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chang Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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10
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Dey Bhowmik A, Chattopadhyay A. A review on fluoride induced organotoxicity and genotoxicity in mammals and zebrafish. THE NUCLEUS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13237-019-00272-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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11
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Warita K, Aoki R, Kitamura N, Shibuya I, Hosaka YZ. The precursor osteoblast-like cell, MC3T3-E1 cell line, enhances sodium-calcium exchanger 1 (Ncx1) gene expression by stretch stimuli prior to osteoblast differentiation. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:508-512. [PMID: 30745522 PMCID: PMC6483915 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the expression of genes involved in the concentration of
Ca2+ in precursor osteoblast-like cell, MC3T3-E1 subjected to stretching
stimuli. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (Trpv4) gene
expression, the factor that is activated by stretch stimulation and enables inflow of
Ca2+ from the extracellular space, was not affected as a result of stretch
stimulation; conversely, the expression of sodium-calcium exchanger 1
(Ncx1) gene involved in outflow of intracellular Ca2+
increased, depending on stimulation intensity. Localization of Ca2+ correlated
with the positioning of the endoplasmic reticulum, and intracellular Ca2+
decreased in inverse proportion to the intensity of the stretching force. These results
suggest that stretch stimulation activates intracellular Ca2+ elimination
rather than Ca2+ uptake before osteoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Warita
- Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.,Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Ryo Aoki
- Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Naoki Kitamura
- Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan.,Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Izumi Shibuya
- Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan.,Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Z Hosaka
- Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.,Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
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12
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Barron ME, Thies AB, Espinoza JA, Barott KL, Hamdoun A, Tresguerres M. A vesicular Na+/Ca2+ exchanger in coral calcifying cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205367. [PMID: 30379874 PMCID: PMC6209159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The calcium carbonate skeletons of corals provide the underlying structure of coral reefs; however, the cellular mechanisms responsible for coral calcification remain poorly understood. In osteoblasts from vertebrate animals, a Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) present in the plasma membrane transports Ca2+ to the site of bone formation. The aims of this study were to establish whether NCX exists in corals and its localization within coral cells, which are essential first steps to investigate its potential involvement in calcification. Data mining identified genes encoding for NCX proteins in multiple coral species, a subset of which were more closely related to NCXs from vertebrates (NCXA). We cloned NCXA from Acropora yongei (AyNCXA), which, unexpectedly, contained a peptide signal that targets proteins to vesicles from the secretory pathway. AyNCXA subcellular localization was confirmed by heterologous expression of fluorescently tagged AyNCXA protein in sea urchin embryos, which localized together with known markers of intracellular vesicles. Finally, immunolabeling of coral tissues with specific antibodies revealed AyNCXA was present throughout coral tissue. AyNCXA was especially abundant in calcifying cells, where it exhibited a subcellular localization pattern consistent with intracellular vesicles. Altogether, our results demonstrate AyNCXA is present in vesicles in coral calcifying cells, where potential functions include intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and Ca2+ transport to the growing skeleton as part of an intracellular calcification mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Barron
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Angus B. Thies
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Jose A. Espinoza
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Katie L. Barott
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Amro Hamdoun
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Martin Tresguerres
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
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13
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An S. The emerging role of extracellular Ca
2+
in osteo/odontogenic differentiation and the involvement of intracellular Ca
2+
signaling: From osteoblastic cells to dental pulp cells and odontoblasts. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:2169-2193. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaofeng An
- Department of Operative Dentistry and EndodonticsGuanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of StomatologySun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou China
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14
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Osteoblast-like Cell Growth and Differentiation Behaviors on the Phospholipid Vesicle-Interacted Calcium Phosphate Films. E-JOURNAL OF SURFACE SCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2018.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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15
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Ip YK, Hiong KC, Goh EJK, Boo MV, Choo CYL, Ching B, Wong WP, Chew SF. The Whitish Inner Mantle of the Giant Clam, Tridacna squamosa, Expresses an Apical Plasma Membrane Ca 2+-ATPase (PMCA) Which Displays Light-Dependent Gene and Protein Expressions. Front Physiol 2017; 8:781. [PMID: 29066980 PMCID: PMC5641333 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Giant clams live in symbiosis with extracellular zooxanthellae and display high rates of growth and shell formation (calcification) in light. Light-enhanced calcification requires an increase in the supply of Ca2+ to, and simultaneously an augmented removal of H+ from, the extrapallial fluid where shell formation occurs. We have obtained the complete coding cDNA sequence of Plasma Membrane Ca2+-ATPase (PMCA) from the thin and whitish inner mantle, which is in touch with the extrapallial fluid, of the giant clam Tridacna squamosa. The deduced PMCA sequence consisted of an apical targeting element. Immunofluorescence microscopy confirmed that PMCA had an apical localization in the shell-facing epithelium of the inner mantle, whereby it can actively secrete Ca2+ in exchange for H+. More importantly, the apical PMCA-immunofluorescence of the shell-facing epithelium of the inner mantle increased significantly after 12 h of exposure to light. The transcript and protein levels of PMCA/PMCA also increased significantly in the inner mantle after 6 or 12 h of light exposure. These results offer insights into a light-dependable mechanism of shell formation in T. squamosa and a novel explanation of light-enhanced calcification in general. As the inner mantle normally lacks light sensitive pigments, our results support a previous proposition that symbiotic zooxanthellae, particularly those in the colorful and extensible outer mantle, may act as light-sensing elements for the host clam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuen K Ip
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,The Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kum C Hiong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Enan J K Goh
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mel V Boo
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Celine Y L Choo
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Biyun Ching
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wai P Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shit F Chew
- Natural Sciences and Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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16
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Stafford N, Wilson C, Oceandy D, Neyses L, Cartwright EJ. The Plasma Membrane Calcium ATPases and Their Role as Major New Players in Human Disease. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:1089-1125. [PMID: 28566538 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00028.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ca2+ extrusion function of the four mammalian isoforms of the plasma membrane calcium ATPases (PMCAs) is well established. There is also ever-increasing detail known of their roles in global and local Ca2+ homeostasis and intracellular Ca2+ signaling in a wide variety of cell types and tissues. It is becoming clear that the spatiotemporal patterns of expression of the PMCAs and the fact that their abundances and relative expression levels vary from cell type to cell type both reflect and impact on their specific functions in these cells. Over recent years it has become increasingly apparent that these genes have potentially significant roles in human health and disease, with PMCAs1-4 being associated with cardiovascular diseases, deafness, autism, ataxia, adenoma, and malarial resistance. This review will bring together evidence of the variety of tissue-specific functions of PMCAs and will highlight the roles these genes play in regulating normal physiological functions and the considerable impact the genes have on human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Stafford
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Wilson
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Delvac Oceandy
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ludwig Neyses
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth J Cartwright
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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17
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Duan XQ, Li YH, Zhang XY, Zhao ZT, Wang Y, Wang H, Li GS, Jing L. Mechanisms of Intracellular Calcium Homeostasis in MC3T3-E1 Cells and Bone Tissues of Sprague-Dawley Rats Exposed to Fluoride. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 170:331-9. [PMID: 26276564 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0465-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Calcium homeostasis of osteoblasts (OBs) has an important role in the physiology and pathology of bone tissue. In order to study the mechanisms of intracellular calcium homeostasis, MC3T3-E1 cells and Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with different concentrations of fluoride. Then, we examined intracellular-free calcium ion ([Ca(2+)]i) in MC3T3-E1 cells as well as mRNA and protein levels of Cav1.2, the main subunit of L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs), Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange carriers (NCS), and plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase (PMCA), inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) channels, sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2b (SERCA2b)/ATP2A2 in vitro, and rat bone tissues in vivo. Our results showed that [Ca(2+)]i of fluoride-treated OBs increased in a concentration-dependent manner with an increase in the concentration of fluoride. We also found that the low dose of fluoride led to high expression levels of Cav1.2, NCS-1, and PMCA and low expression levels of IP3R and SERCA2b/ATP2A2, while the high dose of fluoride induced an increase in SERCA2b/ATP2A2 levels and decrease in Cav1.2, PMCA, NCS-1, and IP3R levels. These results demonstrate that calcium channels and calcium pumps of plasma and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes keep intracellular calcium homeostasis by regulating Cav1.2, NCS-1, PMCA, IP3R, and SERCA2b/ATP2A2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-qin Duan
- The Second Hospital Norman Bethune of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-hui Li
- The Second Hospital Norman Bethune of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-yun Zhang
- Institute of Endemic Disease of Jilin University, 1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-tao Zhao
- Institute of Endemic Disease of Jilin University, 1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- The First Hospital Norman Bethune of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Wang
- The Second Hospital Norman Bethune of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-sheng Li
- Institute of Endemic Disease of Jilin University, 1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Jing
- Institute of Endemic Disease of Jilin University, 1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Julià A, González I, Fernández-Nebro A, Blanco F, Rodriguez L, González A, Cañete JD, Maymó J, Alperi-López M, Olivé A, Corominas H, Martínez-Taboada V, Erra A, Sánchez-Fernández S, Alonso A, Lopez-Lasanta M, Tortosa R, Codó L, Gelpi JL, García-Montero AC, Bertranpetit J, Absher D, Bridges SL, Myers RM, Tornero J, Marsal S. A genome-wide association study identifies SLC8A3 as a susceptibility locus for ACPA-positive rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2016; 55:1106-11. [PMID: 26983453 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kew035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE RA patients with serum ACPA have a strong and specific genetic background. The objective of the study was to identify new susceptibility genes for ACPA-positive RA using a genome-wide association approach. METHODS A total of 924 ACPA-positive RA patients with joint damage in hands and/or feet, and 1524 healthy controls were genotyped in 582 591 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the discovery phase. In the validation phase, the most significant SNPs in the genome-wide association study representing new candidate loci for RA were tested in an independent cohort of 863 ACPA-positive patients with joint damage and 1152 healthy controls. All individuals from the discovery and validation cohorts were Caucasian and of Southern European ancestry. RESULTS In the discovery phase, 60 loci not previously associated with RA risk showed evidence for association at P < 5×10(-4) and were tested for replication in the validation cohort. A total of 12 loci were replicated at the nominal level (P < 0.05, same direction of effect as in the discovery phase). When combining the discovery and validation cohorts, an intronic SNP in the Solute Carrier family 8 gene (SLC8A3) was found to be associated with ACPA-positive RA at a genome-wide level of significance RA [odds ratio (95% CI): 1.42 (1.25, 1.6), Pcombined = 3.19×10(-8)]. CONCLUSIONS SLC8A3 was identified as a new risk locus for ACPA-positive RA. This study demonstrates the advantage of analysing relevant subsets of RA patients to identify new genetic risk variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Julià
- Vall d'Hebron Hospital Research Institute, Rheumatology Research Group, Barcelona
| | - Isidoro González
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa. IIS La Princesa, Madrid
| | - Antonio Fernández-Nebro
- UGC Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga
| | - Francisco Blanco
- Rheumatology Department, INIBIC-Hospital Universitario A Coruña, A Coruña
| | - Luis Rodriguez
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Madrid
| | - Antonio González
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Rheumatology Unit, Santiago de Compostela
| | - Juan D Cañete
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona
| | - Joan Maymó
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Barcelona
| | | | - Alejandro Olivé
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol
| | | | | | - Alba Erra
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Sant Rafael, Barcelona
| | | | - Arnald Alonso
- Vall d'Hebron Hospital Research Institute, Rheumatology Research Group, Barcelona
| | - Maria Lopez-Lasanta
- Vall d'Hebron Hospital Research Institute, Rheumatology Research Group, Barcelona
| | - Raül Tortosa
- Vall d'Hebron Hospital Research Institute, Rheumatology Research Group, Barcelona
| | - Laia Codó
- Life Sciences, Barcelona Supercomputing Centre Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona
| | - Josep Lluis Gelpi
- Life Sciences, Barcelona Supercomputing Centre Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona
| | | | - Jaume Bertranpetit
- Nacional Genotyping Centre (CeGen), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Devin Absher
- Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Abshers lab, Huntsville
| | - S Louis Bridges
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham
| | - Richard M Myers
- Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Myers lab, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Jesus Tornero
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario De Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Spain
| | - Sara Marsal
- Vall d'Hebron Hospital Research Institute, Rheumatology Research Group, Barcelona
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19
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Ip YK, Ching B, Hiong KC, Choo CYL, Boo MV, Wong WP, Chew SF. Light induces changes in activities of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase, H(+)/K(+)-ATPase and glutamine synthetase in tissues involved directly or indirectly in light-enhanced calcification in the giant clam, Tridacna squamosa. Front Physiol 2015; 6:68. [PMID: 25798110 PMCID: PMC4351588 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of 12 h of exposure to light, as compared with 12 h of exposure to darkness (control), on enzymatic activities of transporters involved in the transport of NH(+) 4 or H(+), and activities of enzymes involved in converting NH(+) 4 to glutamate/glutamine in inner mantle, outer mantle, and ctenidia of the giant clam, Tridacna squamosa. Exposure to light resulted in a significant increase in the effectiveness of NH(+) 4 in substitution for K(+) to activate Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (NKA), manifested as a significant increase in the Na(+)/NH(+) 4-activated-NKA activity in the inner mantle. However, similar phenomena were not observed in the extensible outer mantle, which contained abundant symbiotic zooxanthellae. Hence, during light-enhanced calcification, H(+) released from CaCO3 deposition could react with NH3 to form NH(+) 4 in the extrapallial fluid, and NH(+) 4 could probably be transported into the shell-facing inner mantle epithelium through NKA. Light also induced an increase in the activity of glutamine synthetase, which converts NH(+) 4 and glutamate to glutamine, in the inner mantle. Taken together, these results explained observations reported elsewhere that light induced a significant increase in pH and a significant decrease in ammonia concentration in the extrapallial fluid, as well as a significant increase in the glutamine concentration in the inner mantle, of T. squamosa. Exposure of T. squamosa to light also led to a significant decrease in the N-ethylmaleimide (NEM)-sensitive-V-H(+)-ATPase (VATPase) in the inner mantle, and significant increases in the Na(+)/K(+)-activated-NKA, H(+)/NH(+) 4-activated-H(+)/K(+)-ATPase, and NEM-sensitive-VATPase activities in ctenidia, indicating that light-enhanced calcification might perturb Na(+) homeostasis and acid/base balance in the hemolymph, and might involve the active uptake of NH(+) 4 from the environment. This is the first report on light having direct enhancing effects on activities of certain transporters/enzymes related to light-enhanced calcification in the inner mantle and ctenidia of T. squamosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuen K. Ip
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, SingaporeSingapore
- The Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, SingaporeSingapore
| | - Biyun Ching
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, SingaporeSingapore
- The Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, SingaporeSingapore
| | - Kum C. Hiong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, SingaporeSingapore
- The Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, SingaporeSingapore
| | - Celine Y. L. Choo
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, SingaporeSingapore
- The Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, SingaporeSingapore
| | - Mel V. Boo
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, SingaporeSingapore
- The Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, SingaporeSingapore
| | - Wai P. Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, SingaporeSingapore
| | - Shit F. Chew
- Natural Sciences and Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, SingaporeSingapore
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20
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Ousingsawat J, Wanitchakool P, Schreiber R, Wuelling M, Vortkamp A, Kunzelmann K. Anoctamin-6 controls bone mineralization by activating the calcium transporter NCX1. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:6270-80. [PMID: 25589784 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.602979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Anoctamin-6 (Ano6, TMEM16F) belongs to a family of putative Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) channels and operates as membrane phospholipid scramblase. Deletion of Ano6 leads to reduced skeleton size, skeletal deformities, and mineralization defects in mice. However, it remains entirely unclear how a lack of Ano6 leads to a delay in bone mineralization by osteoblasts. The Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger NCX1 was found to interact with Ano6 in a two-hybrid split-ubiquitin screen. Using human osteoblasts and osteoblasts from Ano6(-/-) and WT mice, we demonstrate that NCX1 requires Ano6 to efficiently translocate Ca(2+) out of osteoblasts into the calcifying bone matrix. Ca(2+)-activated anion currents are missing in primary osteoblasts isolated from Ano6 null mice. Our findings demonstrate the importance of NCX1 for bone mineralization and explain why deletion of an ion channel leads to the observed mineralization defect: Ano6 Cl(-) currents are probably required to operate as a Cl(-) bypass channel, thereby compensating net Na(+) charge movement by NCX1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiraporn Ousingsawat
- From the Institut für Physiologie, Universität Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg and
| | | | - Rainer Schreiber
- From the Institut für Physiologie, Universität Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg and
| | - Manuela Wuelling
- the Department Entwicklungsbiologie, Fakultät für Biologie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Andrea Vortkamp
- the Department Entwicklungsbiologie, Fakultät für Biologie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Karl Kunzelmann
- From the Institut für Physiologie, Universität Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg and
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21
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Towards Understanding the Role of the Na+-Ca2+ Exchanger Isoform 3. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 168:31-57. [DOI: 10.1007/112_2015_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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22
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Go W, Korzh V. Plasma membrane Ca(2+) ATPase Atp2b1a regulates bone mineralization in zebrafish. Bone 2013; 54:48-57. [PMID: 23353107 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The zebrafish transgenic lines provide a possibility to observe the development of tissues and organs in real time. Using the reporter line for the zebrafish plasma membrane Ca(2+) ATPase (SqET4), we detected its expression in the epithelium of pharyngeal teeth and analyzed its role in their calcification and that of cranial bones. atp2b1a's expression in the pharyngeal epithelium is faithfully recapitulated in the SqET4 transgenics by GFP expression. We showed by morpholino knockdown of Atp2b1a translations as well as chemical inhibition of Atp2b1a pump activity using carboxyeosin, that its activity is required to facilitate calcification of the developing pharyngeal teeth by the dental epithelium. Atp2b1a could be required during calcification of endochondral bones, where it acts at two levels: 1) by exporting Ca(2+) from ameloblasts, it provides raw material for calcifying the pharyngeal teeth by adjacent odontoblasts; and 2) by regulating terminal differentiation of pharyngeal epithelial cells, including ameloblasts required for tissue hyper-mineralization. atp2b1a's expression in the pharyngeal epithelium is regulated by the homeodomain transcription factor dlx2b.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Go
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A-STAR, Singapore
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23
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The transient receptor potential channel TRPV6 is dynamically expressed in bone cells but is not crucial for bone mineralization in mice. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:1951-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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24
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Izu Y, Sun M, Zwolanek D, Veit G, Williams V, Cha B, Jepsen KJ, Koch M, Birk DE. Type XII collagen regulates osteoblast polarity and communication during bone formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 193:1115-30. [PMID: 21670218 PMCID: PMC3115787 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Type XII collagen–null mice have fragile bones with disorganized collagen fiber arrangement, decreased bone matrix formation, and delayed osteoblast differentiation. Differentiated osteoblasts are polarized in regions of bone deposition, demonstrate extensive cell interaction and communication, and are responsible for bone formation and quality. Type XII collagen is a fibril-associated collagen with interrupted triple helices and has been implicated in the osteoblast response to mechanical forces. Type XII collagen is expressed by osteoblasts and localizes to areas of bone formation. A transgenic mouse null for type XII collagen exhibits skeletal abnormalities including shorter, more slender long bones with decreased mechanical strength as well as altered vertebrae structure compared with wild-type mice. Col12a−/− osteoblasts have decreased bone matrix deposition with delayed maturation indicated by decreased bone matrix protein expression. Compared with controls, Col12a−/− osteoblasts are disorganized and less polarized with disrupted cell–cell interactions, decreased connexin43 expression, and impaired gap junction function. The data demonstrate important regulatory roles for type XII collagen in osteoblast differentiation and bone matrix formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayoi Izu
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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25
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Blair HC, Robinson LJ, Huang CLH, Sun L, Friedman PA, Schlesinger PH, Zaidi M. Calcium and bone disease. Biofactors 2011; 37:159-67. [PMID: 21674636 PMCID: PMC3608212 DOI: 10.1002/biof.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Calcium transport and calcium signaling are of basic importance in bone cells. Bone is the major store of calcium and a key regulatory organ for calcium homeostasis. Bone, in major part, responds to calcium-dependent signals from the parathyroids and via vitamin D metabolites, although bone retains direct response to extracellular calcium if parathyroid regulation is lost. Improved understanding of calcium transporters and calcium-regulated cellular processes has resulted from analysis of genetic defects, including several defects with low or high bone mass. Osteoblasts deposit calcium by mechanisms including phosphate and calcium transport with alkalinization to absorb acid created by mineral deposition; cartilage calcium mineralization occurs by passive diffusion and phosphate production. Calcium mobilization by osteoclasts is mediated by acid secretion. Both bone forming and bone resorbing cells use calcium signals as regulators of differentiation and activity. This has been studied in more detail in osteoclasts, where both osteoclast differentiation and motility are regulated by calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry C Blair
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Veterans Affairs Health System, PA, USA.
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26
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Li R, Zuo Z, Chen D, He C, Chen R, Chen Y, Wang C. Inhibition by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of ATPase activities in Sebastiscus marmoratus larvae: relationship with the development of early life stages. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2011; 71:86-90. [PMID: 21131043 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Sebastiscus marmoratus larvae were exposed to waterborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) containing 3-5 rings, benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), pyrene (Py) or phenanthrene (Phe), respectively at 0.01, 0.1 and 1 μg L⁻¹. Cumulative mortality, frequency of dorsal curvature and rate of pericardial and yolk sac edema in larvae treated for 8 days were significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner. All three PAHs resulted in reduction of the lower jaw, and the extent of reduction increased with increasing concentrations of the PAHs. Na+/K+-ATPase and Ca²+-ATPase activity in larvae exposed to the three PAHs were all significantly inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. Analysis using the Pearson correlation coefficient indicated a significant correlation between the rate of the dorsal curvature and edema and the inhibition of Na+/K+-ATPase and Ca²+-ATPase activity, suggesting that the developmental defects caused by PAHs were related to their inhibition of Na+/K+-ATPase and Ca²+-ATPase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixia Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
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Davis LA, Dienelt A, zur Nieden NI. Absorption-based assays for the analysis of osteogenic and chondrogenic yield. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 690:255-272. [PMID: 21042998 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-962-8_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The typical characteristics of cartilage and bone tissue are their unique extracellular matrices on which our body relies for structural support. In the respective tissue, the cells that create these matrices are the chondrocyte and the osteoblast. During in vitro differentiation from an embryonic or any other stem cell, specific cell types must be unequivocally identifiable to be able to draw the conclusion that a specific cell type has indeed been generated. Here, gene expression profiling can be helpful, but examining functional properties of cells is a lot more conclusive. As proteoglycans are found in and are part of the function of cartilage tissue, their detection and quantification becomes an important diagnostic tool in tissue engineering. Likewise, in bone regeneration therapy and in research, alkaline phosphatase is a known marker to detect the degree of development and function of differentiating osteoblasts. Calcification of the maturing osteoblast is the last stage in its development, and thus, the quantification of deposited calcium can aid in determining how many cells in a given culture have successfully matured into fully functioning osteoblasts. This chapter describes methods ideal for testing of proteoglycan content, alkaline phosphatase activity, and calcium deposit during in vitro chondro- and osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley A Davis
- Department of Surgery, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Gupta RR, Yoo DJ, Hebert C, Niger C, Stains JP. Induction of an osteocyte-like phenotype by fibroblast growth factor-2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 402:258-64. [PMID: 20934405 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to characterize the molecular phenotype that occurs during the profound morphological shift of cultured osteogenic cells upon treatment with fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2). A time course of treatment with FGF2 was performed on an osteoblast cell line, primary bone marrow stromal cells and an osteocyte-like cell line. Morphologic changes were recorded, and gene profiling was carried out by real time PCR. By 8h of FGF2 treatment, there is a striking morphological shift of osteoblast and stromal cells to an elongated dendritic-like morphology that is remindful of osteocytes. In osteoblasts treated with FGF2, this morphologic shift is preceded by an induction of several osteocyte markers, including dentin matrix protein 1 (>20-fold) and E11 (>5-fold). There is a transient increase in the gene expression of sclerostin (3.5-fold) and PHEX (2.5-fold). Sclerostin regulation by FGF2 is complex, as gene expression becomes markedly inhibited by FGF2 at times points after 8h of treatment before rebounding at day 12. Analogous modulation of osteocyte markers is seen in bone marrow stromal cells and MLO-Y4 osteocyte-like cells. In conclusion, this study shows that FGF2 can regulate the transition of osteogenic cells towards the osteocyte lineage, as well as, regulate the expression of critical genes in osteocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi R Gupta
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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29
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Tsumura M, Okumura R, Tatsuyama S, Ichikawa H, Muramatsu T, Matsuda T, Baba A, Suzuki K, Kajiya H, Sahara Y, Tokuda M, Momose Y, Tazaki M, Shimono M, Shibukawa Y. Ca2+ Extrusion via Na+-Ca2+ Exchangers in Rat Odontoblasts. J Endod 2010; 36:668-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2010.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Revised: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bredoux R, Corvazier E, Dally S, Chaabane C, Bobe R, Raies A, Moreau A, Enouf J. Human platelet Ca2+-ATPases: New markers of cell differentiation as illustrated in idiopathic scoliosis. Platelets 2009; 17:421-33. [PMID: 16973504 DOI: 10.1080/09537100600758719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aetiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), the most common form of scoliosis, is unclear. Previous studies showed controversial platelet abnormalities including intracellular calcium. Platelet Ca2+ homeostasis is controlled by a multi-Ca2+-ATPase system including SERCA (sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase) and PMCA (plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase) isoforms. Here, we first investigated the expression of PMCA4b, SERCA3a and SERCA2b isoforms in platelets of 17 patients with AIS. Patients presenting thoracic curves were found to present a higher PMCA4b expression coupled to a lower SERCA3a one in agreement with an abnormality in platelet maturation. Indeed, using PMA-treated MEG 01 cells, an in vitro model of megakaryocytopoiesis, we found an increase in SERCA3a expression, associated to a caspase-3 mediated C terminal proteolysis of PMCA4b. To look whether platelets reflect a basic defect in cell differentiation, we next identified osteoblast Ca2+-ATPases and studied their expressions in AIS. Major expressions of PMCA4b and SERCA2b were found in normal osteoblasts. Comparing platelets and osteoblasts in two additional patients with AIS, we found opposite and concerted regulations of the expressions of PMCA4b and caspase-3 substrate, PARP in both cell types. A systemic defect in cell differentiation involving caspase-3 can be proposed as a novel mechanism in the etiopathogenesis of the most frequent type of AIS. *R. Bredoux and E. Corvazier contributed equally to this work.
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Bar A. Calcium transport in strongly calcifying laying birds: mechanisms and regulation. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2008; 152:447-69. [PMID: 19118637 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Revised: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Birds that lay long clutches (series of eggs laid sequentially before a "pause day"), among them the high-producing, strongly-calcifying Gallus gallus domesticus (domestic hen) and Coturnix coturnix japonica (Japanese quail), transfer about 10% of their total body calcium daily. They appear, therefore, to be the most efficient calcium-transporters among vertebrates. Such intensive transport imposes severe demands on ionic calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis, and activates at least two extremely effective mechanisms for Ca2+ transfer from food and bone to the eggshell. This review focuses on the development, action and regulation of the mechanisms associated with paracellular and transcellular Ca2+ transport in the intestine and the eggshell gland (ESG); it also considers some of the proteins (calbindin, Ca2+ATPase, Na+/Ca2+ exchange, epithelial calcium channels (TRPVs), osteopontin and carbonic anhydrase (CA) associated with this phenomenon. Calbindins are discussed in some detail, as they appear to be a major component of the transcellular transport system, and as only they have been studied extensively in birds. The review aims to gather old and new knowledge, which could form a conceptual basis, albeit not a completely accepted one, for our understanding of the mechanisms associated with this phenomenon. In the intestine, the transcellular pathway appears to compensate for low Ca2+ intake, but in birds fed adequate calcium the major drive for calcium absorption remains the electrochemical potential difference (ECPD) that facilitates paracellular transport. However, the mechanisms involved in Ca2+ transport into the ESG lumen are not yet established. In the ESG, the presence of Ca2+-ATPase and calbindin--two components of the transcellular transport pathway--and the apparently uphill transport of Ca2+ support the idea that Ca2+ is transported via the transcellular pathway. However, the positive (plasma with respect to mucosa) electrical potential difference (EPD) in the ESG, among other findings, indicates that there may be major alternative or complementary paracellular passive transport pathways. The available evidence hints that the flow from the gut to the ESG, which occurs during a relatively short period (11 to 14 h out the 24- to 25.5-h egg cycle), is primarily driven by carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity in the ESG, which results in high HCO3(-) content that, in turn, "sucks out" Ca2+ from the intestinal lumen via the blood and ESG cells, and deposits it in the shell crystals. The increased CA activity appears to be dependent on energy input, whereas it seems most likely that the Ca2+ movement is secondary, that it utilizes passive paracellular routes that fluctuate in accordance with the appearance of the energy-dependent CA activity, and that the level of Ca2+ movement mimics that of the CA activity. The on-off signals for the overall phenomenon have not yet been identified. They appear to be associated with the circadian cycle of gonadal hormones, coupled with the egg cycle: it is most likely that progesterone acts as the "off" signal, and that the "on" signal is provided by the combined effect of an as-yet undefined endocrine factor associated with ovulation and with the mechanical strain that results from "egg white" formation and "plumping". This strain may initially trigger the formation of the mammillae and the seeding of shell calcium crystals in the isthmus, and thereafter initiate the formation of the shell in the ESG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arie Bar
- Institute of Animal Science, ARO, the Volcani Ctr., Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
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Foster BL, Tompkins KA, Rutherford RB, Zhang H, Chu EY, Fong H, Somerman MJ. Phosphate: known and potential roles during development and regeneration of teeth and supporting structures. BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH. PART C, EMBRYO TODAY : REVIEWS 2008; 84:281-314. [PMID: 19067423 PMCID: PMC4526155 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic phosphate (P(i)) is abundant in cells and tissues as an important component of nucleic acids and phospholipids, a source of high-energy bonds in nucleoside triphosphates, a substrate for kinases and phosphatases, and a regulator of intracellular signaling. The majority of the body's P(i) exists in the mineralized matrix of bones and teeth. Systemic P(i) metabolism is regulated by a cast of hormones, phosphatonins, and other factors via the bone-kidney-intestine axis. Mineralization in bones and teeth is in turn affected by homeostasis of P(i) and inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), with further regulation of the P(i)/PP(i) ratio by cellular enzymes and transporters. Much has been learned by analyzing the molecular basis for changes in mineralized tissue development in mutant and knock-out mice with altered P(i) metabolism. This review focuses on factors regulating systemic and local P(i) homeostasis and their known and putative effects on the hard tissues of the oral cavity. By understanding the role of P(i) metabolism in the development and maintenance of the oral mineralized tissues, it will be possible to develop improved regenerative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian L Foster
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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33
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Sosnoski DM, Gay CV. NCX3 is a major functional isoform of the sodium-calcium exchanger in osteoblasts. J Cell Biochem 2008; 103:1101-10. [PMID: 17668452 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The calcium phosphate-based skeleton of vertebrates serves as the major reservoir for metabolically available calcium ions. The skeleton is formed by osteoblasts which first secrete a proteinaceous matrix and then provide Ca++ for the calcification process. The two calcium efflux ports found in most cells are the plasma membrane Ca-ATPase (PMCA) and the sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX). In osteoblasts, PMCA and NCX are located on opposing sides of the cell with NCX facing the mineralizing bone surface. Two isoforms of NCX have been identified in osteoblasts NCX1, and NCX3. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which each of the two NCX isoforms support delivery of Ca++ into sites of calcification and to discern if one could compensate for the other. SiRNA technology was used to knockdown each isoform separately in MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts. Osteoblasts in which either NCX1 or NCX3 was impaired were tested for Ca++ efflux using the Ca++ specific fluorophore, fluo-4, in a sodium-dependent calcium uptake assay adapted for image analysis. NCX3 was found to serve as a major contributor of Ca++ translocation out of osteoblasts into calcifying bone matrix. NCX1 had little to no involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna M Sosnoski
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
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Nakano Y, Addison WN, Kaartinen MT. ATP-mediated mineralization of MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cultures. Bone 2007; 41:549-61. [PMID: 17669706 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2007.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2007] [Revised: 04/24/2007] [Accepted: 06/15/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
While bone is hypomineralized in hypophosphatemia patients and in tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (Tnsalp)-deficient mice, the extensive mineralization that nevertheless occurs suggests involvement of other phosphatases in providing phosphate ions for mineral deposition. Although the source of phosphate liberated by these phosphatases is unknown, pyrophosphate, ATP, pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP) and phoshoethanolamine (PEA) are likely candidates. In this study, we have induced mineralization of MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cultures using ATP, and have investigated potential phosphatases involved in this mineralization process. MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts were cultured for 12 days and treated either with beta-glycerophosphate (betaGP) or ATP. Matrix and mineral deposition was examined by biochemical, cytochemical, ultrastructural and X-ray microanalytical methods. ATP added at levels of 4-5 mM resulted in mineral deposition similar to that following conventional treatment with betaGP. Collagen levels were similarly normal in ATP-mineralized cultures and transmission electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis confirmed hydroxyapatite mineral deposition along the collagen fibrils in the ECM. Phosphate release from 4 mM ATP into the medium was rapid and resulted in approximately twice the phosphate levels than after release from 10 mM betaGP. ATP treatment did not affect mineralization by altering the expression of mineral-regulating genes such as Enpp1, Ank, and Mgp, nor phosphatase genes indicating that ATP induces mineralization by serving as a phosphate source for mineral deposition. Levamisole, an inhibitor of TNSALP, completely blocked mineralization in betaGP-treated cultures, but had minor effects on ATP-mediated mineralization, indicating that other phosphatases such as plasma membrane Ca2+ transport ATPase 1 (PMCA1) and transglutaminase 2 (TG2) are contributing to ATP hydrolysis. To examine their involvement in ATP-mediated mineralization, the inhibitors cystamine (TG2 inhibitor) and ortho-vanadate (PMCA inhibitor) were added to the cultures - both inhibitors significantly reduced mineralization whereas suppression of the phosphate release by ortho-vanadate was minor comparing to other two inhibitors. The contribution of PMCA1 to mineralization may occur through pumping of calcium towards calcification sites and TG2 can likely act as an ATPase in the ECM. Unlike the GTPase activity of TG2, its ATPase function was resistant to calcium, demonstrating the potential for participation in ATP hydrolysis and mineral deposition within the ECM at elevated calcium concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Nakano
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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35
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Pyrski M, Koo JH, Polumuri SK, Ruknudin AM, Margolis JW, Schulze DH, Margolis FL. Sodium/calcium exchanger expression in the mouse and rat olfactory systems. J Comp Neurol 2007; 501:944-58. [PMID: 17311327 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Sodium/calcium (Na(+)/Ca(2+)) exchangers are membrane transport systems that regulate Ca(2+)-homeostasis in many eukaryotic cells. In olfactory and vomeronasal sensory neurons ligand-induced olfactory signal transduction is associated with influx and elevation of intracellular Ca(2+), [Ca(2+)](i). While much effort has been devoted to the characterization of Ca(2+)-related excitation and adaptation events of olfactory chemosensory neurons (OSNs), much less is known about mechanisms that return [Ca(2+)](i) to the resting state. To identify proteins participating in the poststimulus Ca(2+)-clearance of mouse OSNs, we analyzed the expression of three potassium (K(+))-independent (NCX1, 2, 3) and three K(+)-dependent (NCKX1, 2, 3) Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchangers. In situ hybridization showed that mRNAs of all six Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchangers coexist in neurons of the olfactory and vomeronasal systems, and that some are already detectable in the embryo. Of these, NCX1 and NCKX1 represent the most and least abundant mRNAs, respectively. Moreover, immunohistochemistry revealed that the NCX1, 2, and 3 proteins are expressed in nearly all neurons of the olfactory epithelium, the vomeronasal organ, the septal organ of Masera, and the Grueneberg ganglion. These three exchanger proteins display different expression profiles in dendrites, knobs, and plasma membranes of OSNs and in sustentacular cells. Furthermore, we show that NCX1 mRNA in rat olfactory mucosa is expressed as 8 alternative splice variants. This is the first comprehensive analysis of Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger expression in the mammalian olfactory system. Our results suggest that Ca(2+)-extrusion by OSNs utilizes multiple different Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchangers and that different subtypes are targeted to different subcellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Pyrski
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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36
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Ribiczey P, Tordai A, Andrikovics H, Filoteo AG, Penniston JT, Enouf J, Enyedi Á, Papp B, Kovács T. Isoform-specific up-regulation of plasma membrane Ca2+ATPase expression during colon and gastric cancer cell differentiation. Cell Calcium 2007; 42:590-605. [PMID: 17433436 PMCID: PMC2096732 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2007.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2006] [Revised: 02/09/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this work we demonstrate a differentiation-induced up-regulation of the expression of plasma membrane Ca2+ATPase (PMCA) isoforms being present in various gastric/colon cancer cell types. We found PMCA1b as the major isoform in non-differentiated cancer cell lines, whereas the expression level of PMCA4b was significantly lower. Cell differentiation initiated with short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and trichostatin A, or spontaneous differentiation of post-confluent cell cultures resulted in a marked induction of PMCA4b expression, while only moderately increased PMCA1b levels. Up-regulation of PMCA4b expression was demonstrated both at the protein and mRNA levels, and closely correlated with the induction of established differentiation markers. In contrast, the expression level of the Na+/K+-ATPase or that of the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ATPase 2 protein did not change significantly under these conditions. In membrane vesicles obtained from SCFA-treated gastric/colon cancer cells a marked increase in the PMCA-dependent Ca2+ transport activity was observed, indicating a general increase of PMCA function during the differentiation of these cancer cells. Because various PMCA isoforms display distinct functional characteristics, we suggest that up-regulated PMCA expression, together with a major switch in PMCA isoform pattern may significantly contribute to the differentiation of gastric/colon cancer cells. The analysis of PMCA expression may provide a new diagnostic tool for monitoring the tumor phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polett Ribiczey
- National Medical Centre, Institute of Haematology and Immunology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Tordai
- National Medical Centre, Institute of Haematology and Immunology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Hajnalka Andrikovics
- National Medical Centre, Institute of Haematology and Immunology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Adelaida G. Filoteo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | | | - Jocelyne Enouf
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U689 E4, Paris, France
- Université Paris 7-Denis Diderot, IFR139, Site Lariboisière, Paris, France
| | - Ágnes Enyedi
- National Medical Centre, Institute of Haematology and Immunology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Béla Papp
- INSERM, U718, Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Hématopoïétique, Paris, France
- Université Paris 7-Denis Diderot, Faculté de médecine, IFR105-Saint Louis-Institut Universitaire d’Hématologie, Paris, France
| | - Tünde Kovács
- National Medical Centre, Institute of Haematology and Immunology, Budapest, Hungary
- *Corresponding author at: National Medical Centre, Institute of Haematology and Immunology, Diószegi u. 64, H-1113 Budapest, Hungary, Tel/Fax: 36-1-372-4353 E-mail address:
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Yu YG, Tang FG, Pan J, Gu XF. Effects of Phenylalanine and its Metabolites on Cytoplasmic Free Calcium in Cortical Neurons. Neurochem Res 2007; 32:1292-301. [PMID: 17401656 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-007-9303-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2006] [Accepted: 01/30/2007] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Classic phenylketonuria (PKU) is characterized by brain lesions. However, its underlying neurotoxic mechanisms remain unknown. Based on our previous studies, we hypothesized that calcium might participate in PKU-associated neuropathy. In cultured cortical neurons, cytoplasmic free calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) decreased dramatically when treatment with phenylalanine (Phe) and phenyllactic acid, while phenylacetic acid treatment immediately increased [Ca(2+)](i), which began to decrease after 3 min. Moreover, [Ca(2+)](i) decreased dramatically after Phe treatment in the presence of EGTA suggesting that Phe might increase [Ca(2+)](i) efflux. Phe-induced [Ca(2+)](i) decrease was strongly inhibited by vanadate, a non-specific plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase (PMCA) antagonist, suggesting that Phe might increase [Ca(2+)](i) efflux throught modulating PMCA. These findings were further supported by the facts that Phe could increase membrance (45)Ca-uptake capability and PMCA activity. In contrast, treatment of KBR7943 or thapsigargin, antagonists to Na/Ca Exchanger (NCX) and Sarco/Endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA), respectively, did not elicit any changes in [Ca(2+)](i). Specific siRNA against PMCA had an effect similar to vanadate. Since the brain injury induced by phenylalaninemia was thought to be a chronic process, we cultured cortical neurons in the presence of Phe for 2 weeks and measured [Ca(2+)](i), PMCA activity and (45)Ca-uptake capability at days 3, 7, 9 and 14, respectively. PMCA activity and (45)Ca-uptake capability decreased from day 9, at the same time [Ca(2+)](i) increase was observed. In conclusion, PMCA participate in regulating Phe-induced initial rapid decrease in [Ca(2+)](i) and subsequent long-term increase in [Ca(2+)](i).
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Affiliation(s)
- Y G Yu
- Department of Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China.
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Abstract
Calcium transport and calcium signalling mechanisms in bone cells have, in many cases, been discovered by study of diseases with disordered bone metabolism. Calcium matrix deposition is driven primarily by phosphate production, and disorders in bone deposition include abnormalities in membrane phosphate transport such as in chondrocalcinosis, and defects in phosphate-producing enzymes such as in hypophosphatasia. Matrix removal is driven by acidification, which dissolves the mineral. Disorders in calcium removal from bone matrix by osteoclasts cause osteopetrosis. On the other hand, although bone is central to management of extracellular calcium, bone is not a major calcium sensing organ, although calcium sensing proteins are expressed in both osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Intracellular calcium signals are involved in secondary control including cellular motility and survival, but the relationship of these findings to specific diseases is not clear. Intracellular calcium signals may regulate the balance of cell survival versus proliferation or anabolic functional response as part of signalling cascades that integrate the response to primary signals via cell stretch, estrogen, tyrosine kinase, and tumor necrosis factor receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Blair
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Marenzana M, Shipley AM, Squitiero P, Kunkel JG, Rubinacci A. Bone as an ion exchange organ: evidence for instantaneous cell-dependent calcium efflux from bone not due to resorption. Bone 2005; 37:545-54. [PMID: 16046204 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2005.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2004] [Revised: 04/22/2005] [Accepted: 04/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The current study tests the hypothesis that basal level and minute-by-minute correction of plasma Ca2+ by outward and inward Ca2+ fluxes from and into an exchangeable ionic pool in bone is controlled by an active partition system without contributions from the bone remodeling system. Direct real-time measurements of Ca2+ fluxes were made using the scanning ion-selective electrode technique (SIET) on living bones maintained ex vivo in physiological conditions. SIET three-dimensional measurements of the local Ca2+ concentration gradient (10 microm spatial resolution) were performed on metatarsal bones of weanling mice after drilling a 100-mum hole through the cortex to expose the internal bone extracellular fluid (BECF) to the bathing solution, whose composition mimicked the extracellular fluid (ECF). Influxes of Ca2+ towards the center of the cortical hole (15.1+/-4.2 pmol cm-2 s-1) were found in the ECF and were reversed to effluxes (7.4+/-2.9 pmol cm-2 s-1) when calcium was depleted from the ECF, mimicking a plasma demand. The reversal from influx to efflux and vice versa was immediate and fluxes in both directions were steady throughout the experimental time (>or=2 h, n=14). Only the efflux was nullified within 10 min by the addition of 10 mM/L Na-Cyanide (n=7), demonstrating its cell dependence. The timeframes of the exchanges and the stability of the Ca2+ fluxes over time suggest the existence of an exchangeable calcium pool in bone. The calcium efflux dependency on viable cells suggests that an active partition system might play a central role in the short-term error correction of plasma calcium without the contribution of bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Marenzana
- Bone Metabolic Unit, Sci. Inst. H. San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
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Nakano Y, Beertsen W, van den Bos T, Kawamoto T, Oda K, Takano Y. Site-specific localization of two distinct phosphatases along the osteoblast plasma membrane: tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase and plasma membrane calcium ATPase. Bone 2004; 35:1077-85. [PMID: 15542032 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2004.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2004] [Revised: 06/30/2004] [Accepted: 07/20/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In osteoblasts, alkaline phosphatase has been reported to be restricted to the basolateral domains. In recent studies, we have demonstrated phosphatase activities different from those of tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP) along the osteoidal aspect of osteoblast membrane at alkaline and neutral pH on undecalcified freshly frozen sections of rat bones. In the present study, we sought to further characterize and define the nature of membrane-associated phosphatases along the osteoidal aspect of osteoblasts. Histochemical properties of the enzymes and their localization in vivo were examined in long bones of normal Wistar rats and TNSALP null mutant mice and their wild type littermates. Molecular profiles of the enzymes in the osteoblast extracts were also examined. The enzymatic activity of the phosphatase along the osteoidal surface of osteoblasts proved to be activated by both Mg2+ and Ca2+. Unlike TNSALP, the activity was inhibited by vanadate but resistant to levamisole, implicating a similarity between this enzyme and plasma membrane Ca2+ transport ATPase (PMCA). Immunohistochemistry showed that PMCA immunoreactions were restricted to the osteoidal domain of the plasma membrane. Native-PAGE analysis of osteoblast extracts suggested the presence of two phosphatases corresponding, respectively, to TNSALP and PMCA. Western blot analysis after SDS-PAGE of osteoblast extracts confirmed the existence of PMCA (140 kDa) and TNSALP (80 kDa). Gel-chemical analysis of the osteoblast extract from TNSALP null mutant mice depicted phosphatase activity, which was resistant to levamisole. These data suggest the presence of a phosphatase different from TNSALP, most plausibly PMCA, on the osteoidal surface of osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Nakano
- Biostructural Science, Graduate School of Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan.
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Kawano S, Otsu K, Shoji S, Yamagata K, Hiraoka M. Ca(2+) oscillations regulated by Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchanger and plasma membrane Ca(2+) pump induce fluctuations of membrane currents and potentials in human mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Calcium 2003; 34:145-56. [PMID: 12810056 DOI: 10.1016/s0143-4160(03)00069-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) have the potential to differentiate into several types of cells. We have demonstrated spontaneous [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations in hMSCs without agonist stimulation, which result primarily from release of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores via InsP(3) receptors. In this study, we further investigated functions and contributions of Ca(2+) transporters on plasma membrane to generate [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations. In confocal Ca(2+) imaging experiments, spontaneous [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations were observed in 193 of 280 hMSCs. The oscillations did not sustain in the Ca(2+) free solution and were completely blocked by the application of 0.1mM La(3+). When plasma membrane Ca(2+) pumps (PMCAs) were blocked with blockers, carboxyeosin or caloxin, [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations were inhibited. Application of Ni(2+) or KBR7943 to block Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchanger (NCX) also inhibited [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations. Using RT-PCR, mRNAs were detected for PMCA type IV and NCX, but not PMCA type II. In the patch clamp experiments, Ca(2+) activated outward K(+) currents (I(KCa)) with a conductance of 170+/-21.6pS could be recorded. The amplitudes of I(KCa) and membrane potential (V(m)) periodically fluctuated liked to [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations. These results suggest that in undifferentiated hMSCs both Ca(2+) entry through plasma membrane and Ca(2+) extrusion via PMCAs and NCXs play important roles for [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations, which modulate the activities of I(KCa) to produce the fluctuation of V(m).
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiko Kawano
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan.
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