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Namgung E, Ha E, Yoon S, Song Y, Lee H, Kang HJ, Han JS, Kim JM, Lee W, Lyoo IK, Kim SJ. Identifying unique subgroups in suicide risks among psychiatric outpatients. Compr Psychiatry 2024; 131:152463. [PMID: 38394926 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2024.152463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of psychiatric disorders is widely recognized as one of the primary risk factors for suicide. A significant proportion of individuals receiving outpatient psychiatric treatment exhibit varying degrees of suicidal behaviors, which may range from mild suicidal ideations to overt suicide attempts. This study aims to elucidate the transdiagnostic symptom dimensions and associated suicidal features among psychiatric outpatients. METHODS The study enrolled patients who attended the psychiatry outpatient clinic at a tertiary hospital in South Korea (n = 1, 849, age range = 18-81; 61% women). A data-driven classification methodology was employed, incorporating a broad spectrum of clinical symptoms, to delineate distinctive subgroups among psychiatric outpatients exhibiting suicidality (n = 1189). A reference group of patients without suicidality (n = 660) was included for comparative purposes to ascertain cluster-specific sociodemographic, suicide-related, and psychiatric characteristics. RESULTS Psychiatric outpatients with suicidality (n = 1189) were subdivided into three distinctive clusters: the low-suicide risk cluster (Cluster 1), the high-suicide risk externalizing cluster (Cluster 2), and the high-suicide risk internalizing cluster (Cluster 3). Relative to the reference group (n = 660), each cluster exhibited distinct attributes pertaining to suicide-related characteristics and clinical symptoms, covering domains such as anxiety, externalizing and internalizing behaviors, and feelings of hopelessness. Cluster 1, identified as the low-suicide risk group, exhibited less frequent suicidal ideation, planning, and multiple attempts. In the high-suicide risk groups, Cluster 2 displayed pronounced externalizing symptoms, whereas Cluster 3 was primarily defined by internalizing and hopelessness symptoms. Bipolar disorders were most common in Cluster 2, while depressive disorders were predominant in Cluster 3. DISCUSSION Our findings suggest the possibility of differentiating psychiatric outpatients into distinct, clinically relevant subgroups predicated on their suicide risk. This research potentially paves the way for personalizing interventions and preventive strategies that address cluster-specific characteristics, thereby mitigating suicide-related mortality among psychiatric outpatients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Namgung
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eunji Ha
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sujung Yoon
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yumi Song
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyangwon Lee
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hee-Ju Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jung-Soo Han
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Min Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Wonhye Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Sungkyunkwan University College of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In Kyoon Lyoo
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Seog Ju Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Sungkyunkwan University College of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.
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Gaddis K, Woollen KC, Johnson LJ, Flaherty T, Byrnes JF. A structural vulnerability approach to older adult suicides: Trends and potential impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in Clark County, NV (2017-2021). Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2024; 8:100454. [PMID: 38304716 PMCID: PMC10830507 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2024.100454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected all aspects of life in the United States and around the world. This is particularly true for marginalized and vulnerable groups who face disproportionate levels of violence and premature death within their communities. While general impacts of the pandemic have been well-studied overall, little has been done to examine the correlation between COVID-19 and the risk of suicide among older adults. Older adults are particularly at risk because they face challenges including ageism, inadequate support systems, unreliable transportation, and frequent social isolation. Medicolegal casework offers a unique vantage of these issues, as it aims to identify manner of death which may be influenced by underlying structural vulnerabilities. The current research draws upon data collected from the Clark County Office of the Coroner/Medical Examiner. A sample of 871 older adults (aged 50+), whose manner of death was deemed a suicide between the years 2017-2021, were included in this analysis. Statistical analyses investigated differences between adults aged 50-64, 65-84, and 85+ years. Results suggest statistically significant changes in mechanism of death between pre-pandemic and pandemic periods, indicating a shift in risk factors related to social isolation and the home environment. Understanding such changes in trends directly affects the interpretation of skeletal data in forensic anthropology and thus, should be taken into consideration when developing structural vulnerability profiles. Furthermore, the inclusion of a structural vulnerability approach in forensic case reports has the potential to provide additional context for deaths by suicide and may help develop policies and procedures for mitigating future risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Gaddis
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Pkwy., Las Vegas, NV, 89154, USA
| | - Katharine C. Woollen
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Pkwy., Las Vegas, NV, 89154, USA
| | - Liam J. Johnson
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Pkwy., Las Vegas, NV, 89154, USA
| | - Taylor Flaherty
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Pkwy., Las Vegas, NV, 89154, USA
| | - Jennifer F. Byrnes
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Pkwy., Las Vegas, NV, 89154, USA
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Gomez SH, Overholser J, McGovern C, Silva C, Stockmeier CA. The role of premeditation in suicide: Identifying factors associated with increased planning among suicide decedents. J Clin Psychol 2023; 79:2768-2780. [PMID: 37539866 PMCID: PMC10838361 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Suicide premeditation is a critical factor to consider when assessing suicide risk. Understanding which individuals are more or less likely to plan their suicidal behavior can shed light on how suicidal thoughts turn into actions. METHOD The present study used psychological autopsy data to identify factors associated with level of premeditation among 131 adults who died by suicide. RESULTS Logistic regression analyses indicated that suicide decedents with higher premeditation scores had higher odds of being diagnosed with a depressive disorder and choosing a violent suicide method, specifically a firearm. Individuals with lower premeditation scores had higher odds of being diagnosed with a polysubstance use disorder. CONCLUSION Suicide decedents exhibiting greater premeditation before their deaths were different in several ways from suicide decedents exhibiting less premeditation. A better understanding of suicide premeditation can ultimately aid in the development of improved risk assessments and targeted safety interventions for those struggling with suicidal thoughts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie H Gomez
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - James Overholser
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Christopher McGovern
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Christiana Silva
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Craig A Stockmeier
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
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Brousseau-Paradis C, Lesage A, Larue C, Labelle R, Giguère CÉ, Rassy J. Suicidality and mood disorders in psychiatric emergency patients: Results from SBQ-R. Int J Ment Health Nurs 2023; 32:1301-1314. [PMID: 37150928 DOI: 10.1111/inm.13161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Patients with mood disorders are at high risk of suicidality, and emergency departments (ED) are essential in the management of this risk. This study aims to (1) describe the suicidal thoughts and behaviours of patients with mood disorders who come to ED; (2) assess the psychometric properties of the Suicidal Behaviours Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R) in a psychiatric ED; and (3) determine the best predictors of suicidality for these patients. A total of 300 participants with mood disorders recruited for the Signature Bank of the Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal (IUSMM) were retained. Suicidality was assessed using the SBQ-R. Other clinical and demographic details were recorded. Bivariate analyses, correlations and multivariate regression analyses were conducted. SBQ-R's internal consistency, construct and convergent validities were also tested. In the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), 53.3% of the sample stated they had suicidal or self-harm thoughts in the last 2 weeks. The mean score obtained at the SBQ-R was 8.3. Multivariate analysis found that SBQ-R scores were associated with depressive symptoms and substance use, especially alcohol, accounting for 44.3% of the model variance. Cronbach's alpha was 0.81 [0.78, 0.84] and factor loadings for items 1-4 were 0.68, 0.88, 0.54, and 0.85, respectively. The confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the model fit the data well. The SBQ-R is a brief and valid instrument that can easily be used in busy emergency departments to assess suicide risk. Depressive symptoms and alcohol use shall also be assessed, as they are determinants of increased risk of suicidality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Brousseau-Paradis
- Research Center, Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alain Lesage
- Research Center, Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Quebec Network on Suicide, Mood Disorders and Associated Disorders, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Caroline Larue
- Research Center, Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Montreal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Quebec Network on Nursing Intervention Research, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Réal Labelle
- Research Center, Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Center for Research and Intervention on Suicide, Ethical Issues and End-of-Life Practices, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Charles-Édouard Giguère
- Research Center, Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jessica Rassy
- Research Center, Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Quebec Network on Suicide, Mood Disorders and Associated Disorders, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Quebec Network on Nursing Intervention Research, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Center for Research and Intervention on Suicide, Ethical Issues and End-of-Life Practices, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- School of Nursing, University of Sherbrooke, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Alyahya KI, Alrefaei RM, Almadhyani LF, AlQuwayz SS, AlOmairini MI, Alsayed FA, Alasmari YS. The Prevalence and Correlation of Suicidal Ideation Among Nurses in King Saud University Medical City. Cureus 2023; 15:e44859. [PMID: 37809273 PMCID: PMC10560092 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.44859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of the study is to measure the prevalence of suicidal ideation among nurses at King Saud University Medical City, compare its prevalence between male and female nurses, and identify the potential risk factors. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study. The questionnaire was distributed to nurses via email. It consisted of demographics, Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS21), and Suicidal Ideation Scale (SIS). We used the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) statistical software for analysis. Results The total number of participants was 419. The estimated prevalence of suicidal ideation among nurses was 24.58%. The prevalence among female and male nurses was 24.67% and 23.68%, respectively. Moreover, we found that nurses who are non-Muslim, single, and living by themselves are highly correlated with suicidal ideation. Depression, stress, and anxiety are also significantly associated with suicidality, with depression being the most significantly related to suicidal ideation. Conclusion Nurses who experienced depression, anxiety, and stress had an increased likelihood of suicidal ideation. This study demonstrates the need to raise awareness of depression, anxiety, and stress in order to prevent suicidal ideation among nurses. Further research is needed to develop measures of successful monitoring and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaleel I Alyahya
- Department of Anatomy, King Saud University College of Medicine, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Rand M Alrefaei
- Department of Psychiatry, King Saud University College of Medicine, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Leen F Almadhyani
- Department of Psychiatry, King Saud University College of Medicine, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Sarah S AlQuwayz
- Department of Psychiatry, King Saud University College of Medicine, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Mona I AlOmairini
- Department of Psychiatry, King Saud University College of Medicine, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Farah A Alsayed
- Department of Psychiatry, King Saud University College of Medicine, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Yara S Alasmari
- Department of Psychiatry, King Saud University College of Medicine, Riyadh, SAU
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Cohen LJ, Hernandez M, Mokhtar R, Richards J, Bloch-Elkouby S, Rogers ML, Galynker I. Stressful Life Events and Near-term Suicidal Risk in a Clinical Population. Psychiatr Q 2023; 94:467-482. [PMID: 37432540 DOI: 10.1007/s11126-023-10038-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined 22 specific stressful life events (SLEs) in relation to recent and prospective suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs). The effect of assessment method (self-report vs. chart-based ratings) and inpatient/outpatient status was also investigated. Past 3-month STBs and SLEs were assessed for 1,058 psychiatric patients; 696 completed one-month follow-up assessments. SLEs were common, with 684 participants (64.7%) reporting at least one. Total number of SLEs correlated with recent and prospective STB. A higher incidence of SLE's was found with self-report vs. chart-based measures (on 20 SLEs) and inpatients vs. outpatients (on 7 SLEs). SLEs of interpersonal rejection and loss, homelessness and academic failure offered elevated risk. In sum, SLEs are common and associated with STBs in psychiatric patients. SLEs of interpersonal rejection and loss, homelessness and academic failure may merit increased clinical attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J Cohen
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America.
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY, United States of America.
| | - Michelle Hernandez
- Taub Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Radwa Mokhtar
- Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America
| | - Jenelle Richards
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Sarah Bloch-Elkouby
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Megan L Rogers
- Department of Psychology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, United States of America
| | - Igor Galynker
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY, United States of America
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Martins CDC, Lemos YV, Teodoro MLM, Drummond-Lage AP. Epidemio-toxicological profile of suicide cases: analysis from a forensic unit in Brazil. Forensic Sci Res 2023; 7:643-649. [PMID: 36817255 PMCID: PMC9930856 DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2022.2113622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The suicide phenomenon involves complex interactions between psychological, biological, cultural and socio-environmental factors. This study aimed to assess the epidemiological and toxicological profiles of officially confirmed suicide victims. A retrospective study was performed using autopsy reports, forensic anthropology examinations and police summaries of all suicide cases that underwent toxicological analysis at an Official Forensic Laboratory (Minas Gerais, Brazil) in 1 year. The sample set was composed of 351 suicide victims, predominantly men (70.32%), most of them were adults between 31 and 64 years old (62.11%), with mixed skin colour (48.89%) and low educational level (66.44%). The most common suicide method was hanging (57.79%), followed by intoxication (30.45%). Most victims presented positive toxicological results (56.41%), especially for the presence of medicines (37.6%), illicit drugs (36.3%) and pesticides (26.1%). Our study corroborated previous data that most suicide victims have low educational levels. The most common toxicological findings were medicines, especially prescription drugs, followed by illicit drugs and pesticides. We hope this study contributes to reflections and planning of preventive suicide programmes, considering the described profiles of victims.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yara Viera Lemos
- Department of Forensic Anthropology, Polícia Civil de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil,School of Medicine, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Paula Drummond-Lage
- Department of Forensic Anthropology, Polícia Civil de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil,Post-Graduation Department, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil,CONTACT Ana Paula Drummond-Lage
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Characterizing Suicide Ideation by Using Mental Disorder Features on Microblogs: A Machine Learning Perspective. Int J Ment Health Addict 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-022-00958-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Balbuena LD, Baetz M, Sexton JA, Harder D, Feng CX, Boctor K, LaPointe C, Letwiniuk E, Shamloo A, Ishwaran H, John A, Brantsæter AL. Identifying long-term and imminent suicide predictors in a general population and a clinical sample with machine learning. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:120. [PMID: 35168594 PMCID: PMC8848909 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-03702-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Machine learning (ML) is increasingly used to predict suicide deaths but their value for suicide prevention has not been established. Our first objective was to identify risk and protective factors in a general population. Our second objective was to identify factors indicating imminent suicide risk. METHODS We used survival and ML models to identify lifetime predictors using the Cohort of Norway (n=173,275) and hospital diagnoses in a Saskatoon clinical sample (n=12,614). The mean follow-up times were 17 years and 3 years for the Cohort of Norway and Saskatoon respectively. People in the clinical sample had a longitudinal record of hospital visits grouped in six-month intervals. We developed models in a training set and these models predicted survival probabilities in held-out test data. RESULTS In the general population, we found that a higher proportion of low-income residents in a county, mood symptoms, and daily smoking increased the risk of dying from suicide in both genders. In the clinical sample, the only predictors identified were male gender and older age. CONCLUSION Suicide prevention probably requires individual actions with governmental incentives. The prediction of imminent suicide remains highly challenging, but machine learning can identify early prevention targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd D. Balbuena
- grid.25152.310000 0001 2154 235XDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Marilyn Baetz
- grid.25152.310000 0001 2154 235XCollege of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | | | - Douglas Harder
- grid.412733.00000 0004 0480 4970Mental Health & Addictions Services, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Cindy Xin Feng
- grid.55602.340000 0004 1936 8200Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Kerstina Boctor
- grid.25152.310000 0001 2154 235XDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Candace LaPointe
- grid.412733.00000 0004 0480 4970Mental Health & Addictions Services, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Letwiniuk
- grid.412733.00000 0004 0480 4970Mental Health & Addictions Services, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Arash Shamloo
- grid.25152.310000 0001 2154 235XDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Hemant Ishwaran
- grid.26790.3a0000 0004 1936 8606Division of Biostatistics, University of Miami, Miami, USA
| | - Ann John
- grid.4827.90000 0001 0658 8800Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Lise Brantsæter
- grid.418193.60000 0001 1541 4204Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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Baer MM, Spitzen TL, Richmond JR, Tull MT, Gratz KL. Associations of interpersonal and intrapersonal emotion regulation strategies to suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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11
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Karnick AT, Boska RL, Caulfield NM, Winchell R, Capron DW. Suicide and self-injury outcomes for patients with comorbid psychiatric and physical health conditions. Psychiatry Res 2022; 308:114345. [PMID: 34954501 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Suicide is a transdiagnostic public health issue that affects nearly all psychiatric disorders, individuals without a mental health diagnosis, and individuals with physical health issues. We assessed the relationship between these variables and suicide outcomes using a novel epidemiological research paradigm. Data were collected from the National Trauma Data Bank. Participants included patients admitted to trauma units for suicide and self-injury (n = 13,422). Patients were classified to one of four comorbid condition groups: no comorbidity, comorbid physical condition, comorbid major psychiatric condition, or multimorbidity (comorbid physical and psychiatric conditions). Multivariable logistic regression measured associations between comorbid condition and mortality and multivariable linear regression measured associations between comorbidity and injury severity. Mortality in patients with physical health comorbidity was not significant, but patients with psychiatric comorbidity or multimorbidity had significantly lower mortality than patients without either. No association between injury severity and comorbidity was detected. There were no differences in suicide mortality for individuals with a physical health comorbidity, but mortality was lower for individuals with a comorbid major psychiatric illness or multimorbidity. Since physical health conditions and psychiatric illness are associated with eventual suicide mortality, prevention strategies could target these populations at trauma units for suicide and self-injury admissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr T Karnick
- Department of Psychology, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, #5025, Hattiesburg, MS, USA.
| | - Rachel L Boska
- VA Center of Excellence for Suicide Prevention, VA Finger Lakes Healthcare System, 400 Fort hill Avenue, Canandaigua, NY, 14424; Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, 300 Crittenden Blvd., Rochester, NY, 14642
| | - Nicole M Caulfield
- Department of Psychology, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, #5025, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Robert Winchell
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, 525 E. 68th Street, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel W Capron
- Department of Psychology, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, #5025, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
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Pompili M, Innamorati M, Sampogna G, Albert U, Carmassi C, Carrà G, Cirulli F, Erbuto D, Luciano M, Nanni MG, Sani G, Tortorella A, Viganò C, Volpe U, Fiorillo A. The impact of Covid-19 on unemployment across Italy: Consequences for those affected by psychiatric conditions. J Affect Disord 2022; 296:59-66. [PMID: 34592657 PMCID: PMC8445771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe psychological and psychosocial consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic are expected, especially for people already vulnerable to biological or psychosocial stressors, including those with mental health problems. The study aimed to investigate factors associated with the loss of jobs and unemployment during the COVID-19 pandemic. In particular, we investigated whether mental illness was associated with a higher risk of losing one's job because of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS Nineteen thousand four hundred ninety-six adults living in Italy were administered an online protocol including a sociodemographic checklist and questionnaires investigating suicide ideation and risk, mental health status and general distress (stress, anxiety, and depression), resilience, and perceived support. RESULTS One thousand two hundred seventy-four reported having lost their job because of the COVID-19 pandemic, and 5.4% of the sample reported a mental illness (mostly a depressive disorder). Unemployment was independently associated with mental illness, poor mental health, and depression. Mental illness was associated with the risk of losing one's job because of the COVID-19 pandemic, but not at the multivariate analyses. Those who lost their job because of the COVID-19 pandemic (compared to others) reported worse mental health and depression. LIMITATIONS The presence of mental illness was self-reported by respondents and the administered measures were self-reported questionnaires affected by social desirability and other response bias. CONCLUSIONS The COVID-19 pandemic and social isolation measures and lockdown used to contain its spread among the Italian population were associated with occupational insecurity, especially among the more vulnerable social categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Pompili
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Suicide Prevention Centre, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Marco Innamorati
- Department of Human Sciences, European University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gaia Sampogna
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Umberto Albert
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy,Department of Mental Health, ASUGI, Trieste, Italy
| | - Claudia Carmassi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Carrà
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy,Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Francesca Cirulli
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Denise Erbuto
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Suicide Prevention Centre, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Luciano
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Giulia Nanni
- Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gabriele Sani
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, University Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy,Department of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Caterina Viganò
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Umberto Volpe
- Unit of Clinical Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences/DIMSC, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Fiorillo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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13
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Poindexter EK, Mitchell SM, Brown SL, Cukrowicz KC. Interpersonal Trauma and Suicide Ideation: The Indirect Effects of Depressive Symptoms, Thwarted Belongingness, and Perceived Burden. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP551-NP570. [PMID: 32383623 PMCID: PMC7648718 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520917513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Suicide risk is elevated among college-aged students and individuals exposed to cumulative interpersonal trauma. This study used the interpersonal theory of suicide as a framework to test the relation between cumulative interpersonal trauma and suicide ideation through the indirect effects of cumulative interpersonal trauma via depression, thwarted belongingness (TB), and perceived burdensomeness (PB), in serial. Participants were 261 college students who endorsed prior trauma and completed cross-sectional study measures online. An atemporal serial mediation model indicated that cumulative interpersonal trauma significantly and indirectly related to suicide ideation through depressive symptoms, TB, and PB. The relation between cumulative interpersonal trauma and suicide ideation was explained by greater depressive symptoms, TB, and PB, in serial. Therefore, depressive symptoms, TB, and PB may be important modifiable clinical targets for college students with a history of cumulative interpersonal trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin K. Poindexter
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
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14
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McPhedran S, Eriksson L, Arnautovska U, Mazerolle P, Johnson H. Psychological Autopsy: A Method to Assist in the Identification of Risk and Protective Factors for Intimate Partner Femicide. Violence Against Women 2021; 28:1060-1076. [PMID: 34841989 DOI: 10.1177/10778012211058214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The most common form of violence experienced by women is that perpetrated by intimate partners, and the gendered nature of intimate partner femicide (IPF) has received particular attention. Few studies to date have delved into the limitations associated with methods used in IPF research, and particularly the methods used to study homicide victims (rather than homicide perpetrators). This article outlines dominant methodologies used to study IPF, and considers a novel method of investigation-the "psychological autopsy"-that may help to improve existing knowledge about IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samara McPhedran
- TC Beirne School of Law, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Li Eriksson
- 5723Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Paul Mazerolle
- University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
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15
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Rafael RDMR, Jalil EM, Luz PM, de Castro CRV, Wilson EC, Monteiro L, Ramos M, Moreira RI, Veloso VG, Grinsztejn BGJ, Velasque LDS. Prevalence and factors associated with suicidal behavior among trans women in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259074. [PMID: 34679106 PMCID: PMC8535442 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trans women face disproportionate burden of adverse health outcomes, including mental health issues. Very little is known about suicidal behavior among trans women in low- and middle-income settings, such as Brazil. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of lifetime suicidal behavior and to identify its associated factors among Brazilian trans women. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study conducted among 345 trans women living in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. We examined the prevalence of suicidal behavior (ideation and suicide attempt) and its associated factors using stepwise backward Poisson regression analysis with robust variance. RESULTS Suicidal ideation was present among 47.25% of participants, and the prevalence of lifetime suicide attempt was 27.25%. Trans women with prior physical violence perpetrated by a family member had significantly higher prevalence of suicidal ideation (adjusted prevalence ratios [aPR]1.37), whereas those who reported sex work had lower prevalence ratio of suicidal ideation (aPR 0.76). Suicide attempt was significantly associated with living alone (aPR 1.48), physical violence by a casual partner (aPR 1.92), and sexual violence by a family member (aPR 1.69). Depression was significantly associated with both outcomes (aPR 1.90 for suicidal ideation and aPR 2.21 for suicide attempt). CONCLUSION Suicidal behavior prevalence rates among Brazilian trans women were alarming and directly linked to violence and poor mental health. Effective mental health and public health policies addressing violence against trans women are urgently needed to prevent suicidal behavior among this highly vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emilia Moreira Jalil
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paula Mendes Luz
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Erin C. Wilson
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, Center for Public Health Research, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Laylla Monteiro
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Michelle Ramos
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Ismério Moreira
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Valdiléa Gonçalves Veloso
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Luciane de Souza Velasque
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Quantitative Methods, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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16
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Help-seeking intentions in the U.S. population during the COVID-19 pandemic: Examining the role of COVID-19 financial hardship, suicide risk, and stigma. Psychiatry Res 2021; 303:114069. [PMID: 34182270 PMCID: PMC8525542 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The primary goal of this study was to increase understanding of help-seeking intentions in the U.S. population during the COVID-19 pandemic and to examine influencing factors such as COVID-19 financial hardship, suicide risk, and stigma in order to contribute to effective theory-based help-seeking and suicide prevention campaigns. In a representative sample of U.S. adults (N = 5,010), this research tested whether COVID-19 financial hardship was associated with higher levels of depression and suicidal ideation (supported), and whether the reasoned action framework could usefully predict help-seeking intentions in this context (supported). The reasoned action framework explained 36% of the variance in help-seeking intentions in the U.S. population and identified injunctive norm (social support) as primary determinant of intention. Neither suicidal ideation, COVID-19 financial hardship, or self-stigma of seeking help influenced determinants of help-seeking. Future research should test injunctive norm as causal predictor of help-seeking in the U.S. population to usefully inform effective help-seeking campaigns, particularly among those who have experienced COVID-19 financial hardship. Additionally, effective dissemination strategies for help-seeking campaigns should be tested and identified, such as broader targeted approaches as well as intentional mis-targeting techniques.
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17
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Pereira AM, Campos RC. Exposure to suicide in the family and suicidal ideation in Portugal during the Covid-19 pandemic: The mediating role of unbearable psychache. BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 61:598-612. [PMID: 34370323 PMCID: PMC8420317 DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Objectives This study tested the mediation effects of two facets of psychache – bearable and unbearable – in the relationship between exposure to suicide in the family and suicidal ideation in Portugal during the Covid‐19 pandemic. Methods Two hundred and forty‐four adults aged between 19 and 64 participated. Two groups were defined: one exposed to suicide in the family (n = 42) and a control group (n = 192). Results Path analysis using structural equation modelling tested a mediation model. Results demonstrated that unbearable psychache fully mediated the relationship between exposure to suicide and suicidal ideation, even when controlling for the mediation effects of depressive symptoms, the presence of a psychiatric diagnosis, and years of education. Conclusions These results suggest that rather than considering just the global experience of psychache in individuals exposed to suicide, researchers and clinicians should look to the presence of unbearable psychache given its contribution to suicidal ideation. Practitioner points Unbearable psychache fully mediated the relationship between exposure to suicide in the family and suicidal ideation It is not the global experience of psychache that contributes to suicide ideation in individuals exposed to suicide in the family rather the presence of unbearable psychache
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rui C Campos
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Évora, Portugal.,Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences and CIEP-UE, University of Évora, Portugal
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18
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Beale EE, Overholser J, Gomez S, Brannam S, Stockmeier CA. The path not taken: Distinguishing individuals who die by suicide from those who die by natural causes despite a shared history of suicide attempt. J Clin Psychol 2021; 78:526-543. [PMID: 34331770 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to identify variables that distinguish suicide risk among individuals with previous suicide attempts. METHOD Using psychological autopsy procedures, we evaluated 86 decedents who had at least one lifetime suicide attempt before eventual death by suicide (n = 65) or natural causes (n = 21). RESULTS The Suicide Death group was more likely to be male, to have alcohol in the toxicology report at time of death, and to have a depression diagnosis, while the Natural Cause Death group was more likely to have personality disorder traits, a polysubstance use disorder, higher reported health stress, and an antidepressant in the toxicology report at time of death. Hopelessness and ambivalence were found to distinguish between groups during the 6 months before death. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest important differences between individuals with a shared history of a suicide attempt who die by suicide versus natural causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor E Beale
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - James Overholser
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Stephanie Gomez
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sidney Brannam
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Craig A Stockmeier
- Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Division of Neurobiology and Behavior Research, Translational Research Center (TR415), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
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19
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Almaghrebi AH. Risk factors for attempting suicide during the COVID-19 lockdown: Identification of the high-risk groups. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2021; 16:605-611. [PMID: 34121981 PMCID: PMC8186882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives In the wake of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, we have witnessed a rise in the instances of mental health problems and the suicide-related mortality rates. This study aims to identify the suicide-related risk factors and stressors to determine the groups at a greater risk of attempting suicide during the COVID-19 lockdown. Methods This retrospective study examined 29 cases of attempted suicide during the 3-month COVID-19 lockdown in KSA. The suicide risk factors were evaluated using specific instrument the modified (SAD PERSONS) scale. It is an acronym for sex, age, depression, previous attempt, excess alcohol, rational thinking loss, social status, organized plan, no social supports and stated future intent. Results The lockdown stressors that may have triggered suicidal behaviours were identified as follows: psychological distress, relationship problems, financial difficulties, and extreme fear of the COVID-19 infection. While all age groups carried the risk of attempting suicide during the lockdown, patients with psychiatric disorders and women accounted for 69% and 65.5% of the cohort, respectively. Factors like hopelessness and depression were highly related to suicide attempts, as well as the statement of future intent to repeat the attempt, at 72.4% and 65.5% respectively. Almost two-thirds of the attempts made were serious, and many women felt unsafe in their own homes during the lockdown. Conclusion Patients with pre-existing psychiatric disorders and women carry high risk of attempting suicide during the COVID-19 lockdown. This study offers insights on the greater outreach efforts that can be carried out for these patients by calling for the prioritization of mental health care, improvement of domestic violence services, and strengthening of suicide prevention strategies.
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20
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Villa EOO. El suicidio en disputa: aproximación crítica a la asociación entre suicidio y sexualidades no heteronormativas. SAUDE E SOCIEDADE 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/s0104-12902021200073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Resumen El presente artículo tiene como objetivo problematizar la manera en cómo los grupos sociales con sexualidades no heteronormativas han sido asociados con el suicidio y las consecuencias de esta asociación en los ámbitos académicos y sociales. La justificación de esta reflexión consiste en indicar que esta vinculación tiene implicaciones más allá de las posiciones teóricas de los investigadores, reconociendo que la asociación produce efectos sobre cómo es significada socialmente la sexualidad. Para ello, el artículo se divide en cuatro apartados. En los dos primeros apartados se analiza la manera en que la noción de riesgo epidemiológico se convierte en un rasgo identitario en las poblaciones con sexualidades no heteronormativas. En el tercer apartado se propone una reflexión sobre la investigación académica acerca de la asociación entre género y suicidio. Y en el último apartado, se expone una propuesta de interpretación del comportamiento suicida desde la perspectiva de género que problematice el sentido afectivo y político de la asociación.
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21
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Bornheimer LA, Zhang A, Li J, Hiller M, Tarrier N. Effectiveness of Suicide-Focused Psychosocial Interventions in Psychosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Psychiatr Serv 2020; 71:829-838. [PMID: 32340594 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.201900487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Suicide ideation, plan, attempt, and death are significant and prevalent concerns among individuals with psychosis. Previous studies have focused on risk factors, but few have systematically evaluated the effect of psychosocial interventions on these experiences among individuals with psychosis. This study evaluated the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions in reducing suicide ideation, plan, attempt, and death among individuals with psychotic symptoms. METHODS Eight electronic databases were systematically searched from inception until June 30, 2019. Identified studies included both randomized controlled trials and controlled trials without randomization that examined psychosocial interventions for suicide ideation, plan, attempt, and death among individuals with psychotic symptoms. A random-effects model was used to pool the effect sizes for synthesis. RESULTS Eleven studies with 14 effect sizes (N=4,829 participants) were analyzed. The average age of participants ranged from 21 to 51, and most participants identified as male and non-Hispanic Caucasian or Chinese and were in an early or first-episode stage of illness. On average, participants who received psychosocial interventions were less likely than their counterparts in the control group to report suicide ideation, plan, and attempt and die by suicide (odds ratio [OR]=0.57, 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.41-0.78). Subgroup analyses further revealed significant reductions in suicide ideation (OR=0.73, 95% CI=0.55-0.97) and suicide death (OR=0.45, 95% CI=0.30-0.68) among intervention participants. CONCLUSIONS Preliminary evidence indicated that psychosocial interventions are effective in reducing suicide ideation, plan, attempt, and death among individuals with psychotic symptoms. Intervention characteristics, however, varied across studies, which suggests a lack of consensus on best clinical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay A Bornheimer
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Bornheimer, Zhang, Li, Hiller); School of Psychological Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, England (Tarrier)
| | - Anao Zhang
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Bornheimer, Zhang, Li, Hiller); School of Psychological Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, England (Tarrier)
| | - Juliann Li
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Bornheimer, Zhang, Li, Hiller); School of Psychological Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, England (Tarrier)
| | - Matthew Hiller
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Bornheimer, Zhang, Li, Hiller); School of Psychological Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, England (Tarrier)
| | - Nicholas Tarrier
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Bornheimer, Zhang, Li, Hiller); School of Psychological Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, England (Tarrier)
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22
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Campos RC, Holden RR. Psychological pain and previous suicide attempts in young adults: Results with the Portuguese version of the Psychache Scale. J Clin Psychol 2020; 76:1965-1971. [DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui C. Campos
- Departamento de Psicologia, Escola de ciências Sociais e Centro de Investigação em Educação e Psicologia (CIEP‐UE) Universidade de Évora Évora Portugal
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23
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Warchol-Biedermann K. The Risk of Psychiatric Morbidity and Course of Distress in Males Undergoing Infertility Evaluation Is Affected by Their Factor of Infertility. Am J Mens Health 2020; 13:1557988318823904. [PMID: 30819064 PMCID: PMC6440055 DOI: 10.1177/1557988318823904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This panel study aimed to explore the effects of male, female, mixed or idiopathic factor of infertility on the course of clinical distress and possible psychiatric morbidity in involuntarily childless males undergoing fertility evaluation for the first time. A sample of 255 males completed the General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28) (a) at the baseline, before their initial fertility evaluation (T1); (b) before their second andrological appointment 2-3 months after diagnostic disclosure (T2); and (c) before subsequent treatment-related/follow-up appointments (T3, T4) to be screened for clinically significant distress and risk for psychiatric morbidity. Then they were dichotomized as non-cases and cases. The timing of psychological testing was strictly related to andrological appointments and medical procedures. The research demonstrated that the baseline prevalence of clinical distress and psychiatric morbidity in all the subgroups was similar to reference values, but then significantly surged after the diagnostic disclosure, particularly in male and mixed factor respondents. However, the percentage of clinically distressed mixed or idiopathic factor of infertility respondents remained stable after diagnostic disclosure and during the entire follow-up. The prevalence of clinically significant distress and risk for psychiatric morbidity in the male factor of infertility, female factor of infertility, and mixed factor subgroups decreased during the follow-up but remained higher than at the baseline. The study identifies that the course of distress and risk of psychiatric morbidity of males is significantly affected by their factor of infertility and changes across the pathway of treatment-related/follow-up appointments.
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Perez J, Beale E, Overholser J, Athey A, Stockmeier C. Depression and alcohol use disorders as precursors to death by suicide. DEATH STUDIES 2020; 46:619-627. [PMID: 32238058 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2020.1745954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The combined presence of depression with alcohol abuse can increase suicide risk. We used psychological autopsy to evaluate 101 individuals who died by suicide, to understand relationships between stressful life events, alcohol abuse, and depression. As compared to suicidal adults with depression only, individuals meeting criteria for both a depressive disorder and alcohol use disorder tended to be younger and experienced higher rates of stressful life events during the six months prior to death. Alcohol abuse likely influences interpersonal conflict, financial distress, and legal problems. Interventions focusing on managing life problems may help to reduce suicide risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalessa Perez
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Eleanor Beale
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - James Overholser
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Alison Athey
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Craig Stockmeier
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Division of Neurobiology and Behavior Research, Translational Research Center (TR415), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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25
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Exposure to Suicide in the Family: Suicidal Ideation and Unmet Interpersonal Needs in Young Adults Who Have Lost a Family Member by Suicide. J Nerv Ment Dis 2020; 208:201-207. [PMID: 31923155 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to compare a sample of individuals exposed to suicide in their families with a control group, on suicidal ideation, and to test possible potentiating effects for unmet interpersonal needs. Three hundred eighty-six young Portuguese adults participated. Two groups were defined: a group exposed to suicide in the family (n = 38) and a control group (n = 335). Groups differed significantly on suicidal ideation, on depressive symptoms, and on perceived burdensomeness and tended to differ on thwarted belongingness. Results from a hierarchical multiple regression analysis demonstrated that having lost a family member by suicide and perceived burdensomeness each provided a significant unique contribution to explaining variance in suicidal ideation when controlling for levels of depressive symptoms and having had a psychiatric diagnosis. The interaction between group membership and perceived burdensomeness provided a further enhancement to the statistical prediction of suicidal ideation.
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26
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Athey AJ, Beale EE, Overholser JC, Stockmeier CA, Bagge CL. Acute stressors and clinical characteristics differentiate death by suicide, accident, or natural causes among illicit and prescription opiate users. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 208:107847. [PMID: 31951908 PMCID: PMC7039758 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opiate misuse has reached epidemic levels. Prevention efforts depend on distinguishing opiate users from abusers. The current study compared opioid users who died by natural cases, accidents, and suicide using psychological autopsy methods. Groups were compared on substance use characteristics, treatment history, experiences of negative life events, and circumstances at the time of death. METHODS Substance use and suicide risk were evaluated using psychological autopsy methods in 63 decedents with positive toxicology for opiates at death divided into three groups: adults dying by suicide (n = 19), accident (n = 19), and natural causes (n = 25). Groups were compared on several dependent measures, using chi-square analyses to examine categorical variables and one-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) to examine continuous variables. RESULTS Individuals who died by suicide were similar in many ways to adults who died by an accidental overdose. However, suicide completers were more likely to have struggled with severe depression, and previously attempted suicide, whereas the accidental overdose sample was more likely to display a chronic pattern of severe drug abuse. CONCLUSIONS The current study helps to distinguish between opiate users who are at risk for death by an accidental or intentional overdose. In the ongoing opiate crisis, clinicians must understand the risk of overdose and the nuances of accidental behaviors compared to purposeful ones. Signs of suicidal planning, relevant psychopathology, and ongoing life stress may be useful points of intervention for stopping the increasing number of deaths among opiate users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J. Athey
- Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, OH, Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 11220 Bellflower Road, Cleveland, OH, USA 44106-7123
| | - Eleanor E. Beale
- Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, OH, Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 11220 Bellflower Road, Cleveland, OH, USA 44106-7123
| | - James C. Overholser
- Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, OH, Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 11220 Bellflower Road, Cleveland, OH, USA 44106-7123
| | - Craig A. Stockmeier
- Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, OH, Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 11220 Bellflower Road, Cleveland, OH, USA 44106-7123,University of Mississippi Medical Center Jackson, MS, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Division of Neurobiology and Behavior Research, Translational Research Center (TR415), University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street Jackson, MS, USA 39216
| | - Courtney L. Bagge
- University of Michigan Medical Center Ann Arbor, MI, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical Center, North Campus Research Center, B16, 2800 Plymouth Road Room 248E Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109-2800,VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System Ann Arbor, MI, VA Center for Clinical Management Research (CCMR), 2215 Fuller Rd Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48105
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Dimensionality of Suicide Behaviors: Results within Two Samples from Two Different Countries. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2019; 84:194-211. [DOI: 10.1177/0030222819882849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Across two countries and two languages, this research examined the multidimensional associations of suicide behaviors (i.e., life-time attempts, life-time communication of intent to others, life-time self-harming, life-time suicide notes, and current suicide ideation) and empirically relevant psychological risk factors (i.e., different facets of mental pain, perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness, and acquired capability), controlling for depressive symptoms. For the Portuguese sample, two underlying dimensions emerged: an ideation dimension and a behavioral dimension, and for the Canadian sample, three dimensions emerged: an ideation dimension and two behavioral dimensions that can be viewed as a splitting of the Portuguese second dimension. Results highlight possible cultural differences between the two countries and that suicide behaviors should be viewed as a multidimensional phenomenon not as a one-dimensional continuum.
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Does Emotional Intelligence Matter in Tough Times? A Moderated Mediation Model for Explaining Health and Suicide Risk amongst Short- and Long-Term Unemployed Adults. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8060797. [PMID: 31195648 PMCID: PMC6616437 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8060797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study contributes to knowledge on psychosomatic research by examining a moderated mediation model in which emotional intelligence (EI) is related to mental health, physical health and suicide risk through perceived stress, in samples of short-term (n = 364) and long-term (n = 594) unemployed individuals. The moderating effect of emotional intelligence on the relationships between perceived stress and mental and physical health and suicide risk was tested. The results showed that emotional intelligence was positively associated with mental and physical health and negatively associated with perceived stress and suicide risk. The proposed model only predicted mental health and suicide risk in the long-term unemployed sample. This suggests that emotional intelligence may act as a buffer against the negative impact of unemployment-related stress on mental health and suicide risk when unemployment is prolonged. Therefore, interventions targeting both the promotion of mental health and the prevention of suicide risk via the promotion of emotional abilities may consider length of unemployment.
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Campos RC, Holden RR. Portuguese Version of the Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1027/1015-5759/a000385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. The aim of the present study is to provide validation data regarding the Portuguese version of the Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised in nonclinical individuals. Two studies were undertaken with two different nonclinical samples in order to demonstrate reliability, concurrent, predictive, and construct validity, and in order to establish an appropriate cut-score for nonclinical individuals. A sample of 810 community adults participated in Study 1. Results from this study provided information regarding scale internal consistency, confirmatory factor analysis, and concurrent validity. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis established a cut-off score to be used for screening purposes with nonclinical individuals. A sample of 440 young adults participated in Study 2, which demonstrated scale score internal consistency and 5-month predictive validity. Further, 5-month test-retest reliability was also evaluated and the correlations of SBQ-R scale scores with two other measures that assess constructs related to suicidality, depression and psychache, were also performed. In addition, confirmatory factor analysis was undertaken to demonstrate the robustness of the result obtained in Study 1. Overall, findings supported the psychometric appropriateness of the Portuguese Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui C. Campos
- Departamento de Psicologia da Escola de Ciências Sociais e Centro de Investigação em Educação e Psicologia (CIEP), University of Évora, Portugal
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Athey A, Overholser J, Bagge C, Dieter L, Vallender E, Stockmeier CA. Risk-taking behaviors and stressors differentially predict suicidal preparation, non-fatal suicide attempts, and suicide deaths. Psychiatry Res 2018; 270:160-167. [PMID: 30253320 PMCID: PMC6292776 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Negative life events are elevated in suicidal populations. Diathesis-stress and kindling effects models suggest different mechanisms by which negative life events increase suicide risk. Different forms of negative life events - risk-taking behaviors and stressors - may have different effects on non-fatal suicide attempts and suicide. We assessed the effects of risk-taking behaviors and stressors on suicide, history of non-fatal suicide attempts, and active preparation for suicide in a sample of adults who died by suicide or other causes (N = 377). Psychological autopsy procedures using family member interviews and collateral record review were used to complete a risk-taking behaviors composite measure from the Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders, the Modified Life Experiences Scale, and the planning subscale of the Suicide Intent Scale. Stressors were significantly associated with death by suicide, even when accounting for demographic and diagnostic characteristics. Risk-taking behaviors were significantly associated with non-fatal suicide attempts, even when accounting for demographic and diagnostic characteristics. Suicide decedents who did not actively prepare for suicide showed significantly higher risk-taking scores than suicide decedents who actively planned for suicide. Our results suggest that risk-taking behaviors and stressors impact suicide risk through separate mechanisms. Risk-taking behaviors may represent a longstanding vulnerability to act impulsively on suicidal thoughts. Stressors may impact risk for fatal suicidal behaviors in mood disordered populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Athey
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 11220 Bellflower Road Cleveland, OH 44106-7123, USA.
| | - James Overholser
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 11220 Bellflower Road Cleveland, OH 44106-7123, USA.
| | - Courtney Bagge
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
| | - Lesa Dieter
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 11220 Bellflower Road Cleveland, OH 44106-7123, USA.
| | - Eric Vallender
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
| | - Craig A. Stockmeier
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 11220 Bellflower Road Cleveland, OH 44106-7123, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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Jalanko E, Leppälahti S, Heikinheimo O, Gissler M. Increased risk of premature death following teenage abortion and childbirth-a longitudinal cohort study. Eur J Public Health 2018; 27:845-849. [PMID: 28510640 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckx065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Teenage pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of premature death. However, it is not known whether the outcome of pregnancy, i.e. induced abortion or childbirth, affects this risk. Methods A Finnish population-based register study involving a cohort of 13 691 nulliparous teenagers who conceived in 1987-89; 6652 of them underwent induced abortion and 7039 delivered. The control group consisted of 41 012 coeval women without teenage pregnancy. Follow-up started at the end of pregnancy and lasted until 6th June 2013. Results Women with teenage pregnancy had a higher risk of overall mortality vs. controls (mortality rate ratio [MRR] 1.6, [95% CI 1.4-1.8]) and were more likely to die prematurely as a result of suicide, alcohol-related causes, circulatory diseases and motor vehicle accidents. A low educational level appeared to explain these excess risks, except for suicide (adj. MRR 1.5, [95% CI 1.1-2.0]). After adjusting for confounders, the childbirth group faced lower risks of suicide (adj. MRR 0.5, [95% CI 0.3-0.9]) and dying from injury and poisoning (adj. MRR 0.6, [95% CI 0.4-0.8]) compared with women who had undergone abortion. Conclusions A low educational level is associated with the increased risk of premature death among women with a history of teenage pregnancy, except for suicide. Extra efforts should be made to encourage pregnant teenagers to continue education, and to provide psychosocial support to teenagers who undergo induced abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eerika Jalanko
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi Leppälahti
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Oskari Heikinheimo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Gissler
- THL, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Research Centre for Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland, and Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Family Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
In this article, the present status of our knowledge about the phenomenon of "suicide" bombing or "martyrdom" operations is identified. A review of many studies located at different levels of analysis is conducted, followed by an analysis and evaluation of the state of the research at each level. In addition, an exploration of the evolution in the characteristics of this tactic and the differences, if any, between subnational and transnational acts is undertaken. The conclusion identifies what we know and what may be appropriate for future research and public policy initiatives.
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Campos RC, Holden RR, Baleizão C, Caçador B, Fragata AS. Self-Criticism, Neediness, and Distress in the Prediction of Suicide Ideation: Results from Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Studies. THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 152:237-255. [DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2018.1446895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Vasiliadis HM, Lamoureux-Lamarche C, Rochette L, Levesque P, Pelletier É, Lesage A. Consultations médicales et types de services de santé utilisés dans les deux années
précédant le suicide auprès des Québécois diagnostiqués avec et sans troubles mentaux et
troubles avec utilisation de substances. SANTE MENTALE AU QUEBEC 2018. [DOI: 10.7202/1058614ar] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Interpersonal Needs, Depressive Symptoms, and Suicide Ideation in a Sample of Portuguese Elderly Patients Recovering from Acute Medical Conditions. J Clin Psychol Med Settings 2017; 25:1-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s10880-017-9520-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Afzali MH, Sunderland M, Batterham PJ, Carragher N, Slade T. Trauma characteristics, post-traumatic symptoms, psychiatric disorders and suicidal behaviours: Results from the 2007 Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2017; 51:1142-1151. [PMID: 29087229 DOI: 10.1177/0004867416683815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study examined whether trauma characteristics such as the type and number of traumatic events were associated with three suicidal behaviours (i.e. ideation, plan and attempt) after adjusting for sociodemographic factors, post-traumatic symptoms and history of psychiatric disorders. METHOD Data came from the 2007 Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing ( N = 8841). Respondents were asked about exposure to 28 traumatic events that occurred during their lifetime. Suicidal behaviours were measured using three statements about whether the person ever seriously thought about or planned or attempted suicide. RESULTS Sexual violence and exposure to multiple traumatic events were particularly associated with suicidal behaviours. The presence of the emotional numbing symptom cluster and co-occurrence of three psychiatric disorders (major depressive disorder, alcohol use disorder and substance use disorder) also increased the odds of suicidal behaviours. Analysis of age of onset revealed that the mean age of traumatic exposure was earlier than the age at which suicidal behaviours emerged. CONCLUSIONS The current study is the first to demonstrate that sexual violence and exposure to multiple traumatic events are associated with suicidal behaviours in a representative sample of Australian adults. The results underline the potential benefits of thorough assessment of trauma history, post-traumatic symptoms and history of psychiatric disorders and their additive contribution in suicide risk among trauma victims. These findings can be used by clinicians and researchers for early intervention programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H Afzali
- 1 NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew Sunderland
- 1 NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip J Batterham
- 2 National Institute for Mental Health Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Natacha Carragher
- 3 Medical Education and Student Office, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tim Slade
- 1 NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Campos RC, Santos S, Piteira M, Abreu M, Tavares S. Suicide Ideation in Older Adults Recovering from Acute Conditions in a Clinical Recovery Facility. J Gerontol Nurs 2017; 43:31-37. [DOI: 10.3928/00989134-20170406-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Major depression is a common condition seen in the primary care setting. This article describes the suicide risk assessment of a depressed patient, including practical aspects of history-taking, consideration of factors in deciding if a patient requires immediate transfer for inpatient care and measures to be taken if the patient is not hospitalised. It follows on our earlier article about the approach to management of depression in primary care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Choon How How
- Care and Health Integration, Changi General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Yin Ping Ng
- Penang Medical College, Penang, Malaysia.,Penang Adventist Hospital, Penang, Malaysia
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Steele IH, Thrower N, Noroian P, Saleh FM. Understanding Suicide Across the Lifespan: A United States Perspective of Suicide Risk Factors, Assessment & Management. J Forensic Sci 2017. [PMID: 28639299 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Suicide is a troubling, preventable phenomenon. Prior to attempts, individuals often seek help, prompting practitioners to perform risk assessments that ideally use evidence-based risk management strategies. A literature review was performed using Harvard Countway Library of Medicine, Google Scholar, PubMed. Key words used were "Forensic Science," "Suicide Risk Management," "Pediatric Suicide Risk Factors," "Adult Suicide Risk Factors," "Geriatric Suicide Risk Factors," "Suicide Risk Assessment." Parameters limited articles to studies/reviews completed in the past twenty years in the United States. Results indicated predictors of suicide in juveniles were insomnia, burdensomeness, and recent conflicts with family or a romantic partner. Adults had greater risk if male, substance abusing, with marital/job loss. Elderly individuals with multiple medical comorbidities, hopelessness, and isolation were at higher risk. Everyone evaluated should be screened for access to firearms. Management of suicide risk involves providing the least restrictive form of treatment which maintains an individual's safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian H Steele
- Harvard Longwood Psychiatry Resident Training Program Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, 330 Brookline Ave, Rabb-2, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Natasha Thrower
- Harvard Longwood Psychiatry Resident Training Program Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Psychiatry 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Paul Noroian
- Forensic Psychiatry Fellowship, Law and Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Ave North, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Fabian M Saleh
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115.,Sexual Violence Prevention and Risk Management Program, Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Rabb-2, Boston, MA 02215
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40
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Campos RC, Gomes M, Holden RR, Piteira M, Rainha A. Does psychache mediate the relationship between general distress and suicide ideation? DEATH STUDIES 2017; 41:241-245. [PMID: 27824293 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2016.1251510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated whether psychache (i.e., mental pain) mediates the association between general distress, assessed as the frequency and the intensity of psychological symptoms in the previous week, and suicide ideation in community adults. For a sample of 202 adults, psychache fully mediated the relationship between suicide ideation and the frequency of psychological symptoms, and partially mediated the relationship between suicide ideation and the intensity of psychological symptoms. As such, mental pain fully or partially explains the process linking the frequency and the intensity of general distress to suicide ideation and, thus, mental pain is a target for potential intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui C Campos
- a Departamento de Psicologia, Escola de Ciências Sociais e Centro de Investigação em Educação e Psicologia , University of Évora , Évora , Portugal
| | - Margarida Gomes
- b Departamento de Psicologia, Escola de Ciências Sociais , University of Évora , Évora , Portugal
| | - Ronald R Holden
- c Department of Psychology , Queen's University , Kingston , Ontario , Canada
| | - Margarida Piteira
- b Departamento de Psicologia, Escola de Ciências Sociais , University of Évora , Évora , Portugal
| | - Ana Rainha
- b Departamento de Psicologia, Escola de Ciências Sociais , University of Évora , Évora , Portugal
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Golshiri P, Akbari M, Zarei A. Case-control study of risk factors for suicide attempts in Isfahan, Iran. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2017; 63:109-114. [PMID: 28084153 DOI: 10.1177/0020764016685347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicide is an important, preventable, public health problem worldwide, caused by the interaction of numerous environmental, biological and psychosocial factors. AIMS This study aimed to identify the factors associated with suicidal attempts in Isfahan, Iran, in 2015. METHODS In this case-control study, 175 cases who committed suicide and were admitted to emergency services were compared with 175 controls selected among outpatients from the same hospital without any history of suicide attempt. Demographic, psychosocial, personality traits, religiosity, coping skills, stressful life events, socioeconomic status and psychiatric distress were compared between groups. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify independent risk factors for suicide. RESULTS Marital status, education, socioeconomic status, psychological distress, perceived social support, stress coping strategies, personality, religious beliefs, stress life events and general health condition were significantly different between groups. The regression analysis revealed that perceived social support (odds ratio (OR) = 0.962, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.94-0.984), religious beliefs (OR = 0.923, 95% CI: 0.867-0.984) and stressful life event (OR = 1.524, 95% CI: 1.251-1.856) were significantly associated with suicide attempts. CONCLUSION Our finding showed that religious beliefs, perceived social support and stressful life events are the main factors associated with suicide attempts. So, positive strategies such as improvements in life skills to control stressful life events, religiosity and perceived social support can be used to control suicide attempts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parastoo Golshiri
- 1 Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Akbari
- 2 Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abbas Zarei
- 1 Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Campos RC, Holden RR, Costa F, Oliveira AR, Abreu M, Fresca N. The moderating effect of gender on the relationship between coping and suicide risk in a Portuguese community sample of adults. J Ment Health 2016; 26:66-73. [PMID: 27646135 DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2016.1222066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui C. Campos
- Departamento de Psicologia, Escola de Ciências Sociais, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal and
| | - Ronald R. Holden
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fátima Costa
- Departamento de Psicologia, Escola de Ciências Sociais, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal and
| | - Ana Rita Oliveira
- Departamento de Psicologia, Escola de Ciências Sociais, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal and
| | - Marta Abreu
- Departamento de Psicologia, Escola de Ciências Sociais, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal and
| | - Natália Fresca
- Departamento de Psicologia, Escola de Ciências Sociais, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal and
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Silva DDSD, Tavares NVDS, Alexandre ARG, Freitas DA, Brêda MZ, Albuquerque MCDSD, Melo VLDN. [Depression and suicide risk among nursing professionals: an integrative review]. Rev Esc Enferm USP 2016; 49:1027-36. [PMID: 27419688 DOI: 10.1590/s0080-623420150000600020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Discussing the factors associated with major depression and suicide risk among nursing professionals. METHOD An integrative review in PubMed/MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO and BDENF databases, between 2003 and 2015. RESULTS 20 published articles were selected, mostly from between 2012 and 2014, with significant production in Brazil. Nursing professionals are vulnerable to depression when young, married, performing night work and having several jobs, and when they have a high level of education, low family income, work overload, high stress, insufficient autonomy and a sense of professional insecurity and conflict in the family and workrelationship. Suicide risk was correlated with the presence of symptoms of depression, high levels of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and low personal accomplishment; characteristics of Burnout Syndrome. CONCLUSION Suicide risk among nursing professionals is associated with symptoms of depression and correlated with Burnout Syndrome, which can affect work performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alícia Regina Gomes Alexandre
- Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Escola de Enfermagem e Farmácia, Curso de Graduação em Enfermagem, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | | | - Mércia Zeviani Brêda
- Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Escola de Enfermagem e Farmácia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, Maceió, AL, Brazil
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Campos RC, Holden RR. Testing a Theory-Based Model of Suicidality in a Community Sample. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0030222815598428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to test a theory-based model of suicide in a low-risk nonclinical sample. A community sample of convenience of 200 adults, 102 men and 98 women, responded to the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire, the Center for the Epidemiologic Studies of Depression Scale, the Psychache Scale, the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire, and the Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire Revised. The hypothesized structural equation model, including trait dimensions of self-criticism and neediness, and state dimensions of depression, psychache, perceived burdensomeness, and thwarted belongingness, fit the observed data well and significantly explained 49% of the variance of suicidality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui C. Campos
- Departamento de Psicologia, University of Évora, Portugal
| | - Ronald R. Holden
- Department of Psychology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Zaborskis A, Sirvyte D, Zemaitiene N. Prevalence and familial predictors of suicidal behaviour among adolescents in Lithuania: a cross-sectional survey 2014. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:554. [PMID: 27405357 PMCID: PMC4942925 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3211-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past decades Lithuania has been experiencing a very high suicide rate among young people and there are scarce data on the role of the family in shaping these people suicidal behaviour. This study investigated the prevalence of suicidal ideation and attempts, as well as their association with a range of familial factors in a representative sample of Lithuanian adolescents. METHODS Study subjects (N = 3572) were adolescents aged 13- and 15-years from the schools in Lithuania who were surveyed in Spring 2014 according to the methodology of the cross-national Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC). A standard HBSC international questionnaire was translated into Lithuanian and used anonymously to obtain information about suicidal behaviour (stopped doing activities, considered suicide, planned suicide, and suicide attempts) and family life (family structure, quality of communication in family, parental monitoring and bonding, parenting style, family time, etc.). Logistic regression was used to assess association between suicidal behaviours and familial variables. RESULTS Forty three percents of surveyed adolescents reported presence of emotions that stopped doing activities during the last 12 months, 23.8 % seriously considered attempting suicide, 13.7 % made a suicide plan, 13.2 % attempted suicide, and 4.1 % needed treatment because of suicide attempt in the previous year. Adolescents from non-intact families reported more suicidal ideation (OR ranged from 1.32 to 1.35, P < 0.05) and more suicide attempts (OR = 1.70, 95 % CI 1.38-2.09, P < 0.001). Among adolescents from intact families, some manisfestations of suicidal behaviour were significantly associated with low satisfaction in family relationships, low father's and mother's emotional support, low mother's monitoring, low school-related parental support, authoritarian-repressive father's parenting style and permissive-neglectful mother's parenting style, but rare family time together and rare electronic media communication with parents were inversely associated with suicidal behaviour. The boys, 15-year-olds and adolescents who indicated often activities together with their families were more likely than their counterparts to report suicide attempts treated by a doctor or nurse. CONCLUSION The young people of Lithuania are at particular risk for suicides. A non-intact family structure and weak family functioning are significant predictors of suicidal ideation and attempts among adolescents of Lithuania. It is essential to consider family life practices in planning intervention programs for prevention of suicides among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apolinaras Zaborskis
- Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Academy of Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Institute for Health Research, A.Mickeviciaus str., 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Dainora Sirvyte
- Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Academy of Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Institute for Health Research, A.Mickeviciaus str., 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Nida Zemaitiene
- Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Academy of Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Institute for Health Research, A.Mickeviciaus str., 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
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46
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Campos RC, Holden RR, Laranjeira P, Troister T, Oliveira AR, Costa F, Abreu M, Fresca N. Self-report depressive symptoms do not directly predict suicidality in nonclinical individuals: Contributions toward a more psychosocial approach to suicide risk. DEATH STUDIES 2016; 40:335-349. [PMID: 26890066 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2016.1150920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Although suicidality is associated with mental illness in general and depression in particular, many depressed individuals do not attempt suicide and some individuals who attempt to or do die by suicide do not present depressive symptoms. This article aims to contribute to a more psychosocial approach to understanding suicide risk in nonclinical populations. In advocating a psychosocial perspective rather than a depression-focused approach, this article presents four diverse studies that demonstrate sampling and measurement invariance in findings across different populations and specific measures. Study 1 tests the mediation effects of 2 interpersonal variables, thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness, in the association between depressive symptoms and recent suicidality. Studies 2 and 3 evaluate the contribution of hopelessness and psychache, beyond depressive symptoms, to suicidality. Study 4 tests the contribution of life events behind depressive symptoms, and other relevant sociodemographic and clinical variables, to the estimation of "future suicidality." Overall, results demonstrate that depressive symptoms do not directly predict suicidality in nonclinical individuals, but that other psychosocial variables mediate the association between depressive symptoms and suicidality or predict suicidality when statistically controlling for depressive symptoms. The article contributes to understanding some of the nonpsychopathological factors that potentially link depressive symptoms to suicide risk and that might themselves contribute to suicidality, even when controlling for depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui C Campos
- a Departamento de Psicologia, Escola de Ciências Sociais e Centro de Investigação em Educação e Psicologia , University of Évora , Évora , Portugal
| | - Ronald R Holden
- b Department of Psychology , Queen's University , Kingston , Ontario , Canada
| | - Patrícia Laranjeira
- c Departamento de Psicologia, Escola de Ciências Sociais , University of Évora , Évora , Portugal
| | - Talia Troister
- b Department of Psychology , Queen's University , Kingston , Ontario , Canada
| | - Ana Rita Oliveira
- c Departamento de Psicologia, Escola de Ciências Sociais , University of Évora , Évora , Portugal
| | - Fátima Costa
- c Departamento de Psicologia, Escola de Ciências Sociais , University of Évora , Évora , Portugal
| | - Marta Abreu
- c Departamento de Psicologia, Escola de Ciências Sociais , University of Évora , Évora , Portugal
| | - Natália Fresca
- c Departamento de Psicologia, Escola de Ciências Sociais , University of Évora , Évora , Portugal
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Bardon C, Coté LP, Mishara BL. Cluster Analysis of Characteristics of Persons Who Died by Suicide in the Montreal Metro Transit. CRISIS 2016; 37:377-384. [PMID: 27278567 DOI: 10.1027/0227-5910/a000398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicides occur in metro systems worldwide and patterns vary in different urban transit networks. AIMS This study presents an in-depth analysis of 117 suicides in the Montreal Metro from 2000 to 2008 based on data obtained from coroners' investigations. METHOD Cluster analyses were performed to identify characteristics of groups of people who kill themselves in the Montreal Metro. We also compared changes in characteristics with data from 1986 to 1995. RESULTS We identified five clusters of suicidal persons that describe patterns of characteristics of individuals who died by suicide in the metro that may be useful for prevention. Comparisons of suicides during 2000-2008 with data from a previous study of coroners' investigations of Montreal Metro suicides during 1986-1995 indicate changes in age, isolation, types of problems, and geographic patterns. CONCLUSION Characteristics of metro suicides may be specific to localities and can change over time. Their understanding may facilitate the development of prevention strategies tailored to these different profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Bardon
- 1 Centre for Research and Intervention on Suicide and Euthanasia (CRISE) and Psychology Department, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Canada
| | - Louis-Philippe Coté
- 1 Centre for Research and Intervention on Suicide and Euthanasia (CRISE) and Psychology Department, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Canada
| | - Brian L Mishara
- 1 Centre for Research and Intervention on Suicide and Euthanasia (CRISE) and Psychology Department, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Canada
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Hekimoglu Y, Esen Melez I, Canturk N, Erkol ZZ, Dizdar MG, Canturk G, Melez DO, Kir Z. A descriptive study of female suicide deaths from 2005 to 2011 in Van city, Turkey. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2016; 16:20. [PMID: 27107719 PMCID: PMC4842277 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-016-0299-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Female suicide is an important problem not only for women but for public health in general. METHODS Autopsy reports from the Van Chief Public Prosecutor's Office from 2005 to 2011 were reviewed retrospectively in order to analyse female deaths from suicide. RESULTS Sixty-six female suicide cases were recorded during 2005-2011. The mean age of the cases was 22.64 (sd = 10.09) years, and nine were below the age of 15. The most common method of suicide was hanging (44 cases, 66.7 %). Five (7.6 %) of the cases were under treatment for depression, and 12 (18.2 %) cases had a previous suicide attempt. CONCLUSIONS Cultural suppression of females and prevention of their socialization in enclave societies are risk factors for female suicides. The number of female suicide attempts, especially recurring attempts, should be reduced via psychiatric scanning, follow-up sessions and therapy for high-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yavuz Hekimoglu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Ipek Esen Melez
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakıf University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nergis Canturk
- Department of Criminalistics, Institute of Forensic Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Z Zerrin Erkol
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Gokhan Dizdar
- Manisa Branch Office, Ministry of Justice Council of Forensic Medicine, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Gurol Canturk
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Ziya Kir
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
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Pryor J, Larson A, DeBeliso M. The Prevalence of Depression and Concussions in a Sample of Active North American Semi-Professional and Professional Football Players. J Lifestyle Med 2016; 6:7-15. [PMID: 27358835 PMCID: PMC4915762 DOI: 10.15280/jlm.2016.6.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concussive events frequently occur in high impact sports such as North American football. The long term effects of concussive events on physical and psychological wellbeing are the focus of ongoing research. The purpose of this study was to determine if concussive events increase the incidence of depression in active semi-professional and professional North American football players. METHODS An anonymous online survey was sent to 200 players to collect the following self-reported data: position played, years played, number of concussions sustained and subsequent depressive symptoms using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CESD-R) scale. An independent T-test was used to determine differences in the number of concussive events in those with CESD-R scores <16 vs. ≥16, where scores ≥16 are indicative of a depressed state. Likewise, an independent T-test was used to compare CESD-R scores between players with ≥3 concussions vs. ≤2. RESULTS Individuals with a CESD-R score ≥16, sustained a significantly greater number of concussions (3.8 vs. 1.6) than those who scored <16 (p < 0.001). Further analysis also revealed significantly higher CESD-R scores in players who had sustained ≥3 concussions (24.0 vs. 15.6) than those with ≤2 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Within the parameters of this study, players that were classified as depressed had sustained significantly more concussions compared to those who were not classified as depressed. Further, multiple concussive events (≥3) appears to increase symptoms of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Pryor
- Department of Physical Education and Human Performance, Southern Utah University, Cedar City, Utah,
USA
| | - Abigail Larson
- Department of Physical Education and Human Performance, Southern Utah University, Cedar City, Utah,
USA
| | - Mark DeBeliso
- Department of Physical Education and Human Performance, Southern Utah University, Cedar City, Utah,
USA
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O'Neill S, Corry C, McFeeters D, Murphy S, Bunting B. Suicide in Northern Ireland. CRISIS 2016; 37:13-20. [DOI: 10.1027/0227-5910/a000360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract. Background: The circumstances surrounding death by suicide can give us insight into the factors affecting suicide risk in particular regions. Aims: This study examined gender and circumstances surrounding death by suicide in Northern Ireland from 2005 to 2011. Method: The study analyzed 1,671 suicides (77% male and 23% female cases) using information contained from the coroner's files on suicides and undetermined deaths. Results: Hanging was the most common method and more than one third of the deceased had prior suicide attempts. There was evidence of alcohol use in 41% of the cases. Only, 61% of cases had recorded adverse events; most had multiple and complex combinations of experiences. Relationship and interpersonal difficulties were the most common category of adverse event (40.3%). However, illness and bereavement, employment /financial crisis, and health problems were also common. One third of those who died by suicide were employed, compared with 50.3% who were not in employment. Just over half (50.1%) were known to have a mental health disorder. Conclusion: The results provide the first profile of deaths by suicide in Northern Ireland. They highlight the need to target people who have difficult life experiences in suicide prevention work, notably men, people with employment, financial and relationship crises, and those with mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan O'Neill
- Psychology Research Institute, Ulster University, Londonderry, UK
| | - Colette Corry
- National Suicide Research Foundation, University College Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Sam Murphy
- Psychology Research Institute, Ulster University, Londonderry, UK
| | - Brendan Bunting
- Psychology Research Institute, Ulster University, Londonderry, UK
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