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Rao J, Gao Q, Li N, Wang Y, Wang T, Wang K, Qiu F. Unraveling the enigma: Molecular mechanisms of berberrubine-induced nephrotoxicity reversed by its parent form berberine. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 129:155648. [PMID: 38669970 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid that is extensively applied in the clinic due to its potential therapeutic effects on dysentery and infectious diarrhoea. Its main metabolite, berberrubine, a promising candidate for ameliorating hyperlipidaemia, has garnered more attention than berberine. However, our study revealed that berberrubine induces severe kidney damage, while berberine was proven to be safe. PURPOSE Herein, we explored the opposite biological effects of these two compounds on the kidney and elucidated their underlying mechanisms. METHODS First, integrated metabolomic and proteomic analyses were conducted to identify relevant signalling pathways. Second, a click chemistry method combined with a cellular thermal shiftassay, a drug affinity responsive target stability assay, and microscale thermophoresis were used to identify the direct target proteins. Moreover, a mutation experiment was performed to study the specific binding sites. RESULTS Animal studies showed that berberrubine, but not berberine, induced severe chronic, subchronic, and acute nephrotoxicity. More importantly, berberine reversed the berberrubine-reduced nephrotoxicity. The results indicated that the cPLA2 signalling pathway was highly involved in the nephrotoxicity induced by berberrubine. We further confirmed that the direct target of berberrubine is the BASP1 protein (an upstream factor of cPLA2 signalling). Moreover, berberine alleviated nephrotoxicity by binding cPLA2 and inhibiting cPLA2 activation. CONCLUSION This study is the first to revel the opposite biological effects of berberine and its metabolite berberrubine in inducing kidney injury. Berberrubine, but not berberine, shows strong nephrotoxicity. The cPLA2 signalling pathway can be activated by berberrubine through targeting of BASP1, while berberine inhibits this pathway by directly binding with cPLA2. Our study paves the way for studies on the exact molecular targets of herbal ingredients. We also demonstrated that natural small molecules and their active metabolites can have opposite regulatory roles in vivo through the same signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqiu Rao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Qing Gao
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Na Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Yuan Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Tianwang Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China.
| | - Feng Qiu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China.
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Githaka JM, Pirayeshfard L, Goping IS. Cancer invasion and metastasis: Insights from murine pubertal mammary gland morphogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2023; 1867:130375. [PMID: 37150225 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2023.130375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cancer invasion and metastasis accounts for the majority of cancer related mortality. A better understanding of the players that drive the aberrant invasion and migration of tumors cells will provide critical targets to inhibit metastasis. Postnatal pubertal mammary gland morphogenesis is characterized by highly proliferative, invasive, and migratory normal epithelial cells. Identifying the molecular regulators of pubertal gland development is a promising strategy since tumorigenesis and metastasis is postulated to be a consequence of aberrant reactivation of developmental stages. In this review, we summarize the pubertal morphogenesis regulators that are involved in cancer metastasis and revisit pubertal mammary gland transcriptome profiling to uncover both known and unknown metastasis genes. Our updated list of pubertal morphogenesis regulators shows that most are implicated in invasion and metastasis. This review highlights molecular linkages between development and metastasis and provides a guide for exploring novel metastatic drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Maringa Githaka
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
| | - Leila Pirayeshfard
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Ing Swie Goping
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada; Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
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3
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The Mammary Gland: Basic Structure and Molecular Signaling during Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073883. [PMID: 35409243 PMCID: PMC8998991 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland is a compound, branched tubuloalveolar structure and a major characteristic of mammals. The mammary gland has evolved from epidermal apocrine glands, the skin glands as an accessory reproductive organ to support postnatal survival of offspring by producing milk as a source of nutrition. The mammary gland development begins during embryogenesis as a rudimentary structure that grows into an elementary branched ductal tree and is embedded in one end of a larger mammary fat pad at birth. At the onset of ovarian function at puberty, the rudimentary ductal system undergoes dramatic morphogenetic change with ductal elongation and branching. During pregnancy, the alveolar differentiation and tertiary branching are completed, and during lactation, the mature milk-producing glands eventually develop. The early stages of mammary development are hormonal independent, whereas during puberty and pregnancy, mammary gland development is hormonal dependent. We highlight the current understanding of molecular regulators involved during different stages of mammary gland development.
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Ibrahim AM, Bilsland A, Rickelt S, Morris JS, Stein T. A matrisome RNA signature from early-pregnancy mouse mammary fibroblasts predicts distant metastasis-free breast cancer survival in humans. Breast Cancer Res 2021; 23:90. [PMID: 34565423 PMCID: PMC8474794 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-021-01470-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During pregnancy, the mouse mammary ductal epithelium branches and grows into the surrounding stroma, requiring extensive extracellular matrix (ECM) and tissue remodelling. It therefore shows parallels to cancer invasion. We hypothesised that similar molecular mechanisms may be utilised in both processes, and that assessment of the stromal changes during pregnancy-associated branching may depict the stromal involvement during human breast cancer progression. METHODS Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was employed to assess the alterations within the mouse mammary gland extracellular matrix during early pregnancy when lateral branching of the primary ductal epithelium is initiated. Primary mouse mammary fibroblasts from three-day pregnant and age-matched non-pregnant control mice, respectively, were 3D co-cultured with mammary epithelial cells to assess differences in their abilities to induce branching morphogenesis in vitro. Transcriptome analysis was performed to identify the underlying molecular changes. A signature of the human orthologues of the differentially expressed matrisome RNAs was analysed by Kaplan-Meier and multi-variate analysis in two large breast cancer RNA datasets (Gene expression-based Outcome for Breast cancer Online (GOBO) und Kaplan-Meier Plotter), respectively, to test for similarities in expression between early-pregnancy mouse mammary gland development and breast cancer progression. RESULTS The ECM surrounding the primary ductal network showed significant differences in collagen and basement membrane protein distribution early during pregnancy. Pregnancy-associated fibroblasts (PAFs) significantly enhanced branching initiation compared to age-matched control fibroblast. A combined signature of 64 differentially expressed RNAs, encoding matrisome proteins, was a strong prognostic indicator of distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) independent of other clinical parameters. The prognostic power could be significantly strengthened by using only a subset of 18 RNAs (LogRank P ≤ 1.00e-13; Hazard ratio (HR) = 2.42 (1.8-3.26); p = 5.61e-09). The prognostic power was confirmed in a second breast cancer dataset, as well as in datasets from ovarian and lung cancer patients. CONCLUSIONS Our results describe for the first time the early stromal changes that accompany pregnancy-associated branching morphogenesis in mice, specify the early pregnancy-associated molecular alterations in mouse mammary fibroblasts, and identify a matrisome signature as a strong prognostic indicator of human breast cancer progression, with particular strength in oestrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman M Ibrahim
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of MVLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.,Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt.,Aswan Heart Centre, Aswan, 200, Egypt
| | - Alan Bilsland
- Glasgow Experimental Cancer Medicines Centre, Institute of Cancer Science, College of MVLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Steffen Rickelt
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, USA
| | - Joanna S Morris
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of MVLS, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Torsten Stein
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of MVLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK. .,School of Medicine, College of MVLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK. .,Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
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Sar Shalom H, Goldner R, Golan-Vaishenker Y, Yaron A. Balance between BDNF and Semaphorins gates the innervation of the mammary gland. eLife 2019; 8:41162. [PMID: 30628891 PMCID: PMC6328272 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The innervation of the mammary gland is controlled by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and sexually dimorphic sequestering of BDNF by the truncated form of TrkB (TrkB.T1) directs male-specific axonal pruning in mice. It is unknown whether other cues modulate these processes. We detected specific, non-dimorphic, expression of Semaphorin family members in the mouse mammary gland, which signal through PlexinA4. PlexinA4 deletion in both female and male embryos caused developmental hyperinnervation of the gland, which could be reduced by genetic co-reduction of BDNF. Moreover, in males, PlexinA4 ablation delayed axonal pruning, independently of the initial levels of innervation. In support of this, in vitro reduction of BDNF induced axonal hypersensitivity to PlexinA4 signaling. Overall, our study shows that precise sensory innervation of the mammary gland is regulated by the balance between trophic and repulsive signaling. Upon inhibition of trophic signaling, these repulsive factors may promote axonal pruning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadas Sar Shalom
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ron Goldner
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Avraham Yaron
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Ziegler YS, Moresco JJ, Tu PG, Yates JR, Nardulli AM. Proteomic analysis identifies highly expressed plasma membrane proteins for detection and therapeutic targeting of specific breast cancer subtypes. Clin Proteomics 2018; 15:30. [PMID: 30250408 PMCID: PMC6145347 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-018-9206-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an emphasis on personalizing breast cancer treatment in order to avoid the debilitating side effects caused by broad-spectrum chemotherapeutic drug treatment. Development of personalized medicine requires the identification of proteins that are expressed by individual tumors. Herein, we reveal the identity of plasma membrane proteins that are overexpressed in estrogen receptor α-positive, HER2-positive, and triple negative breast cancer cells. The proteins we identified are involved in maintaining protein structure, intracellular homeostasis, and cellular architecture; enhancing cell proliferation and invasion; and influencing cell migration. These proteins may be useful for breast cancer detection and/or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne S Ziegler
- 1Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
| | - James J Moresco
- 2Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Patricia G Tu
- 2Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - John R Yates
- 2Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Ann M Nardulli
- 1Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
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To B, Andrechek ER. Transcription factor compensation during mammary gland development in E2F knockout mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194937. [PMID: 29617434 PMCID: PMC5884531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The E2F transcription factors control key elements of development, including mammary gland branching morphogenesis, with several E2Fs playing essential roles. Additional prior data has demonstrated that loss of individual E2Fs can be compensated by other E2F family members, but this has not been tested in a mammary gland developmental context. Here we have explored the role of the E2Fs and their ability to functionally compensate for each other during mammary gland development. Using gene expression from terminal end buds and chromatin immunoprecipitation data for E2F1, E2F2 and E2F3, we noted both overlapping and unique mammary development genes regulated by each of the E2Fs. Based on our computational findings and the fact that E2Fs share a common binding motif, we hypothesized that E2F transcription factors would compensate for each other during mammary development and function. To test this hypothesis, we generated RNA from E2F1-/-, E2F2-/- and E2F3+/- mouse mammary glands. QRT-PCR on mammary glands during pregnancy demonstrated increases in E2F2 and E2F3a in the E2F1-/- mice and an increase in E2F2 levels in E2F3+/- mice. During lactation we noted that E2F3b transcript levels were increased in the E2F2-/- mice. Given that E2Fs have previously been noted to have the most striking effects on development during puberty, we hypothesized that loss of individual E2Fs would be compensated for at that time. Double mutant mice were generated and compared with the single knockouts. Loss of both E2F1 and E2F2 revealed a more striking phenotype than either knockout alone, indicating that E2F2 was compensating for E2F1 loss. Interestingly, while E2F2 was not able to functionally compensate for E2F3+/- during mammary outgrowth, increased E2F2 expression was observed in E2F3+/- mammary glands during pregnancy day 14.5 and lactation day 5. Together, these findings illustrate the specificity of E2F family members to compensate during development of the mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana To
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Eran R. Andrechek
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Soady KJ, Tornillo G, Kendrick H, Meniel V, Olijnyk-Dallis D, Morris JS, Stein T, Gusterson BA, Isacke CM, Smalley MJ. The receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPRB negatively regulates FGF2-dependent branching morphogenesis. Development 2017; 144:3777-3788. [PMID: 28870991 PMCID: PMC6126639 DOI: 10.1242/dev.149120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PTPRB is a transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase known to regulate blood vessel remodelling and angiogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that PTPRB negatively regulates branching morphogenesis in the mouse mammary epithelium. We show that Ptprb is highly expressed in adult mammary stem cells and also, although at lower levels, in oestrogen receptor-positive luminal cells. During mammary development, Ptprb expression is downregulated during puberty, a period of extensive ductal outgrowth and branching. In vivo shRNA knockdown of Ptprb in the cleared mammary fat pad transplant assay resulted in smaller epithelial outgrowths with an increased branching density and also increased branching in an in vitro organoid assay. Organoid branching was dependent on stimulation by FGF2, and Ptprb knockdown in mammary epithelial cells resulted in a higher level of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) activation and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, both at baseline and following FGF2 stimulation. Therefore, PTPRB regulates branching morphogenesis in the mammary epithelium by modulating the response of the FGFR signalling pathway to FGF stimulation. Considering the importance of branching morphogenesis in multiple taxa, our findings have general importance outside mammary developmental biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J Soady
- Division of Breast Cancer Research, Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Giusy Tornillo
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute and Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Howard Kendrick
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute and Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Valerie Meniel
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute and Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Daria Olijnyk-Dallis
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Joanna S Morris
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Torsten Stein
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Barry A Gusterson
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Clare M Isacke
- Division of Breast Cancer Research, Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Matthew J Smalley
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute and Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
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Neuropilin-1 is upregulated by Wnt/β-catenin signaling and is important for mammary stem cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10941. [PMID: 28887477 PMCID: PMC5591238 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11287-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin signaling is instrumental for the development of mammary gland and the properties of mammary stem cells (MaSCs). The Wnt signaling downstream effectors that engage in regulating MaSCs have not been extensively studied. Here, we report that Neuropilin-1 (Nrp1) expression is induced by Wnt/β-catenin signaling in MaSCs, and its function is critical for the activity of MaSCs. Nrp1 is particularly expressed in MaSCs that are marked by the expression of Protein C Receptor (Procr). Knockdown of Nrp1 by shRNA diminishes MaSCs' in vitro colony formation and in vivo mammary gland reconstitution ability. Similar results are seen when antagonizing Nrp1 using a dominant negative peptide. In genetic experiments, deletion of Nrp1 results in delay of mammary development. In addition, knockdown of Nrp1 inhibits MMTV-Wnt1 tumor growth in xenograft. Our data demonstrate that Nrp1 is critical for mammary development and tumorigenesis, revealing new insights into MaSC regulation and targeting stem cells in treatment of breast cancer.
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Paine IS, Lewis MT. The Terminal End Bud: the Little Engine that Could. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2017; 22:93-108. [PMID: 28168376 PMCID: PMC5488158 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-017-9372-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland is one of the most regenerative organs in the body, with the majority of development occurring postnatally and in the adult mammal. Formation of the ductal tree is orchestrated by a specialized structure called the terminal end bud (TEB). The TEB is responsible for the production of mature cell types leading to the elongation of the subtending duct. The TEB is also the regulatory control point for basement membrane deposition, branching, angiogenesis, and pattern formation. While the hormonal control of TEB growth is well characterized, the local regulatory factors are less well understood. Recent studies of pubertal outgrowth and ductal elongation have yielded surprising details in regards to ongoing processes in the TEB. Here we summarize the current understanding of TEB biology, discuss areas of future study, and discuss the use of the TEB as a model for the study of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid S Paine
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Michael T Lewis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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11
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BASP1 interacts with oestrogen receptor α and modifies the tamoxifen response. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2771. [PMID: 28492543 PMCID: PMC5520704 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tamoxifen binds to oestrogen receptor α (ERα) to elicit distinct responses that vary by cell/tissue type and status, but the factors that determine these differential effects are unknown. Here we report that the transcriptional corepressor BASP1 interacts with ERα and in breast cancer cells, this interaction is enhanced by tamoxifen. We find that BASP1 acts as a major selectivity factor in the transcriptional response of breast cancer cells to tamoxifen. In all, 40% of the genes that are regulated by tamoxifen in breast cancer cells are BASP1 dependent, including several genes that are associated with tamoxifen resistance. BASP1 elicits tumour-suppressor activity in breast cancer cells and enhances the antitumourigenic effects of tamoxifen treatment. Moreover, BASP1 is expressed in breast cancer tissue and is associated with increased patient survival. Our data have identified BASP1 as an ERα cofactor that has a central role in the transcriptional and antitumourigenic effects of tamoxifen.
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12
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SCA-1 Labels a Subset of Estrogen-Responsive Bipotential Repopulating Cells within the CD24 + CD49f hi Mammary Stem Cell-Enriched Compartment. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 8:417-431. [PMID: 28132885 PMCID: PMC5312257 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen stimulates breast development during puberty and mammary tumors in adulthood through estrogen receptor-α (ERα). These effects are proposed to occur via ERα+ luminal cells and not the mammary stem cells (MaSCs) that are ERαneg. Since ERα+ luminal cells express stem cell antigen-1 (SCA-1), we sought to determine if SCA-1 could define an ERα+ subset of EpCAM+/CD24+/CD49fhi MaSCs. We show that the MaSC population has a distinct SCA-1+ population that is abundant in pre-pubertal mammary glands. The SCA-1+ MaSCs have less stem cell markers and less in vivo repopulating activity than their SCA-1neg counterparts. However, they express ERα and specifically enter the cell cycle at puberty. Using estrogen-deficient aromatase knockouts (ArKO), we showed that the SCA-1+ MaSC could be directly modulated by estrogen supplementation. Thus, SCA-1 enriches for an ERα+, estrogen-sensitive subpopulation within the CD24+/CD49fhi MaSC population that may be responsible for the hormonal sensitivity of the developing mammary gland. SCA-1+ delineates ER-positive cells in the CD24+ CD49fhi mammary stem population SCA-1+ cells have lower repopulation activity SCA-1+ cells are estrogen responsive
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Morris JS, Stein T. Pubertal Ductal Morphogenesis: Isolation and Transcriptome Analysis of the Terminal End Bud. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1501:131-148. [PMID: 27796950 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6475-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The terminal end bud (TEB) is the growing part of the ductal mammary epithelium during puberty, enabling the formation of a primary epithelial network. These highly proliferative bulbous end structures that drive the ductal expansion into the mammary fat pad comprise an outer cap cell layer, containing the progenitor cells of the ductal myoepithelium, and the body cells, which form the luminal epithelium. As TEB make up only a very small part of the whole mammary tissue, TEB-associated factors can be easily missed when whole-tissue sections are being analyzed. Here we describe a method to enzymatically separate TEB and ducts, respectively, from the surrounding stroma of pubertal mice in order to perform transcriptomic or proteomic analysis on the isolated structures and identify potential novel regulators of epithelial outgrowth, or to allow further cell culturing. This approach has previously allowed us to identify novel TEB-associated proteins, including several axonal guidance proteins. We further include protocols for the culturing of isolated TEB, processing of mammary tissue into paraffin and immunohistochemical/fluorescent staining for verification, and localization of protein expression in the mammary tissue at different developmental time points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna S Morris
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of MVLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Torsten Stein
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of MVLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8 QQ, UK.
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14
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Cao YA, Hickerson RP, Seegmiller BL, Grapov D, Gross MM, Bessette MR, Phinney BS, Flores MA, Speaker TJ, Vermeulen A, Bravo AA, Bruckner AL, Milstone LM, Schwartz ME, Rice RH, Kaspar RL. Gene expression profiling in pachyonychia congenita skin. J Dermatol Sci 2015; 77:156-65. [PMID: 25656049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pachyonychia congenita (PC) is a skin disorder resulting from mutations in keratin (K) proteins including K6a, K6b, K16, and K17. One of the major symptoms is painful plantar keratoderma. The pathogenic sequelae resulting from the keratin mutations remain unclear. OBJECTIVE To better understand PC pathogenesis. METHODS RNA profiling was performed on biopsies taken from PC-involved and uninvolved plantar skin of seven genotyped PC patients (two K6a, one K6b, three K16, and one K17) as well as from control volunteers. Protein profiling was generated from tape-stripping samples. RESULTS A comparison of PC-involved skin biopsies to adjacent uninvolved plantar skin identified 112 differentially-expressed mRNAs common to patient groups harboring K6 (i.e., both K6a and K6b) and K16 mutations. Among these mRNAs, 25 encode structural proteins including keratins, small proline-rich and late cornified envelope proteins, 20 are related to metabolism and 16 encode proteases, peptidases, and their inhibitors including kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs), and serine protease inhibitors (SERPINs). mRNAs were also identified to be differentially expressed only in K6 (81) or K16 (141) patient samples. Furthermore, 13 mRNAs were identified that may be involved in pain including nociception and neuropathy. Protein profiling, comparing three K6a plantar tape-stripping samples to non-PC controls, showed changes in the PC corneocytes similar, but not identical, to the mRNA analysis. CONCLUSION Many differentially-expressed genes identified in PC-involved skin encode components critical for skin barrier homeostasis including keratinocyte proliferation, differentiation, cornification, and desquamation. The profiling data provide a foundation for unraveling the pathogenesis of PC and identifying targets for developing effective PC therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-An Cao
- TransDerm Inc., Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | | | | | - Dmitry Grapov
- University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Maren M Gross
- Dharmacon part of GE Healthcare, Lafayette, CO 80026, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Albert A Bravo
- Podiatric Medicine and Surgery, Pittsfield, MA 01201, USA
| | - Anna L Bruckner
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | | | - Mary E Schwartz
- Pachyonychia Congenita Project, Salt Lake City, UT 84109, USA
| | - Robert H Rice
- University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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15
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Hadsell DL, Hadsell LA, Olea W, Rijnkels M, Creighton CJ, Smyth I, Short KM, Cox LL, Cox TC. In-silico QTL mapping of postpubertal mammary ductal development in the mouse uncovers potential human breast cancer risk loci. Mamm Genome 2015; 26:57-79. [PMID: 25552398 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-014-9551-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Genetic background plays a dominant role in mammary gland development and breast cancer (BrCa). Despite this, the role of genetics is only partially understood. This study used strain-dependent variation in an inbred mouse mapping panel, to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying structural variation in mammary ductal development, and determined if these QTL correlated with genomic intervals conferring BrCa susceptibility in humans. For about half of the traits, developmental variation among the complete set of strains in this study was greater (P < 0.05) than that of previously studied strains, or strains in current common use for mammary gland biology. Correlations were also detected with previously reported variation in mammary tumor latency and metastasis. In-silico genome-wide association identified 20 mammary development QTL (Mdq). Of these, five were syntenic with previously reported human BrCa loci. The most significant (P = 1 × 10(-11)) association of the study was on MMU6 and contained the genes Plxna4, Plxna4os1, and Chchd3. On MMU5, a QTL was detected (P = 8 × 10(-7)) that was syntenic to a human BrCa locus on h12q24.5 containing the genes Tbx3 and Tbx5. Intersection of linked SNP (r(2) > 0.8) with genomic and epigenomic features, and intersection of candidate genes with gene expression and survival data from human BrCa highlighted several for further study. These results support the conclusion that mammary tumorigenesis and normal ductal development are influenced by common genetic factors and that further studies of genetically diverse mice can improve our understanding of BrCa in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryl L Hadsell
- Department of Pediatrics, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates St. Suite 10072, Mail Stop: BCM-320, Houston, TX, 77030-2600, USA,
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16
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Clinical significance of SPRR1A expression in progesterone receptor-positive breast cancer. Tumour Biol 2014; 36:2601-5. [PMID: 25424702 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2879-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Small proline-rich repeat protein 1A (SPRR1A) is a marker for terminal squamous cell differentiation. Previous studies showed that SPRR1A expression increases in squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, but decreases in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. This study focuses on the expression of SPRR1A protein in breast cancers (BCs) in China. A total of 111 patients with histologically confirmed BC, who underwent radical surgery between January 2006 and September 2007 in China Medical University, were enrolled. The relationship between SPRR1A expression and clinicopathological factors as well as BC prognoses was also determined. Overall, SPRR1A expression was detected in more than half of the BC specimens by immunohistochemistry (56/111, 53.8%), but there was no significant difference between age groups (≥50 vs. <50 years) in terms of SPRR1A expression (P = 0.915), as well as no differences between SPRR1A expression and the clinical stage (0-I vs. II-III) or nodal status (P = 0.234 and 0.632, respectively). Moreover, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 overexpression was not correlated with SPRR1A expression, whereas Ki67 was associated with SPRR1A expression (P = 0.155 and 0.028, respectively). Interestingly, SPRR1A expression was significantly associated with progesterone receptor-positive (P = 0.010) rather than estrogen receptor-positive (0.778) BCs. The 5-year survival rate in patients did not differ with the presence or absence of SPRR1A expression (P = 0.753), whereas the combination of SPRR1A expression, progesterone receptor status, and menopausal status allowed identification of a subgroup of BC patients with a good long-term prognosis. Thus, the SPRR1A status might play an important role in the prognosis of postmenopausal breast carcinoma patients, especially that of progesterone receptor-positive subgroups.
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17
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Olijnyk D, Ibrahim AM, Ferrier RK, Tsuda T, Chu ML, Gusterson BA, Stein T, Morris JS. Fibulin-2 is involved in early extracellular matrix development of the outgrowing mouse mammary epithelium. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3811-28. [PMID: 24522256 PMCID: PMC11113845 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1577-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell-matrix interactions control outgrowth of mammary epithelium during puberty and pregnancy. We demonstrate here that the glycoprotein fibulin-2 (FBLN2) is strongly associated with pubertal and early pregnant mouse mammary epithelial outgrowth. FBLN2 was specifically localized to the cap cells of the terminal end buds during puberty and to myoepithelial cells during very early pregnancy (days 2-3) even before morphological changes to the epithelium become microscopically visible, but was down-regulated thereafter. Exposure to exogenous oestrogen (E2) or E2 plus progesterone (P) increased Fbln2 mRNA expression in the pubertal gland, indicating hormonal control. FBLN2 was co-expressed and co-localised with the proteoglycan versican (VCAN) and co-localised with laminin (LN), while over-expression of FBLN2 in HC-11 cells increased cell adhesion to several extracellular matrix proteins including LN and fibronectin, but not collagens. Mammary glands from Fbln2 knockout mice showed no obvious phenotype but increased fibulin-1 (FBLN1) staining was detected, suggesting a compensatory mechanism by other fibulin family members. We hypothesise that similar to embryonic aortic smooth muscle development, FBLN2 and VCAN expression alters the cell-matrix interaction to allow mammary ductal outgrowth and development during puberty and to enable epithelial budding during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Olijnyk
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of MVLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ UK
| | - A. M. Ibrahim
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of MVLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ UK
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613 Egypt
| | - R. K. Ferrier
- MVLS Pathology Unit Pathology Department, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, G51 4TF UK
| | - T. Tsuda
- Nemours Biomedical Research and Nemours Cardiac Center, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, 19803 USA
| | - M.-L. Chu
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
| | - B. A. Gusterson
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of MVLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ UK
| | - T. Stein
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of MVLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ UK
| | - J. S. Morris
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of MVLS, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH UK
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18
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Ding Y, He D, Florentin D, Frolov A, Hilsenbeck S, Ittmann M, Kadmon D, Miles B, Rowley D, Ayala G. Semaphorin 4F as a critical regulator of neuroepithelial interactions and a biomarker of aggressive prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:6101-11. [PMID: 24097862 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-3669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Semaphorin 4F (S4F) has roles in embryologic axon guidance and is expressed in adults. S4F is involved in cancer-induced neurogenesis. METHODS Prostate cells were transfected with S4F retrovirus. Cells and controls were used for a bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) incorporation assay (proliferation) and in vitro scratch and Matrigel Transwell chamber invasion assay (migration). Monoclonal antibodies were developed using baculovirus-expressed recombinant GST-S4F and used to immunostain tissue microarrays. Slides were imaged using deconvolution and analyzed using tissue segmentation. Data were correlated with clinicopathologic parameters, other biomarkers and survival analysis conducted. Heterogeneity of S4F expression was analyzed with unsupervised clustering algorithms. RESULTS Proliferation rates measured by BrdUrd incorporation were higher in all S4F-transfected cells. S4F overexpression was associated with increased motility of the cancer cells. S4F expression was overexpressed in high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia/prostate cancer than normal epithelium. S4F expression correlated with seminal vesicle invasion. Patients with high values of S4F in prostate cancer cytoplasm are at significantly higher risk of biochemical recurrence, by univariate and multivariate analyses. S4F cytoplasmic expression in prostate cancer cells also correlates with nerve density in prostate cancer and perineural invasion diameter. Correlations were identified with NF-κB and inversely with apoptosis in perineural invasion. CONCLUSION These data show that S4F is significantly involved in human prostate cancer progression. S4F is a key regulator of the interactions between nerves in the tumor microenvironment and cancer cells. Because of the importance of cancer nerve interaction in the biology of cancer and its clinical implication, S4F can be considered a major therapeutic target. Clin Cancer Res; 19(22); 6101-11. ©2013 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ding
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center Medical School; Departments of Pathology & Immunology and Molecular & Cell Biology, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine; Department of Urology, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas; and Department of Internal Medicine, Detroit Medical Center, Sinai-Grace Hospital, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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19
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El Sheikh Saad H, Toullec A, Vacher S, Pocard M, Bieche I, Perrot-Applanat M. In utero and lactational exposure to vinclozolin and genistein induces genomic changes in the rat mammary gland. J Endocrinol 2013; 216:245-63. [PMID: 23160963 DOI: 10.1530/joe-12-0395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to low doses of environmental estrogens such as bisphenol A and genistein (G) alters mammary gland development. The effects of environmental anti-androgens, such as the fungicide vinclozolin (V), on mammary gland morphogenesis are unknown. We previously reported that perinatal exposure to G, V, and the GV combination causes histological changes in the mammary gland during the peripubertal period, suggesting alterations to the peripubertal hormone response. We now investigate whether perinatal exposure to these compounds alters the gene expression profiles of the developing glands to identify the dysregulated signaling pathways and the underlying mechanisms. G, V, or GV (1 mg/kg body weight per day) was added to diet of Wistar rats, from conception to weaning; female offspring mammary glands were collected at postnatal days (PNDs) 35 and 50. Genes displaying differential expression and belonging to different functional categories were validated by quantitative PCR and immunocytochemistry. At PND35, G had little effect; the slight changes noted were in genes related to morphogenesis. The changes following exposure to V concerned the functional categories associated with development (Cldn1, Krt17, and Sprr1a), carbohydrate metabolism, and steroidogenesis. The GV mixture upregulated genes (Krt17, Pvalb, and Tnni2) involved in muscle development, indicating effects on myoepithelial cells during mammary gland morphogenesis. Importantly, at PND50, cycling females exposed to GV showed an increase in the expression of genes (Csn2, Wap, and Elf5) related to differentiation, consistent with the previously reported abnormal lobuloalveolar development previously described. Thus, perinatal exposure to GV alters the mammary gland hormone response differently at PND35 (puberty) and in animals with established cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- H El Sheikh Saad
- INSERM U965, UFR Médecine, Hôpital Lariboisière; Université Paris 7, 41 Bd de la chapelle, F-75475 Paris Cedex 10, France Laboratoire d'Oncogénétique, Institut Curie Hôpital René Huguenin, St-Cloud F-92210, France
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20
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Vermeij WP, Florea BI, Isenia S, Alia A, Brouwer J, Backendorf C. Proteomic Identification of in Vivo Interactors Reveals Novel Function of Skin Cornification Proteins. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:3068-76. [DOI: 10.1021/pr300310b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wilbert P. Vermeij
- Department
of Molecular Genetics, ‡Bio-Organic Synthesis, and §Solid State NMR, Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bogdan I. Florea
- Department
of Molecular Genetics, ‡Bio-Organic Synthesis, and §Solid State NMR, Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sheena Isenia
- Department
of Molecular Genetics, ‡Bio-Organic Synthesis, and §Solid State NMR, Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A Alia
- Department
of Molecular Genetics, ‡Bio-Organic Synthesis, and §Solid State NMR, Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Brouwer
- Department
of Molecular Genetics, ‡Bio-Organic Synthesis, and §Solid State NMR, Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Claude Backendorf
- Department
of Molecular Genetics, ‡Bio-Organic Synthesis, and §Solid State NMR, Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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21
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Goel HL, Bae D, Pursell B, Gouvin LM, Lu S, Mercurio AM. Neuropilin-2 promotes branching morphogenesis in the mouse mammary gland. Development 2011; 138:2969-76. [PMID: 21693513 DOI: 10.1242/dev.051318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Although the neuropilins were characterized as semaphorin receptors that regulate axon guidance, they also function as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors and contribute to the development of other tissues. Here, we assessed the role of NRP2 in mouse mammary gland development based on our observation that NRP2 is expressed preferentially in the terminal end buds of developing glands. A floxed NRP2 mouse was bred with an MMTV-Cre strain to generate a mammary gland-specific knockout of NRP2. MMTV-Cre;NRP2(loxP/loxP) mice exhibited significant defects in branching morphogenesis and ductal outgrowth compared with either littermate MMTV-Cre;NRP2(+/loxP) or MMTV-Cre mice. Mechanistic insight into this morphological defect was obtained from a mouse mammary cell line in which we observed that VEGF(165), an NRP2 ligand, induces branching morphogenesis in 3D cultures and that branching is dependent upon NRP2 as shown using shRNAs and a function-blocking antibody. Epithelial cells in the mouse mammary gland express VEGF, supporting the hypothesis that this NRP2 ligand contributes to mammary gland morphogenesis. Importantly, we demonstrate that VEGF and NRP2 activate focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and promote FAK-dependent branching morphogenesis in vitro. The significance of this mechanism is substantiated by our finding that FAK activation is diminished significantly in developing MMTV-Cre;NRP2(loxP/loxP) mammary glands compared with control glands. Together, our data reveal a VEGF/NRP2/FAK signaling axis that is important for branching morphogenesis and mammary gland development. In a broader context, our data support an emerging hypothesis that directional outgrowth and branching morphogenesis in a variety of tissues are influenced by signals that were identified initially for their role in axon guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hira Lal Goel
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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22
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Harburg GC, Hinck L. Navigating breast cancer: axon guidance molecules as breast cancer tumor suppressors and oncogenes. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2011; 16:257-70. [PMID: 21818544 PMCID: PMC4083826 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-011-9225-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Slit, Netrin, Ephrin, and Semaphorin's roles in development have expanded greatly in the past decade from their original characterization as axon guidance molecules (AGMs) to include roles as regulators of tissue morphogenesis and development in diverse organs. In the mammary gland, AGMs are important for maintaining normal cell proliferation and adhesion during development. The frequent dysregulation of AGM expression during tumorigenesis and tumor progression suggests that AGMs also play a crucial role as tumor suppressors and oncogenes in breast cancer. Moreover, these findings suggest that AGMs may be excellent targets for new breast cancer prognostic tests and more effective therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwyndolen C. Harburg
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology University of California, Santa Cruz CA 95064
| | - Lindsay Hinck
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology University of California, Santa Cruz CA 95064
- Corresponding Author:
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23
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Muralidhar B, Winder D, Murray M, Palmer R, Barbosa-Morais N, Saini H, Roberts I, Pett M, Coleman N. Functional evidence that Drosha overexpression in cervical squamous cell carcinoma affects cell phenotype and microRNA profiles. J Pathol 2011; 224:496-507. [PMID: 21590768 DOI: 10.1002/path.2898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Although gain of chromosome 5p is one of the most frequent DNA copy-number imbalances in cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), the genes that drive its selection remain poorly understood. In a previous cross-sectional clinical study, we showed that the microRNA processor Drosha (located on chromosome 5p) demonstrates frequent copy-number gain and overexpression in cervical SCC, associated with altered microRNA profiles. Here, we have conducted gene depletion/overexpression experiments to demonstrate the functional significance of up-regulated Drosha in cervical SCC cells. Drosha depletion by RNA interference (RNAi) produced significant, specific reductions in cell motility/invasiveness in vitro, with a silent RNAi-resistant Drosha mutation providing phenotype rescue. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering following global profiling of 319 microRNAs in 18 cervical SCC cell line specimens generated two groups according to Drosha expression levels. Altering Drosha levels in individual SCC lines changed the group into which the cells clustered, with gene depletion effects being rescued by the RNAi-resistant mutation. Forty-five microRNAs showed significant differential expression between the groups, including four of 14 that were differentially expressed in association with Drosha levels in clinical samples. miR-31 up-regulation in Drosha-overexpressing samples/cell lines was the highest-ranked change (by adjusted p value) in both analyses, an observation validated by northern blotting. These functional data support the role of Drosha as an oncogene in cervical SCC, by affecting expression of cancer-associated microRNAs that have the potential to regulate numerous protein-coding genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Muralidhar
- Medical Research Council Cancer Cell Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
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Abstract
The pubertal mammary gland is an ideal model for experimental morphogenesis. The primary glandular branching morphogenesis occurs at this time, integrating epithelial cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Between birth and puberty, the mammary gland exists in a relatively quiescent state. At the onset of puberty, rapid expansion of a pre-existing rudimentary mammary epithelium generates an extensive ductal network by a process of branch initiation, elongation, and invasion of the mammary mesenchyme. It is this branching morphogenesis that characterizes pubertal mammary gland growth. Tissue-specific molecular networks interpret signals from local cytokines/growth factors in both the epithelial and stromal microenvironments. This is largely orchestrated by secreted ovarian and pituitary hormones. Here, we review the major molecular regulators of pubertal mammary gland development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara McNally
- UCD School of Bimolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
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25
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Gay CM, Zygmunt T, Torres-Vázquez J. Diverse functions for the semaphorin receptor PlexinD1 in development and disease. Dev Biol 2011; 349:1-19. [PMID: 20880496 PMCID: PMC2993764 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Plexins are a family of single-pass transmembrane proteins that serve as cell surface receptors for Semaphorins during the embryonic development of animals. Semaphorin-Plexin signaling is critical for many cellular aspects of organogenesis, including cell migration, proliferation and survival. Until recently, little was known about the function of PlexinD1, the sole member of the vertebrate-specific PlexinD (PlxnD1) subfamily. Here we review novel findings about PlxnD1's roles in the development of the cardiovascular, nervous and immune systems and salivary gland branching morphogenesis and discuss new insights concerning the molecular mechanisms of PlxnD1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl M Gay
- Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, 540 First Avenue, 4th floor, lab 14, New York, NY 10016, USA
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26
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Vermeij WP, Backendorf C. Skin cornification proteins provide global link between ROS detoxification and cell migration during wound healing. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11957. [PMID: 20689819 PMCID: PMC2914756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 07/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is a complex dynamic process characterised by a uniform flow of events in nearly all types of tissue damage, from a small skin scratch to myocardial infarction. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are essential during the healing process at multiple stages, ranging from the initial signal that instigates the immune response, to the triggering of intracellular redox-dependent signalling pathways and the defence against invading bacteria. Excessive ROS in the wound milieu nevertheless impedes new tissue formation. Here we identify small proline-rich (SPRR) proteins as essential players in this latter process, as they directly link ROS detoxification with cell migration. A literature-based meta-analysis revealed their up-regulation in various forms of tissue injury, ranging from heart infarction and commensal-induced gut responses to nerve regeneration and burn injury. Apparently, SPRR proteins have a far more widespread role in wound healing and tissue remodelling than their established function in skin cornification. It is inferred that SPRR proteins provide injured tissue with an efficient, finely tuneable antioxidant barrier specifically adapted to the tissue involved and the damage inflicted. Their recognition as novel cell protective proteins combining ROS detoxification with cell migration will provide new venues to study and manage tissue repair and wound healing at a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilbert P. Vermeij
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Science, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Claude Backendorf
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Science, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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27
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Sanchez-Niño MD, Sanz AB, Lorz C, Gnirke A, Rastaldi MP, Nair V, Egido J, Ruiz-Ortega M, Kretzler M, Ortiz A. BASP1 promotes apoptosis in diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 21:610-21. [PMID: 20110383 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2009020227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis contributes to the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN), but the mechanisms that lead to diabetes-induced cell death are not fully understood. Here, we combined a functional genomics screen for cDNAs that induce apoptosis in vitro with transcriptional profiling of renal biopsies from patients with DN. Twelve of the 138 full-length cDNAs that induced cell death in human embryonic kidney cells matched upregulated mRNA transcripts in tissue from human DN. Confirmatory screens identified induction of BASP1 in tubular cross sections of human DN tissue. In vitro, apoptosis-inducing conditions such as serum deprivation, high concentrations of glucose, and proinflammatory cytokines increased BASP1 mRNA and protein in human tubular epithelial cells. In normal cells, BASP1 localized to the cytoplasm, but in apoptotic cells, it colocalized with actin in the periphery. Overexpression of BASP1 induced cell death with features of apoptosis; conversely, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of BASP1 protected tubular cells from apoptosis. Supporting possible involvement of BASP1 in renal disease other than DN, we also observed significant upregulation of renal BASP1 in spontaneously hypertensive rats and a trend toward increased tubulointerstitial BASP1 mRNA in human hypertensive nephropathy. In summary, a combined functional genomics approach identified BASP1 as a proapoptotic factor in DN and possibly also in hypertensive nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dolores Sanchez-Niño
- Nefrología, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid and Instituto Reina Sofia de Investigaciones Nefrológicas-IRSIN, Madrid, Spain
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Lee HJ, Pazin DE, Kahlon RS, Correa SM, Albrecht KH. Novel markers of early ovarian pre-granulosa cells are expressed in an Sry-like pattern. Dev Dyn 2009; 238:812-25. [PMID: 19301398 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian gonad differentiation involves sexually dimorphic cell-fate decisions within the bipotential gonadal primordia. Testis differentiation is initiated by a center-to-poles wave of Sry expression that induces supporting cell precursors (SCPs) to become Sertoli rather than granulosa cells. The initiation of ovary differentiation is less well understood. We identified two novel SCP markers, 1700106J16Rik and Sprr2d, whose expression is ovary-biased during early gonad development, and altered in Wnt4, Sf1, Wt1, and Fog2 mutant gonads. In XX and XY gonads, both genes were up-regulated at approximately E11 in a center-to-poles wave, and then rapidly down-regulated in XY gonads in a center-to-poles wave, which is reminiscent of Sry expression in XY gonads. Our data suggest that 1700106J16Rik and Sprr2d may have important roles in early gonad development, and are consistent with the hypothesis that ovarian SCP differentiation occurs in a center-to-poles wave with similar timing to that of testicular SCP differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjoo J Lee
- Department of Medicine, Genetics Program, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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29
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Mercier I, Casimiro MC, Zhou J, Wang C, Plymire C, Bryant KG, Daumer KM, Sotgia F, Bonuccelli G, Witkiewicz AK, Lin J, Tran TH, Milliman J, Frank PG, Jasmin JF, Rui H, Pestell RG, Lisanti MP. Genetic ablation of caveolin-1 drives estrogen-hypersensitivity and the development of DCIS-like mammary lesions. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 174:1172-90. [PMID: 19342371 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) loss-of-function mutations are exclusively associated with estrogen receptor-positive (ER(+)) human breast cancers. To dissect the role of Cav-1 loss-of-function in the pathogenesis of human breast cancers, we used Cav-1(-/-) null mice as a model system. First, we demonstrated that Cav-1(-/-) mammary epithelia overexpress two well-established ER co-activator genes, CAPER and Foxa1, in addition to ER-alpha. Thus, the functional loss of Cav-1 may be sufficient to confer estrogen-hypersensitivity in the mammary gland. To test this hypothesis directly, we subjected Cav-1(-/-) mice to ovariectomy and estrogen supplementation. As predicted, Cav-1(-/-) mammary glands were hyper-responsive to estrogen and developed dysplastic mammary lesions with adjacent stromal angiogenesis that resemble human ductal carcinoma in situ. Based on an extensive biomarker analysis, these Cav-1(-/-) mammary lesions contain cells that are hyperproliferative and stain positively with nucleolar (B23/nucleophosmin) and stem/progenitor cell markers (SPRR1A and beta-catenin). Genome-wide transcriptional profiling identified many estrogen-related genes that were over-expressed in Cav-1(-/-) mammary glands, including CAPER--an ER co-activator gene and putative stem/progenitor cell marker. Analysis of human breast cancer samples revealed that CAPER is overexpressed and undergoes a cytoplasmic-to-nuclear shift during the transition from pre-malignancy to ductal carcinoma in situ. Thus, Cav-1(-/-) null mice are a new preclinical model for studying the molecular paradigm of estrogen hypersensitivity and the development of estrogen-dependent ductal carcinoma in situ lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Mercier
- Department of Cancer Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Rody A, Karn T, Ruckhäberle E, Hanker L, Metzler D, Müller V, Solbach C, Ahr A, Gätje R, Holtrich U, Kaufmann M. Loss of Plexin B1 is highly prognostic in low proliferating ER positive breast cancers--results of a large scale microarray analysis. Eur J Cancer 2008; 45:405-13. [PMID: 19054665 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2008.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Revised: 08/19/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Plexins, cell-surface receptors for semaphorins, are involved in cell adhesion and migration. In the previous work, we demonstrated that the loss of Plexin B1 expression is associated with poor outcome in breast cancer patients. The goal of the present study was a validation of Plexin B1 expression in a large scale microarray dataset from n=1086 breast cancer patients. Plexin B1 correlates with ER status (p<0.001) and is of prognostic significance only in ER positive (p=0.024) but not in ER negative samples (p=0.85). Among ER positive tumours, the loss of Plexin B1 expression is associated with a positive ErbB2 status (p=0.05) and a high Ki67 expression (p=0.016) in univariate analysis. Multivariate Cox regression including all standard parameters among ER positive tumours revealed that Plexin B1 (HR 1.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03-2.47, p=0.036) remains a significant prognostic marker besides tumour size (HR 2.27, 95% CI 1.33-3.89, p=0.0028) and Ki67 (HR 1.78, 95% CI 1.12-2.84, p=0.0149). Interestingly, the prognostic value of Plexin B1 was pronounced in low proliferating ER positive tumours otherwise characterised by a low risk of recurrence. In conclusion, this study confirms our previous observations suggesting Plexin B1 as a new prognostic marker in ER positive breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Rody
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, J.W. Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany
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31
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Novel antibody to human BASP1 labels apoptotic cells post-caspase activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 371:639-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Small proline-rich proteins (SPRR) function as SH3 domain ligands, increase resistance to injury and are associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cholangiocytes. J Hepatol 2008; 48:276-88. [PMID: 18155796 PMCID: PMC2263141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2007.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2007] [Revised: 09/04/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Deficient biliary epithelial cell (BEC) expression of small proline-rich protein (SPRR) 2A in IL-6(-/-) mice is associated with defective biliary barrier function after bile duct ligation. And numerous gene array expression studies show SPRR2A to commonly be among the most highly up-regulated genes in many non-squamous, stressed and remodeling barrier epithelia. Since the function of SPRR in these circumstances is unknown, we tested the exploratory hypothesis that BEC SPRR2A expression contributes to BEC barrier function and wound repair. METHODS The effect of SPRR2A expression was studied in primary mouse BEC cultures; in a BEC cell line after forced overexpression of SPRR2A; and in human livers removed at the time of liver transplantation. RESULTS Forced SPRR2A overexpression showed that it functions as a SH3 domain ligand that increases resistance to oxidative injury and promotes wound restitution by enhancing migration and acquisition of mesenchymal characteristics. Low confluency non-neoplastic mouse BEC cultures show a phenotype similar to the stable transfectants, as did spindle-shaped BEC participating in atypical ductular reactions in primary biliary cirrhosis. CONCLUSIONS These observations suggest that SPRR2A-related BEC barrier modifications represent a novel, but widely utilized and evolutionarily conserved, response to stress that is worthy of further study.
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Yu D, Cook MC, Shin D, Silva DG, Marshall J, Toellner K, Havran WL, Caroni P, Cooke MP, Morse HC, MacLennan ICM, Goodnow CC, Vinuesa CG. Axon growth and guidance genes identify T‐dependent germinal centre B cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2007; 86:3-14. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.icb.7100123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Di Yu
- Division of Immunology and Genetics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
| | - Matthew C Cook
- Australian National University Medical SchoolCanberraAustralia
| | - Dong‐Mi Shin
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of HealthRockvilleMDUSA
| | - Diego G Silva
- Division of Immunology and Genetics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
| | - Jennifer Marshall
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | | | - Wendy L Havran
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Pico Caroni
- Friedrich Miescher InstituteBaselSwitzerland
| | - Michael P Cooke
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research FoundationSan DiegoCAUSA
| | - Herbert C Morse
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of HealthRockvilleMDUSA
| | - Ian CM MacLennan
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Christopher C Goodnow
- Division of Immunology and Genetics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
- Australian Phenomics FacilityCanberraACTAustralia
| | - Carola G Vinuesa
- Division of Immunology and Genetics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
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Lee S, Medina D, Tsimelzon A, Mohsin SK, Mao S, Wu Y, Allred DC. Alterations of gene expression in the development of early hyperplastic precursors of breast cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 171:252-62. [PMID: 17591970 PMCID: PMC1941596 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.061010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Enlargement of normal terminal duct lobular units (TDLUs) by hyperplastic columnar epithelial cells is one of the most common abnormalities of growth in the adult female human breast. These hyperplastic enlarged lobular units (HELUs) are important clinically as the earliest histologically identifiable potential precursor of breast cancer. The causes of the hyperplasia are unknown but may include estrogen-simulated growth mediated by estrogen receptor-alpha, which is highly elevated in HELUs and may be fundamental to their development. The present study used DNA microarray technology and RNA from microdissected pure epithelial cells to examine changes in gene expression and molecular pathways associated with the development of HELUs from TDLUs. The results suggest that HELUs evolve from TDLUs primarily by reactivation of pathways involved in embryonic development and suppression of terminal differentiation. Changes in ERBB genes were particularly prominent, including a uniform switch in ligands for the ERBB1 receptor (14-fold decrease in epidermal growth factor and 10-fold increase in amphiregulin, respectively) in HELUs compared with TDLUs. Epidermal growth factor regulates terminal differentiation in adult breast and amphiregulin is critical to normal embryonic breast development. Because HELUs are such early potential precursors of breast cancer, targeting some of these alterations may be especially promising strategies for breast cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangjun Lee
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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35
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McBryan J, Howlin J, Kenny PA, Shioda T, Martin F. ERalpha-CITED1 co-regulated genes expressed during pubertal mammary gland development: implications for breast cancer prognosis. Oncogene 2007; 26:6406-19. [PMID: 17486082 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Expression microarray analysis identified over 930 genes regulated during puberty in the mouse mammary gland. Most prominent were genes whose expression increased in parallel with pubertal development and remained high thereafter. Members of the Wnt, transforming growth factor-beta and oestrogen-signalling pathways were significantly overrepresented. Comparison to expression data from CITED1 knockout mice identified a subset of oestrogen-responsive genes displaying altered expression in the absence of CITED1. Included in this subset are stanniocalcin2 (Stc2) and amphiregulin (Areg). Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that ERalpha binds to oestrogen response elements in both the Stc2 and Areg genes in the mammary gland during puberty. Additionally, CITED1 and ERalpha localize to the same epithelial cells of the pubertal mammary gland, supporting a role for interaction of these two proteins during normal development. In a human breast cancer data set, expression of Stc2, Areg and CITED1 parallel that of ERalpha. Similar to ERalpha, CITED1 expression correlates with good outcome in breast cancer, implying that potential maintenance of the ERalpha-CITED1 co-regulated signalling pathway in breast tumours can indicate good prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J McBryan
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
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36
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Lund TC, Anderson LB, McCullar V, Higgins L, Yun GH, Grzywacz B, Verneris MR, Miller JS. iTRAQ is a useful method to screen for membrane-bound proteins differentially expressed in human natural killer cell types. J Proteome Res 2007; 6:644-53. [PMID: 17269721 DOI: 10.1021/pr0603912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We are interested in the biological as well as the molecular processes involved in natural killer (NK) cell development and function. Determining the proteomic complement could be a useful tool in predicting cellular function and fate. For the first time shown here, we have utilized iTRAQ, a new method that allows identification and quantification of proteins between multiple samples, to determine the expression of membrane-bound proteins in two previously characterized human NK cell populations. One population was derived from umbilical cord blood (UCB) stem cells (CD34+38-Lin-) and the other from expanded CD3-depleted adult peripheral blood. iTRAQ was employed for multiplex peptide labeling of proteins from fractionated membranes followed by two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography (2D-HPLC), and tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify protein signatures. We were able to identify and quantify differences in expression levels of 400-800 proteins in a typical experiment. Ontology analysis showed the majority of the proteins to be involved in cell signaling, nucleic acid binding, or mitochondrial function. Nearly all proteins were associated with the plasma membrane, membrane-bound organelle (lysosome or mitochondria), or nucleus. We found several novel proteins highly expressed in UCB stem cell derived NK cells compared to adult NK cells including CD9, alpha-2 macroglobulin, brain abundant signaling protein (BASP1), and allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF-1). In addition, we were able to confirm several of our iTRAQ results by RT-PCR, Western blot, and fluorescence-activated cell-sorting (FACS) analysis. This is the first demonstration and verification using iTRAQ to screen for membrane-bound protein differences in human NK cells and represents a powerful new tool in the field of proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy C Lund
- Department of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 670 CCRB, 425 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Fischer DF, Backendorf C. Identification of regulatory elements by gene family footprinting and in vivo analysis. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2007; 104:37-64. [PMID: 17290818 DOI: 10.1007/10_027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Gene families of recently duplicated but subsequently diverged genes provide an unique opportunity for comparative analysis of regulatory elements. We have studied the human SPRR gene family of small proline rich proteins involved in barrier function of stratified squamous epithelia. These genes are all expressed in normal human keratinocytes, but respond differently to environmental insults. Comparisons of the functional promoter regions allows the rapid identification of both conserved and of novel regulatory elements that appeared after gene duplication. Competitive electrophoretic mobility shift assays can be used to confirm their presence. Here we show the power of gene family footprinting by the identification of two novel elements in the SPRR3 promoter, not present in SPRR1A and SPRR2A. One of these elements binds a protein similar to GAAP-1, a pro-apoptotic activator of IRF-1 and p53. In vivo analysis shows that this element functions as an inhibitor of SPRR3 transcription. The second novel element functions as an activator of promoter activity and is characterized by its A/T rich sequence. The latter interacting protein indeed binds through contacts in the minor groove, and strikingly, depends on the presence of calcium for DNA interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Fischer
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Rody A, Holtrich U, Gaetje R, Gehrmann M, Engels K, von Minckwitz G, Loibl S, Diallo-Danebrock R, Ruckhäberle E, Metzler D, Ahr A, Solbach C, Karn T, Kaufmann M. Poor Outcome in Estrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Cancers Predicted by Loss of Plexin B1. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:1115-22. [PMID: 17317819 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-2433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A common characteristic of mammary carcinomas is an inverse relationship between the estrogen receptor (ER) status and the proliferative activity of the tumor. Yet, a subset of ER-positive breast cancers is characterized by a high proliferation, suggesting malfunctions in ER responsiveness that influence the biological and therapeutic behavior of tumor cells. The expression of several ER-dependent genes seems to be dysregulated among those "uncoupled" tumors. One of those genes is plexin B1, a cell-surface receptor for the semaphorin Sema4D (CD 100). However, the biological role of plexin B1 in breast cancer is largely unknown. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Expression data of plexin B1 were obtained from Affymetrix microarray analysis of n = 119 breast cancer specimens. Validation was done by quantitative real-time PCR and protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Expression data were compared with clinical characteristics as well as follow-up data of the disease. RESULTS Low plexin B1 expression levels characterize a more aggressive tumor phenotype. The expression of plexin B1 is strongly correlated with the ER status. However, even among ER-positive tumors, loss of plexin B1 is associated with an impaired prognosis of breast cancer patients in both univariate (all patients, P = 0.0062; ER positive, P = 0.0107) and multivariate analyses (all patients, P = 0.032; ER positive, P = 0.022). Immunohistochemistry reveals that the tumor cells themselves and not the endothelial cells are the major source of plexin B1 expression in the tumor. CONCLUSION Plexin B1 acts not only as a new important prognostic but should also represent a predictive marker indicating an endocrine resistance. These data give a new insight in markers that could be involved in endocrine dysregulation of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Rody
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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Howlin J, McBryan J, Martin F. Pubertal mammary gland development: insights from mouse models. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2006; 11:283-97. [PMID: 17089203 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-006-9024-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
During puberty the mammary gland develops from a rudimentary tree to a branched epithelial network of ducts which can support alveolar development and subsequent milk production during pregnancy and lactation. This process involves growth, proliferation, migration, branching, invasion, apoptosis and above all, tight regulation which allows these processes to take place simultaneously during the course of just a few weeks to create an adult gland. The process is under hormonal control and is thus coordinated with reproductive development. Mouse models, with overexpressed or knocked-out genes, have highlighted a number of pubertal mammary gland phenotypes and given significant insight into the regulatory mechanisms controlling this period of development. Here we review the published findings of the wide range of gene-manipulated mammary mouse models, documenting the common pubertal mammary gland phenotypes observed, and summarizing their contribution to our current understanding of how pubertal mammary gland development occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Howlin
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Malmo University Hospital, Sweden
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Abstract
Semaphorins are secreted, transmembrane, and GPI-linked proteins, defined by cysteine-rich semaphorin protein domains, that have important roles in a variety of tissues. Humans have 20 semaphorins, Drosophila has five, and two are known from DNA viruses; semaphorins are also found in nematodes and crustaceans but not in non-animals. They are grouped into eight classes on the basis of phylogenetic tree analyses and the presence of additional protein motifs. The expression of semaphorins has been described most fully in the nervous system, but they are also present in most, or perhaps all, other tissues. Functionally, semaphorins were initially characterized for their importance in the development of the nervous system and in axonal guidance. More recently, they have been found to be important for the formation and functioning of the cardiovascular, endocrine, gastrointestinal, hepatic, immune, musculoskeletal, renal, reproductive, and respiratory systems. A common theme in the mechanisms of semaphorin function is that they alter the cytoskeleton and the organization of actin filaments and the microtubule network. These effects occur primarily through binding of semaphorins to their receptors, although transmembrane semaphorins also serve as receptors themselves. The best characterized receptors for mediating semaphorin signaling are members of the neuropilin and plexin families of transmembrane proteins. Plexins, in particular, are thought to control many of the functional effects of semaphorins; the molecular mechanisms of semaphorin signaling are still poorly understood, however. Given the importance of semaphorins in a wide range of functions, including neural connectivity, angiogenesis, immunoregulation, and cancer, much remains to be learned about these proteins and their roles in pathology and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umar Yazdani
- Center for Basic Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, NA4.301/5323 Harry Hines Blvd, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jonathan R Terman
- Center for Basic Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, NA4.301/5323 Harry Hines Blvd, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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