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Gao X, Gao LF, Zhang ZY, Jia S, Meng CY. miR-99b-3p/Mmp13 axis regulates NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent microglial pyroptosis and alleviates neuropathic pain via the promotion of autophagy. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 126:111331. [PMID: 38061116 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropathic pain significantly impairs quality of life, and effective interventions are limited. NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3)-mediated microglial pyroptosis and the subsequent proinflammatory cytokine production are critical in exacerbating pain. Considering microglial pyroptosis as a potential target for developing specific analgesic interventions for neuropathic pain, our study investigated the pathogenesis and therapeutic targets in this condition. METHODS In vitro experiments involved the co-culture of the immortalized BV-2 microglia cell line with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce microglial pyroptosis. Differentially expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) were identified using high-throughput sequencing analysis. The downstream target genes of these miRNAs were determined through Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases, and the downstream target genes, combined with miRNAs, were predicted and verified through dual luciferase reporter gene assays. In vivo experiments were conducted to construct a chronic constriction injury (CCI) neuropathic pain model in rats and evaluate the analgesic effects of intrathecal injection of an adeno-associated virus vector (AAV) carrying miR-99b-3p. Gene expression was modulated through mimic or siRNA transfection. Western blot analysis assessed the expression of microglial pyroptosis and autophagy-related proteins, whereas RT-qPCR measured changes in proinflammatory cytokines expression. RESULTS LPS-stimulated up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines in microglia, accompanied by NLRP3-dependent pyroptosis, including increased NLRP3, GSDMD-N, Caspase1-p20, and mature-IL-1β expression. High-throughput sequencing analysis revealed 16 upregulated and 10 downregulated miRNAs in LPS-stimulated microglia, with miR-99b-3p being the most downregulated. KEGG analysis revealed that the target genes of these miRNAs are primarily enriched in calcium, FoxO, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal pathways. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-99b-3p through mimic transfection significantly inhibited the inflammatory response and NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis by promoting autophagy levels in activated microglia. In addition, we predicted that the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of matrix metalloproteinase-13 (Mmp13) could bind to miR-99b-3p, and knockdown of Mmp13 expression through siRNA transfection similarly ameliorated enhanced proinflammatory cytokines expression and microglial pyroptosis by enhancing autophagy. In vivo, Mmp13 was co-localized with spinal dorsal horn microglia and was suppressed by intrathecal injection of the AAV-miR-99b-3p vector. Moreover, overpressed miR-99b-3p alleviated CCI-induced mechanical allodynia and neuroinflammation while suppressing pyroptosis by enhancing autophagy in the spinal cord of CCI rats. CONCLUSION miR-99b-3p exerts analgesic effects on neuropathic pain by targeting Mmp13. These antinociceptive effects are, at least in part, attributed to the promotion of autophagy, thereby inhibiting neuroinflammation and NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis in activated microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Gao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, 129 Hehua Road, Jining, Shandong Province 272000, China
| | - Long-Fei Gao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, 129 Hehua Road, Jining, Shandong Province 272000, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, 129 Hehua Road, Jining, Shandong Province 272000, China
| | - Shu Jia
- Clinical Research Team of Spine & Spinal Cord Diseases, Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, 89 Guhuai Road, Jining, Shandong Province 272000, China
| | - Chun-Yang Meng
- Department of Spine Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, 129 Hehua Road, Jining, Shandong Province 272000, China.
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Zhao N, Chung TD, Guo Z, Jamieson JJ, Liang L, Linville RM, Pessell AF, Wang L, Searson PC. The influence of physiological and pathological perturbations on blood-brain barrier function. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1289894. [PMID: 37937070 PMCID: PMC10626523 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1289894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is located at the interface between the vascular system and the brain parenchyma, and is responsible for communication with systemic circulation and peripheral tissues. During life, the BBB can be subjected to a wide range of perturbations or stresses that may be endogenous or exogenous, pathological or therapeutic, or intended or unintended. The risk factors for many diseases of the brain are multifactorial and involve perturbations that may occur simultaneously (e.g., two-hit model for Alzheimer's disease) and result in different outcomes. Therefore, it is important to understand the influence of individual perturbations on BBB function in isolation. Here we review the effects of eight perturbations: mechanical forces, temperature, electromagnetic radiation, hypoxia, endogenous factors, exogenous factors, chemical factors, and pathogens. While some perturbations may result in acute or chronic BBB disruption, many are also exploited for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. The resultant outcome on BBB function depends on the dose (or magnitude) and duration of the perturbation. Homeostasis may be restored by self-repair, for example, via processes such as proliferation of affected cells or angiogenesis to create new vasculature. Transient or sustained BBB dysfunction may result in acute or pathological symptoms, for example, microhemorrhages or hypoperfusion. In more extreme cases, perturbations may lead to cytotoxicity and cell death, for example, through exposure to cytotoxic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhao
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Tracy D. Chung
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Zhaobin Guo
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - John J. Jamieson
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Lily Liang
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Raleigh M. Linville
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alex F. Pessell
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Linus Wang
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Peter C. Searson
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Frank JC, Song BH, Lee YM. Mice as an Animal Model for Japanese Encephalitis Virus Research: Mouse Susceptibility, Infection Route, and Viral Pathogenesis. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050715. [PMID: 37242385 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a zoonotic flavivirus, is principally transmitted by hematophagous mosquitoes, continually between susceptible animals and incidentally from those animals to humans. For almost a century since its discovery, JEV was geographically confined to the Asia-Pacific region with recurrent sizable outbreaks involving wildlife, livestock, and people. However, over the past decade, it has been detected for the first time in Europe (Italy) and Africa (Angola) but has yet to cause any recognizable outbreaks in humans. JEV infection leads to a broad spectrum of clinical outcomes, ranging from asymptomatic conditions to self-limiting febrile illnesses to life-threatening neurological complications, particularly Japanese encephalitis (JE). No clinically proven antiviral drugs are available to treat the development and progression of JE. There are, however, several live and killed vaccines that have been commercialized to prevent the infection and transmission of JEV, yet this virus remains the main cause of acute encephalitis syndrome with high morbidity and mortality among children in the endemic regions. Therefore, significant research efforts have been directed toward understanding the neuropathogenesis of JE to facilitate the development of effective treatments for the disease. Thus far, multiple laboratory animal models have been established for the study of JEV infection. In this review, we focus on mice, the most extensively used animal model for JEV research, and summarize the major findings on mouse susceptibility, infection route, and viral pathogenesis reported in the past and present, and discuss some unanswered key questions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan C Frank
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Byung-Hak Song
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Young-Min Lee
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
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Jayawardena DP, Masciantonio MG, Wang L, Mehta S, DeGurse N, Pape C, Gill SE. Imbalance of Pulmonary Microvascular Endothelial Cell-Expression of Metalloproteinases and Their Endogenous Inhibitors Promotes Septic Barrier Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097875. [PMID: 37175585 PMCID: PMC10178398 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening disease characterized by excessive inflammation leading to organ dysfunction. During sepsis, pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVEC) lose barrier function associated with inter-PMVEC junction disruption. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and a disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAM), which are regulated by tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), can cleave cell-cell junctional proteins, suggesting a role in PMVEC barrier dysfunction. We hypothesize that septic PMVEC barrier dysfunction is due to a disruption in the balance between PMVEC-specific metalloproteinases and TIMPs leading to increased metalloproteinase activity. The effects of sepsis on TIMPs and metalloproteinases were assessed ex vivo in PMVEC from healthy (sham) and septic (cecal ligation and perforation) mice, as well as in vitro in isolated PMVEC stimulated with cytomix, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and cytomix + LPS vs. PBS. PMVEC had high basal Timp expression and lower metalloproteinase expression, and septic stimulation shifted expression in favour of metalloproteinases. Septic stimulation increased MMP13 and ADAM17 activity associated with a loss of inter-PMVEC junctional proteins and barrier dysfunction, which was rescued by treatment with metalloproteinase inhibitors. Collectively, our studies support a role for metalloproteinase-TIMP imbalance in septic PMVEC barrier dysfunction, and suggest that inhibition of specific metalloproteinases may be a therapeutic avenue for septic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devika P Jayawardena
- Centre for Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Marcello G Masciantonio
- Centre for Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Lefeng Wang
- Centre for Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada
- Division of Respirology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Sanjay Mehta
- Centre for Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada
- Division of Respirology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Natalie DeGurse
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Cynthia Pape
- Centre for Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Sean E Gill
- Centre for Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Division of Respirology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
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Soles A, Selimovic A, Sbrocco K, Ghannoum F, Hamel K, Moncada EL, Gilliat S, Cvetanovic M. Extracellular Matrix Regulation in Physiology and in Brain Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:7049. [PMID: 37108212 PMCID: PMC10138624 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) surrounds cells in the brain, providing structural and functional support. Emerging studies demonstrate that the ECM plays important roles during development, in the healthy adult brain, and in brain diseases. The aim of this review is to briefly discuss the physiological roles of the ECM and its contribution to the pathogenesis of brain disease, highlighting the gene expression changes, transcriptional factors involved, and a role for microglia in ECM regulation. Much of the research conducted thus far on disease states has focused on "omic" approaches that reveal differences in gene expression related to the ECM. Here, we review recent findings on alterations in the expression of ECM-associated genes in seizure, neuropathic pain, cerebellar ataxia, and age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Next, we discuss evidence implicating the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) in regulating the expression of ECM genes. HIF-1 is induced in response to hypoxia, and also targets genes involved in ECM remodeling, suggesting that hypoxia could contribute to ECM remodeling in disease conditions. We conclude by discussing the role microglia play in the regulation of the perineuronal nets (PNNs), a specialized form of ECM in the central nervous system. We show evidence that microglia can modulate PNNs in healthy and diseased brain states. Altogether, these findings suggest that ECM regulation is altered in brain disease, and highlight the role of HIF-1 and microglia in ECM remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Soles
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 321 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Adem Selimovic
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 321 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kaelin Sbrocco
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 321 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ferris Ghannoum
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 321 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Katherine Hamel
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 321 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Emmanuel Labrada Moncada
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 321 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Stephen Gilliat
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 321 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Marija Cvetanovic
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 321 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 2101 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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6
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Liu G, Bai X, Yang J, Duan Y, Zhu J, Xiangyang L. Relationship between blood-brain barrier changes and drug metabolism under high-altitude hypoxia: obstacle or opportunity for drug transport? Drug Metab Rev 2023; 55:107-125. [PMID: 36823775 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2023.2180028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier is essential for maintaining the stability of the central nervous system and is also crucial for regulating drug metabolism, changes of blood-brain barrier's structure and function can influence how drugs are delivered to the brain. In high-altitude hypoxia, the central nervous system's function is drastically altered, which can cause disease and modify the metabolism of drugs in vivo. Changes in the structure and function of the blood-brain barrier and the transport of the drug across the blood-brain barrier under high-altitude hypoxia, are regulated by changes in brain microvascular endothelial cells, astrocytes, and pericytes, either regulated by drug metabolism factors such as drug transporters and drug-metabolizing enzymes. This article aims to review the effects of high-altitude hypoxia on the structure and function of the blood-brain barrier as well as the effects of changes in the blood-brain barrier on drug metabolism. We also hypothesized and explore the regulation and potential mechanisms of the blood-brain barrier and associated pathways, such as transcription factors, inflammatory factors, and nuclear receptors, in regulating drug transport under high-altitude hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiqin Liu
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, China
| | - Jianxin Yang
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, China
| | - Yabin Duan
- Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Junbo Zhu
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, China
| | - Li Xiangyang
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, China.,State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, China
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Zhou J, Li L, Jia M, Liao Q, Peng G, Luo G, Zhou Y. Dendritic cell vaccines improve the glioma microenvironment: Influence, challenges, and future directions. Cancer Med 2022; 12:7207-7221. [PMID: 36464889 PMCID: PMC10067114 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gliomas, especially the glioblastomas, are one of the most aggressive intracranial tumors with poor prognosis. This might be explained by the heterogeneity of tumor cells and the inhibitory immunological microenvironment. Dendritic cells (DCs), as the most potent in vivo functional antigen-presenting cells, link innate immunity with adaptive immunity. However, their function is suppressed in gliomas. Therefore, overcoming the dysfunction of DCs in the TME might be critical to treat gliomas. METHOD In this paper we proposed the specificity of the glioma microenvironment, analyzed the pathways leading to the dysfunction of DCs in tumor microenvironment of patients with glioma, summarized influence of DC-based immunotherapy on the tumor microenvironment and proposed new development directions and possible challenges of DC vaccines. RESULT DC vaccines can improve the immunosuppressive microenvironment of glioma patients. It will bring good treatment prospects to patients. We also proposed new development directions and possible challenges of DC vaccines, thus providing an integrated understanding of efficacy on DC vaccines for glioma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine Central South University Changsha Hunan China
- Cancer Research Institute, Basic School of Medicine Central South University Changsha Hunan China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine Central South University Changsha Hunan China
| | - Luohong Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine Central South University Changsha Hunan China
- Cancer Research Institute, Basic School of Medicine Central South University Changsha Hunan China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine Central South University Changsha Hunan China
| | - Minqi Jia
- Department of Radiation Oncology Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute Beijing China
| | - Qianjin Liao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine Central South University Changsha Hunan China
| | - Guiping Peng
- Xiangya School of Medicine Central South University Changsha China
| | - Gengqiu Luo
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Basic School of Medicine Central South University Changsha Hunan China
| | - Yanhong Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine Central South University Changsha Hunan China
- Cancer Research Institute, Basic School of Medicine Central South University Changsha Hunan China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine Central South University Changsha Hunan China
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Baumann J, Tsao CC, Patkar S, Huang SF, Francia S, Magnussen SN, Gassmann M, Vogel J, Köster-Hegmann C, Ogunshola OO. Pericyte, but not astrocyte, hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) drives hypoxia-induced vascular permeability in vivo. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:6. [PMID: 35033138 PMCID: PMC8760662 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-021-00302-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ways to prevent disease-induced vascular modifications that accelerate brain damage remain largely elusive. Improved understanding of perivascular cell signalling could provide unparalleled insight as these cells impact vascular stability and functionality of the neurovascular unit as a whole. Identifying key drivers of astrocyte and pericyte responses that modify cell-cell interactions and crosstalk during injury is key. At the cellular level, injury-induced outcomes are closely entwined with activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) pathway. Studies clearly suggest that endothelial HIF-1 signalling increases blood-brain barrier permeability but the influence of perivascular HIF-1 induction on outcome is unknown. Using novel mouse lines with astrocyte and pericyte targeted HIF-1 loss of function, we herein show that vascular stability in vivo is differentially impacted by perivascular hypoxia-induced HIF-1 stabilization. METHODS To facilitate HIF-1 deletion in adult mice without developmental complications, novel Cre-inducible astrocyte-targeted (GFAP-CreERT2; HIF-1αfl/fl and GLAST-CreERT2; HIF-1αfl/fl) and pericyte-targeted (SMMHC-CreERT2; HIF-1αfl/fl) transgenic animals were generated. Mice in their home cages were exposed to either normoxia (21% O2) or hypoxia (8% O2) for 96 h in an oxygen-controlled humidified glove box. All lines were similarly responsive to hypoxic challenge and post-Cre activation showed significantly reduced HIF-1 target gene levels in the individual cells as predicted. RESULTS Unexpectedly, hypoxia-induced vascular remodelling was unaffected by HIF-1 loss of function in the two astrocyte lines but effectively blocked in the pericyte line. In correlation, hypoxia-induced barrier permeability and water accumulation were abrogated only in pericyte targeted HIF-1 loss of function mice. In contrast to expectation, brain and serum levels of hypoxia-induced VEGF, TGF-β and MMPs (genes known to mediate vascular remodelling) were unaffected by HIF-1 deletion in all lines. However, in agreement with the permeability data, immunofluorescence and electron microscopy showed clear prevention of hypoxia-induced tight junction disruption in the pericyte loss of function line. CONCLUSION This study shows that pericyte but not astrocyte HIF-1 stabilization modulates endothelial tight junction functionality and thereby plays a pivotal role in hypoxia-induced vascular dysfunction. Whether the cells respond similarly or differentially to other injury stimuli will be of significant relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Baumann
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Center for Clinical Studies, University of Zurich, Vetsuisse Faculty, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chih-Chieh Tsao
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Center for Clinical Studies, University of Zurich, Vetsuisse Faculty, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Shalmali Patkar
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Center for Clinical Studies, University of Zurich, Vetsuisse Faculty, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sheng-Fu Huang
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Center for Clinical Studies, University of Zurich, Vetsuisse Faculty, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simona Francia
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Center for Clinical Studies, University of Zurich, Vetsuisse Faculty, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Synnøve Norvoll Magnussen
- Institute of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Max Gassmann
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Center for Clinical Studies, University of Zurich, Vetsuisse Faculty, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Vogel
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Center for Clinical Studies, University of Zurich, Vetsuisse Faculty, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christina Köster-Hegmann
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Center for Clinical Studies, University of Zurich, Vetsuisse Faculty, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Omolara O Ogunshola
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Center for Clinical Studies, University of Zurich, Vetsuisse Faculty, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Nonaka S, Kadowaki T, Nakanishi H. Secreted gingipains from Porphyromonas gingivalis increase permeability in human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells through intracellular degradation of tight junction proteins. Neurochem Int 2022; 154:105282. [PMID: 35032577 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite a clear correlation between the infiltration of periodontal pathogens in the brain and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD), the precise mechanism underlying bacteria crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) remains unclear. The periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis produces a unique class of cysteine proteases termed gingipains. Gingipains appear to be key virulence factors that exacerbate sporadic AD. We herein report that gingipains are involved in increasing permeability of hCMEC/D3 cell monolayer, human cerebral microvascular endothelial cell lines, through degradation of tight junction proteins including zonula occludens (ZO-1) and occludin. There was a significant decrease in the mean protein levels of ZO-1 and occludin after infection of hCMEC/D3 cells with wild-type (WT) P. gingivalis. However, infection of these cells with a gingipain-deficient P. gingivalis strain showed significantly lower reduction of the mean protein levels of either ZO-1 and occludin, compared to the WT strain. Similar results were obtained after treatment with culture supernatant from WT and gingipain-deficient P. gingivalis strains. In vitro digestion of human recombinant ZO-1 and occludin by WT P. gingivalis culture supernatant in the absence or presence of gingipain inhibitors indicated that gingipains directly degraded these tight junction proteins. A close immunohistochemical examination using anti-gingipain antibody further revealed that gingipains localized in the cytosol and nuclei of hCMEC/D3 cells after infection with WT P. gingivalis and treatment with its culture supernatant. Furthermore, intracellular localization of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) bound gingipains from WT P. gingivalis and OMV-induced degradation of ZO-1 and occludin were also observed in hCMEC/D3 cells. Thus, the delivery of gingipains into the cerebral microvascular endothelial cells, probably through OMV, may be responsible for the BBB damage through intracellular degradation of ZO-1 and occludin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Nonaka
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, Hiroshima, 731-0153, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Kadowaki
- Department of Frontier Oral Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakanishi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, Hiroshima, 731-0153, Japan.
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10
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Charoensaensuk V, Chen YC, Lin YH, Ou KL, Yang LY, Lu DY. Porphyromonas gingivalis Induces Proinflammatory Cytokine Expression Leading to Apoptotic Death through the Oxidative Stress/NF-κB Pathway in Brain Endothelial Cells. Cells 2021; 10:3033. [PMID: 34831265 PMCID: PMC8616253 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a periodontal pathogen, has been proposed to cause blood vessel injury leading to cerebrovascular diseases such as stroke. Brain endothelial cells compose the blood-brain barrier that protects homeostasis of the central nervous system. However, whether P. gingivalis causes the death of endothelial cells and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the impact and regulatory mechanisms of P. gingivalis infection in brain endothelial cells. We used bEnd.3 cells and primary mouse endothelial cells to assess the effects of P. gingivalis on endothelial cells. Our results showed that infection with live P. gingivalis, unlike heat-killed P. gingivalis, triggers brain endothelial cell death by inducing cell apoptosis. Moreover, P. gingivalis infection increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, activated NF-κB, and up-regulated the expression of IL-1β and TNF-α. Furthermore, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), a most frequently used antioxidant, treatment significantly reduced P. gingivalis-induced cell apoptosis and brain endothelial cell death. The enhancement of ROS production, NF-κB p65 activation, and proinflammatory cytokine expression was also attenuated by NAC treatment. The impact of P. gingivalis on brain endothelial cells was also confirmed using adult primary mouse brain endothelial cells (MBECs). In summary, our results showed that P. gingivalis up-regulates IL-1β and TNF-α protein expression, which consequently causes cell death of brain endothelial cells through the ROS/NF-κB pathway. Our results, together with the results of previous case-control studies and epidemiologic reports, strongly support the hypothesis that periodontal infection increases the risk of developing cerebrovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vichuda Charoensaensuk
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (V.C.); (Y.-H.L.)
| | - Yen-Chou Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
| | - Yun-Ho Lin
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (V.C.); (Y.-H.L.)
| | - Keng-Liang Ou
- 3D Global Biotech Inc., New Taipei City 22175, Taiwan;
| | - Liang-Yo Yang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Laboratory for Neural Repair, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Dah-Yuu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Photonics and Communication Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
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11
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Tsai KF, Shen CJ, Cheung CW, Wang TL, Chow LWC, Leung YM, Wong KL. Lipotoxicity in human lung alveolar type 2 A549 cells: Mechanisms and protection by tannic acid. CHINESE J PHYSIOL 2021; 64:289-297. [PMID: 34975122 DOI: 10.4103/cjp.cjp_68_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Palmitic acid (PA) is a saturated free fatty acid which, when being excessive, accounts for lipotoxicity. Using human lung A549 cells as a model for lung alveolar type 2 epithelial cells, we found that challenge of A549 cells with PA resulted in apoptotic cell death, as reflected by positive annexin V and PI staining, and also appearance of cleaved caspase-3. PA treatment also caused depletion of intracellular Ca2+ store, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and oxidative stress. Tannic acid (TA), a polyphenol present in wines and many beverages, alleviated PA-induced ER stress, oxidative stress and apoptotic death. Thus, our results suggest PA lipotoxicity in lung alveolar type 2 epithelial cells could be protected by TA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Feng Tsai
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, An Nan Hospital, China Medical University; Department of Medical Sciences Industry, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Jung Shen
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Section, Department of Internal Medicine, An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Wai Cheung
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Tzong-Luen Wang
- School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University; Department of Emergency Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Louis W C Chow
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau; UNIMED Medical Institute, Hong Kong; Organisation for Oncology and Translational Research, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuk-Man Leung
- Department of Physiology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kar-Lok Wong
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Hong Kong, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Shalu, Taichung, Taiwan
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12
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Astrocyte-specific hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) does not disrupt the endothelial barrier during hypoxia in vitro. Fluids Barriers CNS 2021; 18:13. [PMID: 33736658 PMCID: PMC7977259 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-021-00247-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Astrocytes (AC) are essential for brain homeostasis. Much data suggests that AC support and protect the vascular endothelium, but increasing evidence indicates that during injury conditions they may lose their supportive role resulting in endothelial cell activation and BBB disturbance. Understanding the triggers that flip this switch would provide invaluable information for designing new targets to modulate the brain vascular compartment. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) has long been assumed to be a culprit for barrier dysfunction as a number of its target genes are potent angiogenic factors. Indeed AC themselves, reservoirs of an array of different growth factors and molecules, are frequently assumed to be the source of such molecules although direct supporting evidence is yet to be published. Being well known reservoirs of HIF-1 dependent angiogenic molecules, we asked if AC HIF-1 dependent paracrine signaling drives brain EC disturbance during hypoxia. METHODS First we collected conditioned media from control and siRNA-mediated HIF-1 knockdown primary rat AC that had been exposed to normoxic or hypoxic conditions. The conditioned media was then used to culture normoxic and hypoxic (1% O2) rat brain microvascular EC (RBE4) for 6 and 24 h. Various activation parameters including migration, proliferation and cell cycling were assessed and compared to untreated controls. In addition, tight junction localization and barrier stability per se (via permeability assay) was evaluated. RESULTS AC conditioned media maintained both normoxic and hypoxic EC in a quiescent state by suppressing EC metabolic activity and proliferation. By FACs we observed reduced cell cycling with an increased number of cells in G0 phase and reduced cell numbers in M phase compared to controls. EC migration was also blocked by AC conditioned media and in correlation hypoxic tight junction organization and barrier functionality was improved. Surprisingly however, AC HIF-1 deletion did not impact EC responses or barrier stability during hypoxia. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that AC HIF-1 dependent paracrine signaling does not contribute to AC modulation of EC barrier function under normoxic or hypoxic conditions. Thus other cell types likely mediate EC permeability in stress scenarios. Our data does however highlight the continuous protective effect of AC on the barrier endothelium. Exploring these protective mechanisms in more detail will provide essential insight into ways to prevent barrier disturbance during injury and disease.
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13
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Zhang S, Wang X, Cheng F, Ma C, Fan S, Xu W, Jin N, Liu S, Lv K, Wang Q. Network Pharmacology-Based Approach to Revealing Biological Mechanisms of Qingkailing Injection against IschemicStroke: Focusing on Blood-Brain Barrier. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2020; 2020:2914579. [PMID: 32908557 PMCID: PMC7474352 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2914579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the most common type of cerebrovascular accident worldwide. It causes long-term disability and death. Qingkailing (QKL) injection is a traditional Chinese patent medicine which has been clinically applied in the treatment of ischemic stroke for nearly thirty years. In the present study, network pharmacology combined with experimentation was used to elucidate the mechanisms of QKL. ADME screening and target prediction identified 62 active compounds and 275 targets for QKL. Topological screening of the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was used to build a core PPI network consisting of 408 nodes and 17,830 edges. KEGG enrichment indicated that the main signaling pathway implicated in ischemic stroke involved hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1). Experimentation showed that QKL alleviated neurological deficits, brain infraction, blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage, and tight junction degeneration in a mouse ischemic stroke model. Two-photon laser scanning microscopy was used to evaluate BBB permeability and cerebral microvessel structure in living mice. HIF-1α, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and tight junction proteins such as occludin, zonula occludins-1 (ZO-1), claudin-5, and VE-Cadherin were measured by western blotting. QKL upregulated ZO-1 and downregulated HIF-1α and MMP-9. QKL has a multiapproach, multitarget, and synergistic effect against ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xueqian Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Fafeng Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chongyang Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Shuning Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wenxiu Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Na Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shuling Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Kai Lv
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 51 An Wai Xiaoguan Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qingguo Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
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14
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Gorter RP, Baron W. Matrix metalloproteinases shape the oligodendrocyte (niche) during development and upon demyelination. Neurosci Lett 2020; 729:134980. [PMID: 32315713 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The oligodendrocyte lineage cell is crucial to proper brain function. During central nervous system development, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) migrate and proliferate to populate the entire brain and spinal cord, and subsequently differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes that wrap neuronal axons in an insulating myelin layer. When damage occurs to the myelin sheath, OPCs are activated and recruited to the demyelinated site, where they differentiate into oligodendrocytes that remyelinate the denuded axons. The process of OPC attraction and differentiation is influenced by a multitude of factors from the cell's niche. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are powerful and versatile enzymes that do not only degrade extracellular matrix proteins, but also cleave cell surface receptors, growth factors, signaling molecules, proteases and other precursor proteins, leading to their activation or degradation. MMPs are markedly upregulated during brain development and upon demyelinating injury, where their broad functions influence the behavior of neural progenitor cells (NPCs), OPCs and oligodendrocytes. In this review, we focus on the role of MMPs in (re)myelination. We will start out in the developing brain with describing the effects of MMPs on NPCs, OPCs and eventually oligodendrocytes. Then, we will outline their functions in oligodendrocyte process extension and developmental myelination. Finally, we will review their potential role in demyelination, describe their significance in remyelination and discuss the evidence for a role of MMPs in remyelination failure, focusing on multiple sclerosis. In conclusion, MMPs shape the oligodendrocyte (niche) both during development and upon demyelination, and thus are important players in directing the fate and behavior of oligodendrocyte lineage cells throughout their life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rianne P Gorter
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wia Baron
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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15
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Nold C, Jensen T, O'Hara K, Stone J, Yellon SM, Vella AT. Replens prevents preterm birth by decreasing type I interferon strengthening the cervical epithelial barrier. Am J Reprod Immunol 2019; 83:e13192. [DOI: 10.1111/aji.13192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Nold
- Department of Women's Health Hartford Hospital Hartford CT USA
- Department of Pediatrics University of Connecticut School of Medicine Farmington CT USA
| | - Todd Jensen
- Department of Pediatrics University of Connecticut School of Medicine Farmington CT USA
| | - Kathleen O'Hara
- Department of Pediatrics University of Connecticut School of Medicine Farmington CT USA
| | - Julie Stone
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Tufts Medical Center Boston MA USA
| | - Steven M. Yellon
- Longo Center for Perinatal Biology Loma Linda University School of Medicine Loma Linda CA USA
| | - Anthony T. Vella
- Department of Immunology University of Connecticut School of Medicine Farmington CT USA
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16
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Zhu BL, Long Y, Luo W, Yan Z, Lai YJ, Zhao LG, Zhou WH, Wang YJ, Shen LL, Liu L, Deng XJ, Wang XF, Sun F, Chen GJ. MMP13 inhibition rescues cognitive decline in Alzheimer transgenic mice via BACE1 regulation. Brain 2019; 142:176-192. [PMID: 30596903 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
MMP13 (matrix metallopeptidase 13) plays a key role in bone metabolism and cancer development, but has no known functions in Alzheimer's disease. In this study, we used high-throughput small molecule screening in SH-SY5Y cells that stably expressed a luciferase reporter gene driven by the BACE1 (β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1) promoter, which included a portion of the 5' untranslated region (5'UTR). We identified that CL82198, a selective inhibitor of MMP13, decreased BACE1 protein levels in cultured neuronal cells. This effect was dependent on PI3K (phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase) signalling, and was unrelated to BACE1 gene transcription and protein degradation. Further, we found that eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4B (eIF4B) played a key role, as the mutation of eIF4B at serine 422 (S422R) or deletion of the BACE1 5'UTR attenuated MMP13-mediated BACE1 regulation. In APPswe/PS1E9 mice, an animal model of Alzheimer's disease, hippocampal Mmp13 knockdown or intraperitoneal CL82198 administration reduced BACE1 protein levels and the related amyloid-β precursor protein processing, amyloid-β load and eIF4B phosphorylation, whereas spatial and associative learning and memory performances were improved. Collectively, MMP13 inhibition/CL82198 treatment exhibited therapeutic potential for Alzheimer's disease, via the translational regulation of BACE1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Lin Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Long
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Zhen Yan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Yu-Jie Lai
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, China
| | - Li-Ge Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei-Hui Zhou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 136 ZhongshanEr Lu, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan-Jiang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin-Lin Shen
- Department of Neurology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Deng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue-Feng Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, China
| | - Fei Sun
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Guo-Jun Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, China
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17
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Wang F, Cao Y, Ma L, Pei H, Rausch WD, Li H. Dysfunction of Cerebrovascular Endothelial Cells: Prelude to Vascular Dementia. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:376. [PMID: 30505270 PMCID: PMC6250852 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD) is the second most common type of dementia after Alzheimer's disease (AD), characterized by progressive cognitive impairment, memory loss, and thinking or speech problems. VaD is usually caused by cerebrovascular disease, during which, cerebrovascular endothelial cells (CECs) are vulnerable. CEC dysfunction occurs before the onset of VaD and can eventually lead to dysregulation of cerebral blood flow and blood-brain barrier damage, followed by the activation of glia and inflammatory environment in the brain. White matter, neuronal axons, and synapses are compromised in this process, leading to cognitive impairment. The present review summarizes the mechanisms underlying CEC impairment during hypoperfusion and pathological role of CECs in VaD. Through the comprehensive examination and summarization, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)/nitric oxide (NO) signaling pathway, Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA) signaling pathway, and CEC-derived caveolin-1 (CAV-1) are proposed to serve as targets of new drugs for the treatment of VaD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feixue Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lina Ma
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Pei
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wolf Dieter Rausch
- Department for Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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18
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Leong IL, Tsai TY, Wong KL, Shiao LR, Cheng KS, Chan P, Leung YM. Valproic acid inhibits ATP-triggered Ca 2+ release via a p38-dependent mechanism in bEND.3 endothelial cells. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2018; 32:499-506. [PMID: 29752814 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Valproic acid (VA) is currently used to treat epilepsy and bipolar disorder. It has also been demonstrated to promote neuroprotection and neurogenesis. Although beneficial actions of VA on brain blood vessels have also been demonstrated, the effects of VA on brain endothelial cell (EC) Ca2+ signaling are hitherto unreported. In this report, we examined the effects of VA on agonist-triggered Ca2+ signaling in mouse cortical bEND.3 EC. While VA (100 μm) did not cause an acute inhibition of ATP-triggered Ca2+ signaling, a 30-min VA treatment strongly suppressed ATP-triggered intracellular Ca2+ release; however, such treatment did not affect Ca2+ release triggered by cyclopiazonic acid, an inhibitor of SERCA Ca2+ pump, suggesting there was no reduction in Ca2+ store size. VA-activated p38 signaling, and VA-induced inhibition of ATP-triggered Ca2+ release was prevented by SB203580, a p38 inhibitor, suggesting VA caused the inhibition by activating p38. Remarkably, VA treatment did not affect acetylcholine-triggered Ca2+ release, suggesting VA may not inhibit inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-induced Ca2+ release per se, and may not act directly on Gq or phospholipase C. Taken together, our results suggest VA treatment, via a p38-dependent mechanism, led to an inhibition of purinergic receptor-effector coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iat-Lon Leong
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kiang Wu Hospital, 33 Estrada do Repouso, Macau, China
| | - Tien-Yao Tsai
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, 510 Zhongzheng Road, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Cardiovascular Division, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, 69 Guizi Road, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Kar-Lok Wong
- Department of Anesthesiology, China Medical University Hospital, 2 Yude Road, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Lian-Ru Shiao
- Department of Physiology, China Medical University, 91 Hsuehshi Road, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ka-Shun Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, China Medical University Hospital, 2 Yude Road, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Anesthesiology, The Qingdao University Yuhuangding Hospital, 20 Yuhuangding East Road, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Paul Chan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Medical University Wan Fang Hospital, 111 Xinglong Road, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuk-Man Leung
- Department of Physiology, China Medical University, 91 Hsuehshi Road, Taichung, Taiwan
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19
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Brzdak P, Nowak D, Wiera G, Mozrzymas JW. Multifaceted Roles of Metzincins in CNS Physiology and Pathology: From Synaptic Plasticity and Cognition to Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:178. [PMID: 28713245 PMCID: PMC5491558 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) and membrane proteolysis play a key role in structural and functional synaptic plasticity associated with development and learning. A growing body of evidence underscores the multifaceted role of members of the metzincin superfamily, including metalloproteinases (MMPs), A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinases (ADAMs), A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin Motifs (ADAMTSs) and astacins in physiological and pathological processes in the central nervous system (CNS). The expression and activity of metzincins are strictly controlled at different levels (e.g., through the regulation of translation, limited activation in the extracellular space, the binding of endogenous inhibitors and interactions with other proteins). Thus, unsurprising is that the dysregulation of proteolytic activity, especially the greater expression and activation of metzincins, is associated with neurodegenerative disorders that are considered synaptopathies, especially Alzheimer's disease (AD). We review current knowledge of the functions of metzincins in the development of AD, mainly the proteolytic processing of amyloid precursor protein, the degradation of amyloid β (Aβ) peptide and several pathways for Aβ clearance across brain barriers (i.e., blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB)) that contain specific receptors that mediate the uptake of Aβ peptide. Controlling the proteolytic activity of metzincins in Aβ-induced pathological changes in AD patients' brains may be a promising therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Brzdak
- Department of Physiology and Molecular Neurobiology, Wroclaw UniversityWroclaw, Poland.,Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical UniversityWroclaw, Poland
| | - Daria Nowak
- Department of Physiology and Molecular Neurobiology, Wroclaw UniversityWroclaw, Poland.,Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical UniversityWroclaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Wiera
- Department of Physiology and Molecular Neurobiology, Wroclaw UniversityWroclaw, Poland.,Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical UniversityWroclaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy W Mozrzymas
- Department of Physiology and Molecular Neurobiology, Wroclaw UniversityWroclaw, Poland.,Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical UniversityWroclaw, Poland
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20
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Merchant N, Nagaraju GP, Rajitha B, Lammata S, Jella KK, Buchwald ZS, Lakka SS, Ali AN. Matrix metalloproteinases: their functional role in lung cancer. Carcinogenesis 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgx063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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21
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Dubey D, McRae PA, Rankin-Gee EK, Baranov E, Wandrey L, Rogers S, Porter BE. Increased metalloproteinase activity in the hippocampus following status epilepticus. Epilepsy Res 2017; 132:50-58. [PMID: 28292736 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2017.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Increased neuronal plasticity and neuronal cell loss has been implicated in the development of epilepsy following injury. Parvalbumin fast spiking inhibitory interneurons have a robust extracellular matrix coating their cell bodies and the proximal dendrites called the perineuronal net (PNN). The role of the PNN is not clear but it has been implicated in closing of the critical period, altering seizure thresholds and providing neuronal protection from oxidative stress. The PNN is susceptible to degradation following a prolonged seizure and there is an increase in proteolytic-fragments of the PNN enriched proteoglycan aggrecan (Dzwonek et al., 2004). Here we demonstrate an increase in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity in the hippocampus following status epilepticus (SE). We further assessed MMP3 and 13, two of 24 identified MMPs, both MMP3 and 13 mRNA increase in the hippocampus after SE and MMP13 activity increases by functional assay as well as it co-localizes with PNN in rat brain. In contrast, two of the brain expressed ADAMTS (A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase with ThromboSpondin motifs) also implicated in aggrecan degradation, did not consistently increase following SE though ADAMTS4 is highly expressed in glia and ADAMTS5 in neuronal cell bodies and their processes. The increase in MMP activity following SE suggests that in the future studies, MMP inhibitors are candidates for blocking PNN degradation and assessing the role of the PNN loss in epileptogenesis and cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Dubey
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 1201 Welch Road, P211 MSLS, Stanford CA 94305, United States
| | - Paulette A McRae
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics and Division of Neurology, 34th and Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia PA 19104, United States
| | - Elyse K Rankin-Gee
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 1201 Welch Road, P211 MSLS, Stanford CA 94305, United States
| | - Esther Baranov
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics and Division of Neurology, 34th and Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia PA 19104, United States
| | - Luke Wandrey
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics and Division of Neurology, 34th and Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia PA 19104, United States
| | - Stephanie Rogers
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics and Division of Neurology, 34th and Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia PA 19104, United States
| | - Brenda E Porter
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 1201 Welch Road, P211 MSLS, Stanford CA 94305, United States; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics and Division of Neurology, 34th and Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia PA 19104, United States.
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22
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Abstract
There is currently no effective treatment for multiorgan failure following shock other than supportive care. A better understanding of the pathogenesis of these sequelae to shock is required. The intestine plays a central role in multiorgan failure. It was previously suggested that bacteria and their toxins are responsible for the organ failure seen in circulatory shock, but clinical trials in septic patients have not confirmed this hypothesis. Instead, we review here evidence that the digestive enzymes, synthesized in the pancreas and discharged into the small intestine as requirement for normal digestion, may play a role in multiorgan failure. These powerful enzymes are nonspecific, highly concentrated, and fully activated in the lumen of the intestine. During normal digestion they are compartmentalized in the lumen of the intestine by the mucosal epithelial barrier. However, if this barrier becomes permeable, e.g. in an ischemic state, the digestive enzymes escape into the wall of the intestine. They digest tissues in the mucosa and generate small molecular weight cytotoxic fragments such as unbound free fatty acids. Digestive enzymes may also escape into the systemic circulation and activate other degrading proteases. These proteases have the ability to clip the ectodomain of surface receptors and compromise their function, for example cleaving the insulin receptor causing insulin resistance. The combination of digestive enzymes and cytotoxic fragments leaking into the central circulation causes cell and organ dysfunction, and ultimately may lead to complete organ failure and death. We summarize current evidence suggesting that enteral blockade of digestive enzymes inside the lumen of the intestine may serve to reduce acute cell and organ damage and improve survival in experimental shock.
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23
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Wu KC, Cheng KS, Wang YW, Chen YF, Wong KL, Su TH, Chan P, Leung YM. Perturbation of Akt Signaling, Mitochondrial Potential, and ADP/ATP Ratio in Acidosis-Challenged Rat Cortical Astrocytes. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:1108-1117. [PMID: 27608291 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cells switch to anaerobic glycolysis when there is a lack of oxygen during brain ischemia. Extracellular pH thus drops and such acidosis causes neuronal cell death. The fate of astrocytes, mechanical, and functional partners of neurons, in acidosis is less studied. In this report, we investigated the signaling in acidosis-challenged rat cortical astrocytes and whether these signals were related to mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. Exposure to acidic pH (6.8, 6.0) caused Ca2+ release and influx, p38 MAPK activation, and Akt inhibition. Mitochondrial membrane potential was hyperpolarized after astrocytes were exposed to acidic pH as soon as 1 h and lasted for 24 h. Such mitochondrial hyperpolarization was prevented by SC79 (an Akt activator) but not by SB203580 (a p38 inhibitor) nor by cytosolic Ca2+ chelation by BAPTA, suggesting that only the perturbation in Akt signaling was causally related to mitochondrial hyperpolarization. SC79, SB203580, and BAPTA did not prevent acidic pH-induced cell death. Acidic pH suppressed ROS production, thus ruling out the role of ROS in cytotoxicity. Interestingly, pH 6.8 caused an increase in ADP/ATP ratio and apoptosis; pH 6.0 caused a further increase in ADP/ATP ratio and necrosis. Therefore, astrocyte cell death in acidosis did not result from mitochondrial potential collapse; in case of acidosis at pH 6.0, necrosis might partly result from mitochondrial hyperpolarization and subsequent suppressed ATP production. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 1108-1117, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- King-Chuen Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.,Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ka-Shun Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Anesthesiology, The Qingdao University Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yu-Wen Wang
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Fung Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kar-Lok Wong
- Department of Anesthesiology, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hui Su
- Department of Anesthesiology, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Paul Chan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Medical University Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuk-Man Leung
- Department of Physiology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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24
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Uchida T, Mori M, Uzawa A, Masuda H, Muto M, Ohtani R, Kuwabara S. Increased cerebrospinal fluid metalloproteinase-2 and interleukin-6 are associated with albumin quotient in neuromyelitis optica: Their possible role on blood–brain barrier disruption. Mult Scler 2016; 23:1072-1084. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458516672015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Inflammation in neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is triggered by a serum antibody against the aquaporin-4 (AQP4). This process requires antibody penetration of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), but the mechanisms for BBB disruption in NMO remain unknown. Objective: We examined whether changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), and cytokines are associated with BBB disruption in NMO. Methods: The concentrations 9 MMPs, 4 TIMPs, and 14 cytokines were measured by multiplex assay in CSF and serum samples from 29 NMO patients, 29 relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, and 27 patients with other neurological disorders. We also performed immunohistochemistry for MMP-2 and TIMP-1 expression in post-mortem brain tissues from NMO patients. Results: NMO patients exhibited significantly elevated MMP-2, TIMP-1, interleukin-6, and MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratio in CSF (but not sera) than the other groups. The CSF/serum albumin ratio, an index of BBB permeability, was most strongly correlated with CSF MMP-2 concentration, which in turn correlated with CSF interleukin-6 levels. Immunohistochemistry revealed MMP-2- and TIMP-1-positive cells surrounding vessels in NMO lesions. Conclusion: In NMO, increased CSF MMP-2, likely induced by interleukin-6 signaling, may disrupt the BBB and enable serum anti-AQP-4 antibodies migration into the central nervous system (CNS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Uchida
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masahiro Mori
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akiyuki Uzawa
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroki Masuda
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mayumi Muto
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ryohei Ohtani
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kuwabara
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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25
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The multifaceted role of metalloproteinases in physiological and pathological conditions in embryonic and adult brains. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 155:36-56. [PMID: 27530222 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a large family of ubiquitous extracellular endopeptidases, which play important roles in a variety of physiological and pathological conditions, from the embryonic stages throughout adult life. Their extraordinary physiological "success" is due to concomitant broad substrate specificities and strict regulation of their expression, activation and inhibition levels. In recent years, MMPs have gained increasing attention as significant effectors in various aspects of central nervous system (CNS) physiology. Most importantly, they have been recognized as main players in a variety of brain disorders having different etiologies and evolution. A common aspect of these pathologies is the development of acute or chronic neuroinflammation. MMPs play an integral part in determining the result of neuroinflammation, in some cases turning its beneficial outcome into a harmful one. This review summarizes the most relevant studies concerning the physiology of MMPs, highlighting their involvement in both the developing and mature CNS, in long-lasting and acute brain diseases and, finally, in nervous system repair. Recently, a concerted effort has been made in identifying therapeutic strategies for major brain diseases by targeting MMP activities. However, from this revision of the literature appears clear that MMPs have multifaceted functional characteristics, which modulate physiological processes in multiple ways and with multiple consequences. Therefore, when choosing MMPs as possible targets, great care must be taken to evaluate the delicate balance between their activation and inhibition and to determine at which stage of the disease and at what level they become active in order maximize chances of success.
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26
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Tsai TY, Chan P, Gong CL, Wong KL, Su TH, Shen PC, Leung YM, Liu ZM. Parthenolide-Induced Cytotoxicity in H9c2 Cardiomyoblasts Involves Oxidative Stress. ACTA CARDIOLOGICA SINICA 2016; 31:33-41. [PMID: 27122844 DOI: 10.6515/acs20140422b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac cellular injury as a consequence of ischemia and reperfusion involves nuclear factor-κB (NF-κ B), amongst other factors, and NF-κ B inhibitors could substantially reduce myocardial infarct size. Parthenolide, a sesquiterpene lactone compound which could inhibit NF-κ B, has been shown to ameliorate myocardial reperfusion injury but may also produce toxic effects in cardiomyocytes at high concentrations. The aim of this study was to examine the cytotoxic effects of this drug on H9c2 cardiomyoblasts, which are precursor cells of cardiomyocytes. METHODS Cell viability and apoptosis were examined by MTT and TUNEL assay, respectively, and protein expression was analyzed by western blot. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was measured using DCFH-DA as dye. Cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration and mitochondrial membrane potential were measured microfluorimetrically using, respectively, fura 2 and rhodamine 123 as dyes. RESULTS Parthenolide caused apoptosis at 30 μ M, as judged by TUNEL assay and Bax and cytochrome c translocation. It also caused collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Parthenolide triggered ROS formation, and vitamin C (antioxidant) partially alleviated parthenolide-induced cell death. CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that parthenolide at high concentrations caused cytotoxicity in cardiomyoblasts in part by inducing oxidative stress, and demonstrated the imperative for cautious and appropriate use of this agent in cardioprotection. KEY WORDS Cardiomyoblast; Endoplasmic reticulum stress; Oxidative stress; Parthenolide; Reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien-Yao Tsai
- Cardiovascular Division, Lotung Poh-Ai Hospital, Luodong; ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli
| | - Paul Chan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Medical University Wan Fan Hospital, Taipei
| | - Chi-Li Gong
- Department of Physiology, China Medical University
| | - Kar-Lok Wong
- Department of Anesthesiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hui Su
- Department of Anesthesiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chen Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuk-Man Leung
- Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Zhong-Min Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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27
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Zhao X, Sun B, Li Y, Liu Y, Zhang D, Wang X, Gu Q, Zhao J, Dong X, Liu Z, Che N. Dual effects of collagenase-3 on melanoma: metastasis promotion and disruption of vasculogenic mimicry. Oncotarget 2016; 6:8890-9. [PMID: 25749207 PMCID: PMC4496190 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) is a functional microcirculation formed by tumor cells. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), especially MMP-2 and MMP-9, promote VM formation. Another specific MMP, collagenase-3 (MMP-13), has broad substrate specificity and potentially affects tumor metastasis and invasion. Here we found that MMP-13 was associated with metastasis and poor survival in 79 patients with melanoma. MMP-13 expression was inversely correlated with VM. These results were confirmed in human and mouse melanoma cell lines. We found that MMP-13 cleaves laminin-5 (Ln-5) into small fragments to accelerate tumor metastasis. Degradation of Ln-5 and VE-cadherin by MMP-13 inhibited VM formation. In conclusion, MMP-13 has a dual effect in melanoma, as it promotes invasion and metastasis but disrupts VM formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulan Zhao
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Baocun Sun
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Pathology, Tianjin Cancer Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanlei Li
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanrong Liu
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Danfang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xudong Wang
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Cancer Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiang Gu
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianmin Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xueyi Dong
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Cancer Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Na Che
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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28
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Tsai TY, Lou SL, Cheng KS, Wong KL, Wang ML, Su TH, Chan P, Leung YM. Repressed Ca2+ clearance in parthenolide-treated murine brain bEND.3 endothelial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 769:280-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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29
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Chen JH, Tsai CH, Lin HY, Huang CF, Leung YM, Lai SW, Tsai CF, Chang PC, Lu DY, Lin C. Interlukin-18 Is a Pivot Regulatory Factor on Matrix Metalloproteinase-13 Expression and Brain Astrocytic Migration. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:6218-6227. [PMID: 26558633 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9529-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The expression of matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) has been shown to be elevated in some pathophysiological conditions and is involved in the degradation of extracellular matrix in astrocytes. In current study, the function of MMP-13 was further investigated. The conditioned medium (CM) collected from activated microglia increased interleukin (IL)-18 production and enhanced MMP-13 expression in astrocytes. Furthermore, treatment with recombinant IL-18 increased MMP-13 protein and mRNA levels in astrocytes. Recombinant IL-18 stimulation also increased the enzymatic activity of MMP-13 and the migratory activity of astrocytes, while administration of MMP-13 or pan-MMP inhibitors antagonized IL-18-induced migratory activity of astrocytes. In addition, administration of recombinant IL-18 to astrocytes led to the phosphorylation of JNK, Akt, or PKCδ, and treatment of astrocytes with JNK, PI3 kinase/Akt, or PKCδ inhibitors significantly decreased the IL-18-induced migratory activity. Taken together, the results suggest that IL-18-induced MMP-13 expression in astrocytes is regulated by JNK, PI3 kinase/Akt, and PKCδ signaling pathways. These findings also indicate that IL-18 is an important regulator leading to MMP-13 expression and cell migration in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chon-Haw Tsai
- Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, China Medical University, No.91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Yun Lin
- Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, China Medical University, No.91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Fang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, China Medical University, No.91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuk-Man Leung
- Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, China Medical University, No.91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Wei Lai
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Fang Tsai
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chun Chang
- Department of Bioinformatics, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Dah-Yuu Lu
- Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, China Medical University, No.91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Department of Photonics and Communication Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Chingju Lin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, No.91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan.
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30
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Intracellular Cleavage of the Cx43 C-Terminal Domain by Matrix-Metalloproteases: A Novel Contributor to Inflammation? Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:257471. [PMID: 26424967 PMCID: PMC4573893 DOI: 10.1155/2015/257471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The coordination of tissue function is mediated by gap junctions (GJs) that enable direct cell-cell transfer of metabolic and electric signals. GJs are formed by connexin (Cx) proteins of which Cx43 is most widespread in the human body. Beyond its role in direct intercellular communication, Cx43 also forms nonjunctional hemichannels (HCs) in the plasma membrane that mediate the release of paracrine signaling molecules in the extracellular environment. Both HC and GJ channel function are regulated by protein-protein interactions and posttranslational modifications that predominantly take place in the C-terminal domain of Cx43. Matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) are a major group of zinc-dependent proteases, known to regulate not only extracellular matrix remodeling, but also processing of intracellular proteins. Together with Cx43 channels, both GJs and HCs, MMPs contribute to acute inflammation and a small number of studies reports on an MMP-Cx43 link. Here, we build further on these reports and present a novel hypothesis that describes proteolytic cleavage of the Cx43 C-terminal domain by MMPs and explores possibilities of how such cleavage events may affect Cx43 channel function. Finally, we set out how aberrant channel function resulting from cleavage can contribute to the acute inflammatory response during tissue injury.
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31
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Hypoxic Preconditioning Suppresses Glial Activation and Neuroinflammation in Neonatal Brain Insults. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:632592. [PMID: 26273140 PMCID: PMC4530271 DOI: 10.1155/2015/632592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal insults and subsequent neuroinflammation are the major mechanisms of neonatal brain injury, but there have been only scarce reports on the associations between hypoxic preconditioning and glial activation. Here we use neonatal hypoxia-ischemia brain injury model in 7-day-old rats and in vitro hypoxia model with primary mixed glial culture and the BV-2 microglial cell line to assess the effects of hypoxia and hypoxic preconditioning on glial activation. Hypoxia-ischemia brain insult induced significant brain weight reduction, profound cell loss, and reactive gliosis in the damaged hemisphere. Hypoxic preconditioning significantly attenuated glial activation and resulted in robust neuroprotection. As early as 2 h after the hypoxia-ischemia insult, proinflammatory gene upregulation was suppressed in the hypoxic preconditioning group. In vitro experiments showed that exposure to 0.5% oxygen for 4 h induced a glial inflammatory response. Exposure to brief hypoxia (0.5 h) 24 h before the hypoxic insult significantly ameliorated this response. In conclusion, hypoxic preconditioning confers strong neuroprotection, possibly through suppression of glial activation and subsequent inflammatory responses after hypoxia-ischemia insults in neonatal rats. This might therefore be a promising therapeutic approach for rescuing neonatal brain injury.
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32
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Na W, Lee JY, Kim WS, Yune TY, Ju BG. 17β-Estradiol Ameliorates Tight Junction Disruption via Repression of MMP Transcription. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:1347-61. [PMID: 26168035 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) or blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) formed by capillary endothelial cells provides a physical wall between the central nervous system (CNS) and circulating blood with highly selective permeability. BBB/BSCB disruption by activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) has been shown to result in further neurological damage after CNS injury. Recently it has been discovered that estrogen attenuates BBB/BSCB disruption in in vitro and in vivo models. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the estrogen-mediated attenuation of BBB/BSCB disruption has not been elucidated fully. In the present study, we found that 17β-estradiol (E2) suppresses nuclear factor-κB-dependent MMP-1b, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9, MMP-10, and MMP-13 gene activation in microvessel endothelial bEnd.3 cells subjected to oxygen and glucose deprivation/reperfusion injury. E2 induced the recruitment of ERα and nuclear receptor corepressor to the nuclear factor-κB binding site on the MMPs' gene promoters. Consistently, ER antagonist ICI 182.780 showed opposite effects of E2. We further found that E2 attenuates tight junction disruption through the decreased degradation of tight junction proteins in bEnd.3 cells subjected to oxygen and glucose deprivation-reperfusion injury. In addition, E2 suppressed the up-regulation of MMP expression, leading to a decreased BSCB disruption in the injured spinal cord. In conclusion, we discovered the molecular mechanism underlying the protective role of estrogenin BBB/BSCB disruption using an in vitro and in vivo model. Our study suggests that estrogens may provide a potential therapeutic intervention for preserving BBB/BSCB integrity after CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonho Na
- Department of Life Science (W.N., W.-S.K., B.-G.J.), Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea; and Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center (J.Y.L., T.Y.Y.) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (T.Y.Y.), School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Jee Youn Lee
- Department of Life Science (W.N., W.-S.K., B.-G.J.), Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea; and Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center (J.Y.L., T.Y.Y.) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (T.Y.Y.), School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Won-Sun Kim
- Department of Life Science (W.N., W.-S.K., B.-G.J.), Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea; and Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center (J.Y.L., T.Y.Y.) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (T.Y.Y.), School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Tae Young Yune
- Department of Life Science (W.N., W.-S.K., B.-G.J.), Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea; and Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center (J.Y.L., T.Y.Y.) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (T.Y.Y.), School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Bong-Gun Ju
- Department of Life Science (W.N., W.-S.K., B.-G.J.), Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea; and Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center (J.Y.L., T.Y.Y.) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (T.Y.Y.), School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
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33
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Loftis JM, Janowsky A. Neuroimmune basis of methamphetamine toxicity. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2015; 118:165-97. [PMID: 25175865 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801284-0.00007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although it is not known which antigen-specific immune responses (or if antigen-specific immune responses) are relevant or required for methamphetamine's neurotoxic effects, it is apparent that methamphetamine exposure is associated with significant effects on adaptive and innate immunity. Alterations in lymphocyte activity and number, changes in cytokine signaling, impairments in phagocytic functions, and glial activation and gliosis have all been reported. These drug-induced changes in immune response, particularly within the CNS, are now thought to play a critical role in the addiction process for methamphetamine dependence as well as for other substance use disorders. In Section 2, methamphetamine's effects on glial cell (e.g., microglia and astrocytes) activity and inflammatory signaling cascades are summarized, including how alterations in immune cell function can induce the neurotoxic and addictive effects of methamphetamine. Section 2 also describes neurotransmitter involvement in the modulation of methamphetamine's inflammatory effects. Section 3 discusses the very recent use of pharmacological and genetic animal models which have helped elucidate the behavioral effects of methamphetamine's neurotoxic effects and the role of the immune system. Section 4 is focused on the effects of methamphetamine on blood-brain barrier integrity and associated immune consequences. Clinical considerations such as the combined effects of methamphetamine and HIV and/or HCV on brain structure and function are included in Section 4. Finally, in Section 5, immune-based treatment strategies are reviewed, with a focus on vaccine development, neuroimmune therapies, and other anti-inflammatory approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Loftis
- Research & Development Service, Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, School of Medicine, Portland, Oregon, USA; Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
| | - Aaron Janowsky
- Research & Development Service, Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, School of Medicine, Portland, Oregon, USA; Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Chang CY, Li JR, Chen WY, Ou YC, Lai CY, Hu YH, Wu CC, Chang CJ, Chen CJ. Disruption of in vitro endothelial barrier integrity by Japanese encephalitis virus-Infected astrocytes. Glia 2015; 63:1915-1932. [PMID: 25959931 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) characteristics are induced and maintained by crosstalk between brain microvascular endothelial cells and neighboring cells. Using in vitro cell models, we previously found that a bystander effect was a cause for Japanese encephalitis-associated endothelial barrier disruption. Brain astrocytes, which neighbor BBB endothelial cells, play roles in the maintenance of BBB integrity. By extending the scope of relevant studies, a potential mechanism has been shown that the activation of neighboring astrocytes could be a cause of disruption of endothelial barrier integrity during the course of Japanese encephalitis viral (JEV) infection. JEV-infected astrocytes were found to release biologically active molecules that activated ubiquitin proteasome, degraded zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and claudin-5, and disrupted endothelial barrier integrity in cultured brain microvascular endothelial cells. JEV infection caused astrocytes to release vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2/MMP-9). Our data demonstrated that VEGF and IL-6 released by JEV-infected astrocytes were critical for the proteasomal degradation of ZO-1 and the accompanying disruption of endothelial barrier integrity through the activation of Janus kinase-2 (Jak2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) signaling as well as the induction of ubiquitin-protein ligase E3 component, n-recognin-1 (Ubr 1) in endothelial cells. MMP-induced endothelial barrier disruption was accompanied by MMP-mediated proteolytic degradation of claudin-5 and ubiquitin proteasome-mediated degradation of ZO-1 via extracellular VEGF release. Collectively, these data suggest that JEV infection could activate astrocytes and cause release of VEGF, IL-6, and MMP-2/MMP-9, thereby contributing, in a concerted action, to the induction of Japanese encephalitis-associated BBB breakdown. GLIA 2015;63:1915-1932.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yi Chang
- Department of Surgery, Fong-Yuan Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Ri Li
- Division of Urology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ying Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chuan Ou
- Division of Urology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yi Lai
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hui Hu
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Cheng Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Financial and Computational Mathematics, Providence University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Jung Chang
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Central Taiwan University of Sciences and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jung Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Center for General Education, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Nursing, HungKuang University, Taichung, Taiwan
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35
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Tsai TY, Lou SL, Wong KL, Wang ML, Su TH, Liu ZM, Yeh LJ, Chan P, Gong CL, Leung YM. Suppression of Ca2+ influx in endotoxin-treated mouse cerebral cortex endothelial bEND.3 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 755:80-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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36
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Yu X, Wei F, Yu J, Zhao H, Jia L, Ye Y, Du R, Ren X, Li H. Matrix metalloproteinase 13: a potential intermediate between low expression of microRNA-125b and increasing metastatic potential of non–small cell lung cancer. Cancer Genet 2015; 208:76-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Wu KC, Kuo CS, Chao CC, Huang CC, Tu YK, Chan P, Leung YM. Role of voltage-gated K(+) channels in regulating Ca(2+) entry in rat cortical astrocytes. J Physiol Sci 2015; 65:171-7. [PMID: 25617267 PMCID: PMC10717881 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-015-0356-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes have multiple functions such as provision of nourishment and mechanical support to the nervous system, helping to clear extracellular metabolites of neurons and modulating synaptic transmission by releasing gliotransmitters. In excitable cells, voltage-gated K(+) (Kv) channels serve to repolarize during action potentials. Astrocytes are considered non-excitable cells since they are not able to generate action potentials. There is an abundant expression of various Kv channels in astrocytes but the functions of these Kv channels remain unclear. We examined whether these astrocyte Kv channels regulate astrocyte "excitability" in the form of cytosolic Ca(2+) signaling. Electrophysiological examination revealed that neonatal rat cortical astrocytes possessed both delayed rectifier type and A-type Kv channels. Pharmacological blockade of both delayed rectifier Kv channels by TEA and A-type Kv channels by quinidine significantly suppressed store-operated Ca(2+) influx; however, TEA alone or quinidine alone did not suffice to cause such suppression. TEA and quinidine together dramatically enhanced current injection-triggered membrane potential overshoot (depolarization); either drug alone caused much smaller enhancements. Taken together, the results suggest both delayed rectifier and A-type Kv channels regulate astrocyte Ca(2+) signaling via controlling membrane potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- King-Chuen Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Shin Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402 Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chia Chao
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Chen Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Kun Tu
- Orthopedic Department, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Paul Chan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuk-Man Leung
- Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402 Taiwan
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Engelhardt S, Huang SF, Patkar S, Gassmann M, Ogunshola OO. Differential responses of blood-brain barrier associated cells to hypoxia and ischemia: a comparative study. Fluids Barriers CNS 2015; 12:4. [PMID: 25879623 PMCID: PMC4429667 DOI: 10.1186/2045-8118-12-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Undisturbed functioning of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) crucially depends on paracellular signaling between its associated cells; particularly endothelial cells, pericytes and astrocytes. Hypoxic and ischemic injuries are closely associated with disturbed BBB function and the contribution of perivascular cells to hypoxic/ischemic barrier regulation has gained increased attention. Regardless, detailed information on the basal hypoxic/ischemic responses of the barrier-associated cells is rare and the outcome of such cell-specific responses on BBB modulation is not well understood. This study investigated crucial parameters of hypoxic/ischemic adaptation in order to characterize individual perivascular cell responses to stress conditions. Methods The brain microvascular endothelial cell line RBE4 (EC cell line) as well as primary rat brain endothelial cells (ECs), pericytes (PCs) and astrocytes (ACs) were exposed to 24 and 48 hours of oxygen deprivation at 1% and 0.2% O2. All primary cells were additionally subjected to combined oxygen and glucose deprivation mimicking ischemia. Central parameters of cellular adaptation and state, such as HIF-1α and HIF-1 target gene induction, actin cytoskeletal architecture, proliferation and cell viability, were compared between the cell types. Results We show that endothelial cells exhibit greater responsiveness and sensitivity to oxygen deprivation than ACs and PCs. This higher sensitivity coincided with rapid and significant stabilization of HIF-1α and its downstream targets (VEGF, GLUT-1, MMP-9 and PHD2), early disruption of the actin cytoskeleton and metabolic impairment in conditions where the perivascular cells remain largely unaffected. Additional adaptation (suppression) of proliferation also likely contributes to astrocytic and pericytic tolerance during severe injury conditions. Moreover, unlike the perivascular cells, ECs were incapable of inducing autophagy (monitored via LC3-II and Beclin-1 expression) - a putative protective mechanism. Notably, both ACs and PCs were significantly more susceptible to glucose than oxygen deprivation with ACs proving to be most resistant overall. Conclusion In summary this work highlights considerable differences in sensitivity to hypoxic/ischemic injury between microvascular endothelial cells and the perivascular cells. This can have marked impact on barrier stability. Such fundamental knowledge provides an important foundation to better understand the complex cellular interactions at the BBB both physiologically and in injury-related contexts in vivo.
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Sandholm J, Tuomela J, Kauppila JH, Harris KW, Graves D, Selander KS. Hypoxia regulates Toll-like receptor-9 expression and invasive function in human brain cancer cells in vitro. Oncol Lett 2014; 8:266-274. [PMID: 24959259 PMCID: PMC4063648 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor-9 (TLR9) is a cellular DNA sensor of the innate immune system. TLR9 is widely expressed in a number of tumors, including brain cancer; however, little is known regarding its regulation and involvement in cancer pathophysiology. The present study demonstrated that hypoxia upregulates and downregulates TLR9 expression in human brain cancer cells in vitro, in a cell-specific manner. In addition, hypoxia-induced TLR9 upregulation was associated with hypoxia-induced invasion; however, such invasion was not detected in cells where hypoxia had suppressed TLR9 expression. Furthermore, suppression of TLR9 expression through TLR9 siRNA resulted in an upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, -9 and -13 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-3 (TIMP-3) mRNA, and a decreased invasion of cells in normoxia, in a cell-specific manner. In cells where hypoxia induced TLR9 expression, TLR9 expression and invasion were reduced by TLR9 siRNA. The decreased invasion observed in hypoxia was associated with the decreased expression of the MMPs and a concomitant increase in TIMP-3 expression. In conclusion, hypoxia regulates the invasion of brain cancer cells in vitro in a TLR9-dependent manner, which is considered to be associated with a complex expression pattern of TLR9-regulated mediators and inhibitors of invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jouko Sandholm
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Johanna Tuomela
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Joonas H Kauppila
- Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu 90029, Finland ; Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu 90029, Finland ; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu 90570, Finland
| | - Kevin W Harris
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA ; Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - David Graves
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Katri S Selander
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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40
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Hsieh WT, Yeh WL, Cheng RY, Lin C, Tsai CF, Huang BR, Wu CYJ, Lin HY, Huang SS, Lu DY. Exogenous endothelin-1 induces cell migration and matrix metalloproteinase expression in U251 human glioblastoma multiforme. J Neurooncol 2014; 118:257-269. [PMID: 24756349 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-014-1442-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and lethal type of primary brain tumor characterized by its rapid infiltration to surrounding tissues during the early stages. The fast spreading of GBM obscures the initiation of the tumor mass making the treatment outcome undesirable. Endothelin-1 is known as a secretory protein presented in various types of brain cells, which has been indicated as a factor for cancer pathology. The aim of the present study was to investigate the molecular mechanism of cell migration in GBM. We found that various malignant glioma cells expressed higher amounts of endothelin-1, ETA, and ETB receptors than nonmalignant human astrocytes. The application of endothelin-1 enhanced the migratory activity in human U251 glioma cells corresponding to increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and MMP-13. The endothelin-1-induced cell migration was attenuated by MMP-9 and MMP-13 inhibitors and inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and PI3 kinase/Akt. Furthermore, the elevated levels of phosphate c-Jun accumulation in the nucleus and activator protein-1 (AP-1)-DNA binding activity were also found in endothelin-1 treated glioma cells. In migration-prone sublines, cells with greater migration ability showed higher endothelin-1, ETB receptor, and MMP expressions. These results indicate that endothelin-1 activates MAP kinase and AP-1 signaling, resulting in enhanced MMP-9 and MMP-13 expressions and cell migration in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Tsong Hsieh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lan Yeh
- Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering and Department of Medical Research, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Ruo-Yuo Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chingju Lin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Fang Tsai
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Ren Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Caren Yu-Ju Wu
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Yun Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shiang-Suo Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Dah-Yuu Lu
- Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Nissinen L, Kähäri VM. Matrix metalloproteinases in inflammation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:2571-80. [PMID: 24631662 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of ubiquitously expressed zinc-dependent endopeptidases with broad substrate specificity and strictly regulated tissue specific expression. They are expressed in physiological situations and pathological conditions involving inflammation. MMPs regulate several functions related to inflammation including bioavailability and activity of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. There is also evidence that MMPs regulate inflammation in tumor microenvironment, which plays an important role in cancer progression. SCOPE OF REVIEW Here, we discuss the current view on the role of MMPs in the regulation of inflammation. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS MMPs modulate inflammation by regulating bioavailability and activity of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, as well as integrity of physical tissue barriers. MMPs are also involved in immune evasion of tumor cells and in regulation of inflammation in tumor microenvironment. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE There is increasing evidence for non-matrix substrates of MMPs that are related to regulation of inflammatory processes. New methods have been employed for identification of the substrates of MMPs in inflammatory processes in vivo. Detailed information on the substrates of MMPs may offer more specific and effective ways of inhibiting MMP function by blocking the cleavage site in substrate or by inhibition of the bioactivity of the substrate. It is expected, that more precise information on the MMP-substrate interaction may offer novel strategies for therapeutic intervention in inflammatory diseases and cancer without blocking beneficial actions of MMPs. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Matrix-mediated cell behaviour and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liisa Nissinen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, FI-20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Veli-Matti Kähäri
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, FI-20521, Turku, Finland.
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Osthole suppresses the migratory ability of human glioblastoma multiforme cells via inhibition of focal adhesion kinase-mediated matrix metalloproteinase-13 expression. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:3889-903. [PMID: 24599080 PMCID: PMC3975374 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15033889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common type of primary and malignant tumor occurring in the adult central nervous system. GBM often invades surrounding regions of the brain during its early stages, making successful treatment difficult. Osthole, an active constituent isolated from the dried C. monnieri fruit, has been shown to suppress tumor migration and invasion. However, the effects of osthole in human GBM are largely unknown. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is important for the metastasis of cancer cells. Results from this study show that osthole can not only induce cell death but also inhibit phosphorylation of FAK in human GBM cells. Results from this study show that incubating GBM cells with osthole reduces matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 expression and cell motility, as assessed by cell transwell and wound healing assays. This study also provides evidence supporting the potential of osthole in reducing FAK activation, MMP-13 expression, and cell motility in human GBM cells.
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Engelhardt S, Patkar S, Ogunshola OO. Cell-specific blood-brain barrier regulation in health and disease: a focus on hypoxia. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:1210-30. [PMID: 24641185 PMCID: PMC3952799 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a complex vascular structure consisting of microvascular endothelial cells that line the vessel wall, astrocyte end-feet, pericytes, as well as the basal lamina. BBB cells act in concert to maintain the characteristic impermeable and low paracellular flux of the brain vascular network, thus ensuring a homeostatic neuronal environment. Alterations in BBB stability that occur during injury have dire consequences on disease progression and it is clear that BBB cell-specific responses, positive or negative, must make a significant contribution to injury outcome. Reduced oxygenation, or hypoxia, is a characteristic of many brain diseases that significantly increases barrier permeability. Recent data suggest that hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1), the master regulator of the hypoxic response, probably mediates many hypoxic effects either directly or indirectly via its target genes. This review discusses current knowledge of physiological cell-specific regulation of barrier function, their responses to hypoxia as well as consequences of hypoxic- and HIF-1-mediated mechanisms on barrier integrity during select brain diseases. In the final sections, the potential of current advances in targeting HIF-1 as a therapeutic strategy will be overviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Engelhardt
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
| | - S Patkar
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
| | - O O Ogunshola
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
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Torres-Espín A, Hernández J, Navarro X. Gene expression changes in the injured spinal cord following transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells or olfactory ensheathing cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76141. [PMID: 24146830 PMCID: PMC3795752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) or olfactory ensheathing cells (OEC) have demonstrated beneficial effects after spinal cord injury (SCI), providing tissue protection and improving the functional recovery. However, the changes induced by these cells after their transplantation into the injured spinal cord remain largely unknown. We analyzed the changes in the spinal cord transcriptome after a contusion injury and MSC or OEC transplantation. The cells were injected immediately or 7 days after the injury. The mRNA of the spinal cord injured segment was extracted and analyzed by microarray at 2 and 7 days after cell grafting. The gene profiles were analyzed by clustering and functional enrichment analysis based on the Gene Ontology database. We found that both MSC and OEC transplanted acutely after injury induce an early up-regulation of genes related to tissue protection and regeneration. In contrast, cells transplanted at 7 days after injury down-regulate genes related to tissue regeneration. The most important change after MSC or OEC transplant was a marked increase in expression of genes associated with foreign body response and adaptive immune response. These data suggest a regulatory effect of MSC and OEC transplantation after SCI regarding tissue repair processes, but a fast rejection response to the grafted cells. Our results provide an initial step to determine the mechanisms of action and to optimize cell therapy for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Torres-Espín
- Group of Neuroplasticity and Regeneration, Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Joaquim Hernández
- Group of Neuroplasticity and Regeneration, Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Xavier Navarro
- Group of Neuroplasticity and Regeneration, Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Chuang JY, Tsai CF, Chang SW, Chiang IP, Huang SM, Lin HY, Yeh WL, Lu DY. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor induces cell migration in human oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2013; 49:1103-12. [PMID: 24070603 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Perineural invasion is a prominent clinical feature of various cancers, which causes difficulty in curative resection. Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), a potent neurotrophic factor, plays an important role in the invasive and metastatic behavior of various cancers. The aim of this study was to examine the role of GDNF on oral squamous cell carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS GDNF expression in tissue samples was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Transwell assay, zymography, Western blot, reverse transcription-PCR, and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) were carried out to assess the effects of GDNF on oral cancer cells. RESULTS Human oral cancer tissues showed higher GDNF expression than that in normal tissues. We also found that application of human GDNF enhanced the cell migration ability of human oral cancers. Moreover, treatment with GDNF increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and MMP-13 expression in oral cancer. Inhibition of MMP-9 and MMP-13 in oral cancer cells by pharmacological inhibitors or neutralizing antibodies reduced GDNF-enhanced cell migration. Moreover, transfection with siRNA against MMP-13 inhibited GDNF-enhanced cell migration. Treatment with GDNF also increased ERK, p38 and JNK phosphorylation, and AP-1 DNA binding activity in human oral cancer cells. Inhibition of MAP kinase or AP-1 also reduced GDNF-induced oral cancer cell migration. In migration-prone sublines, oral cancer cells showed a higher migration ability than that of the original oral cancer cells. Surprisingly, the enhancement of cell migratory activity in migration-prone sublines was reduced by a GDNF-neutralizing antibody. Importantly, migration-prone sublines of oral cancer revealed higher GDNF expression. CONCLUSION These results indicate a regulatory effect on cell migration by GDNF in oral squamous cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yuan Chuang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Vandenbroucke RE, Dejonckheere E, Van Hauwermeiren F, Lodens S, De Rycke R, Van Wonterghem E, Staes A, Gevaert K, López-Otin C, Libert C. Matrix metalloproteinase 13 modulates intestinal epithelial barrier integrity in inflammatory diseases by activating TNF. EMBO Mol Med 2013; 5:1000-16. [PMID: 23723167 PMCID: PMC3721470 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201202100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several pathological processes, such as sepsis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), are associated with impairment of intestinal epithelial barrier. Here, we investigated the role of matrix metalloproteinase MMP13 in these diseases. We observed that MMP13−/− mice display a strong protection in LPS- and caecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis. We could attribute this protection to reduced LPS-induced goblet cell depletion, endoplasmic reticulum stress, permeability and tight junction destabilization in the gut of MMP13−/− mice compared to MMP13+/+ mice. Both in vitro and in vivo, we found that MMP13 is able to cleave pro-TNF into bioactive TNF. By LC-MS/MS, we identified three MMP13 cleavage sites, which proves that MMP13 is an alternative TNF sheddase next to the TNF converting enzyme TACE. Similarly, we found that the same mechanism was responsible for the observed protection of the MMP13−/− mice in a mouse model of DSS-induced colitis. We identified MMP13 as an important mediator in sepsis and IBD via the shedding of TNF. Hence, we propose MMP13 as a novel drug target for diseases in which damage to the gut is essential.
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Chao CC, Huang CC, Lu DY, Wong KL, Chen YR, Cheng TH, Leung YM. Ca2+ store depletion and endoplasmic reticulum stress are involved in P2X7 receptor-mediated neurotoxicity in differentiated NG108-15 cells. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:1377-85. [PMID: 22134903 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) activation by extracellular ATP triggers influx of Na(+) and Ca(2+), cytosolic Ca(2+) overload and consequently cytotoxicity. Whether disturbances in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca(2+) homeostasis and ER stress are involved in P2X7R-mediated cell death is unknown. In this study, a P2X7R agonist (BzATP) was used to activate P2X7R in differentiated NG108-15 neuronal cells. In a concentration-dependent manner, application of BzATP (10-100 µM) immediately raised cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]i) and caused cell death after a 24-h incubation. P2X7R activation for 2 h did not cause cell death but resulted in a sustained reduction in ER Ca2+ pool size, as evidenced by a diminished cyclopiazonic acid-induced Ca(2+) discharge (fura 2 assay) and a lower fluorescent signal in cells loaded with Mag-fura 2 (ER-specific Ca(2+)-fluorescent dye). Furthermore, P2X7R activation (2 h) led to the appearance of markers of ER stress [phosphorylated α subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (p-eIF2α) and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP)] and apoptosis (cleaved caspase 3). Xestospongin C (XeC), an antagonist of inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptor (IP3R), strongly inhibited BzATP-triggered [Ca(2+)]i elevation, suggesting that the latter involved Ca(2+) release via IP3R. XeC pretreatment not only attenuated the reduction in Ca(2+) pool size in BzATP-treated cells, but also rescued cell death and prevented BzATP-induced appearance of ER stress and apoptotic markers. These novel observations suggest that P2X7R activation caused not only Ca(2+) overload, but also Ca(2+) release via IP3R, sustained Ca(2+) store depletion, ER stress and eventually apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chia Chao
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
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Cisneros IE, Ghorpade A. HIV-1, methamphetamine and astrocyte glutamate regulation: combined excitotoxic implications for neuro-AIDS. Curr HIV Res 2012; 10:392-406. [PMID: 22591363 PMCID: PMC3580828 DOI: 10.2174/157016212802138832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate, the most abundant excitatory transmitter in the brain can lead to neurotoxicity when not properly regulated. Excitotoxicity is a direct result of abnormal regulation of glutamate concentrations in the synapse, and is a common neurotoxic mediator associated with neurodegenerative disorders. It is well accepted that methamphetamine (METH), a potent central nervous stimulant with high abuse potential, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 are implicated in the progression of neurocognitive malfunction. Both have been shown to induce common neurodegenerative effects such as astrogliosis, compromised blood brain barrier integrity, and excitotoxicity in the brain. Reduced glutamate uptake from neuronal synapses likely leads to the accumulation of glutamate in the extracellular spaces. Astrocytes express the glutamate transporters responsible for majority of the glutamate uptake from the synapse, as well as for vesicular glutamate release. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of astrocyte-mediated excitotoxicity in the context of METH and HIV-1 are undefined. Topics reviewed include dysregulation of the glutamate transporters, specifically excitatory amino acid transporter-2, metabotropic glutamate receptor(s) expression and the release of glutamate by vesicular exocytosis. We also discuss glutamate concentration dysregulation through astrocytic expression of enzymes for glutamate synthesis and metabolism. Lastly, we discuss recent evidence of various astrocyte and neuron crosstalk mechanisms implicated in glutamate regulation. Astrocytes play an essential role in the neuropathologies associated with METH/HIV-1-induced excitotoxicity. We hope to shed light on common cellular and molecular pathways astrocytes share in glutamate regulation during drug abuse and HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anuja Ghorpade
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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Chronic and intermittent hypoxia differentially regulate left ventricular inflammatory and extracellular matrix responses. Hypertens Res 2012; 35:811-8. [PMID: 22495609 PMCID: PMC3419973 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2012.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the left ventricle (LV) response to hypoxia by comparing male Sprague Dawley rats exposed for 7 days to normoxia (control; n=18), chronic sustained hypoxia (CSH; n=12) and chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH; n=12). Out of the 168 inflammatory, extracellular matrix and adhesion molecule genes evaluated, Ltb, Cdh4, Col5a1, Ecm1, MMP-11 and TIMP-2 increased in the LV (range: 87–138%), whereas Tnfrsf1a decreased 27%, indicating an increase in inflammatory status with CSH (all P<0.05). CIH decreased Ltb, Spp1 and Ccl5 levels, indicating reduced inflammatory status. While Laminin β2 gene levels increased 123%, MMP-9 and fibronectin gene levels both decreased 74% in CIH (all P<0.05). Right ventricle/body weight ratios increased in CSH (1.1±0.1 g g−1) compared with control (0.7±0.1 g g−1) and CIH (0.8±0.1 g g−1; both P<0.05). Lung to body weight increased in CSH, while LV/body weight ratios were similar among all three groups. With CIH, myocyte cross sectional areas increased 25% and perivascular fibrosis increased 100% (both P<0.05). Gene changes were independent of global changes and were validated by protein levels. MMP-9 protein levels decreased 94% and fibronectin protein levels decreased 42% in CIH (both P<0.05). Consistent with a decreased inflammatory status, HIF-2α and eNOS protein levels were 36% and 44% decreased, respectively, in CIH (both P<0.05). In conclusion, our results indicate that following 7 days of hypoxia, inflammation increases in response to CSH and decreases in response to CIH. This report is the first to demonstrate specific and differential changes seen in the LV during chronic sustained and CIH.
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Chen JH, Huang SM, Tan TW, Lin HY, Chen PY, Yeh WL, Chou SC, Tsai CF, Wei IH, Lu DY. Berberine induces heme oxygenase-1 up-regulation through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT and NF-E2-related factor-2 signaling pathway in astrocytes. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 12:94-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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