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da Graça Cabreira M, Wang X, Critsinelis A, Setegne M, Lotfi P, Wan YW, Barrios G, Mei Z, Gee AP, Buja LM, Perin E. Environmental oxygen affects ex vivo growth and proliferation of mesenchymal progenitors by modulating mitogen-activated protein kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin signaling. Cytotherapy 2022; 24:1201-1210. [PMID: 36109320 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Stem and progenitor cells of hematopoietic and mesenchymal lineages reside in the bone marrow under low oxygen (O2) saturation. O2 levels used in ex vivo expansion of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) affect proliferation, metabolism and differentiation. METHODS Using cell-based assays and transcriptome and proteome data, the authors compared MSC cultures simultaneously grown under a conventional 19.95% O2 atmosphere or at 5% O2. RESULTS In 5% O2, MSCs showed better proliferation and higher self-renewal ability, most probably sustained by enhanced signaling activity of mitogen-activated protein kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin pathways. Non-oxidative glycolysis-based energy metabolism supported growth and proliferation in 5% O2 cultures, whereas MSCs grown under 19.95% O2 also utilized oxidative phosphorylation. Cytoprotection mechanisms used by cells under 5% O2 differed from 19.95% O2 suggesting differences in the triggers of cell stress between these two O2 conditions. CONCLUSIONS Based on the potential benefits for the growth and metabolism of MSCs, the authors propose the use of 5% O2 for MSC culture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Mekedlawit Setegne
- Chemistry-Biology Interface Predoctoral Training Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Parisa Lotfi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ying-Wooi Wan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Gabriela Barrios
- Department of Regenerative Medicine Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Zhuyong Mei
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Adrian P Gee
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Louis Maximilian Buja
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Emerson Perin
- Center for Clinical Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
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2
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Madelaire CB, Klink AC, Israelsen WJ, Hindle AG. Fibroblasts as an experimental model system for the study of comparative physiology. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 260:110735. [PMID: 35321853 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2022.110735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Mechanistic evaluations of processes that underlie organism-level physiology often require reductionist approaches. Dermal fibroblasts offer one such approach. These cells are easily obtained from minimally invasive skin biopsy, making them appropriate for the study of protected and/or logistically challenging species. Cell culture approaches permit extensive and fine-scale sampling regimes as well as gene manipulation techniques that are not feasible in vivo. Fibroblast isolation and culture protocols are outlined here for primary cells, and the benefits and drawbacks of immortalization are discussed. We show examples of physiological metrics that can be used to characterize primary cells (oxygen consumption, translation, proliferation) and readouts that can be informative in understanding cell-level responses to environmental stress (lactate production, heat shock protein induction). Importantly, fibroblasts may display fidelity to whole animal physiological phenotypes, facilitating their study. Fibroblasts from Antarctic Weddell seals show greater resilience to low temperatures and hypoxia exposure than fibroblasts from humans or rats. Fibroblast oxygen consumption rates are not affected by temperature stress in the heat-tolerant camel, whereas similar temperature exposures depress mitochondrial metabolism in fibroblasts from rhinoceros. Finally, dermal fibroblasts from a hibernator, the meadow jumping mouse, better resist experimental cooling than a fibroblast line from the laboratory mouse, with the hibernator demonstrating a greater maintenance of homeostatic processes such as protein translation. These results exemplify the parallels that can be drawn between fibroblast physiology and expectations in vivo, and provide evidence for the power of fibroblasts as a model system to understand comparative physiology and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla B Madelaire
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Amy C Klink
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - William J Israelsen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Skroot Laboratory, Inc., Ames, IA, USA
| | - Allyson G Hindle
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
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3
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Shroff T, Aina K, Maass C, Cipriano M, Lambrecht J, Tacke F, Mosig A, Loskill P. Studying metabolism with multi-organ chips: new tools for disease modelling, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Open Biol 2022; 12:210333. [PMID: 35232251 PMCID: PMC8889168 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-clinical models to study metabolism including animal models and cell assays are often limited in terms of species translatability and predictability of human biology. This field urgently requires a push towards more physiologically accurate recapitulations of drug interactions and disease progression in the body. Organ-on-chip systems, specifically multi-organ chips (MOCs), are an emerging technology that is well suited to providing a species-specific platform to study the various types of metabolism (glucose, lipid, protein and drug) by recreating organ-level function. This review provides a resource for scientists aiming to study human metabolism by providing an overview of MOCs recapitulating aspects of metabolism, by addressing the technical aspects of MOC development and by providing guidelines for correlation with in silico models. The current state and challenges are presented for two application areas: (i) disease modelling and (ii) pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics. Additionally, the guidelines to integrate the MOC data into in silico models could strengthen the predictive power of the technology. Finally, the translational aspects of metabolizing MOCs are addressed, including adoption for personalized medicine and prospects for the clinic. Predictive MOCs could enable a significantly reduced dependence on animal models and open doors towards economical non-clinical testing and understanding of disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Shroff
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany,Department for Microphysiological Systems, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Österbergstraße 3, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kehinde Aina
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Madalena Cipriano
- Department for Microphysiological Systems, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Österbergstraße 3, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Joeri Lambrecht
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Mosig
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Peter Loskill
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany,Department for Microphysiological Systems, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Österbergstraße 3, 72074 Tübingen, Germany,3R-Center for In vitro Models and Alternatives to Animal Testing, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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4
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Salovska B, Kondelova A, Pimkova K, Liblova Z, Pribyl M, Fabrik I, Bartek J, Vajrychova M, Hodny Z. Peroxiredoxin 6 protects irradiated cells from oxidative stress and shapes their senescence-associated cytokine landscape. Redox Biol 2021; 49:102212. [PMID: 34923300 PMCID: PMC8688892 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a complex stress response defined as an essentially irreversible cell cycle arrest mediated by the inhibition of cell cycle-specific cyclin dependent kinases. The imbalance in redox homeostasis and oxidative stress have been repeatedly observed as one of the hallmarks of the senescent phenotype. However, a large-scale study investigating protein oxidation and redox signaling in senescent cells in vitro has been lacking. Here we applied a proteome-wide analysis using SILAC-iodoTMT workflow to quantitatively estimate the level of protein sulfhydryl oxidation and proteome level changes in ionizing radiation-induced senescence (IRIS) in hTERT-RPE-1 cells. We observed that senescent cells mobilized the antioxidant system to buffer the increased oxidation stress. Among the antioxidant proteins with increased relative abundance in IRIS, a unique 1-Cys peroxiredoxin family member, peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6), was identified as an important contributor to protection against oxidative stress. PRDX6 silencing increased ROS production in senescent cells, decreased their resistance to oxidative stress-induced cell death, and impaired their viability. Subsequent SILAC-iodoTMT and secretome analysis after PRDX6 silencing showed the downregulation of PRDX6 in IRIS affected protein secretory pathways, decreased expression of extracellular matrix proteins, and led to unexpected attenuation of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). The latter was exemplified by decreased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 which was also confirmed after treatment with an inhibitor of PRDX6 iPLA2 activity, MJ33. In conclusion, by combining different methodological approaches we discovered a novel role of PRDX6 in senescent cell viability and SASP development. Our results suggest PRDX6 could have a potential as a drug target for senolytic or senomodulatory therapy. SILAC-iodoTMT is a powerful tool to quantify redox imbalance in IRIS. Senescence in hTERT-RPE-1 cells is not accompanied by bulk cysteine oxidation. Antioxidant proteins are upregulated in senescent hTERT-RPE-1 cells. PRDX6 silencing affects redox homeostasis and viability of senescent cells. PRDX6 silencing alters secretome of senescent RPE-1 cells and suppresses IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Salovska
- Department of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandra Kondelova
- Department of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kristyna Pimkova
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; BIOCEV, 1st Medical Faculty, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Liblova
- Department of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Pribyl
- Department of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Fabrik
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Bartek
- Department of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Genome Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Vajrychova
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Zdenek Hodny
- Department of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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5
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Kang D, Shin J, Cho Y, Kim HS, Gu YR, Kim H, You KT, Chang MJ, Chang CB, Kang SB, Kim JS, Kim VN, Kim JH. Stress-activated miR-204 governs senescent phenotypes of chondrocytes to promote osteoarthritis development. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/486/eaar6659. [PMID: 30944169 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aar6659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A progressive loss of cartilage matrix leads to the development of osteoarthritis (OA). Matrix homeostasis is disturbed in OA cartilage as the result of reduced production of cartilage-specific matrix and increased secretion of catabolic mediators by chondrocytes. Chondrocyte senescence is a crucial cellular event contributing to such imbalance in matrix metabolism during OA development. Here, we identify miR-204 as a markedly up-regulated microRNA in OA cartilage. miR-204 is induced by transcription factors GATA4 and NF-κB in response to senescence signals. Up-regulated miR-204 simultaneously targets multiple components of the sulfated proteoglycan (PG) biosynthesis pathway, effectively shutting down PG anabolism. Ectopic expression of miR-204 in joints triggers spontaneous cartilage loss and OA development, whereas miR-204 inhibition ameliorates experimental OA, with concomitant recovery of PG synthesis and suppression of inflammatory senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factors in cartilage. Collectively, we unravel a stress-activated senescence pathway that underlies disrupted matrix homeostasis in OA cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghyun Kang
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, 08826 Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jungkwon Shin
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, 08826 Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yongsik Cho
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, 08826 Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeon-Seop Kim
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, 08826 Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Ran Gu
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, 08826 Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Haedong Kim
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, 08826 Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kwon Tae You
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, 08826 Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Moon Jong Chang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Boramae Hospital, 07061 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chong Bum Chang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Boramae Hospital, 07061 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Baik Kang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Boramae Hospital, 07061 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong-Seo Kim
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, 08826 Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, South Korea
| | - V Narry Kim
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, 08826 Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin-Hong Kim
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, 08826 Seoul, South Korea. .,Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, South Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, South Korea
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6
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Integrated On-Chip 3D Vascular Network Culture under Hypoxia. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11050475. [PMID: 32365889 PMCID: PMC7281659 DOI: 10.3390/mi11050475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We developed a portable device made of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)/polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) for long-term 3D cell culture of vascular endothelial cells for the development of a vascular network and evaluated the device under different transitions between normoxia and hypoxia with good optical accessibility. The combination of a nested reservoir device and a bicarbonate/ascorbate buffer system accomplished on-chip incubation with 4.91 ± 0.86% pO2 and 5.19 ± 1.70% pCO2 for up to 10 days. Seventy-two hours of normoxic incubation preceding hypoxic culture increased the cell viability, network formation, and size and stability of the resulting lumens compared with those completely maintained in normoxia for the same total duration. We employed different parameters of the network (e.g., total mesh area, total length, number of branches, among others) for the comparison of different oxygen treatments in the device. The differential effect of hypoxic conditions based on the maturity of the vessels may be used as an external factor to improve vascular development in vitro.
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7
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Abstract
The survival, proliferation, and differentiation of cells in culture are determined not only by their intrinsic potential but also by cues provided by the permissive or restrictive microenvironment in which they reside. The robustness and reproducibility of cell culture assays and endpoints relies on the stability of that microenvironment and vigilant attention to the control of variables that affect cell behavior during culture. These often underappreciated variables include, but are not limited to, medium pH and buffering, osmolarity, composition of the gas phase, the timing and periodicity of refeeding and subculture, and the impact of fluctuations in temperature and gas phase composition on frequent opening and closing of incubator doors. This chapter briefly describes the impact of these and other variables on the behavior of cultured cells.
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8
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Rivera KR, Pozdin VA, Young AT, Erb PD, Wisniewski NA, Magness ST, Daniele M. Integrated phosphorescence-based photonic biosensor (iPOB) for monitoring oxygen levels in 3D cell culture systems. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 123:131-140. [PMID: 30060990 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Physiological processes, such as respiration, circulation, digestion, and many pathologies alter oxygen concentration in the blood and tissue. When designing culture systems to recapitulate the in vivo oxygen environment, it is important to integrate systems for monitoring and controlling oxygen concentration. Herein, we report the design and engineering of a system to remotely monitor and control oxygen concentration inside a device for 3D cell culture. We integrate a photonic oxygen biosensor into the 3D tissue scaffold and regulate oxygen concentration via the control of purging gas flow. The integrated phosphorescence-based oxygen biosensor employs the quenching of palladium-benzoporphyrin by molecular oxygen to transduce the local oxygen concentration in the 3D tissue scaffold. The system is validated by testing the effects of normoxic and hypoxic culture conditions on healthy and tumorigenic breast epithelial cells, MCF-10A cells and BT474 cells, respectively. Under hypoxic conditions, both cell types exhibited upregulation of downstream target genes for the hypoxia marker gene, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1A). Lastly, by monitoring the real-time fluctuation of oxygen concentration, we illustrated the formation of hypoxic culture conditions due to limited diffusion of oxygen through 3D tissue scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina R Rivera
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 911 Oval Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Vladimir A Pozdin
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, 890 Oval Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Ashlyn T Young
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 911 Oval Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Patrick D Erb
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 911 Oval Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | | | - Scott T Magness
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 911 Oval Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Michael Daniele
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 911 Oval Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, 890 Oval Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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9
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Hynes J, Carey C, Will Y. Fluorescence‐Based Microplate Assays for In Vitro Assessment of Mitochondrial Toxicity, Metabolic Perturbation, and Cellular Oxygenation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 70:2.16.1-2.16.30. [DOI: 10.1002/cptx.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James Hynes
- Luxcel Biosciences, BioInnovation Centre, University College Cork Cork Ireland
| | - Conn Carey
- Luxcel Biosciences, BioInnovation Centre, University College Cork Cork Ireland
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10
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Rezaei Kolahchi A, Khadem Mohtaram N, Pezeshgi Modarres H, Mohammadi MH, Geraili A, Jafari P, Akbari M, Sanati-Nezhad A. Microfluidic-Based Multi-Organ Platforms for Drug Discovery. MICROMACHINES 2016; 7:E162. [PMID: 30404334 PMCID: PMC6189912 DOI: 10.3390/mi7090162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Development of predictive multi-organ models before implementing costly clinical trials is central for screening the toxicity, efficacy, and side effects of new therapeutic agents. Despite significant efforts that have been recently made to develop biomimetic in vitro tissue models, the clinical application of such platforms is still far from reality. Recent advances in physiologically-based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PBPK-PD) modeling, micro- and nanotechnology, and in silico modeling have enabled single- and multi-organ platforms for investigation of new chemical agents and tissue-tissue interactions. This review provides an overview of the principles of designing microfluidic-based organ-on-chip models for drug testing and highlights current state-of-the-art in developing predictive multi-organ models for studying the cross-talk of interconnected organs. We further discuss the challenges associated with establishing a predictive body-on-chip (BOC) model such as the scaling, cell types, the common medium, and principles of the study design for characterizing the interaction of drugs with multiple targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Rezaei Kolahchi
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Nima Khadem Mohtaram
- Laboratory for Innovations in MicroEngineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada.
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Hassan Pezeshgi Modarres
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Mohammad Hossein Mohammadi
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran 11155-9516, Iran.
| | - Armin Geraili
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran 11155-9516, Iran.
| | - Parya Jafari
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran 11155-9516, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Akbari
- Laboratory for Innovations in MicroEngineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada.
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada.
| | - Amir Sanati-Nezhad
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
- Center for Bioengineering Research and Education, Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
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11
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Ciapetti G, Granchi D, Fotia C, Savarino L, Dallari D, Del Piccolo N, Donati DM, Baldini N. Effects of hypoxia on osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells used as a cell therapy for avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Cytotherapy 2016; 18:1087-99. [PMID: 27421741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Avascular necrosis of the femoral head (AVN) occurs as common result of various conditions or develops as a primary entity, with a high freqency in young adults. Because of its tendency toward osteoarthritis requiring total hip arthroplasty, alternative treatments are being advocated, including cell therapy with mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). Because osteonecrotic bone is a severely hypoxic tissue, with a 1-3% oxygen tension, the survival and function of multipotent cells is questionable. METHODS In this study, the proliferative, immunophenotypic and osteogenic properties of bone marrow (BM)-derived MSCs from a clinical series of patients with AVN were evaluated under in vitro conditions mimicking the hypoxic milieu of AVN to verify the rationale for cell therapy. MSCs retrieved from the iliac crest (BM-MSC) were isolated, expanded and induced to osteogenic differentiation under a 2% pO2 atmosphere (hypoxia) in comparison with the standard 21% pO2 (normoxia) that is routinely used in cell culture assays. RESULTS Both proliferation and colony-forming ability were significantly enhanced in hypoxia-exposed BM-MSCs compared with BM-MSCs under normoxia. The expression of bone-related genes, including alkaline phosphatase, Type I collagen, and osteocalcin was significantly increased under hypoxia. Moreover, mineral deposition after osteogenic induction was not hampered, but in some cases even enhanced under low oxygen tension. CONCLUSIONS These findings support autologous cell therapy as an effective treatment to stimulate bone healing in the hypoxic microenvironment of AVN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Ciapetti
- Orthopedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Donatella Granchi
- Orthopedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Caterina Fotia
- Orthopedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucia Savarino
- Orthopedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Dante Dallari
- Conservative Orthopaedic Surgery and Innovative Techniques, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicola Del Piccolo
- Conservative Orthopaedic Surgery and Innovative Techniques, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Davide Maria Donati
- 3rd Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Clinic, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicola Baldini
- Orthopedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
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12
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Jagannathan L, Cuddapah S, Costa M. Oxidative stress under ambient and physiological oxygen tension in tissue culture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 2:64-72. [PMID: 27034917 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-016-0050-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen (O2) levels range from 2-9% in vivo. However, cell culture experiments are performed at atmospheric O2 levels (21%). Oxidative stress due to generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells cultured at higher than physiological levels is implicated in multitude of deleterious effects including DNA damage, genomic instability and senescence. In addition, oxidative stress activates redox sensitive transcription factors related to inflammatory signaling and apoptotic signaling. Furthermore, several chromatin-modifying enzymes are affected by ROS, potentially impacting epigenetic regulation of gene expression. While primary cells are cultured at lower O2 levels due to their inability to grow at higher O2, the immortalized cells, which display no such apparent growth difficulties, are typically cultured at 21% O2. This review will provide an overview of issues associated with increased oxygen levels in in vitro cell culture and point out the benefits of using lower levels of oxygen tension even for immortalized cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmanan Jagannathan
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, NY 10987
| | - Suresh Cuddapah
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, NY 10987
| | - Max Costa
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, NY 10987
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13
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Yao B, Huang S, Gao D, Xie J, Liu N, Fu X. Age-associated changes in regenerative capabilities of mesenchymal stem cell: impact on chronic wounds repair. Int Wound J 2015; 13:1252-1259. [PMID: 26424496 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.12491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent an ideal source of autologous cell-based therapy for chronic wounds. Functional characteristics of MSCs may benefit wound healing by exerting their multi-regenerative potential. However, cell ageing resulting from chronic degenerative diseases or donor age could cause inevitable effects on the regenerative abilities of MSCs. A variety of studies have shown the relationship between MSC ageing and age-related dysfunction, but few associate these age-related impacts on MSCs with their ability of repairing chronic wounds, which are common in the elderly population. Here, we discuss the age-associated changes of MSCs and describe the potential impacts on MSC-based therapy for chronic wounds. Furthermore, critical evaluation of the current literatures is necessary for understanding the underlying mechanisms of MSC ageing and raising the corresponding concerns on considering their possible use for chronic wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yao
- Key Laboratory of Wound Repair and Regeneration of PLA, The First Affiliated Hospital, General Hospital of PLA, Trauma Center of Postgraduate Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China.,School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Sha Huang
- Key Laboratory of Wound Repair and Regeneration of PLA, The First Affiliated Hospital, General Hospital of PLA, Trauma Center of Postgraduate Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China.,Wound Healing and Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, P. R. China.,Hainan Branch of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Sanya, P. R. China
| | - Dongyun Gao
- Key Laboratory of Wound Repair and Regeneration of PLA, The First Affiliated Hospital, General Hospital of PLA, Trauma Center of Postgraduate Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China.,Department of Oncology, Dongtai People's Hospital, Dongtai, P. R. China
| | - Jiangfan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Wound Repair and Regeneration of PLA, The First Affiliated Hospital, General Hospital of PLA, Trauma Center of Postgraduate Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China.,Graduate School of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Nanbo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Wound Repair and Regeneration of PLA, The First Affiliated Hospital, General Hospital of PLA, Trauma Center of Postgraduate Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China.,Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobing Fu
- Key Laboratory of Wound Repair and Regeneration of PLA, The First Affiliated Hospital, General Hospital of PLA, Trauma Center of Postgraduate Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China.,Wound Healing and Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, P. R. China
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14
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Bakmiwewa SM, Heng B, Guillemin GJ, Ball HJ, Hunt NH. An effective, low-cost method for achieving and maintaining hypoxia during cell culture studies. Biotechniques 2015; 59:223-4, 226, 228-9. [PMID: 26458550 DOI: 10.2144/000114341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report a simple new method for exposing cells to normoxic and hypoxic conditions using vacuum bags, normally employed for food storage, to establish and maintain low oxygen levels in vitro. Vacuum bags were gassed with a mixture containing specified levels of oxygen, then sealed, creating a hypoxic microenvironment for cells cultured in flasks placed therein. Oxygen levels in the gas mixture and culture medium in flasks inside the sealed bags equilibrated after two hours of incubation. The vacuum bags maintained low oxygen levels (either <2% or 5%) in medium for at least 4 days. Human fetal astrocytes grew normally in flasks for at least 4 days in a 5% oxygen/ 5% CO2/ 90% nitrogen atmosphere, but viability decreased at <2% oxygen. Vacuum bags can accommodate varying oxygen levels that would otherwise require systems with separate chambers or modules, but are less useful when repeated experimental manipulations of individual cultures are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supun M Bakmiwewa
- Molecular Immunopathology Unit, Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Benjamin Heng
- The Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- The Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Helen J Ball
- Molecular Immunopathology Unit, Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nicholas H Hunt
- Molecular Immunopathology Unit, Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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15
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Lloyd D, Williams CF. Avoid Excessive Oxygen Levels in Experiments with Organisms, Tissues and Cells. Adv Microb Physiol 2015; 67:293-314. [PMID: 26616520 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
O2 levels encountered in vivo in cells and tissues are almost always at least an order of magnitude less than atmospheric pO2 because of sensing, signalling and bioenergetic demand. Although deleterious reactions are minimized by protective mechanisms (residual toxic products scavenged and detoxified) ambient levels should be mimicked in experiments with whole organisms, their isolated organs, tissues or cells and also with cultures of cell lines. These are also important issues for microorganisms inhabiting low O2 niches within higher organisms and their cells. Here, we highlight the importance of optimization of micro-aerobic conditions for experimentation and the deleterious consequences of not doing so.
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16
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Dmitriev RI, Borisov SM, Kondrashina AV, Pakan JMP, Anilkumar U, Prehn JHM, Zhdanov AV, McDermott KW, Klimant I, Papkovsky DB. Imaging oxygen in neural cell and tissue models by means of anionic cell-permeable phosphorescent nanoparticles. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:367-81. [PMID: 25006059 PMCID: PMC11113450 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1673-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cell-permeable phosphorescent probes enable the study of cell and tissue oxygenation, bioenergetics, metabolism, and pathological states such as stroke and hypoxia. A number of such probes have been described in recent years, the majority consisting of cationic small molecule and nanoparticle structures. While these probes continue to advance, adequate staining for the study of certain cell types using live imaging techniques remains elusive; this is particularly true for neural cells. Here we introduce novel probes for the analysis of neural cells and tissues: negatively charged poly(methyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid)-based nanoparticles impregnated with a phosphorescent Pt(II)-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin (PtPFPP) dye (this form is referred to as PA1), and with an additional reference/antennae dye poly(9,9-diheptylfluorene-alt-9,9-di-p-tolyl-9H-fluorene) (this form is referred to as PA2). PA1 and PA2 are internalised by endocytosis, result in efficient staining in primary neurons, astrocytes, and PC12 cells and multi-cellular aggregates, and allow for the monitoring of local O(2) levels on a time-resolved fluorescence plate reader and PLIM microscope. PA2 also efficiently stains rat brain slices and permits detailed O(2) imaging experiments using both one and two-photon intensity-based modes and PLIM modes. Multiplexed analysis of embryonic rat brain slices reveals age-dependent staining patterns for PA2 and a highly heterogeneous distribution of O(2) in tissues, which we relate to the localisation of specific progenitor cell populations. Overall, these anionic probes are useful for sensing O(2) levels in various cells and tissues, particularly in neural cells, and facilitate high-resolution imaging of O(2) in 3D tissue models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruslan I Dmitriev
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,
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17
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Hynes J, Carey C. High-throughput real-time analysis of cell oxygenation using intracellular oxygen-sensitive probes. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1264:203-217. [PMID: 25631016 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2257-4_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of in situ oxygenation of cells in 2D and 3D cultures offers important insights into the impact of oxygen on cellular function. Here we outline how such measurements can be performed in 2D cultures of adherent cells and also in cells cultured on 3D scaffolds. Measurements are performed on conventional time-resolved fluorescence plate readers using the intracellular oxygen-sensitive probe MitoXpress(®)-Intra. We also illustrate how the impact of drug treatment on cell oxygenation can be assessed and how the link between oxygenation and glycolytic metabolism can be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Hynes
- Luxcel Biosciences Ltd., BioInnovation Centre, UCC, Western Gateway Building, Office 204, Cork, Ireland,
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18
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Duss S, Brinkhaus H, Britschgi A, Cabuy E, Frey DM, Schaefer DJ, Bentires-Alj M. Mesenchymal precursor cells maintain the differentiation and proliferation potentials of breast epithelial cells. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 16:R60. [PMID: 24916766 PMCID: PMC4095576 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stromal-epithelial interactions play a fundamental role in tissue homeostasis, controlling cell proliferation and differentiation. Not surprisingly, aberrant stromal-epithelial interactions contribute to malignancies. Studies of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these interactions require ex vivo experimental model systems that recapitulate the complexity of human tissue without compromising the differentiation and proliferation potentials of human primary cells. METHODS We isolated and characterized human breast epithelial and mesenchymal precursors from reduction mammoplasty tissue and tagged them with lentiviral vectors. We assembled heterotypic co-cultures and compared mesenchymal and epithelial cells to cells in corresponding monocultures by analyzing growth, differentiation potentials, and gene expression profiles. RESULTS We show that heterotypic culture of non-immortalized human primary breast epithelial and mesenchymal precursors maintains their proliferation and differentiation potentials and constrains their growth. We further describe the gene expression profiles of stromal and epithelial cells in co-cultures and monocultures and show increased expression of the tumor growth factor beta (TGFβ) family member inhibin beta A (INHBA) in mesenchymal cells grown as co-cultures compared with monocultures. Notably, overexpression of INHBA in mesenchymal cells increases colony formation potential of epithelial cells, suggesting that it contributes to the dynamic reciprocity between breast mesenchymal and epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS The described heterotypic co-culture system will prove useful for further characterization of the molecular mechanisms mediating interactions between human normal or neoplastic breast epithelial cells and the stroma, and will provide a framework to test the relevance of the ever-increasing number of oncogenomic alterations identified in human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Duss
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Mechanisms of Cancer, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Heike Brinkhaus
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Mechanisms of Cancer, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Britschgi
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Mechanisms of Cancer, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Erik Cabuy
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Mechanisms of Cancer, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel M Frey
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dirk J Schaefer
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mohamed Bentires-Alj
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Mechanisms of Cancer, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
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19
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Moraes C, Labuz JM, Leung BM, Inoue M, Chun TH, Takayama S. On being the right size: scaling effects in designing a human-on-a-chip. Integr Biol (Camb) 2014; 5:1149-61. [PMID: 23925524 DOI: 10.1039/c3ib40040a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Developing a human-on-a-chip by connecting multiple model organ systems would provide an intermediate screen for therapeutic efficacy and toxic side effects of drugs prior to conducting expensive clinical trials. However, correctly designing individual organs and scaling them relative to each other to make a functional microscale human analog is challenging, and a generalized approach has yet to be identified. In this work, we demonstrate the importance of rational design of both the individual organ and its relationship with other organs, using a simple two-compartment system simulating insulin-dependent glucose uptake in adipose tissues. We demonstrate that inter-organ scaling laws depend on both the number of cells and the spatial arrangement of those cells within the microfabricated construct. We then propose a simple and novel inter-organ 'metabolically supported functional scaling' approach predicated on maintaining in vivo cellular basal metabolic rates by limiting resources available to cells on the chip. This approach leverages findings from allometric scaling models in mammals that limited resources in vivo prompt cells to behave differently than in resource-rich in vitro cultures. Although applying scaling laws directly to tissues can result in systems that would be quite challenging to implement, engineering workarounds may be used to circumvent these scaling issues. Specific workarounds discussed include the limited oxygen carrying capacity of cell culture media when used as a blood substitute and the ability to engineer non-physiological structures to augment organ function, to create the transport-accessible, yet resource-limited environment necessary for cells to mimic in vivo functionality. Furthermore, designing the structure of individual tissues in each organ compartment may be a useful strategy to bypass scaling concerns at the inter-organ level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Moraes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, 2200 Bonisteel Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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20
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Frazier TP, McLachlan JB, Gimble JM, Tucker HA, Rowan BG. Human adipose-derived stromal/stem cells induce functional CD4+CD25+FoxP3+CD127- regulatory T cells under low oxygen culture conditions. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:968-77. [PMID: 24405386 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adipose tissue stromal/stem cells (ASCs) are known to induce proliferation of resting T cells under ambient (21%) O2 conditions; however, ASCs exist physiologically under lower oxygen (5% O2) conditions in adipose tissue. The effects of low oxygen levels on ASC immunomodulation of T cells are unknown. In this study, we show that ASCs stimulated proliferation of naive CD4(+) T cells and the percentage of CD25(+) T cells was significantly increased under both low and ambient O2. Forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) mRNA expression were significantly increased when ASCs were cocultured with CD4(+) T cells under low compared with ambient O2 conditions. The low O2-induced regulatory T cells (iTregs) exhibited functionality when added to mixed lymphocyte reactions as demonstrated by inhibition of peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation, and by >300-fold increase in FoxP3 mRNA, and >2-fold increase in TGF-β mRNA expression. These results demonstrate that under physiologically relevant low O2 conditions, direct contact of human ASCs with naive CD4(+) T cells induced functional iTregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trivia P Frazier
- 1 Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University , New Orleans, Louisiana
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21
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Dmitriev RI, Kondrashina AV, Koren K, Klimant I, Zhdanov AV, Pakan JMP, McDermott KW, Papkovsky DB. Small molecule phosphorescent probes for O2imaging in 3D tissue models. Biomater Sci 2014; 2:853-866. [DOI: 10.1039/c3bm60272a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PtPFPP-carbohydrate conjugates are promising O2probes for 3D PLIM imaging of live spheroids and brain explants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Klaus Koren
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ingo Klimant
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz, Austria
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22
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Choo KB, Tai L, Hymavathee KS, Wong CY, Nguyen PNN, Huang CJ, Cheong SK, Kamarul T. Oxidative stress-induced premature senescence in Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Int J Med Sci 2014; 11:1201-7. [PMID: 25249788 PMCID: PMC4166865 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.8356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND On in vitro expansion for therapeutic purposes, the regenerative potentials of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) decline and rapidly enter pre-mature senescence probably involving oxidative stress. To develop strategies to prevent or slow down the decline of regenerative potentials in MSC culture, it is important to first address damages caused by oxidative stress-induced premature senescence (OSIPS). However, most existing OSIPS study models involve either long-term culture to achieve growth arrest or immediate growth arrest post oxidative agent treatment and are unsuitable for post-induction studies. METHODS In this work, we aimed to establish an OSIPS model of MSCs derived from Wharton's Jelly by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatment. RESULTS The optimal H2O2 concentration was determined to be 200 µM to achieve OSIPS when MSC reached growth arrest in 3 to 4 passages post-H2O2 treatment. H2O2-treated cells became heterogeneous in morphology, and were irregularly enlarged and flattened with granular cytoplasm. The cells were stained positive for SA-β-galactosidase, a senescence marker, and were shown to express elevated levels of other well-characterized senescence molecular markers, including p53, p21, p16 and lysosomal β-galactosidase (GLB1) in real-time RT-PCR analysis. The OSIPS-like features were confirmed with three independent WJ-MSC lines. CONCLUSION The establishment of an OSIPS model of WJ-MSC is a first step for subsequent investigation on molecular mechanisms of senescence and for screening potential anti-oxidative agents to delay or revert stressed-induced senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kong Bung Choo
- 1. Centre for Stem Cell Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Selangor, Malaysia; ; 2. Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lihui Tai
- 1. Centre for Stem Cell Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - K Shri Hymavathee
- 1. Centre for Stem Cell Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Chiu-Jung Huang
- 4. Department of Animal Science & Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Soon Keng Cheong
- 1. Centre for Stem Cell Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Selangor, Malaysia; ; 5. Dean's Office, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tunku Kamarul
- 6. Tissue Engineering Group, National Orthopaedic Centre of Excellence for Research and Learning, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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23
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Cell shape and cardiosphere differentiation: a revelation by proteomic profiling. Biochem Res Int 2013; 2013:730874. [PMID: 24073335 PMCID: PMC3773893 DOI: 10.1155/2013/730874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells (embryonic stem cells, somatic stem cells such as neural stem cells, and cardiac stem cells) and cancer cells are known to aggregate and form spheroid structures. This behavior is common in undifferentiated cells and may be necessary for adapting to certain conditions such as low-oxygen levels or to maintain undifferentiated status in microenvironments including stem cell niches. In order to decipher the meaning of this spheroid structure, we established a cardiosphere clone (CSC-21E) derived from the rat heart which can switch its morphology between spheroid and nonspheroid. Two forms, floating cardiospheres and dish-attached flat cells, could be switched reversibly by changing the cell culture condition. We performed differential proteome analysis studies and obtained protein profiles distinct between spherical forms and flat cells. From protein profiling analysis, we found upregulation of glycolytic enzymes in spheroids with some stress proteins switched in expression levels between these two forms. Evidence has been accumulating that certain chaperone/stress proteins are upregulated in concert with cellular changes including proliferation and differentiation. We would like to discuss the possible mechanism of how these aggregates affect cell differentiation and/or other cellular functions.
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24
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Guo CW, Kawakatsu M, Idemitsu M, Urata Y, Goto S, Ono Y, Hamano K, Li TS. Culture under low physiological oxygen conditions improves the stemness and quality of induced pluripotent stem cells. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:2159-66. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Wan Guo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - Miho Kawakatsu
- Department of Stem Cell Biology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - Marie Idemitsu
- Department of Stem Cell Biology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - Yoshishige Urata
- Department of Stem Cell Biology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - Shinji Goto
- Department of Stem Cell Biology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - Yusuke Ono
- Department of Stem Cell Biology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - Kimikazu Hamano
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Sciences; Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine; Ube, Yamaguchi Japan
| | - Tao-Sheng Li
- Department of Stem Cell Biology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
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25
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Estrada JC, Torres Y, Benguría A, Dopazo A, Roche E, Carrera-Quintanar L, Pérez RA, Enríquez JA, Torres R, Ramírez JC, Samper E, Bernad A. Human mesenchymal stem cell-replicative senescence and oxidative stress are closely linked to aneuploidy. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e691. [PMID: 23807220 PMCID: PMC3702285 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In most clinical trials, human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are expanded in vitro before implantation. The genetic stability of human stem cells is critical for their clinical use. However, the relationship between stem-cell expansion and genetic stability is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that within the normal expansion period, hMSC cultures show a high percentage of aneuploid cells that progressively increases until senescence. Despite this accumulation, we show that in a heterogeneous culture the senescence-prone hMSC subpopulation has a lower proliferation potential and a higher incidence of aneuploidy than the non-senescent subpopulation. We further show that senescence is linked to a novel transcriptional signature that includes a set of genes implicated in ploidy control. Overexpression of the telomerase catalytic subunit (human telomerase reverse transcriptase, hTERT) inhibited senescence, markedly reducing the levels of aneuploidy and preventing the dysregulation of ploidy-controlling genes. hMSC-replicative senescence was accompanied by an increase in oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and oxidative stress, but in long-term cultures that overexpress hTERT, these parameters were maintained at basal levels, comparable to unmodified hMSCs at initial passages. We therefore propose that hTERT contributes to genetic stability through its classical telomere maintenance function and also by reducing the levels of oxidative stress, possibly, by controlling mitochondrial physiology. Finally, we propose that aneuploidy is a relevant factor in the induction of senescence and should be assessed in hMSCs before their clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Estrada
- Department of Cardiovascular Development and Repair, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid, Spain
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26
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Bath C. Human corneal epithelial subpopulations: oxygen dependent ex vivo expansion and transcriptional profiling. Acta Ophthalmol 2013; 91 Thesis 4:1-34. [PMID: 23732018 DOI: 10.1111/aos.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Corneal epithelium is being regenerated throughout life by limbal epithelial stem cells (LESCs) believed to be located in histologically defined stem cell niches in corneal limbus. Defective or dysfunctional LESCs result in limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) causing pain and decreased visual acuity. Since the first successful treatment of LSCD by transplantation of ex vivo expanded LESCs in 1997, many attempts have been carried out to optimize culture conditions to improve the outcome of surgery. To date, progress in this field of bioengineering is substantially hindered by both the lack of specific biomarkers of LESCs and the lack of a precise molecular characterization of in situ epithelial subpopulations. The aim of this dissertation was to optimize culture systems with regard to the environmental oxygen concentration for selective ex vivo expansion of LESCs and to analyse in situ subpopulations in human corneal epithelium using a combination of laser capture microdissection and RNA sequencing for global transcriptomic profiling. We compared dissociation cultures, using either expansion on γ-irradiated NIH/3T3 feeder cells in serum-rich medium or expansion directly on plastic in serum-free EpiLife medium, using a range of physiologically relevant oxygen concentrations (2%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%). Using immunocytochemistry and advanced fluorescence microscopy, cells were characterized regarding growth, cell cycle distribution, colony-forming efficiency (CFE), phenotypes and cytomorphometry. Limbal epithelial cells expanded in 2% O2 exhibited slow growth, low fraction of cells in S/G2 , high CFE, high expression of stem cell markers ABCG2 and p63α, and low fraction of differentiation marker CK3 resembling a LESC phenotype. The effect of hypoxia to maintain LESCs in culture was not dependent on the system used for propagation (Bath et al. 2013a). Laser capture microdissection was used to isolate cellular subpopulations in situ from the spatially defined differentiation pathway in human corneal epithelium according to an optimized protocol for maintenance of expression profiles. Isolated total RNA from basal limbal crypts (BLCs), superficial limbal crypts (SLCs), paracentral/central cornea and limbal stroma was amplified and converted to fragmented cDNA libraries for use in deep paired-end next-generation sequencing. Global transcriptional profiling was carried out using bioinformatics. The location of primitive cells in BLCs, migratory and activated cells in SLCs and differentiated cells in paracentral/central cornea was evident from mapping of significantly upregulated genes in each compartment to the gene ontology (GO). Interestingly, many GO terms in BLCs were also involved in neurogenic processes, whereas many GO terms in SLCs were related to vasculature. Mapping upregulated genes in BLCs to pathway annotations in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes described many active pathways as signalling and cancer-associated pathways. We supply extensive information on possible novel biomarkers, reveal insight into both active pathways and novel regulators of LESCs such as Lrig1 and SOX9 and provide an immense amount of data for future exploration (Bath et al. 2013b). Selective ex vivo expansion of LESCs in hypoxia and the comprehensive molecular characterization of corneal epithelial subpopulations in situ are expected to be beneficial for the future treatment of LSCD by cultured limbal epithelial transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Bath
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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Abstract
The semi-conservative nature of DNA replication has suggested that identical DNA molecules within chromatids are inherited by daughter cells after cell division. Numerous reports of non-random DNA segregation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes suggest that this is not always the case, and that epigenetic marks on chromatids, if not the individual DNA strands themselves, could have distinct signatures. Their selective distribution to daughter cells provides a novel mechanism for gene and cell fate regulation by segregating chromatids asymmetrically. Here we highlight some examples and potential mechanisms that can regulate this process. We propose that cellular asymmetry is inherently present during each cell division, and that it provides an opportunity during each cell cycle for moderating cell fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siham Yennek
- Institut Pasteur, Stem Cells & Development, Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, CNRS URA 2578, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, Paris F-75015, France
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Abstract
Although advances in genomics during the last decade have opened new avenues for translational research and allowed the direct evaluation of clinical samples, there is still a need for reliable preclinical models to test therapeutic strategies. Human cancer-derived cell lines are the most widely used models to study the biology of cancer and to test hypotheses to improve the efficacy of cancer treatment. Since the development of the first cancer cell line, the clinical relevance of these models has been continuously questioned. Based upon recent studies that have fueled the debate, we review the major events in the development of the in vitro models and the emergence of new technologies that have revealed important issues and limitations concerning human cancer cell lines as models. All cancer cell lines do not have equal value as tumor models. Some have been successful, whereas others have failed. However, the success stories should not obscure the growing body of data that motivates us to develop new in vitro preclinical models that would substantially increase the success rate of new in vitro-assessed cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Gillet
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, 37 Convent Dr, Rm 2108, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Bath C, Yang S, Muttuvelu D, Fink T, Emmersen J, Vorum H, Hjortdal J, Zachar V. Hypoxia is a key regulator of limbal epithelial stem cell growth and differentiation. Stem Cell Res 2013; 10:349-60. [PMID: 23435010 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether the growth and differentiation of limbal epithelial stem cell cultures could be controlled through manipulation of the oxygen tension. Limbal epithelial cells were isolated from corneoscleral disks, and cultured using either feeder cells in a growth medium supplemented with serum (3T3 system) or without feeder cells in a dedicated serum-free medium (EpiLife). During the culture, the cells were maintained either at ambient oxygen tension (20%) or at different levels of hypoxia (15, 10, 5, and 2% oxygen). The effect of oxygen on cell growth, progression through cell cycle, colony forming efficiency (CFE), and expression of stem cell (ABCG2 and p63α) and differentiation (CK3) markers was determined throughout the culture period of up to 18 days. Low oxygen levels favored a stem cell phenotype with a lower proliferative rate, high CFE, and a relatively higher expression of ABCG2 and p63α, while higher levels of oxygen led not only to decreased CFE but also to increased proportion of differentiated cells positive for CK3. Hypoxic cultures may thus potentially improve stem cell grafts for cultured limbal epithelial transplantation (CLET).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Bath
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aalborg University Hospital, 9100 Aalborg, and Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonore A Herzenberg
- Genetics Department, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Quantitative model of cell cycle arrest and cellular senescence in primary human fibroblasts. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42150. [PMID: 22879912 PMCID: PMC3413708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary human fibroblasts in tissue culture undergo a limited number of cell divisions before entering a non-replicative “senescent” state. At early population doublings (PD), fibroblasts are proliferation-competent displaying exponential growth. During further cell passaging, an increasing number of cells become cell cycle arrested and finally senescent. This transition from proliferating to senescent cells is driven by a number of endogenous and exogenous stress factors. Here, we have developed a new quantitative model for the stepwise transition from proliferating human fibroblasts (P) via reversibly cell cycle arrested (C) to irreversibly arrested senescent cells (S). In this model, the transition from P to C and to S is driven by a stress function γ and a cellular stress response function F which describes the time-delayed cellular response to experimentally induced irradiation stress. The application of this model based on senescence marker quantification at the single-cell level allowed to discriminate between the cellular states P, C, and S and delivers the transition rates between the P, C and S states for different human fibroblast cell types. Model-derived quantification unexpectedly revealed significant differences in the stress response of different fibroblast cell lines. Evaluating marker specificity, we found that SA-β-Gal is a good quantitative marker for cellular senescence in WI-38 and BJ cells, however much less so in MRC-5 cells. Furthermore we found that WI-38 cells are more sensitive to stress than BJ and MRC-5 cells. Thus, the explicit separation of stress induction from the cellular stress response, and the differentiation between three cellular states P, C and S allows for the first time to quantitatively assess the response of primary human fibroblasts towards endogenous and exogenous stress during cellular ageing.
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Translational research in immune senescence: assessing the relevance of current models. Semin Immunol 2012; 24:373-82. [PMID: 22633440 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Advancing age is accompanied by profound changes in immune function; some are induced by the loss of critical niches that support development of naïve cells (e.g. thymic involution), others by the intrinsic physiology of long-lived cells attempting to maintain homeostasis, still others by extrinsic effects such as oxidative stress or long-term exposure to antigen due to persistent viral infections. Once compensatory mechanisms can no longer maintain a youthful phenotype the end result is the immune senescent milieu - one characterized by chronic, low grade, systemic inflammation and impaired responses to immune challenge, particularly when encountering new antigens. This state is associated with progression of chronic illnesses like atherosclerosis and dementia, and an increased risk of acute illness, disability and death in older adults. The complex interaction between immune senescence and chronic illness provides an ideal landscape for translational research with the potential to greatly affect human health. However, current animal models and even human investigative strategies for immune senescence have marked limitations, and the reductionist paradigm itself may be poorly suited to meet these challenges. A new paradigm, one that embraces complexity as a core feature of research in older adults is required to address the critical health issues facing the burgeoning senior population, the group that consumes the majority of healthcare resources. In this review, we outline the major advantages and limitations of current models and offer suggestions for how to move forward.
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Reference gene validation for qPCR on normoxia- and hypoxia-cultured human dermal fibroblasts exposed to UVA: Is β-actin a reliable normalizer for photoaging studies? J Biotechnol 2011; 156:153-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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