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Ahmadimoghaddam D, Sadeghian R, Ranjbar A, Izadidastenaei Z, Mohammadi S. Antinociceptive activity of Cnicus benedictus L. leaf extract: a mechanistic evaluation. Res Pharm Sci 2020; 15:463-472. [PMID: 33628288 PMCID: PMC7879793 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.297849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose: Cnicus benedictus, a medicinal herb, traditionally had been used for the treatment of stomachache pain. In this study, the possible efficacy of Cnicus benedictus leaf methanolic extract (CBHE) and also cnicin, one of its major constituents, was measured on pain. Experimental approach: In this study, pain assessment tests include writhing, tail-flick (TF), and formalin- induced paw licking test (FIPLT) were used. To understand the possible mediated anti-nociceptive mechanism of CBHE, the opioid mechanism(s), and involvement of the L-arginine/ nitric oxide/cGMP/ATP-sensitive potassium channel pathway (LNCaP) were scrutinized. Findings/Results: In TF and writhing tests, CBHE (150 and 300 mg/kg, i.p) remarkably exhibited an anti-nociceptive effect compared to that of the control. Furthermore, CBHE (150 and 300 mg/kg, i.p) in comparison with the control showed a noteworthy anti-nociceptive effect (P < 0.01) in the tonic phase of FIPLT. In the writhing test, administration of selective opioid antagonist (naltrindole, nor-binaltorphimine, and naloxonazine) attenuated the anti-nociceptive effect of CBHE (300 mg/kg) in comparison with control. Moreover, pre-treatment with Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride, L-arginine hydrochloride, and glibenclamide significantly blocked the CBHE (300 mg/kg) anti-nociception (P < 0.05) while administration of sodium nitroprusside remarkably potentiated (P < 0.05) the antinociception induced by CBHE in the tonic phase of the FIPLT. Besides, cnicin (30 mg/kg) showed noteworthy anti-nociceptive effects in writhing, TF, and FIPLT paradigms. Conclusion and implications: Taken together, we elucidate that both CBHE and cnicin demonstrated antinociceptive effects in behavioral tests. The possible mechanisms of CBHE antinociception may involve in various neural signaling and modulatory pathways including LNCaP and opioidergic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davoud Ahmadimoghaddam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, I.R. Iran.,Medicinal Plants and Natural Products Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, I.R. Iran
| | - Reihaneh Sadeghian
- Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, I.R. Iran.,Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, I.R. Iran
| | - Akram Ranjbar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, I.R. Iran.,Medicinal Plants and Natural Products Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, I.R. Iran
| | - Zohreh Izadidastenaei
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, I.R. Iran
| | - Saeed Mohammadi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, I.R. Iran.,Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, I.R. Iran
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2
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Li H, Yang P, Knight W, Guo Y, Perlmutter JS, Benzinger TLS, Morris JC, Xu J. The interactions of dopamine and oxidative damage in the striatum of patients with neurodegenerative diseases. J Neurochem 2020; 152:235-251. [PMID: 31613384 PMCID: PMC6981021 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The striatum with a number of dopamine containing neurons, receiving projections from the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area; plays a critical role in neurodegenerative diseases of motor and memory function. Additionally, oxidative damage to nucleic acid may be vital in the development of age-associated neurodegeneration. The metabolism of dopamine is recognized as one of the sources of reactive oxygen species through the Fenton mechanism. The proposed interactions of oxidative insults and dopamine in the striatum during the progression of diseases are the hypotheses of most interest to our study. This study investigated the possibility of significant interactions between these molecules that are involved in the late-stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson disease (PD), Parkinson disease dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, and controls using ELISA assays, autoradiography, and mRNA in situ hybridization assay. Interestingly, lower DNA/RNA oxidative adducts levels in the caudate and putamen of diseased brains were observed with the exception of an increased DNA oxidative product in the caudate of AD brains. Similar changes were found for dopamine concentration and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 densities. We also found that downstream pre-synaptic dopamine D1 Receptor binding correlated with dopamine loss in Lewy body disease groups, and RNA damage and β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 in the caudate of AD. This is the first demonstration of region-specific alterations of DNA/RNA oxidative damage which cannot be viewed in isolation, but rather in connection with the interrelationship between different neuronal events; chiefly DNA oxidative adducts and density of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 densities in AD and PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifangjie Li
- Department of RadiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Pengfei Yang
- Department of RadiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - William Knight
- Department of RadiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Yingqiu Guo
- Department of RadiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Joel S. Perlmutter
- Department of RadiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- Department of NeurologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- Department of NeuroscienceWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- Department of Physical TherapyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- Department of Occupational TherapyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | | | - John C. Morris
- Department of NeurologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Jinbin Xu
- Department of RadiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
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3
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Electrochemical biosensors for the detection and study of α-synuclein related to Parkinson's disease - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1089:32-39. [PMID: 31627816 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a long-term degenerative disorder that affects predominately dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, which mainly control movement. Alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is a major constituent of Lewy bodies that are reported to be the most important toxic species in the brain of PD patients. In this critical review, we highlight novel electrochemical biosensors that have been recently developed utilizing aptamers and antibodies in connection with various nanomaterials to study biomarkers related to PD such as α-syn. We also review several research articles that have utilized electrochemical biosensors to study the interaction of α-syn with biometals as well as small molecules such as clioquinol, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and baicalein. Due to the significant advances in nanomaterials in the past decade, electrochemical biosensors capable of detecting multiple biomarkers in clinically relevant samples in real-time have been achieved. This may facilitate the path towards commercialization of electrochemical biosensors for clinical applications and high-throughput screening of small molecules for structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies.
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Li F, Wu Y, Chen L, Hu L, Zhu F, He Q. High iodine induces DNA damage in autoimmune thyroiditis partially by inhibiting the DNA repair protein MTH1. Cell Immunol 2019; 344:103948. [PMID: 31311621 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2019.103948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the level of DNA damage in high iodine (HI)-induced autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT), and to explore the role of DNA repair protein MutT homolog-1 (MTH1) in this process. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8 were measured using qRT-PCR and ELISA. The apoptosis was evaluated using TUNEL staining. The pathological changes of thyroid tissues were evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. The DNA damage was assessed by determining the expression of 8-hydroxy-2'deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG; an indicator of oxidative DNA damage) and performing the Comet assay. Our results showed that both the HI-treated NOD.H-2h4 mice (experimental AIT mice) and the HI-treated mouse thyroid follicular epithelial cells showed enhanced inflammation, apoptosis, and DNA damage level, accompanied by decreased MTH1 expression. Importantly, overexpression of MTH1 effectively abrogated the HI-induced enhancement of inflammation, apoptosis, and DNA damage in mouse thyroid follicular epithelial cells. In conclusion, HI treatment induces DNA damage in AIT, at least in part, by inhibiting the DNA repair protein MTH1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuqiang Li
- Thyroid Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | - Yijun Wu
- Thyroid Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Thyroid Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Liang Hu
- Thyroid Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Thyroid Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Qiwen He
- Thyroid Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
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Emamzadeh FN, Surguchov A. Parkinson's Disease: Biomarkers, Treatment, and Risk Factors. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:612. [PMID: 30214392 PMCID: PMC6125353 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused mainly by lack of dopamine in the brain. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter involved in movement, motivation, memory, and other functions; its level is decreased in PD brain as a result of dopaminergic cell death. Dopamine loss in PD brain is a cause of motor deficiency and, possibly, a reason of the cognitive deficit observed in some PD patients. PD is mostly not recognized in its early stage because of a long latency between the first damage to dopaminergic cells and the onset of clinical symptoms. Therefore, it is very important to find reliable molecular biomarkers that can distinguish PD from other conditions, monitor its progression, or give an indication of a positive response to a therapeutic intervention. PD biomarkers can be subdivided into four main types: clinical, imaging, biochemical, and genetic. For a long time protein biomarkers, dopamine metabolites, amino acids, etc. in blood, serum, cerebrospinal liquid (CSF) were considered the most promising. Among the candidate biomarkers that have been tested, various forms of α-synuclein (α-syn), i.e., soluble, aggregated, post-translationally modified, etc. were considered potentially the most efficient. However, the encouraging recent results suggest that microRNA-based analysis may bring considerable progress, especially if it is combined with α-syn data. Another promising analysis is the advanced metabolite profiling of body fluids, called "metabolomics" which may uncover metabolic fingerprints specific for various stages of PD. Conventional pharmacological treatment of PD is based on the replacement of dopamine using dopamine precursors (levodopa, L-DOPA, L-3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine), dopamine agonists (amantadine, apomorphine) and MAO-B inhibitors (selegiline, rasagiline), which can be used alone or in combination with each other. Potential risk factors include environmental toxins, drugs, pesticides, brain microtrauma, focal cerebrovascular damage, and genomic defects. This review covers molecules that might act as the biomarkers of PD. Then, PD risk factors (including genetics and non-genetic factors) and PD treatment options are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh N. Emamzadeh
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Andrei Surguchov
- Department of Neurology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
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6
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Wu CH, Shyue SK, Hung TH, Wen S, Lin CC, Chang CF, Chen SF. Genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase reduces brain damage and attenuates neuroinflammation after intracerebral hemorrhage. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:230. [PMID: 29178914 PMCID: PMC5702198 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-1005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory responses significantly contribute to neuronal damage and poor functional outcomes following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is known to induce neuroinflammatory responses via degradation of anti-inflammatory epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EET), and sEH is upregulated in response to brain injury. The present study investigated the involvement of sEH in ICH-induced neuroinflammation, brain damage, and functional deficits using a mouse ICH model and microglial cultures. Methods ICH was induced by injecting collagenase in both wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice and sEH knockout (KO) mice. WT mice were injected intracerebroventricularly with 12-(3-adamantan-1-yl-ureido)-dodecanoic acid (AUDA), a selective sEH inhibitor, 30 min before ICH. Expression of sEH in the hemorrhagic hemisphere was examined by immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis. The effects of genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of sEH by AUDA on neuroinflammatory responses, EET degradation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, histological damage, and functional deficits were evaluated. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of sEH inactivation was investigated in thrombin- or hemin-stimulated cultured microglia. Results ICH induced an increase in sEH protein levels in the hemorrhagic hemisphere from 3 h to 4 days. sEH was expressed in microglia/macrophages, astrocytes, neurons, and endothelial cells in the perihematomal region. Genetic deletion of sEH significantly attenuated microglia/macrophage activation and expression of inflammatory mediators and reduced EET degradation at 1 and 4 days post-ICH. Deletion of sEH also reduced BBB permeability, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 activity, neutrophil infiltration, and neuronal damage at 1 and 4 days. Likewise, administration of AUDA attenuated proinflammatory microglia/macrophage activation and EET degradation at 1 day post-ICH. These findings were associated with a reduction in functional deficits and brain damage for up to 28 days. AUDA also ameliorated neuronal death, BBB disruption, MMP-9 activity, and neutrophil infiltration at 1 day. However, neither gene deletion nor pharmacological inhibition of sEH altered the hemorrhage volume following ICH. In primary microglial cultures, genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of sEH by AUDA reduced thrombin- and hemin-induced microglial activation. Furthermore, AUDA reduced thrombin- and hemin-induced P38 MAPK and NF-κB activation in BV2 microglia cultures. Ultimately, AUDA attenuated N2A neuronal death that was induced by BV2 microglial conditioned media. Conclusions Our results suggest that inhibition of sEH may provide a potential therapy for ICH by suppressing microglia/macrophage-mediated neuroinflammation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-017-1005-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hu Wu
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Song-Kun Shyue
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tai-Ho Hung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shin Wen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chao-Chang Lin
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, 45 Cheng Hsin Street, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Che-Feng Chang
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Szu-Fu Chen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China. .,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, 45 Cheng Hsin Street, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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7
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Maloney B, Lahiri DK. Epigenetics of dementia: understanding the disease as a transformation rather than a state. Lancet Neurol 2016; 15:760-774. [PMID: 27302240 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(16)00065-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease and other idiopathic dementias are associated with epigenetic transformations. These transformations connect the environment and genes to pathogenesis, and have led to the investigation of epigenetic-based therapeutic targes for the treatment of these diseases. Epigenetic changes occur over time in response to environmental effects. The epigenome-based latent early-life associated regulation (LEARn) hypothetical model indicates that accumulated environmental hits produce latent epigenetic changes. These hits can alter biochemical pathways until a pathological threshold is reached, which appears clinically as the onset of dementia. The hypotheses posed by LEARn are testable via longitudinal epigenome-wide, envirome-wide, and exposome-wide association studies (LEWAS) of the genome, epigenome, and environment. We posit that the LEWAS design could lead to effective prevention and treatments by identifying potential therapeutic strategies. Epigenetic evidence suggests that dementia is not a suddenly occurring and sharply delineated state, but rather a gradual change in crucial cellular pathways, that transforms an otherwise healthy state, as a result of neurodegeneration, to a dysfunctional state. Evidence from epigenetics could lead to ways to detect, prevent, and reverse such processes before clinical dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Maloney
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Neuroscience Research Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Debomoy K Lahiri
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Neuroscience Research Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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8
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Barbagallo M, Marotta F, Dominguez LJ. Oxidative stress in patients with Alzheimer's disease: effect of extracts of fermented papaya powder. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:624801. [PMID: 25944987 PMCID: PMC4405021 DOI: 10.1155/2015/624801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain tissue is particularly susceptible to oxidative stress (OS). Increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reduced antioxidant systems, and decreased efficiency in repairing mechanisms have been linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Postmortem studies in AD patients' brains have shown oxidative damage markers (i.e., lipid peroxidation, protein oxidative damage, and glycoxidation). Fermented papaya (FPP, a product of Carica papaya Linn fermentation with yeast) is a nutraceutical supplement with favorable effects on immunological, hematological, inflammatory, and OS parameters in chronic/degenerative diseases. We studied 40 patients (age 78.2 ± 1.1 years), 28 AD patients, and 12 controls. Urinary 8-OHdG was measured to assess OS. Twenty AD patients were supplemented with FPP (Immunage, 4.5 grams/day) for 6 months, while controls did not receive any treatment. At baseline, 8-OHdG was significantly higher in patients with AD versus controls (13.7 ± 1.61 ng/mL versus 1.6 ± 0.12 ng/mL, P < 0.01). In AD patients FPP significantly decreased 8-OHdG (14.1 ± 1.7 ng/mL to 8.45 ± 1.1 ng/mL, P < 0.01), with no significant changes in controls. AD is associated with increased OS, and FPP may be helpful to counteract excessive ROS in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Barbagallo
- 1Geriatric Unit, Department DIBIMIS, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro, 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- 2UOC di Geriatria e Lungodegenza, AOUP Azienda Universitaria Policlinico, Via del Vespro, 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- *Mario Barbagallo:
| | | | - Ligia J. Dominguez
- 1Geriatric Unit, Department DIBIMIS, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro, 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy
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Togar B, Türkez H, Stefano AD, Tatar A, Cetin D. Zingiberene attenuates hydrogen peroxide-induced toxicity in neuronal cells. Hum Exp Toxicol 2014; 34:135-44. [PMID: 24925361 DOI: 10.1177/0960327114538987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this experimental design, we explored the neuroprotective potential of zingiberene (ZGB), a monocyclic sesquiterpene, in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced toxicity in newborn rat cerebral cortex cell cultures for the first time. The rats were exposed to H2O2 for 6 h to determine the oxidative stress levels. To evaluate cell viability, both 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and lactate dehydrogenase assays were carried out. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidative stress (TOS) parameters were used to evaluate oxidative changes. Besides determining 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) levels in vitro, single-cell gel electrophoresis was also performed to measure the resistance of neuronal DNA to H2O2- exposed rats. Our results showed that survival and TAC levels of the cells decreased, while TOS, 8-OH-dG levels and the mean values of the total scores of cells showing DNA damage increased in the H2O2 alone-treated cultures. But pretreatment of ZGB suppressed the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress that were increased by H2O2. Based on these observations, it is suggested that the sesquiterpene ZGB can be used as a novel and natural potential therapeutic in counteracting oxidative damages in the field of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Togar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - H Türkez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - A D Stefano
- Department of Pharmacology, G. D'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - A Tatar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - D Cetin
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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10
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Turkez H, Togar B, Di Stefano A, Taspınar N, Sozio P. Protective effects of cyclosativene on H2O 2-induced injury in cultured rat primary cerebral cortex cells. Cytotechnology 2014; 67:299-309. [PMID: 24493068 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-013-9685-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Sesquiterpenes have attracted much interest with respect to their protective effect against oxidative damage that may be the cause of many diseases including several neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. Our previous unpublished work suggested that cyclosativene (CSV), a tetracyclic sesquiterpene, has antioxidant and anticarcinogenic features. However, little is known about the effects of CSV on oxidative stress induced neurotoxicity. We used hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) exposure for 6 h to model oxidative stress. Therefore, this experimental design allowed us to explore the neuroprotective potential of CSV in H2O2-induced toxicity in new-born rat cerebral cortex cell cultures for the first time. For this aim, MTT and lactate dehydrogenase release assays were carried out to evaluate cytotoxicity. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidative stress (TOS) parameters were used to evaluate oxidative changes. In addition to determining of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) levels, the single cell gel electrophoresis (or Comet assay) was also performed for measuring the resistance of neuronal DNA to H2O2-induced challenge. Our results showed that survival and TAC levels of the cells decreased, while TOS, 8-OH-dG levels and the mean values of the total scores of cells showing DNA damage (Comet assay) increased in the H2O2 alone treated cultures. But pre-treatment of CSV suppressed the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress which were increased by H2O2. On the basis of these observations, it is suggested that CSV as a natural product with an antioxidant capacity in mitigating oxidative injuries in the field of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Turkez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
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11
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Giordano S, Darley-Usmar V, Zhang J. Autophagy as an essential cellular antioxidant pathway in neurodegenerative disease. Redox Biol 2013; 2:82-90. [PMID: 24494187 PMCID: PMC3909266 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress including DNA damage, increased lipid and protein oxidation, are important features of aging and neurodegeneration suggesting that endogenous antioxidant protective pathways are inadequate or overwhelmed. Importantly, oxidative protein damage contributes to age-dependent accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria or protein aggregates. In addition, environmental toxins such as rotenone and paraquat, which are risk factors for the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, also promote protein oxidation. The obvious approach of supplementing the primary antioxidant systems designed to suppress the initiation of oxidative stress has been tested in animal models and positive results were obtained. However, these findings have not been effectively translated to treating human patients, and clinical trials for antioxidant therapies using radical scavenging molecules such as α-tocopherol, ascorbate and coenzyme Q have met with limited success, highlighting several limitations to this approach. These could include: (1) radical scavenging antioxidants cannot reverse established damage to proteins and organelles; (2) radical scavenging antioxidants are oxidant specific, and can only be effective if the specific mechanism for neurodegeneration involves the reactive species to which they are targeted and (3) since reactive species play an important role in physiological signaling, suppression of endogenous oxidants maybe deleterious. Therefore, alternative approaches that can circumvent these limitations are needed. While not previously considered an antioxidant system we propose that the autophagy-lysosomal activities, may serve this essential function in neurodegenerative diseases by removing damaged or dysfunctional proteins and organelles. Significant oxidative damage occurs in neurodegenerative disease brains. Effective in animal models with single toxins, antioxidants are ineffective in clinical trials. The failure of antioxidant therapy maybe due to propagation of cellular damage. Autophagic clearance of diverse damaged molecules may provide antioxidant mechanisms. Further mechanistic and translational studies on autophagy therapy are needed.
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Key Words
- 6-OHDA, 6-hydroxydopamine
- Animal models
- Anti-oxidants
- Autophagy
- CBZ, carbamazepine
- Clinical trials
- EGCG, epigallocatechin gallate
- GSH, glutathione
- HIF1α, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha
- HNE, 4-hydroxynonenal
- LRRK2, leucine-rich repeat kinase 2
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- MPP+, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
- MPTP, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro pyridine
- MitoQ, mitochondrially-targeted coenzyme Q
- Mitochondrial dysfunction
- MnSOD, manganese superoxide dismutase
- Neurons
- Nrf2, Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2
- PINK1, PTEN-induced putative kinase 1
- Parkinson’s disease
- Protein aggregation
- ROS/RNS, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species
- Reactive oxygen species
- Redox signaling
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- Selegiline, N-propargyl-methamphetamine
- Sirt1, NAD-dependent deacetylast sirtuin-1
- TFEB, transcription factor EB
- Toxins
- UCHL1, ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1
- UPDRS, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale
- curcumin, (1E,6E)-1,7-Bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione
- iPSC, induced pluripotent stem cells
- rasagiline, N-propargyl-1-(R)-aminoindan
- the ADAGIO study, the Attenuation of Disease Progression with Azilect Given Once-daily) study
- the DATATOP Study, the Deprenyl and Tocopherol Antioxidative Therapy of Parkinsonism Study
- the NET-PD network, the NINDS Exploratory Trials in Parkinson’s Disease (NET-PD) network
- the TEMPO Study, the TVP-1012 in Early Monotherapy for PD Outpatients Study
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Giordano
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States ; Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States
| | - Victor Darley-Usmar
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States ; Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States ; Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States ; Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham VA Medical Center, United States
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12
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Turkez H, Sozio P, Geyikoglu F, Tatar A, Hacimuftuoglu A, Di Stefano A. Neuroprotective Effects of Farnesene Against Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Neurotoxicity In vitro. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2013; 34:101-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-013-9991-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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13
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Jorgensen A, Krogh J, Miskowiak K, Bolwig TG, Kessing LV, Fink-Jensen A, Nordentoft M, Henriksen T, Weimann A, Poulsen HE, Jorgensen MB. Systemic oxidatively generated DNA/RNA damage in clinical depression: associations to symptom severity and response to electroconvulsive therapy. J Affect Disord 2013; 149:355-62. [PMID: 23497793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression has been associated with increased oxidative stress and hypothesized to accelerate aging. Nucleic acid damage from oxidation is a critical part of the aging process, and a suggested early event in age-related somatic morbidities that are also prevalent in depression, such as dementia and type 2 diabetes. We hypothesized that increased severity of depression is associated with increased systemic oxidatively generated DNA and RNA damage, and that this increase is attenuated by an effective antidepressant treatment. METHODS The urinary excretion of markers of systemic oxidatively generated DNA and RNA damage, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine (8-oxoGuo), respectively, were determined in healthy controls (N=28), moderately depressed, non-medicated patients (N=26) and severely depressed patients eligible for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) (N=29). In the severely depressed patient group, samples were also obtained 1 week after the completion of ECT. RESULTS Systemic RNA damage from oxidation, as measured by 8-oxoGuo excretion, was higher with increasing severity of depression (controls<moderately depressed<severely depressed) (P for trend=0.004). The 8-oxoGuo excretion was further increased after clinically effective ECT compared with pre-ECT values (P=0.006). There were no differences in 8-oxodG excretion between the groups or pre- vs. post-ECT. LIMITATIONS Small sample size and the inclusion of both unipolar and bipolar patients in the severely depressed group. CONCLUSIONS Severe depression is associated with increased systemic oxidatively generated RNA damage, which may be an additional factor underlying the somatic morbidity and neurodegenerative features associated with depression. Due to the lack of normalization by clinically effective ECT, the phenomenon does not appear to be causally linked to the depressive state per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Jorgensen
- Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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14
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Lahiri DK, Maloney B. Gene × environment interaction by a longitudinal epigenome-wide association study (LEWAS) overcomes limitations of genome-wide association study (GWAS). Epigenomics 2013; 4:685-99. [PMID: 23244313 DOI: 10.2217/epi.12.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of genome-wide association studies is to identify SNPs unique to disease. It usually involves a single sampling from subjects' lifetimes. While primary DNA sequence variation influences gene-expression levels, expression is also influenced by epigenetics, including the 'somatic epitype' (G(SE)), an epigenotype acquired postnatally. While genes are inherited, and novel polymorphisms do not routinely appear, G(SE) is fluid. Furthermore, G(SE) could respond to environmental factors (such as heavy metals) and to differences in exercise, maternal care and dietary supplements - all of which postnatally modify oxidation or methylation of DNA, leading to altered gene expression. Change in epigenetic status may be critical for the development of many diseases. We propose a 'longitudinal epigenome-wide association study', wherein G(SE) are measured at multiple time points along with subjects' histories. This Longitudinal epigenome-wide association study, based on the 'dynamic' somatic epitype over the 'static' genotype, merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debomoy K Lahiri
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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15
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Thomas Tayra J, Kameda M, Yasuhara T, Agari T, Kadota T, Wang F, Kikuchi Y, Liang H, Shinko A, Wakamori T, Vcelar B, Weik R, Date I. The neuroprotective and neurorescue effects of carbamylated erythropoietin Fc fusion protein (CEPO-Fc) in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res 2013; 1502:55-70. [PMID: 23380533 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is characterized by progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Thus the development of therapeutic neuroprotection and neurorescue strategies to mitigate disease progression is important. In this study we evaluated the neuroprotective/rescue effects of erythropoietin Fc fusion protein (EPO-Fc) and carbamylated erythropoietin Fc fusion protein (CEPO-Fc) in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats received intraperitoneal injection of EPO-Fc, CEPO-Fc or PBS. Behavioral evaluations consisted of rota-rod, cylinder and amphetamine-induced rotation tests. In the neuroprotection experiment, the CEPO-Fc group demonstrated significant improvement compared with the EPO-Fc group on the amphetamine-induced rotation test throughout the four-week follow-up period. Histologically, significantly more tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons were recognized in the substantia nigra (SN) pars compacta in the CEPO-Fc group than in the PBS and EPO-Fc groups. In the neurorescue experiment, rats receiving CEPO-Fc showed significantly better behavioural scores than those receiving PBS. The histological data concerning striatum also showed that the CEPO-Fc group had significantly better preservation of TH-positive fibers compared to the PBS and EPO-Fc groups. Importantly, there were no increases in hematocrit or hemoglobin levels in the CEPO-Fc group in either the neuroprotection or the neurorescue experiments. In conclusion, the newly developed CEPO-Fc might confer neuroprotective and neurorescue benefits in a rat model of Parkinson's disease without the side effects associated with polycythemia. CEPO-Fc might be a therapeutic tool for patients with Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Thomas Tayra
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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16
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Jorgensen A, Maigaard K, Wörtwein G, Hageman I, Henriksen T, Weimann A, Møller P, Loft S, Hau J, Poulsen HE, Jorgensen MB. Chronic restraint stress in rats causes sustained increase in urinary corticosterone excretion without affecting cerebral or systemic oxidatively generated DNA/RNA damage. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 40:30-7. [PMID: 22960608 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Increased oxidatively generated damage to nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) may be a common mechanism underlying accelerated aging in psychological stress states and mental disorders. In the present study, we measured the urinary excretion of corticosterone and markers of systemic oxidative stress on nucleic acids, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine (8-oxoGuo), respectively, in rats subjected to chronic restraint stress. To reliably collect 24h urine samples, the full 3-week restraint stress paradigm was performed in metabolism cages. We further determined frontal cortex and hippocampal levels of oxidatively generated nuclear DNA damage, as measured by oxoguanine DNA glycosylase and formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase sensitive sites detected by the comet assay, as well as the expression of genes involved in DNA repair (Ogg1 and Nudt1) and inflammation (Ccl2 and Tnf). The metabolism cage housing in itself did not significantly influence a range of biological stress markers. In the restraint stress group, there was a sustained 2.5 fold increase in 24h corticosterone excretion from day 2 after stress initiation. However, neither whole-body nor cerebral measures of nucleic acid damage from oxidation were affected by stress. In contrast, cerebral DNA repair enzymes exhibited a general trend towards an induction, which was significant for hippocampal Nudt1. The results and their implications for stress sensitivity and resilience are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Jorgensen
- Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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17
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Płonka-Półtorak E, Zagrodzki P, Nicol F, Kryczyk J, Bartoń H, Westermarck T, Kaipainen P, Ounjaijean S, Kaski M, Atroshi F. Antioxidant agents and physiological responses in adult epileptic patients treated with lamotrigine. Pharmacol Rep 2013; 65:99-106. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(13)70968-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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18
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Gong L, Zhang QL, Zhang N, Hua WY, Huang YX, Di PW, Huang T, Xu XS, Liu CF, Hu LF, Luo WF. Neuroprotection by urate on 6-OHDA-lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease: linking to Akt/GSK3β signaling pathway. J Neurochem 2012; 123:876-85. [PMID: 23094836 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Gong
- Department of Neurology; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
- Institute of Neuroscience; Soochow University; Suzhou China
| | - Qi-Lin Zhang
- Department of Neurology; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Neurology; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
- Institute of Neuroscience; Soochow University; Suzhou China
| | - Wen-Yan Hua
- Department of Pharmacy; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
| | - Yi-Xian Huang
- Department of Neurology; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
| | - Ping-Wei Di
- Department of Neurology; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
| | - Tingting Huang
- Department of Neurology; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
| | - Xing-Shun Xu
- Department of Neurology; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
- Institute of Neuroscience; Soochow University; Suzhou China
| | - Chun-Feng Liu
- Department of Neurology; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
- Institute of Neuroscience; Soochow University; Suzhou China
| | - Li-Fang Hu
- Department of Neurology; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
- Institute of Neuroscience; Soochow University; Suzhou China
| | - Wei-Feng Luo
- Department of Neurology; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
- Institute of Neuroscience; Soochow University; Suzhou China
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19
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Zhu TG, Wang XX, Luo WF, Zhang QL, Huang TT, Xu XS, Liu CF. Protective effects of urate against 6-OHDA-induced cell injury in PC12 cells through antioxidant action. Neurosci Lett 2011; 506:175-9. [PMID: 22094380 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.10.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
There is evidence to support that oxidative stress is increased in Parkinson's disease (PD) and contributes to the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Recent research has shown that higher blood urate concentrations have now been linked to decreased risks and progression rates of PD. However, the mechanisms about urate to protect dopaminergic neurons are less clear. Our study investigated the effect of urate on oxidative stress induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in neuronal differentiated PC12 cells. We found that urate significantly reduced 6-OHDA-induced lactate dehydrogenas (LDH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) generation but increased the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and glutathione (GSH) levels in the PC12 cells. These results suggested that urate can prevent PC12 cells from oxidative injury induced by 6-OHDA, which may play an important role in the mechanisms underlying the association of high plasma levels of urate with reduced risk and slower progression of PD. Urate treatment could be a potential therapeutic strategy for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ge Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
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20
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Zitka O, Krizkova S, Krejcova L, Hynek D, Gumulec J, Masarik M, Sochor J, Adam V, Hubalek J, Trnkova L, Kizek R. Microfluidic tool based on the antibody-modified paramagnetic particles for detection of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in urine of prostate cancer patients. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:3207-20. [PMID: 22012838 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Guanosine derivatives are important for diagnosis of oxidative DNA damage including 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) as one of the most abundant products of DNA oxidation. This compound is commonly determined in urine, which makes 8-OHdG a good non-invasive marker of oxidation stress. In this study, we optimized and tested the isolation of 8-OHdG from biological matrix by using paramagnetic particles with an antibody-modified surface. 8-OHdG was determined using 1-naphthol generated by alkaline phosphatase conjugated with the secondary antibody. 1-Naphthol was determined by stopped flow injection analysis (SFIA) with electrochemical detector using a glassy carbon working electrode and by stationary electrochemical detection using linear sweep voltammetry. A special modular electrochemical SFIA system which needs only 10 μL of sample including working buffer for one analysis was completely designed and successfully verified. The recoveries in different matrices and analyte concentration were estimated. Detection limit (3 S/N) was estimated as 5 pg/mL of 8-OHdG. This method promises to be very easily modified to microfluidic systems as "lab on valve". The optimized method had sufficient selectivity and thus could be used for determination of 8-OHDG in human urine and therefore for estimation of oxidative DNA damage as a result of oxidation stress in prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Zitka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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