1
|
Hönes GS, Geist D, Wenzek C, Pfluger PT, Müller TD, Aguilar-Pimentel JA, Amarie OV, Becker L, Dragano N, Garrett L, Hölter SM, Rathkolb B, Rozman J, Spielmann N, Treise I, Wolf E, Wurst W, Fuchs H, Gailus-Durner V, Hrabe de Angelis M, Führer D, Moeller LC. Comparative Phenotyping of Mice Reveals Canonical and Noncanonical Physiological Functions of TRα and TRβ. Endocrinology 2024; 165:bqae067. [PMID: 38889231 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqae067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) effects are mediated through TH receptors (TRs), TRα1, TRβ1, and TRβ2. The TRs bind to the DNA and regulate expression of TH target genes (canonical signaling). In addition, they mediate activation of signaling pathways (noncanonical signaling). Whether noncanonical TR action contributes to the spectrum of TH effects is largely unknown. The aim of this study was to attribute physiological effects to the TR isoforms and their canonical and noncanonical signaling. We conducted multiparameter phenotyping in male and female TR knockout mice (TRαKO, TRβKO), mice with disrupted canonical signaling due to mutations in the TR DNA binding domain (TRαGS, TRβGS), and their wild-type littermates. Perturbations in senses, especially hearing (mainly TRβ with a lesser impact of TRα), visual acuity, retinal thickness (TRα and TRβ), and in muscle metabolism (TRα) highlighted the role of canonical TR action. Strikingly, selective abrogation of canonical TR action often had little phenotypic consequence, suggesting that noncanonical TR action sufficed to maintain the wild-type phenotype for specific effects. For instance, macrocytic anemia, reduced retinal vascularization, or increased anxiety-related behavior were only observed in TRαKO but not TRαGS mice. Noncanonical TRα action improved energy utilization and prevented hyperphagia observed in female TRαKO mice. In summary, by examining the phenotypes of TRα and TRβ knockout models alongside their DNA binding-deficient mutants and wild-type counterparts, we could establish that the noncanonical actions of TRα and TRβ play a crucial role in modulating sensory, behavioral, and metabolic functions and, thus, contribute to the spectrum of physiological TH effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georg Sebastian Hönes
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism and Division of Laboratory Research, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Daniela Geist
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism and Division of Laboratory Research, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Christina Wenzek
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism and Division of Laboratory Research, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Paul Thomas Pfluger
- Research Unit NeuroBiology of Diabetes, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Division of Neurobiology of Diabetes, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich 80333, Germany
| | - Timo Dirk Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Walther-Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Juan Antonio Aguilar-Pimentel
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Oana Veronica Amarie
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Lore Becker
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Natalia Dragano
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Lillian Garrett
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Sabine Maria Hölter
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Birgit Rathkolb
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU) Munich, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Jan Rozman
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Nadine Spielmann
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Irina Treise
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU) Munich, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich 80336, Germany
- Chair of Developmental Genetics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Helmut Fuchs
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Valerie Gailus-Durner
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabe de Angelis
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Chair of Experimental Genetics, TUM School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Dagmar Führer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism and Division of Laboratory Research, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Lars Christian Moeller
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism and Division of Laboratory Research, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang R, Qin S, Qiao T, Jiang W, Tong J, Lu G, Gao D, Zhang M, Lv Z, Li D, Chai L. Body composition changes in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer after iodine-131 treatment and short-term levothyroxine replacement and suppression therapy. Hormones (Athens) 2024; 23:257-265. [PMID: 38277093 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-024-00528-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purposes of this study were to assess the changes in body composition in patients who underwent thyroidectomy due to differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) after radioactive iodine therapy (RAI) and short-term levothyroxine (LT4) supplementation and to explore the correlations between body composition distribution and corresponding blood indices. METHODS Fifty-seven thyroidectomized DTC patients were included. Serum was tested for several biochemical indices of thyroid function, lipids, and bone metabolism, and body composition parameters were measured via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry before and 4-6 weeks after RAI and LT4 supplementation. RESULTS The body composition of DTC patients changed after RAI. Fat mass in all parts of the body decreased (range of relative change (RRC) -12.97--2.80%). Bone mineral content (BMC) increased throughout the body (relative change (RC) 12.12%), head (RC 36.23%), pelvis (RC 9.00%), and legs (RC 3.15%). Similarly, bone mineral density (BMD) increased in different regions (RRC 3.60-26.43%), except for the arms. Notably, lean mass in the arms (RC 4.30%) and legs (RC 3.67%) increased, while that in the head decreased (RC -2.75%), while total lean mass did not change at 4-6 weeks after LT4 supplementation. Furthermore, changes in fat distribution in the android region were related to the changes in total cholesterol (r = -0.390) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (r = -0.354), and changes in the BMC and BMD of the lumbar spine were positively associated with the changes in calcitonin (r = 0.302 and 0.325, respectively). CONCLUSIONS After RAI and short-term LT4 supplementation in DTC patients, body composition rapidly and positively changed and was characterized by decreased fat mass and increased BMC and BMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ru Wang
- Clinical Nuclear Medicine Center, Imaging Clinical Medical Center, Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Shanshan Qin
- Clinical Nuclear Medicine Center, Imaging Clinical Medical Center, Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Tingting Qiao
- Clinical Nuclear Medicine Center, Imaging Clinical Medical Center, Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Wen Jiang
- Clinical Nuclear Medicine Center, Imaging Clinical Medical Center, Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Junyu Tong
- Clinical Nuclear Medicine Center, Imaging Clinical Medical Center, Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Ganghua Lu
- Clinical Nuclear Medicine Center, Imaging Clinical Medical Center, Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Dingwei Gao
- Clinical Nuclear Medicine Center, Imaging Clinical Medical Center, Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Mengyu Zhang
- Clinical Nuclear Medicine Center, Imaging Clinical Medical Center, Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Zhongwei Lv
- Clinical Nuclear Medicine Center, Imaging Clinical Medical Center, Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China.
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510289, China.
| | - Li Chai
- Clinical Nuclear Medicine Center, Imaging Clinical Medical Center, Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Peden DL, Rogers R, Mitchell EA, Taylor SM, Bailey SJ, Ferguson RA. Skeletal muscle mitochondrial correlates of critical power and W' in healthy active individuals. Exp Physiol 2024. [PMID: 38593224 DOI: 10.1113/ep091835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The asymptote (critical power; CP) and curvature constant (W') of the hyperbolic power-duration relationship can predict performance within the severe-intensity exercise domain. However, the extent to which these parameters relate to skeletal muscle mitochondrial content and respiratory function is not known. Fifteen males (peak O2 uptake, 52.2 ± 8.7 mL kg-1 min-1; peak work rate, 366 ± 40 W; and gas exchange threshold, 162 ± 41 W) performed three to five constant-load tests to task failure for the determination of CP (246 ± 44 W) and W' (18.6 ± 4.1 kJ). Skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis to determine citrate synthase (CS) activity, as a marker of mitochondrial content, and the ADP-stimulated respiration (P) and maximal electron transfer (E) through mitochondrial complexes (C) I-IV. The CP was positively correlated with CS activity (absolute CP, r = 0.881, P < 0.001; relative CP, r = 0.751, P = 0.001). The W' was not correlated with CS activity (P > 0.05). Relative CP was positively correlated with mass-corrected CI + IIE (r = 0.659, P = 0.038), with absolute CP being inversely correlated with CS activity-corrected CIVE (r = -0.701, P = 0.024). Relative W' was positively correlated with CS activity-corrected CI + IIP (r = 0.713, P = 0.021) and the phosphorylation control ratio (r = 0.661, P = 0.038). There were no further correlations between CP or W' and mitochondrial respiratory variables. These findings support the assertion that skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity is positively associated with CP and that this relationship is strongly determined by mitochondrial content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald L Peden
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Robert Rogers
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Emma A Mitchell
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Suzanne M Taylor
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Stephen J Bailey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Richard A Ferguson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Effect of Thyroxine on the Structural and Dynamic Features of Cardiac Mitochondria and Mitophagy in Rats. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030396. [PMID: 36766738 PMCID: PMC9913912 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This work investigated the effect of thyroxine on the biogenesis and quality control system in rat heart mitochondria. In hyperthyroid rats, the concentrations of free triiodothyronine and thyroxine increased severalfold, indicating the development of hyperthyroidism in these animals. The electron microscopy showed 58% of cardiac mitochondria to be in a swollen state. Some organelles were damaged and had a reduced number of cristae. Multilamellar bodies formed from cristae/membranes were found in the vacuolated part of the mitochondria. The hyperthyroidism caused no changes to mitochondrial biogenesis in the investigated animals. At the same time, the levels of mitochondrial dynamics proteins OPA1 and Drp1 increased in the hyperthyroid rats. The administration of thyroxine to the animals led to a decrease in the amount of PINK1 and Parkin in heart tissue. The data suggest that excess thyroid hormones lead to changes in mitochondrial dynamics and impair Parkin-dependent mitophagy in hyperthyroid rat heart.
Collapse
|
5
|
Pani P, Bal NC. Avian adjustments to cold and non-shivering thermogenesis: whats, wheres and hows. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:2106-2126. [PMID: 35899483 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Avian cold adaptation is hallmarked by innovative strategies of both heat conservation and thermogenesis. While minimizing heat loss can reduce the thermogenic demands of body temperature maintenance, it cannot eliminate the requirement for thermogenesis. Shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) are the two synergistic mechanisms contributing to endothermy. Birds are of particular interest in studies of NST as they lack brown adipose tissue (BAT), the major organ of NST in mammals. Critical analysis of the existing literature on avian strategies of cold adaptation suggests that skeletal muscle is the principal site of NST. Despite recent progress, isolating the mechanisms involved in avian muscle NST has been difficult as shivering and NST co-exist with its primary locomotory function. Herein, we re-evaluate various proposed molecular bases of avian skeletal muscle NST. Experimental evidence suggests that sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+ -ATPase (SERCA) and ryanodine receptor 1 (RyR1) are key in avian muscle NST, through their mediation of futile Ca2+ cycling and thermogenesis. More recent studies have shown that SERCA regulation by sarcolipin (SLN) facilitates muscle NST in mammals; however, its role in birds is unclear. Ca2+ signalling in the muscle seems to be common to contraction, shivering and NST, but elucidating its roles will require more precise measurement of local Ca2+ levels inside avian myofibres. The endocrine control of avian muscle NST is still poorly defined. A better understanding of the mechanistic details of avian muscle NST will provide insights into the roles of these processes in regulatory thermogenesis, which could further inform our understanding of the evolution of endothermy among vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Punyadhara Pani
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Naresh C Bal
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
A prolonged hiatus in postmenopausal HRT, does not nullify the therapy's positive impact on ageing related sarcopenia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250813. [PMID: 33951065 PMCID: PMC8099084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous work suggest a positive skeletal muscle effect of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on skeletal muscle characteristics This study aimed to quantify any continued positive effect of HRT even after a sustained hiatus in treatment, controlling for two key muscle modulation hormones: Estradiol (E2) and Tri-iodo-thyronine (T3). Method and findings In 61 untrained women (18-78yrs) stratified as pre-menopausal, post-menopausal without (No_HRT) and post-menopausal with (Used_HRT) HRT history, body composition, physical activity, serum E2 and T3 were assessed by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, Baecke questionnaire and ELISA. Gastrocnemius medialis (GM) and tibialis anterior (TA) electromyographic profiles (mean power frequency (mPowerF)), isometric plantar-flexion (PF) and dorsi-flexion (DF) maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), rate of torque development (RTD), isokinetic MVC and muscle volume, were assessed using surface electromyography, dynamometry and ultrasonography. Muscle quality was quantified as MVC per unit muscle size. E2 and E2:T3 ratio were significantly lower in postmenopausal participants, and were positively correlated with RTD even after controlling for adiposity and/or age. Pre-menopausal females had greater MVC in 8/8 PF and 2/5 DF (23.7–98.1%; P<0.001–0.049) strength measures compared to No_HRT, but only 6/8 PF (17.4–42.3%; P<0.001–0.046) strength measures compared to Used_HRT. Notably, Used_HRT had significant higher MVC in 7 PF MVC (30.0%-37.7%; P = 0.006–0.031) measures than No_HRT, while premenopausal and Used_HRT had similar uncorrected muscle size or quality. In addition, this cross-sectional data suggest an annual reduction in GM muscle volume corrected for intra-muscular fat by 1.3% in No_HRT and only 0.5% in Used_HRT. Conclusion Even years after cessation of the therapy, a history of HRT is positively associated with negating the expected post-menopausal drop in muscle quantity and quality. Whilst mPowerF did not differ between groups, our work highlights positive associations between RTD against E2 and E2:T3. Notwithstanding our study limitation of single time point for blood sampling, our work is the first to illustrate an HRT attenuation of ageing-related decline in RTD. We infer from these data that high E2, even in the absence of high T3, may help maintain muscle contractile speed and quality. Thus our work is the first to points to markedly larger physiological reserves in women with a past history of HRT.
Collapse
|
7
|
Beiglböck H, Wolf P, Pfleger L, Caliskan B, Fellinger P, Zettinig G, Anderwald CH, Kenner L, Trattnig S, Kautzky-Willer A, Krššák M, Krebs M. Effects of Thyroid Function on Phosphodiester Concentrations in Skeletal Muscle and Liver: An In Vivo NMRS Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5908058. [PMID: 32944774 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Thyroid function is clinically evaluated by determination of circulating concentrations of thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone; TSH) and free thyroxine (fT4). However, a tissue-specific effector substrate of thyroid function is lacking. Energy-rich phosphorus-containing metabolites (PM) and phospholipids (PL) might be affected by thyroid hormone action and can be noninvasively measured by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMRS). OBJECTIVES To measure the actions of peripheral thyroid hormones on PM and PL tissue concentrations. DESIGN AND SETTING A longitudinal, prospective pilot study was performed. PARTICIPANTS Nine patients with hyperthyroidism (HYPER) and 4 patients with hypothyroidism (HYPO) were studied at baseline and 3 months after treatment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES High-field 1H/31P NMRS was used to assess profiles of PM, PL, and flux through oxidative phosphorylase in liver and skeletal muscle, as well as ectopic tissue lipid content. RESULTS The concentrations of total skeletal muscle (m-) and hepatic (h-) phosphodiesters (PDE) and one of the PDE constituents, glycerophosphocholine (GPC), were lower in HYPER compared with HYPO (m-PDE: 1.4 ± 0.4 mM vs 7.4 ± 3.5 mM, P = 0.003; m-GPC: 0.9 ± 0.3 mM vs 6.7 ± 3.5 mM, P = 0.003; h-PDE: 4.4 ± 1.4 mM vs 9.9 ± 3.9 mM, P = 0.012; h-GPC: 2.2 ± 1.0 mM vs 5.1 ± 2.4 mM, P = 0.024). Both h-GPC (rho = -0.692, P = 0.018) and h-GPE (rho = -0.633, P = 0.036) correlated negatively with fT4. In muscle tissue, a strong negative association between m-GPC and fT4 (rho = -0.754, P = 0.003) was observed. CONCLUSIONS Thyroxine is closely negatively associated with the PDE concentrations in liver and skeletal muscle. Normalization of thyroid dysfunction resulted in a decline of PDE in hypothyroidism and an increase in hyperthyroidism. Thus, PDE might be a sensitive tool to estimate tissue-specific peripheral thyroid hormone action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Beiglböck
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Wolf
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lorenz Pfleger
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Burak Caliskan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Fellinger
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Zettinig
- Schilddruesenpraxis Josefstadt, Laudongasse, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Heinz Anderwald
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Department of Pathology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine (CBmed), Graz, Austria
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Platform for Comparative Laboratory Animal Pathology, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Applied Metabolomics (CDL-AM), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Siegfried Trattnig
- Centre of Excellence-High Field MR, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Clinical Molecular Imaging, MOLIMA, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Kautzky-Willer
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Krššák
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Clinical Molecular Imaging, MOLIMA, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Krebs
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rodrigues GC, Rocha NN, Maia LDA, Melo I, Simões AC, Antunes MA, Bloise FF, Woyames J, da Silva WS, Capelozzi VL, Abela GP, Ball L, Pelosi P, Rocco PRM, Silva PL. Impact of experimental obesity on diaphragm structure, function, and bioenergetics. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:1062-1074. [PMID: 32909923 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00262.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with bioenergetic dysfunction of peripheral muscles; however, little is known regarding the impact of obesity on the diaphragm. We hypothesized that obesity would be associated with diaphragm dysfunction attributable to mitochondrial oxygen consumption and structural and ultrastructural changes. Wistar rat litters were culled to 3 pups to induce early postnatal overfeeding and consequent obesity. Control animals were obtained from unculled litters. From postnatal day 150, diaphragm ultrasound, computed tomography, high-resolution respirometry, immunohistochemical, biomolecular, and ultrastructural histological analyses were performed. The diaphragms of obese animals, compared with those of controls, presented changes in morphology as increased thickening fraction, diaphragm excursion, and diaphragm dome height, as well as increased mitochondrial respiratory capacity coupled to ATP synthesis and maximal respiratory capacity. Fatty acid synthase gene expression was also higher in obese animals, suggesting a source of energy for the respiratory chain. Myosin heavy chain-IIA was increased, indicating shift from glycolytic toward oxidative muscle fiber profile. Diaphragm tissue also exhibited ultrastructural changes, such as compact, round, and swollen mitochondria with fainter cristae and more lysosomal bodies. Dynamin-1 expression in the diaphragm was reduced in obese rats, suggesting decreased mitochondrial fission. Furthermore, gene expressions of peroxisome γ proliferator-activated receptor coactivator-1α and superoxide dismutase-2 were lower in obese animals than in controls, which may indicate a predisposition to oxidative injury. In conclusion, in the obesity model used herein, muscle fiber phenotype was altered in a manner likely associated with increased mitochondrial respiratory capability, suggesting respiratory adaptation to increased metabolic demand.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Obesity has been associated with peripheral muscle dysfunction; however, little is known about its impact on the diaphragm. In the current study, we found high oxygen consumption in diaphragm tissue and changes in muscle fiber phenotypes toward a more oxidative profile in experimental obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gisele C Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nazareth N Rocha
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Brazil
| | - Ligia de A Maia
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Isabella Melo
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Simões
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana A Antunes
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flavia F Bloise
- Laboratory of Translational Endocrinology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana Woyames
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wagner S da Silva
- Laboratory of Metabolic Adaptations, Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vera L Capelozzi
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Genomics, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Glenn Paul Abela
- Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, San Martino Policlinico Hospital, IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Ball
- Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, San Martino Policlinico Hospital, IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paolo Pelosi
- Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, San Martino Policlinico Hospital, IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Patricia R M Rocco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro L Silva
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Association between Normal Thyroid Hormones and Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:8161797. [PMID: 32104706 PMCID: PMC7040386 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8161797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between normal thyroid function and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been a particular focus for concern. The present study determined the relationship between thyroid hormone levels and the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in T2DM patients. A cross-sectional study (n = 633) was performed in Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China. Subjects were evaluated for anthropometric measurements, thyroid function, and diabetic retinopathy. Logistic regression models were used to assess the relationships between thyroid hormones and DR. Of 633 patients, 243 (38.4%) patients suffered from DR. The prevalence of DR showed a significantly decreasing trend across the quartiles based on free triiodothyronine (FT3) (FT3 quartile 1 group [FT3-Q1] <4.35 pmol/L, FT3 quartile 2 group [FT3-Q2] 4.35–4.70 pmol/L, FT3 quartile 3 group [FT3-Q3] 4.70–5.08 pmol/L, and FT3 quartile 4 group [FT3-Q4] ≥5.08 pmol/L) (56.7%, 42.5%, 33.1%, 23.8%, P < 0.001). In comparison with all participants categorized in FT3-Q1, the multivariable adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of DR in FT3-Q2, FT3-Q3, and FT3-Q4 were 0.587 (0.340–1.012), 0.458 (0.258–0.813), and 0.368 (0.201–0.673), (P = 0.055, P = 0.008, P = 0.001), respectively. FT3 levels within the normal range are negatively associated with DR in euthyroid patients with type 2 diabetes. Further studies should be aimed at clarifying the relationship between thyroid hormones and T2DM.
Collapse
|
10
|
Lee J, Jo K, Ha J, Lim DJ, Lee JM, Chang SA, Kang MI, Kim MH. A Significant Association of Upper Limb Muscle Strength with Thyroid Function in Overweight and Obese Population: A Study of the Sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES 2014-2015). Int J Endocrinol 2020; 2020:7195846. [PMID: 33343661 PMCID: PMC7732406 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7195846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. As skeletal muscle is one of main targets of thyroid hormone signalling, an association of thyroid function and muscle strength could be expected. The aim of study is to evaluate the association of free thyroxine (FT4) and thyrotropin (TSH) with upper limb muscle strength, measured by hand grip strength, in subjects with normal FT4 from national representative data. The study utilized the sixth edition of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. After exclusion of subjects with FT4 level out of normal range, a history of thyroid disease or cerebral disease, restricted activity, and incomplete data, a total of 3503 were recruited (age range 19-80 years, 51% male). FT4 positively correlated with upper limb muscle strength (β coefficient = -12.84, p < 0.001), while TSH did negatively (β coefficient = -0.37, p=0.002). After adjusting for confounding factors, statistical significance disappeared. However, among subjects with BMI above 23 kg/m2, a negative correlation of TSH with upper limb muscle strength was found in a younger age group (19-39 years old) (β coefficient = -0.56, p=0.021), while FT4 positively correlated with upper limb muscle strength (β coefficient = 3.24, p=0.019) in an older group (above 40 years old). In overweight and obese subjects, a significant association of thyroid function with upper limb muscle strength was observed in nation-wide representative data. High TSH in a younger group and low FT4 in an older group could be risk factors for decreased upper limb muscle strength in obese population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeongmin Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 03312, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwanhoon Jo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon 21431, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghoon Ha
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jun Lim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Min Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 03312, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ah Chang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 03312, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo Il Kang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon 21431, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Hee Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 03312, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kim JM, Kim BH, Lee H, Kim EH, Kim M, Kim JH, Jeon YK, Kim SS, Kim IJ, Kim YK. The Relationship between Thyroid Function and Different Obesity Phenotypes in Korean Euthyroid Adults. Diabetes Metab J 2019; 43:867-878. [PMID: 30968620 PMCID: PMC6943265 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2018.0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid disease and metabolic syndrome are both associated with cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between thyroid hormones and obesity sub-phenotypes using nationwide data from Korea, a country known to be iodine replete. METHODS This study was based on data obtained from the sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, administered from 2013 to 2015. A total of 13,873 participants aged ≥19 years were included, and classified into four groups: metabolically healthy non-obesity (MHNO), metabolically healthy obesity (MHO), metabolically unhealthy non-obesity (MUNO), and metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO) by body fat on the basis of body mass index and metabolic health. RESULTS At baseline, serum free thyroxine (fT4) values were significantly higher in the MHNO phenotype (MHNO, 1.27±0.01 ng/dL; MHO, 1.25±0.01 ng/dL; MUNO, 1.24±0.01 ng/dL; MUO, 1.24±0.01 ng/dL, P<0.001) in total study population. However, this significant association no longer remained after adjustment for age, urine iodine concentration, and smoking (P=0.085). After adjustment for confounders, statistically significant association was observed between lower thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and MHNO phenotype (P=0.044). In men participants (not women), higher fT4 values were significantly associated with MHNO phenotype (P<0.001). However, no significant association was observed between thyroid function (TSH or fT4) and obesity phenotypes in groups classified by age (cutoff age of 55 years). CONCLUSION Although there was a difference by age and sex, we found that the decrease of TSH and the increase of fT4 values were associated with MHNO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Mi Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Bo Hyun Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
| | - Hyungi Lee
- ARO, Clinical Trial Center, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Eun Heui Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Mijin Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Jong Ho Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Yun Kyung Jeon
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Sang Soo Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - In Joo Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Yong Ki Kim
- Kim Yong Ki Internal Medicine Clinic, Busan, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Differential effects of maternal high-fat/high-caloric or isocaloric diet on offspring's skeletal muscle phenotype. Life Sci 2018; 215:136-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
13
|
Gu Y, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Liu L, Meng G, Yao Z, Wu H, Xia Y, Bao X, Shi H, Wang H, Sun S, Wang X, Zhou M, Jia Q, Song K, Niu K. The association between thyroid function and incidence of metabolic syndrome in euthyroid subjects: Tianjin chronic low-grade systemic inflammation and health cohort study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2018; 88:735-743. [PMID: 29453818 DOI: 10.1111/cen.13576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Thyroid hormones (THs) are primarily responsible for the regulation of energy homeostasis and metabolism. However, few prospective studies have assessed the association between THs and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in a general population. We therefore designed a cohort study to examine whether serum TH levels within the reference range are predictive factors for developing MetS in adults. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS A prospective study (n = 6119) was performed in Tianjin, China. Participants without a history of MetS were followed up for 1 to 3 years with a median follow-up duration of 2 years. MEASUREMENTS Serum free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were measured by chemiluminescence immunoassay. MetS was defined in accordance with the criteria of the American Heart Association scientific statements of 2009. THs, TSH levels and MetS were assessed yearly during the follow-up. Adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to assess the associations between FT3, FT4 and TSH quintiles and MetS. RESULTS The incidence of MetS was 17.7% (96 per 1000 person-years). In the final multivariate models, the hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for MetS across serum FT3 quintiles were 1.00 (reference), 1.03 (0.84, 1.25), 1.14 (0.94, 1.38), 1.09 (0.90, 1.32) and 1.33 (1.11, 1.61), respectively (P for trend <.01). However, no significant associations between FT4, TSH and MetS were observed. CONCLUSIONS This population-based prospective cohort study suggests that increased serum FT3 level, rather than FT4 and TSH, is an independent predictor for developing MetS in euthyroid subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeqing Gu
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Liu
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ge Meng
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhanxin Yao
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongmei Wu
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang Xia
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xue Bao
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongbin Shi
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Honglei Wang
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shaomei Sun
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiyu Jia
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Kun Song
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Kaijun Niu
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ramos GV, Cruz A, Silva WJ, Rozanski A, Baptista IL, Silvestre JG, Moriscot AS. Thyroid hormone upregulates MDM2 in rat type I fibre: Implications for skeletal muscle mass regulation. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2018; 222:e13003. [PMID: 29178319 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AIM Based upon a microarray assay, we have identified that triiodothyronine (T3) upregulates MDM2 gene expression in the rat skeletal muscle. As MDM2 protein is an E3 ligase, we hypothesized that this enzyme could play a role in T3 effects on skeletal muscle mass control. METHODS To test our hypothesis, male rats (2 months old) were randomly assigned into the following groups: intact controls, treated with 20 physiological doses of T3 for 0.5, 1 and 7 days, or with 5, 20 and 50 physiological doses of T3 for 7 days. For in vitro experiments, myotubes and C2C12 cells were treated with T3 for 3 days. RESULTS After validation of the microarray finding throughout RT-PCR and confirmation that T3 induces increases in MDM2 protein expression in a dose-dependent manner, we observed that MDM2 was upregulated by T3 exclusively in fibre type I. Moreover, detailed histological evaluation showed that MDM2 overexpression distributes punctiformily along the cross section of the fibre and also inside nuclei. MDM2 colocalizes with PAX7 in control muscle and T3 downregulates this myogenic factor. Pharmacological inhibition of MDM2 in cultured myotubes caused a severe decrease in their diameter (~35%, P < .001 vs Control), enhancing the effect of T3 (from ~12% to ~35%, P < .001) alone upon myotube diameter and mRNA levels of atrogenes. Finally, we observed that FOXO3 (MDM2 target) is kept outside the nucleus under T3 stimulation. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that MDM2 might be involved in the pro-trophic effects of T3 in skeletal muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G. V. Ramos
- Department of Anatomy; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; University of Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - A. Cruz
- Department of Anatomy; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; University of Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - W. J. Silva
- Department of Anatomy; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; University of Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - A. Rozanski
- Department of Anatomy; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; University of Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - I. L. Baptista
- Department of Anatomy; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; University of Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - J. G. Silvestre
- Department of Anatomy; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; University of Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - A. S. Moriscot
- Department of Anatomy; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; University of Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
T 4 and waist:hip ratio as biomarkers of antipsychotic-induced weight gain in Han Chinese inpatients with schizophrenia. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 88:54-60. [PMID: 29175720 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Second-generation antipsychotic agents (SGAs) cause serious metabolic side effects, including weight gain, dyslipidemia, and glucose metabolism abnormalities, which occur by unknown mechanisms. Therefore, the search for prospective markers for antipsychotic-induced weight gain (AIWG) has been of major interest. So far, predictive factors predisposing patients to the develop obesity and related metabolic disturbances induced by SGAs have been relatively less studied among large samples of Chinese schizophrenic patients. In this study, 264 Han Chinese inpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder initiated treatment with olanzapine (n=131) or risperidone (n=133) and were followed for 12weeks. Anthropometric measurements and laboratory analyses of thyroid hormone, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and lipid levels were conducted as part of routine medical care. The results showed baseline thyroxine (T4) and waist:hip ratio (WHR)were negatively correlated to AIWG (T4: rs=-0.154, P=0.014; WHR: rs=-0.199, P=0.008). Correlations remained significant after multiple regression analyses. The two treatment groups statistically differed for changes in body mass index, WHR, LDL cholesterol, and FPG; in both groups FPG decreased at first and then increased. Our findings suggest basal T4 and WHR may serve as early biomarkers for weight gain as a side effect of single-SGA treatment.
Collapse
|
16
|
Louzada RA, Carvalho DP. Similarities and Differences in the Peripheral Actions of Thyroid Hormones and Their Metabolites. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:394. [PMID: 30072951 PMCID: PMC6060242 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) are secreted by the thyroid gland, while T3 is also generated from the peripheral metabolism of T4 by iodothyronine deiodinases types I and II. Several conditions like stress, diseases, and physical exercise can promote changes in local TH metabolism, leading to different target tissue effects that depend on the presence of tissue-specific enzymatic activities. The newly discovered physiological and pharmacological actions of T4 and T3 metabolites, such as 3,5-diiodothyronine (3,5-T2), and 3-iodothyronamine (T1AM) are of great interest. A classical thyroid hormone effect is the ability of T3 to increase oxygen consumption in almost all cell types studied. Approximately 30 years ago, a seminal report has shown that 3,5-T2 increased oxygen consumption more rapidly than T3 in hepatocytes. Other studies demonstrated that exogenous 3,5-T2 administration was able to increase whole body energy expenditure in rodents and humans. In fact, 3,5-T2 treatment prevents diabetic nephropathy, hepatic steatosis induced by high fat diet, insulin resistance, and weight gain during aging in Wistar male rats. The regulation of mitochondria is likely one of the most important actions of T3 and its metabolite 3,5-T2, which was able to restore the thermogenic program of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in hypothyroid rats, just as T3 does, while T1AM administration induced rapid hypothermia. T3 increases heart rate and cardiac contractility, which are hallmark effects of hyperthyroidism involved in cardiac arrhythmia. These deleterious cardiac effects were not observed with the use of 3,5-T2 pharmacological doses, and in contrast T1AM was shown to promote a negative inotropic and chronotropic action at micromolar concentrations in isolated hearts. Furthermore, T1AM has a cardioprotective effect in a model of ischemic/reperfusion injury in isolated hearts, such as occurs with T3 administration. Despite the encouraging possible therapeutic use of TH metabolites, further studies are needed to better understand their peripheral effects, when compared to T3 itself, in order to establish their risk and benefit. On this basis, the main peripheral effects of thyroid hormones and their metabolites in tissues, such as heart, liver, skeletal muscle, and BAT are discussed herein.
Collapse
|
17
|
Bloise FF, Cordeiro A, Ortiga-Carvalho TM. Role of thyroid hormone in skeletal muscle physiology. J Endocrinol 2018; 236:R57-R68. [PMID: 29051191 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH) are crucial for development, growth, differentiation, metabolism and thermogenesis. Skeletal muscle (SM) contractile function, myogenesis and bioenergetic metabolism are influenced by TH. These effects depend on the presence of the TH transporters MCT8 and MCT10 in the plasma membrane, the expression of TH receptors (THRA or THRB) and hormone availability, which is determined either by the activation of thyroxine (T4) into triiodothyronine (T3) by type 2 iodothyronine deiodinases (D2) or by the inactivation of T4 into reverse T3 by deiodinases type 3 (D3). SM relaxation and contraction rates depend on T3 regulation of myosin expression and energy supplied by substrate oxidation in the mitochondria. The balance between D2 and D3 expression determines TH intracellular levels and thus influences the proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells, indicating an important role of TH in muscle repair and myogenesis. During critical illness, changes in TH levels and in THR and deiodinase expression negatively affect SM function and repair. This review will discuss the influence of TH action on SM contraction, bioenergetics metabolism, myogenesis and repair in health and illness conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flavia F Bloise
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas FilhoLaboratory of Translational Endocrinology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aline Cordeiro
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas FilhoLaboratory of Translational Endocrinology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tania Maria Ortiga-Carvalho
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas FilhoLaboratory of Translational Endocrinology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kupr B, Schnyder S, Handschin C. Role of Nuclear Receptors in Exercise-Induced Muscle Adaptations. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:a029835. [PMID: 28242783 PMCID: PMC5453380 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is not only one of the largest, but also one of the most dynamic organs. For example, plasticity elicited by endurance or resistance exercise entails complex transcriptional programs that are still poorly understood. Various signaling pathways are engaged in the contracting muscle fiber and collectively culminate in the modulation of the activity of numerous transcription factors (TFs) and coregulators. Because exercise confers many benefits for the prevention and treatment of a wide variety of pathologies, pharmacological activation of signaling pathways and TFs is an attractive avenue to elicit therapeutic effects. Members of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily are of particular interest owing to the presence of well-defined DNA- and ligand-binding domains. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the involvement of NRs in muscle biology and exercise adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Kupr
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sindoni A, Rodolico C, Pappalardo MA, Portaro S, Benvenga S. Hypothyroid myopathy: A peculiar clinical presentation of thyroid failure. Review of the literature. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2016; 17:499-519. [PMID: 27154040 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-016-9357-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities in thyroid function are common endocrine disorders that affect 5-10 % of the general population, with hypothyroidism occurring more frequently than hyperthyroidism. Clinical symptoms and signs are often nonspecific, particularly in hypothyroidism. Muscular symptoms (stiffness, myalgias, cramps, easy fatigability) are mentioned by the majority of patients with frank hypothyroidism. Often underestimated is the fact that muscle symptoms may represent the predominant or the only clinical manifestation of hypothyroidism, raising the issue of a differential diagnosis with other causes of myopathy, which sometimes can be difficult. Elevated serum creatine kinase, which not necessarily correlates with the severity of the myopathic symptoms, is certainly suggestive of muscle impairment, though it does not explain the cause. Rare muscular manifestations, associated with hypothyroidism, are rhabdomyolysis, acute compartment syndrome, Hoffman's syndrome and Kocher-Debré-Sémélaigne syndrome. Though the pathogenesis of hypothyroid myopathy is not entirely known, proposed mechanisms include altered glycogenolytic and oxidative metabolism, altered expression of contractile proteins, and neuro-mediated damage. Correlation studies of haplotype, muscle gene expression and protein characterization, could help understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of this myopathic presentation of hypothyroidism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Sindoni
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and of Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali, Università degli Studi di Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 1, 98125, Messina, Italy.
| | - Carmelo Rodolico
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Simona Portaro
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo", SS 113, Via Palermo, c.da Casazza, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Benvenga
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Master Program on Childhood, Adolescent and Women's Endocrine Health, Messina, Italy
- Interdepartmental Program of Clinical and Molecular Endocrinology & Women's Endocrine Health, A.O.U. Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lesmana R, Iwasaki T, Iizuka Y, Amano I, Shimokawa N, Koibuchi N. The change in thyroid hormone signaling by altered training intensity in male rat skeletal muscle. Endocr J 2016; 63:727-38. [PMID: 27350720 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej16-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic (sub lactate threshold; sub-LT) exercise training facilitates oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis of skeletal muscle. Thyroid hormone (TH) also facilitates such metabolic events. Thus, we studied whether TH signaling pathway is activated by treadmill training. Male adult rats received 30 min/day treadmill training with different exercise intensity for 12 days. Then plasma lactate and thyrotropin (TSH) levels were measured. By lactate levels, rats were divided into stationary control (SC, 0 m/min), sub-LT (15 m/min) and supra lactate threshold (supra-LT; 25 m/min) training groups. Immediately after the last training, the soleus muscles were dissected out to measure TH receptor (TR) mRNA and protein expressions. Other rats received intraperitoneal injection of T3, 24 h after the last training and sacrificed 6 h after the injection to measure TH target gene expression. TSH level was suppressed in both sub-LT and supra-LT groups during the exercise. TRβ1 mRNA and protein levels were increased in sub-LT group. Sensitivity to T3 was altered in several TH-target genes by training. Particularly, induction of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase β1 expression by T3 was significantly augmented in sub-LT group. These results indicate that sub-LT training alters TH signaling at least in part by increasing TRβ1 expression. Such TH signaling alteration may contribute metabolic adaptation in skeletal muscle during physical training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronny Lesmana
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Górecka M, Synak M, Brzezińska Z, Dąbrowski J, Żernicka E. Effect of triiodothyronine (T3) excess on fatty acid metabolism in the soleus muscle from endurance-trained rats. Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 94:101-8. [DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2015-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied whether short-term administration of triiodothyronine (T3) for the last 3 days of endurance training would influence the rate of uptake of palmitic acid (PA) as well as metabolism in rat soleus muscle, in vitro. Training per se did not affect the rate of PA uptake by the soleus; however, an excess of T3increased the rate of this process at 1.5 mmol/L PA, as well as the rate that at which PA was incorporated into intramuscular triacylglycerols (TG). The rate of TG synthesis in trained euthyroid rats was reduced after exercise (1.5 mmol/L PA). The rate of PA oxidation in all of the trained rats immediately after exercise was enhanced by comparison with the sedentary values. Hyperthyroidism additionally increased the rate of this process at 1.5 mmol/L PA. After a recovery period, the rate of PA oxidation returned to the control values in both the euthyroid and the hyperthyroid groups. Examination of the high-energy phosphate levels indicated that elevated PA oxidation after exercise-training in euthyroid rats was associated with stable ATP levels and increased ADP and AMP levels, thus reducing energy cellular potential (ECP). In the hyperthyroid rats, levels of ADP and AMP were increased in the sedentary as well as the exercise-trained rats. ECP levels were high as a result of high levels of ATP and decreased levels of ADP and AMP in hyperthyroid rats after the recovery period. In conclusion, short-term hyperthyroidism accelerates PA utilization in well-trained soleus muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Górecka
- Department of Applied Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Applied Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - M. Synak
- Department of Applied Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Applied Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Z. Brzezińska
- Department of Applied Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Applied Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - J. Dąbrowski
- Department of Applied Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Applied Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - E. Żernicka
- Department of Applied Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Applied Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lesmana R, Sinha RA, Singh BK, Zhou J, Ohba K, Wu Y, Yau WWY, Bay BH, Yen PM. Thyroid Hormone Stimulation of Autophagy Is Essential for Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Activity in Skeletal Muscle. Endocrinology 2016; 157:23-38. [PMID: 26562261 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) and autophagy share similar functions in regulating skeletal muscle growth, regeneration, and differentiation. Although TH recently has been shown to increase autophagy in liver, the regulation and role of autophagy by this hormone in skeletal muscle is not known. Here, using both in vitro and in vivo models, we demonstrated that TH induces autophagy in a dose- and time-dependent manner in skeletal muscle. TH induction of autophagy involved reactive oxygen species (ROS) stimulation of 5'adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-Unc-51-like kinase 1 (Ulk1) signaling. TH also increased mRNA and protein expression of key autophagy genes, microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3), Sequestosome 1 (p62), and Ulk1, as well as genes that modulated autophagy and Forkhead box O (FOXO) 1/3a. TH increased mitochondrial protein synthesis and number as well as basal mitochondrial O2 consumption, ATP turnover, and maximal respiratory capacity. Surprisingly, mitochondrial activity and biogenesis were blunted when autophagy was blocked in muscle cells by Autophagy-related gene (Atg)5 short hairpin RNA (shRNA). Induction of ROS and 5'adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) by TH played a significant role in the up-regulation of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PPARGC1A), the key regulator of mitochondrial synthesis. In summary, our findings showed that TH-mediated autophagy was essential for stimulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and activity in skeletal muscle. Moreover, autophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis were coupled in skeletal muscle via TH induction of mitochondrial activity and ROS generation.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/chemistry
- AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Animals
- Autophagy/drug effects
- Autophagy-Related Protein 5
- Autophagy-Related Protein-1 Homolog
- Cell Line
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Kinetics
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microtubule-Associated Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Microtubule-Associated Proteins/genetics
- Microtubule-Associated Proteins/metabolism
- Mitochondria, Muscle/drug effects
- Mitochondria, Muscle/metabolism
- Mitochondria, Muscle/ultrastructure
- Mitochondrial Dynamics/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/ultrastructure
- Myoblasts, Skeletal/cytology
- Myoblasts, Skeletal/drug effects
- Myoblasts, Skeletal/metabolism
- Myoblasts, Skeletal/ultrastructure
- Oxygen Consumption/drug effects
- Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- Reactive Oxygen Species/agonists
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Thyroxine/metabolism
- Thyroxine/pharmacology
- Transcription Factors/agonists
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Triiodothyronine/metabolism
- Triiodothyronine/pharmacology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronny Lesmana
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation (R.L., R.A.S., B.K.S., J.Z., K.O., W.WY.Y., P.M.Y.), Program of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857; Department of Physiology (R.L.), Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; Department of Anatomy (Y.W., B.-H.B.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599; and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute and Department of Medicine (P.M.Y.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Rohit A Sinha
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation (R.L., R.A.S., B.K.S., J.Z., K.O., W.WY.Y., P.M.Y.), Program of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857; Department of Physiology (R.L.), Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; Department of Anatomy (Y.W., B.-H.B.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599; and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute and Department of Medicine (P.M.Y.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Brijesh K Singh
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation (R.L., R.A.S., B.K.S., J.Z., K.O., W.WY.Y., P.M.Y.), Program of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857; Department of Physiology (R.L.), Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; Department of Anatomy (Y.W., B.-H.B.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599; and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute and Department of Medicine (P.M.Y.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Jin Zhou
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation (R.L., R.A.S., B.K.S., J.Z., K.O., W.WY.Y., P.M.Y.), Program of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857; Department of Physiology (R.L.), Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; Department of Anatomy (Y.W., B.-H.B.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599; and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute and Department of Medicine (P.M.Y.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Kenji Ohba
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation (R.L., R.A.S., B.K.S., J.Z., K.O., W.WY.Y., P.M.Y.), Program of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857; Department of Physiology (R.L.), Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; Department of Anatomy (Y.W., B.-H.B.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599; and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute and Department of Medicine (P.M.Y.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Yajun Wu
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation (R.L., R.A.S., B.K.S., J.Z., K.O., W.WY.Y., P.M.Y.), Program of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857; Department of Physiology (R.L.), Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; Department of Anatomy (Y.W., B.-H.B.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599; and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute and Department of Medicine (P.M.Y.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Winifred W Y Yau
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation (R.L., R.A.S., B.K.S., J.Z., K.O., W.WY.Y., P.M.Y.), Program of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857; Department of Physiology (R.L.), Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; Department of Anatomy (Y.W., B.-H.B.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599; and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute and Department of Medicine (P.M.Y.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Boon-Huat Bay
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation (R.L., R.A.S., B.K.S., J.Z., K.O., W.WY.Y., P.M.Y.), Program of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857; Department of Physiology (R.L.), Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; Department of Anatomy (Y.W., B.-H.B.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599; and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute and Department of Medicine (P.M.Y.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Paul M Yen
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation (R.L., R.A.S., B.K.S., J.Z., K.O., W.WY.Y., P.M.Y.), Program of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857; Department of Physiology (R.L.), Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; Department of Anatomy (Y.W., B.-H.B.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599; and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute and Department of Medicine (P.M.Y.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Seko D, Ogawa S, Li TS, Taimura A, Ono Y. μ-Crystallin controls muscle function through thyroid hormone action. FASEB J 2015; 30:1733-40. [PMID: 26718889 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-280933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
μ-Crystallin (Crym), a thyroid hormone-binding protein, is abnormally up-regulated in the muscles of patients with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, a dominantly inherited progressive myopathy. However, the physiologic function of Crym in skeletal muscle remains to be elucidated. In this study, Crym was preferentially expressed in skeletal muscle throughout the body. Crym-knockout mice exhibited a significant hypertrophy of fast-twitch glycolytic type IIb fibers, causing an increase in grip strength and high intensity running ability in Crym-null mice. Genetic inactivation of Crym or blockade of Crym by siRNA-mediated knockdown up-regulated the gene expression of fast-glycolytic contractile fibers in satellite cell-derived myotubes in vitro These alterations in Crym-inactivated muscle were rescued by inhibition of thyroid hormone, even though Crym is a positive regulator of thyroid hormone action in nonmuscle cells. The results demonstrated that Crym is a crucial regulator of muscle plasticity, controlling metabolic and contractile properties of myofibers, and thus the selective inactivation of Crym may be a potential therapeutic target for muscle-wasting diseases, such as muscular dystrophies and age-related sarcopenia.-Seko, D., Ogawa, S., Li, T.-S., Taimura, A., Ono, Y. μ-Crystallin controls muscle function through thyroid hormone action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Seko
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, and Institute of Environmental Science, Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shizuka Ogawa
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, and
| | - Tao-Sheng Li
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, and
| | - Akihiro Taimura
- Institute of Environmental Science, Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ono
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, and
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Regulation of skeletal muscle mitochondrial function by nuclear receptors: implications for health and disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 129:589-99. [PMID: 26186742 DOI: 10.1042/cs20150246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle metabolism is highly dependent on mitochondrial function, with impaired mitochondrial biogenesis associated with the development of metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Mitochondria display substantial plasticity in skeletal muscle, and are highly sensitive to levels of physical activity. It is thought that physical activity promotes mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle through increased expression of genes encoded in both the nuclear and the mitochondrial genome; however, how this process is co-ordinated at the cellular level is poorly understood. Nuclear receptors (NRs) are key signalling proteins capable of integrating environmental factors and mitochondrial function, thereby providing a potential link between exercise and mitochondrial biogenesis. The aim of this review is to highlight the function of NRs in skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and discuss the therapeutic potential of NRs for the management and treatment of chronic metabolic disease.
Collapse
|
25
|
Lombardi A, Moreno M, de Lange P, Iossa S, Busiello RA, Goglia F. Regulation of skeletal muscle mitochondrial activity by thyroid hormones: focus on the "old" triiodothyronine and the "emerging" 3,5-diiodothyronine. Front Physiol 2015; 6:237. [PMID: 26347660 PMCID: PMC4543916 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
3,5,3′-Triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) plays a crucial role in regulating metabolic rate and fuel oxidation; however, the mechanisms by which it affects whole-body energy metabolism are still not completely understood. Skeletal muscle (SKM) plays a relevant role in energy metabolism and responds to thyroid state by remodeling the metabolic characteristics and cytoarchitecture of myocytes. These processes are coordinated with changes in mitochondrial content, bioenergetics, substrate oxidation rate, and oxidative phosphorylation efficiency. Recent data indicate that “emerging” iodothyronines have biological activity. Among these, 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine (T2) affects energy metabolism, SKM substrate utilization, and mitochondrial functionality. The effects it exerts on SKM mitochondria involve more aspects of mitochondrial bioenergetics; among these, respiratory chain activity, mitochondrial thermogenesis, and lipid-handling are stimulated rapidly. This mini review focuses on signaling and biochemical pathways activated by T3 and T2 in SKM that influence the above processes. These novel aspects of thyroid physiology could reveal new perspectives for understanding the involvement of SKM mitochondria in hypo- and hyper-thyroidism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Lombardi
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Moreno
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio Benevento, Italy
| | - Pieter de Lange
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples Caserta, Italy
| | - Susanna Iossa
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa A Busiello
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio Benevento, Italy
| | - Fernando Goglia
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio Benevento, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Moncayo R, Moncayo H. The WOMED model of benign thyroid disease: Acquired magnesium deficiency due to physical and psychological stressors relates to dysfunction of oxidative phosphorylation. BBA CLINICAL 2014; 3:44-64. [PMID: 26675817 PMCID: PMC4661500 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbacli.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to discern whether a relation between biochemical parameters, sonography and musculoskeletal data exists in cases of hyperthyroidism and whether they are modifiable through supplementation with selenomethionine and magnesium citrate as well as by acupuncture and manual medicine methods. RESULTS A direct correlation between whole blood selenium and serum magnesium was found in subjects without thyroid disease and in menopausal women while it was reversed in cases of thyroid diseases as well as in patients with depression, infection, and in infertile women. Vascularization indices were elevated in cases of newly diagnosed benign thyroid diseases. Musculoskeletal changes i.e. lateral tension and idiopathic moving toes, as well as situations of physical and psychological stress and minor trauma and infection led to an increase of vascularization. Magnesium levels correlated negatively with these two conditions. The supplementation brought a reduction of the vascularization indices and reduced the incidence of idiopathic moving toes. Treatment of lateral tension required manual medicine methods and acupuncture (gastrocnemius). A small subgroup of patients showed a further reduction of hyper-vascularization after receiving coenzyme Q10. CONCLUSIONS We interpret the elevated thyroid vascularization and low magnesium levels as signs of an inflammatory process related to the musculoskeletal changes. Improvement of thyroid function and morphology can be achieved after correcting the influence of stressors together with the supplementation regime. We hypothesize that the central biochemical event in thyroid disease is that of an acquired, altered mitochondrial function due to deficiency of magnesium, selenium, and coenzyme Q10.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roy Moncayo
- WOMED, Karl-Kapferer-Strasse 5, AT-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Helga Moncayo
- WOMED, Karl-Kapferer-Strasse 5, AT-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Walrand S, Short KR, Heemstra LA, Novak CM, Levine JA, Coenen-Schimke JM, Nair KS. Altered regulation of energy homeostasis in older rats in response to thyroid hormone administration. FASEB J 2013; 28:1499-510. [PMID: 24344330 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-239806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hyperthyroidism causes increased energy intake and expenditure, although anorexia and higher weight loss have been reported in elderly individuals with hyperthyroidism. To determine the effect of age on energy homeostasis in response to experimental hyperthyroidism, we administered 200 μg tri-iodothyronine (T3) in 7- and 27-mo-old rats for 14 d. T3 increased energy expenditure (EE) in both the young and the old rats, although the old rats lost more weight (147 g) than the young rats (58 g) because of the discordant effect of T3 on food intake, with a 40% increase in the young rats, but a 40% decrease in the old ones. The increased food intake in the young rats corresponded with a T3-mediated increase in the appetite-regulating proteins agouti-related peptide, neuropeptide Y, and uncoupling protein 2 in the hypothalamus, but no increase occurred in the old rats. Evidence of mitochondrial biogenesis in response to T3 was similar in the soleus muscle and heart of the young and old animals, but less consistent in old plantaris muscle and liver. Despite the comparable increase in EE, T3's effect on mitochondrial function was modulated by age in a tissue-specific manner. We conclude that older rats lack compensatory mechanisms to increase caloric intake in response to a T3-induced increase in EE, demonstrating a detrimental effect of age on energy homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Walrand
- 1Endocrinology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mizunoya W, Iwamoto Y, Sato Y, Tatsumi R, Ikeuchi Y. Cold exposure increases slow-type myosin heavy chain 1 (MyHC1) composition of soleus muscle in rats. Anim Sci J 2013; 85:293-304. [PMID: 24206444 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of cold exposure on rat skeletal muscle fiber type, according to myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoform and metabolism-related factors. Male Wistar rats (7 weeks old) were housed individually at 4 ± 2°C as a cold-exposed group or at room temperature (22 ± 2°C) as a control group for 4 weeks. We found that cold exposure significantly increased the slow-type MyHC1 content in the soleus muscle (a typical slow-type fiber), while the intermediate-type MyHC2A content was significantly decreased. In contrast to soleus, MyHC composition of extensor digitorum longus (EDL, a typical fast-type fiber) and gastrocnemius (a mix of slow-type and fast-type fibers) muscle did not change from cold exposure. Cold exposure increased mRNA expression of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) in both the soleus and EDL. Cold exposure also increased mRNA expression of myoglobin, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α (PGC1α) and forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) in the soleus. Upregulation of UCP3 and PGC1α proteins were observed with Western blotting in the gastrocnemius. Thus, cold exposure increased metabolism-related factors in all muscle types that were tested, but MyHC isoforms changed only in the soleus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Mizunoya
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Chabowski A, Zendzian-Piotrowska M, Mikłosz A, Łukaszuk B, Kurek K, Górski J. Fiber specific changes in sphingolipid metabolism in skeletal muscles of hyperthyroid rats. Lipids 2013; 48:697-704. [PMID: 23467817 PMCID: PMC3690184 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-013-3769-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (T3, T4) are well known modulators of different cellular signals including the sphingomyelin pathway. However, studies regarding downstream effects of T3 on sphingolipid metabolism in skeletal muscle are scarce. In the present work we sought to investigate the effects of hyperthyroidism on the activity of the key enzymes of ceramide metabolism as well as the content of fundamental sphingolipids. Based on fiber/metabolic differences, we chose three different skeletal muscles, with diverse fiber compositions: soleus (slow-twitch oxidative), red (fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic) and white (fast-twitch glycolytic) section of gastrocnemius. We demonstrated that T3 induced accumulation of sphinganine, ceramide, sphingosine, as well as sphingomyelin, mostly in soleus and in red, but not white section of gastrocnemius. Concomitantly, the activity of serine palmitoyltransferase and acid/neutral ceramidase was increased in more oxidative muscles. In conclusion, hyperthyroidism induced fiber specific changes in the content of sphingolipids that were relatively more related to de novo synthesis of ceramide rather than to its generation via hydrolysis of sphingomyelin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Chabowski
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Aguer C, Harper ME. Skeletal muscle mitochondrial energetics in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus: endocrine aspects. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 26:805-19. [PMID: 23168281 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, skeletal muscle is a major site of insulin resistance. The latter has been linked to mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired fatty acid oxidation. Some hormones like insulin, thyroid hormones and adipokines (e.g., leptin, adiponectin) have positive effects on muscle mitochondrial bioenergetics through their direct or indirect effects on mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial protein expression, mitochondrial enzyme activities and/or AMPK pathway activation--all of which can improve fatty acid oxidation. It is therefore not surprising that treatment with these hormones has been proposed to improve muscle and whole body insulin sensitivity. However, treatment of diabetic patients with leptin and adiponectin has no effect on muscle mitochondrial bioenergetics showing resistance to these hormones during type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, treatment with most thyroid hormones has unexpectedly revealed negative effects on muscle insulin sensitivity. Future research should focus on development of agents that improve metabolic dysfunction downstream of hormone receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Aguer
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd., Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8M5.
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kaminsky P, Walker PM, Deibener J, Barbe F, Jeannesson E, Escanye JM, Dousset B, Klein M. Growth hormone potentiates thyroid hormone effects on post-exercise phosphocreatine recovery in skeletal muscle. Growth Horm IGF Res 2012; 22:240-244. [PMID: 22939217 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to determine the respective impact of thyroxine and growth hormone on in vivo skeletal mitochondrial function assessed via post exercise phosphocreatine recovery. DESIGN The hind leg muscles of 32 hypophysectomized rats were investigated using (31)P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy at rest and during the recovery period following a non tetanic stimulation of the sciatic nerve. Each rat was supplemented with hydrocortisone and was randomly assigned to one of the 4 groups: the group Hx was maintained in hypopituitarism., the group HxT was treated with 1 μg/100g/day of thyroxine (T4), the group HxG with 0.2 IU/kg/day of recombinant human GH (rGH) and the group HxGT by both thyroxine and rGH. Inorganic phosphate (Pi), phosphocreatine (PCr) and ATP were directly measured on the spectra, permitting the calculation of the phosphorylation potential (PP). RESULTS At rest, the rats treated with rGH or T4 exhibited higher PCr levels than rats Hx. The recovery rates of PCr and PP were higher in rats treated with T4 than in T4-deprivated rats, suggesting improved mitochondrial function. The rats treated by both T4 and rGH showed higher PCr and PP recovery than those maintained in hypopituitarism or treated with T4 or rGH alone. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrates that in contrast to T4, GH given alone in hypophysectomized rats does not improve in vivo mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. Growth hormone potentiates T4 effects on oxidative metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Kaminsky
- Pôle des Spécialités Médicales, Service de Médecine Interne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nancy, Hôpitaux de Brabois, 54500 Vandoeuvre, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Brunetto EL, Teixeira SDS, Giannocco G, Machado UF, Nunes MT. T3 rapidly increases SLC2A4 gene expression and GLUT4 trafficking to the plasma membrane in skeletal muscle of rat and improves glucose homeostasis. Thyroid 2012; 22:70-9. [PMID: 22136156 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2010.0409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) is highly expressed in muscle and fat tissue, where triiodothyronine (T(3)) induces solute carrier family 2 facilitated glucose transporter member 4 (SLC2A4) gene transcription. T(3) was also shown to rapidly increase glucose uptake in myocytes exposed to cycloheximide, indicating that it might act nongenomically to regulate GLUT4 availability. We tested this hypothesis by evaluating, in thyroidectomized rats (Tx rats), the acute and/or chronic T(3) effects on GLUT4 mRNA expression and polyadenylation, protein content, and trafficking to the plasma membrane (PM) in skeletal muscle, as well as on blood glucose disappearance rate (kITT) after insulin administration. METHODS Rats were surgically thyroidectomized and treated with T(3) (0.3 to 100 μg/100 g body weight) from 10 minutes to 5 days, and killed thereafter. Sham-operated (SO) rats were used as controls. Total RNA was extracted from the skeletal muscles (soleus [SOL] and extensorum digitalis longus [EDL]) and subjected to Northern blotting analysis using rat GLUT4 cDNA probe. Total protein was extracted and subjected to specific centrifugations for subcellular fractionation, and PM as well as microsomal (M) fractions were subjected to Western blotting analysis, using anti-GLUT4 antiserum as a probe. GLUT4 mRNA polyadenylation was examined by a rapid amplification of cDNA ends-poly(A) test (RACE-PAT). RESULTS Thyroidectomy reduced skeletal muscle GLUT4 mRNA, mRNA poly(A) tail length, protein content, and trafficking to the PM, as well as the kITT. The acute T(3) treatment rapidly (30 minutes) increased all these parameters compared with Tx rats. The 5-day T(3) treatment increased GLUT4 mRNA and protein expression, and restored GLUT4 trafficking to the PM and kITT to SO values. CONCLUSIONS The results presented here show for the first time that, in parallel to its transcriptional action on the SLC2A4 gene, T(3) exerts a rapid post-transcriptional effect on GLUT4 mRNA polyadenylation, which might increase transcript stability and translation efficiency, leading to the increased GLUT4 content and availability to skeletal muscle, as well as on GLUT4 translocation to the PM, improving the insulin sensitivity, as shown by the kITT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Lia Brunetto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Baldwin KM, Joanisse DR, Haddad F, Goldsmith RL, Gallagher D, Pavlovich KH, Shamoon EL, Leibel RL, Rosenbaum M. Effects of weight loss and leptin on skeletal muscle in human subjects. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 301:R1259-66. [PMID: 21917907 PMCID: PMC3213951 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00397.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of a 10% or greater reduced body weight results in decreases in the energy cost of low levels of physical activity beyond those attributable to the altered body weight. These changes in nonresting energy expenditure are due mainly to increased skeletal muscle work efficiency following weight loss and are reversed by the administration of the adipocyte-derived hormone leptin. We have also shown previously that the maintenance of a reduced weight is accompanied by a decrease in ratio of glycolytic (phosphofructokinase) to oxidative (cytochrome c oxidase) activity in vastus lateralis muscle that would suggest an increase in the relative expression of the myosin heavy chain I (MHC I) isoform. We performed analyses of vastus lateralis muscle needle biopsy samples to determine whether maintenance of an altered body weight was associated with changes in skeletal muscle metabolic properties as well as mRNA expression of different isoforms of the MHC and sarcoplasmic endoplasmic reticular Ca(2+)-dependent ATPase (SERCA) in subjects studied before weight loss and then again after losing 10% of their initial weight and receiving twice daily injections of either placebo or replacement leptin in a single blind crossover design. We found that the maintenance of a reduced body weight was associated with significant increases in the relative gene expression of MHC I mRNA that was reversed by the administration of leptin as well as an increase in the expression of SERCA2 that was not significantly affected by leptin. Leptin administration also resulted in a significant increase in the expression of the less MHC IIx isoform compared with subjects receiving placebo. These findings are consistent with the leptin-reversible increase in skeletal muscle chemomechanical work efficiency and decrease in the ratio of glycolytic/oxidative enzyme activities observed in subjects following dietary weight loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth M. Baldwin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California
| | | | - Fadia Haddad
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Rochelle L. Goldsmith
- Division of Exercise Physiology; Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Dympna Gallagher
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York; and
| | - Katherine H. Pavlovich
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Elisabeth L. Shamoon
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Rudolph L. Leibel
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Michael Rosenbaum
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Picard M, Hepple RT, Burelle Y. Mitochondrial functional specialization in glycolytic and oxidative muscle fibers: tailoring the organelle for optimal function. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2011; 302:C629-41. [PMID: 22031602 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00368.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In skeletal muscle, two major types of muscle fibers exist: slow-twitch oxidative (type I) fibers designed for low-intensity long-lasting contractions, and fast-twitch glycolytic (type II) fibers designed for high-intensity short-duration contractions. Such a wide range of capabilities has emerged through the selection across fiber types of a narrow set of molecular characteristics suitable to achieve a specific contractile phenotype. In this article we review evidence supporting the existence of distinct functional phenotypes in mitochondria from slow and fast fibers that may be required to ensure optimal muscle function. This includes differences with respect to energy substrate preferences, regulation of oxidative phosphorylation, dynamics of reactive oxygen species, handling of Ca2+, and regulation of cell death. The potential physiological implications on muscle function and the putative mechanisms responsible for establishing and maintaining distinct mitochondrial phenotype across fiber types are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Picard
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Rimbaud S, Ruiz M, Piquereau J, Mateo P, Fortin D, Veksler V, Garnier A, Ventura-Clapier R. Resveratrol improves survival, hemodynamics and energetics in a rat model of hypertension leading to heart failure. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26391. [PMID: 22028869 PMCID: PMC3196575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is characterized by contractile dysfunction associated with altered energy metabolism. This study was aimed at determining whether resveratrol, a polyphenol known to activate energy metabolism, could be beneficial as a metabolic therapy of HF. Survival, ventricular and vascular function as well as cardiac and skeletal muscle energy metabolism were assessed in a hypertensive model of HF, the Dahl salt-sensitive rat fed with a high-salt diet (HS-NT). Resveratrol (18 mg/kg/day; HS-RSV) was given for 8 weeks after hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy were established (which occurred 3 weeks after salt addition). Resveratrol treatment improved survival (64% in HS-RSV versus 15% in HS-NT, p<0.001), and prevented the 25% reduction in body weight in HS-NT (P<0.001). Moreover, RSV counteracted the development of cardiac dysfunction (fractional shortening −34% in HS-NT) as evaluated by echocardiography, which occurred without regression of hypertension or hypertrophy. Moreover, aortic endothelial dysfunction present in HS-NT was prevented in resveratrol-treated rats. Resveratrol treatment tended to preserve mitochondrial mass and biogenesis and completely protected mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and PPARα (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α) expression. We conclude that resveratrol treatment exerts beneficial protective effects on survival, endothelium–dependent smooth muscle relaxation and cardiac contractile and mitochondrial function, suggesting that resveratrol or metabolic activators could be a relevant therapy in hypertension-induced HF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Rimbaud
- UMR-S 769 Inserm, Univ Paris-Sud Châtenay-Malabry, Châtenay-Malabry, France
- Univ Paris-Sud, IFR 141, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Matthieu Ruiz
- UMR-S 769 Inserm, Univ Paris-Sud Châtenay-Malabry, Châtenay-Malabry, France
- Univ Paris-Sud, IFR 141, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Jérôme Piquereau
- UMR-S 769 Inserm, Univ Paris-Sud Châtenay-Malabry, Châtenay-Malabry, France
- Univ Paris-Sud, IFR 141, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Philippe Mateo
- UMR-S 769 Inserm, Univ Paris-Sud Châtenay-Malabry, Châtenay-Malabry, France
- Univ Paris-Sud, IFR 141, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Dominique Fortin
- UMR-S 769 Inserm, Univ Paris-Sud Châtenay-Malabry, Châtenay-Malabry, France
- Univ Paris-Sud, IFR 141, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Vladimir Veksler
- UMR-S 769 Inserm, Univ Paris-Sud Châtenay-Malabry, Châtenay-Malabry, France
- Univ Paris-Sud, IFR 141, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Anne Garnier
- UMR-S 769 Inserm, Univ Paris-Sud Châtenay-Malabry, Châtenay-Malabry, France
- Univ Paris-Sud, IFR 141, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Renée Ventura-Clapier
- UMR-S 769 Inserm, Univ Paris-Sud Châtenay-Malabry, Châtenay-Malabry, France
- Univ Paris-Sud, IFR 141, Châtenay-Malabry, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Mammalian skeletal muscle comprises different fiber types, whose identity is first established during embryonic development by intrinsic myogenic control mechanisms and is later modulated by neural and hormonal factors. The relative proportion of the different fiber types varies strikingly between species, and in humans shows significant variability between individuals. Myosin heavy chain isoforms, whose complete inventory and expression pattern are now available, provide a useful marker for fiber types, both for the four major forms present in trunk and limb muscles and the minor forms present in head and neck muscles. However, muscle fiber diversity involves all functional muscle cell compartments, including membrane excitation, excitation-contraction coupling, contractile machinery, cytoskeleton scaffold, and energy supply systems. Variations within each compartment are limited by the need of matching fiber type properties between different compartments. Nerve activity is a major control mechanism of the fiber type profile, and multiple signaling pathways are implicated in activity-dependent changes of muscle fibers. The characterization of these pathways is raising increasing interest in clinical medicine, given the potentially beneficial effects of muscle fiber type switching in the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Schiaffino
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Neurosciences, and Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Carlo Reggiani
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Neurosciences, and Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Poeggeler B, Knuever J, Gáspár E, Bíró T, Klinger M, Bodo E, Wiesner RJ, Wenzel BE, Paus R. Thyrotropin powers human mitochondria. FASEB J 2010; 24:1525-31. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-147728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tamás Bíró
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of DebrecenDebrecenHungary
- Abiol LtdDebrecenHungary
| | | | | | - Rudolf J. Wiesner
- Department of Vegetative PhysiologyUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster: Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD)CologneGermany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC)CologneGermany
| | | | - Ralf Paus
- Department of DermatologyGermany
- School of Translational MedicineUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Huber K, Miles JL, Norman AM, Thompson NM, Davison M, Breier BH. Prenatally induced changes in muscle structure and metabolic function facilitate exercise-induced obesity prevention. Endocrinology 2009; 150:4135-44. [PMID: 19477938 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Effective regulation of energy metabolism is vital for the maintenance of optimal health, and an inability to make these dynamic adjustments is a recognized cause of obesity and metabolic disorders. Epidemiological and experimental studies have highlighted the role of prenatal factors in the disease process, and it is now generally accepted that maternal nutrition during pregnancy significantly influences intrauterine development, shaping postnatal health. Consequences of impaired nutrition during fetal development include intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and subsequent obesity development in adult life. We have previously shown that prenatal undernutrition has a lasting effect on behavior, with IUGR offspring expressing a higher preference for voluntary exercise, and moderate daily exercise preventing obesity development. The present study investigated skeletal muscle structure in IUGR offspring and how moderate daily exercise drives changes in metabolic pathways that promote obesity prevention. Pregnant Wistar rats were either fed chow ad libitum or undernourished, generating control or IUGR offspring respectively. Although red muscle structure indicated higher oxidative capacity in IUGR offspring, obesity prevention was not due to increased fatty acid oxidation, indicated by decreased peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 and carnitine-palmitoyltransferase 1 expression. In contrast, increased protein kinase Czeta expression and glycogen content in white muscle of exercised IUGR offspring suggests an enhanced capacity for anaerobic utilization of glucose. Furthermore, exercise-induced lactate accumulation was effectively prevented by stimulation of a lactate shuttle, driven by the increases in monocarboxylate transporters-4 and -1 in white muscle. This enhanced metabolic flexibility in IUGR offspring may facilitate muscle contractile performance and therefore support moderate daily exercise for effective obesity prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Korinna Huber
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30173 Hannover, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
|
40
|
Postler TS, Budak MT, Khurana TS, Rubinstein NA. Influence of hyperthyroid conditions on gene expression in extraocular muscles of rats. Physiol Genomics 2009; 37:231-8. [PMID: 19276241 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00023.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Extraocular muscles (EOMs) are a highly specialized type of tissue with a wide range of unique properties, including characteristic innervation, development, and structural proteins. Even though EOMs are frequently and prominently affected by thyroid-associated diseases, little is known about the direct effects of thyroid hormone on these muscles. To create a comprehensive profile of changes in gene expression levels in EOMs induced by thyroid hormone, hyperthyroid conditions were simulated by treating adult Sprague-Dawley rats with intraperitoneal injections of the thyroid hormone 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T(3)); subsequently, microarray analysis was used to determine changes in mRNA levels in EOMs from T(3)-treated animals relative to untreated control animals. The expression of 468 transcripts was found to be significantly altered, with 466 of these transcripts downregulated in EOMs from T(3)-treated animals. The biological processes into which the affected genes could be grouped included cellular metabolism, transport, biosynthesis, protein localization, and cell homeostasis. Moreover, 15 distinct biochemical canonical pathways were represented among the genes with altered transcription levels. Strikingly, myostatin (Gdf8), a potent negative regulator of muscle growth, was found to be strongly downregulated in EOMs from T(3)-treated animals. Together, these findings suggest that pathological concentrations of thyroid hormone have a unique effect on gene expression in EOMs, which is likely to play a hitherto neglected role in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Postler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6058, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Branvold DJ, Allred DR, Beckstead DJ, Kim HJ, Fillmore N, Condon BM, Brown JD, Sudweeks SN, Thomson DM, Winder WW. Thyroid hormone effects on LKB1, MO25, phospho-AMPK, phospho-CREB, and PGC-1alpha in rat muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2008; 105:1218-27. [PMID: 18669938 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00997.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of all of the isoforms of the subunits of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and AMPK activity is increased in skeletal muscle of hyperthyroid rats. Activity of AMPK in skeletal muscle is regulated principally by the upstream kinase, LKB1. This experiment was designed to determine whether the increase in AMPK activity is accompanied by increased expression of the LKB1, along with binding partner proteins. LKB1, MO25, and downstream targets were determined in muscle extracts in control rats, in rats given 3 mg of thyroxine and 1 mg of triiodothyronine per kilogram chow for 4 wk, and in rats given 0.01% propylthiouracil (PTU; an inhibitor of thyroid hormone synthesis) in drinking water for 4 wk (hypothyroid group). LKB1 and MO25 increased in the soleus of thyroid hormone-treated rats vs. the controls. In other muscle types, LKB1 responses were variable, but MO25 increased in all. In soleus, MO25 mRNA increased with thyroid hormone treatment, and STRAD mRNA increased with PTU treatment. Phospho-AMPK and phospho-ACC were elevated in soleus and gastrocnemius of hyperthyroid rats. Thyroid hormone treatment also increased the amount of phospho-cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) in the soleus, heart, and red quadriceps. Four proteins having CREB response elements (CRE) in promoter regions of their genes (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha, uncoupling protein 3, cytochrome c, and hexokinase II) were all increased in soleus in response to thyroid hormones. These data provide evidence that thyroid hormones increase soleus muscle LKB1 and MO25 content with subsequent activation of AMPK, phosphorylation of CREB, and expression of mitochondrial protein genes having CRE in their promoters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J Branvold
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
López-Lluch G, Irusta PM, Navas P, de Cabo R. Mitochondrial biogenesis and healthy aging. Exp Gerontol 2008; 43:813-9. [PMID: 18662766 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2008.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Aging is associated with an overall loss of function at the level of the whole organism that has origins in cellular deterioration. Most cellular components, including mitochondria, require continuous recycling and regeneration throughout the lifespan. Mitochondria are particularly susceptive to damage over time as they are the major bioenergetic machinery and source of oxidative stress in cells. Effective control of mitochondrial biogenesis and turnover, therefore, becomes critical for the maintenance of energy production, the prevention of endogenous oxidative stress and the promotion of healthy aging. Multiple endogenous and exogenous factors regulate mitochondrial biogenesis through the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha). Activators of PGC-1alpha include nitric oxide, CREB and AMPK. Calorie restriction (CR) and resveratrol, a proposed CR mimetic, also increase mitochondrial biogenesis through activation of PGC-1alpha. Moderate exercise also mimics CR by inducing mitochondrial biogenesis. Negative regulators of PGC-1alpha such as RIP140 and 160MBP suppress mitochondrial biogenesis. Another mechanism involved in mitochondrial maintenance is mitochondrial fission/fusion and this process also involves an increasing number of regulatory proteins. Dysfunction of either biogenesis or fission/fusion of mitochondria is associated with diseases of the neuromuscular system and aging, and a greater understanding of the regulation of these processes should help us to ultimately control the aging process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo López-Lluch
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC, Carretera de Utrera Km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Bigard AX, Koulmann N, Bahi L, Sanchez H, Ventura-Clapier R. Hormones thyroïdiennes et phénotype musculaire : proposition d'implication de nouvelles voies de régulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 202:93-100. [DOI: 10.1051/jbio:2008011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
|
44
|
Fernández-Vizarra E, Enriquez JA, Pérez-Martos A, Montoya J, Fernández-Silva P. Mitochondrial gene expression is regulated at multiple levels and differentially in the heart and liver by thyroid hormones. Curr Genet 2008; 54:13-22. [PMID: 18481068 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-008-0194-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Revised: 04/24/2008] [Accepted: 04/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Biogenesis of the oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS) requires the coordinated expression of the nuclear and the mitochondrial genomes. Thyroid hormones play an important role in cell growth and differentiation and are one of the main effectors in mitochondrial biogenesis. To determine how mtDNA expression is regulated, we have investigated the response of two different tissues, the heart and liver, to the thyroid hormone status in vivo and in vitro. We show here that mtDNA expression is a tightly regulated process and that several levels of control can take place simultaneously. In addition, we show that the mechanisms operating in the control of mtDNA expression and their relevance differ between the two tissues, being gene dosage important only in heart while transcription rate and translation efficiency have more weight in liver cells. Another interesting difference is the lack of a direct effect of thyroid hormones on heart mitochondrial transcription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Fernández-Vizarra
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are the major endocrine regulators of metabolic rate, and their hypermetabolic effects are widely recognized. The cellular mechanisms underlying these metabolic effects have been the subject of much research. Thyroid hormone status has a profound impact on mitochondria, the organelles responsible for the majority of cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. However, mechanisms are not well understood. We review the effects of thyroid hormones on mitochondrial energetics and principally oxidative phosphorylation. Genomic and nongenomic mechanisms have been studied. Through the former, thyroid hormones stimulate mitochondriogenesis and thereby augment cellular oxidative capacity. Thyroid hormones induce substantial modifications in mitochondrial inner membrane protein and lipid compositions. Results are consistent with the idea that thyroid hormones activate the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation through various mechanisms involving inner membrane proteins and lipids. Increased uncoupling appears to be responsible for some of the hypermetabolic effects of thyroid hormones. ATP synthesis and turnover reactions are also affected. There appear to be complex relationships between mitochondrial proton leak mechanisms, reactive oxygen species production, and thyroid status. As the majority of studies have focused on the effects of thyroid status on rat liver preparations, there is still a need to address fundamental questions regarding thyroid hormone effects in other tissues and species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Ellen Harper
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Simonides WS, van Hardeveld C. Thyroid hormone as a determinant of metabolic and contractile phenotype of skeletal muscle. Thyroid 2008; 18:205-16. [PMID: 18279021 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2007.0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscles are composed of several types of fibers with different contractile and metabolic properties. Genetic background and type of innervation of the fibers primarily determine these properties, but thyroid hormone (TH) is a powerful modulator of the fiber phenotype. The rates of contraction and relaxation are stimulated by TH, as are the energy consumption and heat production associated with activity. Quantitative and qualitative changes in substrate metabolism accommodate the increase in ATP turnover. Because of the total mass of skeletal muscle, these changes affect whole-body physiology. Although apparently straightforward, the phenotypic shifts induced by TH are highly complex and fiber specific. This review addresses the mechanisms by which TH may modulate fiber gene expression and discusses some of the implications of the TH-regulated changes in metabolic and contractile phenotype of skeletal muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Warner S Simonides
- Laboratory for Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Koulmann N, Bahi L, Ribera F, Sanchez H, Serrurier B, Chapot R, Peinnequin A, Ventura-Clapier R, Bigard X. Thyroid hormone is required for the phenotype transitions induced by the pharmacological inhibition of calcineurin in adult soleus muscle of rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008; 294:E69-77. [PMID: 17971515 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00173.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present experiment was designed to examine the effects of hypothyroidism and calcineurin inhibition induced by cyclosporin A (CsA) administration on both contractile and metabolic soleus muscle phenotypes, with a novel approach to the signaling pathway controlling mitochondrial biogenesis. Twenty-eight rats were randomly assigned to four groups, normothyroid, hypothyroid, and orally treated with either CsA (25 mg/kg, N-CsA and H-CsA) or vehicle (N-Vh and H-Vh), for 3 wk. Muscle phenotype was estimated by the MHC profile and activities of oxidative and glycolytic enzymes. We measured mRNA levels of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1 alpha), the major regulator of mitochondrial content. We also studied the expression of the catalytic A-subunit of calcineurin (CnA) both at protein and transcript levels and mRNA levels of modulatory calcineurin inhibitor proteins (MCIP)-1 and -2, which are differentially regulated by calcineurin activity and thyroid hormone, respectively. CsA-administration induced a slow-to-fast MHC transition limited to the type IIA isoform, which is associated with increased oxidative capacities. Hypothyroidism strongly decreased both the expression of fast MHC isoforms and oxidative capacities. Effects of CsA administration on muscle phenotype were blocked in conditions of thyroid hormone deficiency. Changes in the oxidative profile were strongly related to PGC-1 alpha changes and associated with phosphorylation of p38 MAPK. Calcineurin and MCIPs mRNA levels were decreased by both hypothyroidism and CsA without additive effects. Taken together, these results suggest that adult muscle phenotype is primarily under the control of thyroid state. Physiological levels of thyroid hormone are required for the effects of calcineurin inhibition on slow oxidative muscle phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Koulmann
- Département des facteurs humains, Centre de recherches du service de santé des armées, BP 87-38702 La Tronche Cedex, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Santillo A, Monteforte R, De Lange P, Lanni A, Farina P, Baccari GC. Dimorphic expression of uncoupling protein-3 in golden hamster harderian gland: Effects of castration and testosterone administration. J Cell Physiol 2008; 215:481-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
49
|
Irrcher I, Walkinshaw DR, Sheehan TE, Hood DA. Thyroid hormone (T3) rapidly activates p38 and AMPK in skeletal muscle in vivo. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007; 104:178-85. [PMID: 17962579 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00643.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (T(3)) regulates the function of many tissues within the body. The effects of T(3) have largely been attributed to the modulation of thyroid hormone receptor-dependent gene transcription. However, nongenomic actions of T(3) via the initiation of signaling events are emerging in a number of cell types. This study investigated the ability of short-term T(3) treatment to phosphorylate and, therefore, activate signaling proteins in rat tissues in vivo. The kinases investigated included p38, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2. Following 2 h of T(3) treatment, p38 and AMPK phosphorylation was increased in both the slow-twitch soleus and the fast-twitch plantaris muscles. In contrast, ERK1/2 was not activated in either muscle type. Neither p38 nor AMPK was affected in heart. However, AMPK activation was decreased by T(3) in liver. ERK1/2 activation was decreased by T(3) in heart, but increased in liver. Possible downstream consequences of T(3)-induced kinase phosphorylation were investigated by measuring cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and thyroid hormone receptor DNA binding, as well as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha coactivator-1 mRNA levels. Protein DNA binding to the cAMP or thyroid hormone response elements was unaltered by T(3). However, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha coactivator-1 mRNA expression was increased following 12 h of T(3) treatment in soleus. These data are the first to characterize the effects of T(3) treatment on kinase phosphorylation in vivo. We show that T(3) rapidly modifies kinase activity in a tissue-specific fashion. Moreover, the T(3)-induced phosphorylation of p38 and AMPK in both slow- and fast-twitch skeletal muscles suggests that these events may be important in mediating hormone-induced increases in mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Irrcher
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Athéa Y, Garnier A, Fortin D, Bahi L, Veksler V, Ventura-Clapier R. Mitochondrial and energetic cardiac phenotype in hypothyroid rat. Relevance to heart failure. Pflugers Arch 2007; 455:431-42. [PMID: 17638011 PMCID: PMC4710782 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-007-0307-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2007] [Revised: 05/16/2007] [Accepted: 06/11/2007] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Changes in thyroid status are associated with profound alterations in biochemical and physiological functioning of cardiac muscle, although its impact on cardiac energy metabolism is still debated. Similarities between the changes in cardiac gene expression in pathological hypertrophy leading to heart failure and hypothyroidism prompted scientists to suggest a role for thyroid hormone status in the development of metabolic and functional alterations in this disease. We thus investigated the effects of hypothyroidism on cardiac energy metabolism. Hypothyroid state (HYPO) was induced by thyroidectomy and propyl-thio-uracyl in male rats for 3 weeks. We examined the effects of hypothyroid state on oxidative capacity and mitochondrial substrate utilization by measuring oxygen consumption of saponin permeabilized cardiac fibers, mitochondrial biogenesis by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and energy metabolism, and energy transfer enzymes by spectrophotometry. The results show that maximal oxidative capacity of the myocardium was decreased from 24.9 +/- 0.9 in control (CT) to 19.3 +/- 0.7 micromol O(2) min(-1) g dry weight(-1) in HYPO. However, protein content and messenger RNA (mRNA) of PGC-1alpha and mRNA of its transcription cascade that is thought to control mitochondrial content in normal myocardium and heart failure, were unchanged in HYPO. Mitochondrial utilization of glycerol-3P (-70%), malate (-45%), and octanoate (-24%) but not pyruvate was decreased in HYPO. Moreover, the creatine kinase system and energy transfer were hardly affected in HYPO. Besides, hypothyroidism decreased the activation of other signaling pathways like p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases, AMP-activated protein kinase, and calcineurin. These results show that cellular hypothyroidism can hardly account for the specific energetic alterations of heart failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoni Athéa
- Signalisation et Physiopathologie Cardiaque
INSERMUniversité Paris-Sud - Paris 11IFR141Faculté de Pharmacie 5 Rue Jean-Baptiste Clément 92296 Chatenay Malabry Cedex
| | - Anne Garnier
- Signalisation et Physiopathologie Cardiaque
INSERMUniversité Paris-Sud - Paris 11IFR141Faculté de Pharmacie 5 Rue Jean-Baptiste Clément 92296 Chatenay Malabry Cedex
| | - Dominique Fortin
- Signalisation et Physiopathologie Cardiaque
INSERMUniversité Paris-Sud - Paris 11IFR141Faculté de Pharmacie 5 Rue Jean-Baptiste Clément 92296 Chatenay Malabry Cedex
| | - Lahoucine Bahi
- Signalisation et Physiopathologie Cardiaque
INSERMUniversité Paris-Sud - Paris 11IFR141Faculté de Pharmacie 5 Rue Jean-Baptiste Clément 92296 Chatenay Malabry Cedex
| | - Vladimir Veksler
- Signalisation et Physiopathologie Cardiaque
INSERMUniversité Paris-Sud - Paris 11IFR141Faculté de Pharmacie 5 Rue Jean-Baptiste Clément 92296 Chatenay Malabry Cedex
| | - Renée Ventura-Clapier
- Signalisation et Physiopathologie Cardiaque
INSERMUniversité Paris-Sud - Paris 11IFR141Faculté de Pharmacie 5 Rue Jean-Baptiste Clément 92296 Chatenay Malabry Cedex
- * Correspondence should be addressed to Renée Ventura-Clapier
| |
Collapse
|