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Jadczyk-Sorek K, Garczorz W, Bubała-Stachowicz B, Francuz T, Mrukwa-Kominek E. Matrix Metalloproteinases and the Pathogenesis of Recurrent Corneal Erosions and Epithelial Basement Membrane Dystrophy. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1263. [PMID: 37759662 PMCID: PMC10525265 DOI: 10.3390/biology12091263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a group of proteolytic enzymes which are members of the zinc endopeptidase family. They have the ability to degrade extracellular matrix elements, allowing for the release of binding molecules and cell migration. Although metalloproteinases regulate numerous physiological processes within the cornea, overexpression of metalloproteinase genes and an imbalance between the levels of metalloproteinases and their inhibitors can contribute to the inhibition of repair processes, the development of inflammation and excessive cellular proliferation. The involvement of MMPs in the pathogenesis of dystrophic corneal diseases needs clarification. Our analyses focus on the involvement of individual metalloproteinases in the pathogenesis of recurrent corneal erosions and highlight their impact on the development of corneal epithelial basement membrane dystrophy (EBMD). We hypothesize that abnormalities observed in patients with EBMD may result from the accumulation and activation of metalloproteinases in the basal layers of the corneal epithelium, leading to basement membrane degradation. A barrier formed from degradation materials inhibits the normal migration of epithelial cells to the superficial layers, which contributes to the development of the aforementioned lesions. This hypothesis seems to be lent support by the elevated concentrations of metalloproteinases in the corneal epithelium of these patients found in our previous studies on the relationships between MMPs and recurrent corneal erosions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Jadczyk-Sorek
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Clinical Center, Medical University of Silesia, Ceglana 35, 40-514 Katowice, Poland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Ceglana 35, 40-514 Katowice, Poland
| | - Wojciech Garczorz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18, 40-027 Katowice, Poland
| | - Beata Bubała-Stachowicz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Clinical Center, Medical University of Silesia, Ceglana 35, 40-514 Katowice, Poland
| | - Tomasz Francuz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18, 40-027 Katowice, Poland
| | - Ewa Mrukwa-Kominek
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Clinical Center, Medical University of Silesia, Ceglana 35, 40-514 Katowice, Poland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Ceglana 35, 40-514 Katowice, Poland
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Ebenezar OO, Roney A, Goswami DG, Petrash JM, Sledge D, Komáromy AM, Liby KT, Tewari-Singh N. Ocular injury progression and cornea histopathology from chloropicrin vapor exposure: Relevant clinical biomarkers in mice. Exp Eye Res 2023; 230:109440. [PMID: 36933694 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Ocular tissue is highly sensitive to chemical exposures. Chloropicrin (CP), a choking agent employed during World War I and currently a popular pesticide and fumigating agent, is a potential chemical threat agent. Accidental, occupational, or intentional exposure to CP results in severe ocular injury, especially to the cornea; however, studies on ocular injury progression and underlying mechanisms in a relevant in vivo animal model are lacking. This has impaired the development of effective therapies to treat the acute and long-term ocular toxicity of CP. To study the in vivo clinical and biological effects of CP ocular exposure, we tested different CP exposure doses and durations in mice. These exposures will aid in the study of acute ocular injury and its progression as well as identify a moderate dose to develop a relevant rodent ocular injury model with CP. The left eyes of male BALB/c mice were exposed to CP (20% CP for 0.5 or 1 min or 10% CP for 1 min) using a vapor cap, with the right eyes serving as controls. Injury progression was evaluated for 25 days post-exposure. CP-exposure caused a significant corneal ulceration and eyelid swelling which resolved by day 14 post exposure. In addition, CP-exposure caused significant corneal opacity and neovascularization. Development of hydrops (severe corneal edema with corneal bullae) and hyphema (blood accumulation in the anterior chamber) was observed as advanced CP effects. Mice were euthanized at day 25 post-CP-exposure, and the eyes were harvested to further study the corneal injury. Histopathological analyses showed a significant CP-induced decrease in corneal epithelial thickness and increased stromal thickness with more pronounced damage, including stromal fibrosis, edema, neovascularization, trapped epithelial cells, anterior and posterior synechiae, and infiltration of inflammatory cells. Loss of the corneal endothelial cells and Descemet's membrane could be associated with the CP-induced corneal edema and hydrops which could lead to long term term pathological conditions. Although exposure to 20% CP for 1 min caused more eyelid swelling, ulceration, and hyphema, similar effects were observed with all CP exposures. These novel findings following CP ocular exposure in a mouse model outline the corneal histopathologic changes that associate with the continuing ocular clinical effects. The data are useful in designing further studies to identify and correlate the clinical and biological markers of CP ocular injury progression with acute and long-term toxic effects on cornea and other ocular tissues. We take a crucial step towards CP ocular injury model development and in pathophysiological studies to identify molecular targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okoyeocha Om Ebenezar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Andrew Roney
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Dinesh G Goswami
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - J Mark Petrash
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Dodd Sledge
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - András M Komáromy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Karen T Liby
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Neera Tewari-Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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Amatu JB, Baudouin C, Trinh L, Labbé A, Buffault J. [Corneal epithelial biomechanics: Resistance to stress and role in healing and remodeling]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2023; 46:287-299. [PMID: 36759249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2022.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The corneal epithelium is one of the first tissue barriers of the eye against the environment. In recent years, many studies provided better knowledge of its healing, its behavior and its essential role in the optical system of the eye. At the crossroads of basic science and clinical medicine, the study of the mechanical stresses applied to the cornea makes it possible to learn the behavior of epithelial cells and better understand ocular surface disease. We describe herein the current knowledge about the adhesion systems of the corneal epithelium and their resistance to mechanical stress. We will also describe the involvement of these mechanisms in corneal healing and their role in epithelial dynamics. Adhesion molecules of the epithelial cells, especially hemidesmosomes, allow the tissue cohesion required to maintain the integrity of the corneal epithelium against the shearing forces of the eyelids as well as external forces. Their regeneration after a corneal injury is mandatory for the restoration of a healthy epithelium. Mechanotransduction plays a significant role in regulating epithelial cell behavior, and the study of the epithelium's response to mechanical forces helps to better understand the evolution of epithelial profiles after refractive surgery. A better understanding of corneal epithelial biomechanics could also help improve future therapies, particularly in the field of tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-B Amatu
- Department of Ophthalmology III, CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, IHU FOReSIGHT, 28, rue de Charenton, 75012 Paris, France.
| | - C Baudouin
- Department of Ophthalmology III, CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, IHU FOReSIGHT, 28, rue de Charenton, 75012 Paris, France; Institut de La Vision, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, IHU FOReSIGHT, 17, rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France; Department of Ophthalmology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HP, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - L Trinh
- Department of Ophthalmology III, CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, IHU FOReSIGHT, 28, rue de Charenton, 75012 Paris, France
| | - A Labbé
- Department of Ophthalmology III, CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, IHU FOReSIGHT, 28, rue de Charenton, 75012 Paris, France; Institut de La Vision, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, IHU FOReSIGHT, 17, rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France; Department of Ophthalmology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HP, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - J Buffault
- Department of Ophthalmology III, CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, IHU FOReSIGHT, 28, rue de Charenton, 75012 Paris, France; Institut de La Vision, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, IHU FOReSIGHT, 17, rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France; Department of Ophthalmology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HP, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
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Phillips JD, Hwang ES, Morgan DJ, Creveling CJ, Coats B. Structure and mechanics of the vitreoretinal interface. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 134:105399. [PMID: 35963021 PMCID: PMC9552593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Vitreoretinal mechanics plays an important role in retinal trauma and many sight-threatening diseases. In age-related pathologies, such as posterior vitreous detachment and vitreomacular traction, lingering vitreoretinal adhesions can lead to macular holes, epiretinal membranes, retinal tears and detachment. In age-related macular degeneration, vitreoretinal traction has been implicated in the acceleration of the disease due to the stimulation of vascular growth factors. Despite this strong mechanobiological influence on trauma and disease in the eye, fundamental understanding of the mechanics at the vitreoretinal interface is limited. Clarification of adhesion mechanisms and the role of vitreoretinal mechanics in healthy eyes and disease is necessary to develop innovative treatments for these pathologies. In this review, we evaluate the existing literature on the structure and function of the vitreoretinal interface to gain insight into age- and region-dependent mechanisms of vitreoretinal adhesion. We explore the role of vitreoretinal adhesion in ocular pathologies to identify knowledge gaps and future research areas. Finally, we recommend future mechanics-based studies to address the critical needs in the field, increase fundamental understanding of vitreoretinal mechanisms and disease, and inform disease treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Phillips
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Eileen S Hwang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Denise J Morgan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | | | - Brittany Coats
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.
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Loureiro RR, Cristovam PC, da Rosa LR, Nova L, Gasparetto G, Gil CD, Gomes JÁP. Analysis of different conditioned media secreted by limbal progenitor cells in the modulation of corneal healing. Exp Eye Res 2021; 215:108907. [PMID: 34954203 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ex vivo cultivation and transplantation of limbal epithelial cells has been reported as an alternative source for ocular surface reconstruction. However, until now, the functional improvement of these patients is limited due to the low survival rate of the transplanted cells. Consequently, the clinical benefits of this therapeutic strategy are only temporary and can assign them to paracrine effects associated with the transplanted cells. With this background in mind, we aimed to analyze the effect of different conditioned media containing growth factors secreted by limbal progenitor cells on corneal epithelial healing, both in vitro and in vivo. Limbal tissue was used to obtain different conditioned media (CM). For the in vitro assay, corneal epithelial cells were treated with CM and the epithelial migration was analyzed. Growth factors in the CM were identified with ELISA and multiplex. For the in vivo assay in rats, total limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) was induced with an abrasive injury to the ocular surface, and the animals were treated with different CM. Clinical and histological analyses were performed. In the in vitro assay, treatment with limbal fibroblast (LF CM) was more effective compared to the other CM, and analysis revealed high concentrations of keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). In the in vivo assay, animals treated with LF CM showed epithelial defect improvement, maintenance of thickness, and decreased opacity and neovascularization. This treatment also allowed better ocular surface tissue organization when compared to the other treatments. The in vitro and in vivo experiments showed better outcomes in the corneal wound healing for the LF CM treatment. The high concentrations of KGF and HGF, linked to epithelial cell migration and proliferation, may correlate to the best results found in this treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Ruoco Loureiro
- Advanced Center of Ocular Surface (CASO), Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Priscila Cardoso Cristovam
- Advanced Center of Ocular Surface (CASO), Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa Rigobeli da Rosa
- Advanced Center of Ocular Surface (CASO), Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucimeire Nova
- Advanced Center of Ocular Surface (CASO), Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Gasparetto
- Advanced Center of Ocular Surface (CASO), Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Damas Gil
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Álvaro Pereira Gomes
- Advanced Center of Ocular Surface (CASO), Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Beura SK, Panigrahi AR, Yadav P, Agrawal S, Singh SK. Role of Neurons and Glia Cells in Wound Healing as a Novel Perspective Considering Platelet as a Conventional Player. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 59:137-160. [PMID: 34633653 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02587-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Wound healing is a complex physiological process in which the damaged or injured tissue is replaced or regenerated by new cells or existing cells respectively in their synthesized and secreted matrices. Several cells modulate the process of wound healing including macrophages, fibroblasts, and keratinocytes. Apart from these cells, platelet has been considered as a major cellular fragment to be involved in wound healing at several stages by secreting its granular contents including growth factors, thus resulting in coagulation, inflammation, and angiogenesis. A distant cell, which is gaining significant attention nowadays due to its resemblance with platelet in several aspects, is the neuron. Not only neurons but also glia cells are also confirmed to regulate wound healing at different stages in an orchestrated manner. Furthermore, these neurons and glia cells mediate wound healing inducing tissue repair and regeneration apart from hemostasis, angiogenesis, and inflammation by secreting various growth factors, coagulation molecules, immunomodulatory molecules as well as neurohormones, neuropeptides, and neurotrophins. Therefore, in wound healing platelets, neurons and glia cells not only contribute to tissue repair but are also responsible for establishing the wound microenvironment, thus affecting the proliferation of immune cells, fibroblast, and keratinocytes. Here in this review, we will enlighten the physiological roles of neurons and glia cells in coordination with platelets to understand various cellular and molecular mechanism in brain injury and associated neurocognitive impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir K Beura
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Abhishek R Panigrahi
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Pooja Yadav
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Siwani Agrawal
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Sunil K Singh
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India.
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Immune responses to injury and their links to eye disease. Transl Res 2021; 236:52-71. [PMID: 34051364 PMCID: PMC8380715 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The eye is regarded as an immune privileged site. Since the presence of a vasculature would impair vision, the vasculature of the eye is located outside of the central light path. As a result, many regions of the eye evolved mechanisms to deliver immune cells to sites of dysgenesis, injury, or in response to the many age-related pathologies. While the purpose of these immune responses is reparative or protective, cytokines released by immune cells compromise visual acuity by inducing inflammation and fibrosis. The response to traumatic or pathological injury is distinct in different regions of the eye. Age-related diseases impact both the anterior and posterior segment and lead to reduced quality of life and blindness. Here we focus attention on the role that inflammation and fibrosis play in the progression of age-related pathologies of the cornea and the lens as well as in glaucoma, the formation of epiretinal membranes, and in proliferative vitreoretinopathy.
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Key Words
- 2ryERM
- A T-helper cell that expresses high levels of IL-17 which can suppress T-regulatory cell function
- A cytokine expressed early during inflammation that attracts neutrophils
- A cytokine expressed early during inflammation that attracts neutrophils, sometimes referred to as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1))
- A mouse model that lacks functional T and B cells and used to study the immune response
- A pigmented mouse strain used for research and known to mount a primarily Th1 response to infection
- A protein encoded by the ADGRE1 gene that, in mice, is expressed primarily on macrophages
- A strain of pigmented mice used in glaucoma research
- ACAID
- APCs
- ASC
- An albino mouse strain used for research and known to mount a primarily Th2 response to infection
- Antigen Presenting Cells, this class includes dendritic cells and monocytes
- BALB/c
- BM
- C57BL6
- CCL2
- CD45
- CNS
- CXCL1
- Central Nervous System
- Cluster of differentiation 45 antigen
- DAMPs
- DBA/2J
- EBM
- ECM
- EMT
- ERM
- Epithelial Basement Membrane
- F4/80
- FGF2
- HA =hyaluronic acid
- HSK
- HSP
- HSPGs
- HSV
- ICN
- IL-20
- IL6
- ILM
- IOP
- Inner (or internal) limiting membrane
- Interleukin 6
- Interleukin-20
- MAGP1
- MHC-II
- Major histocompatibility complex type II, a class of MHC proteins typically found only on APCs
- Microfibril-associated glycoprotein 1
- N-cad
- N-cadherin
- NEI
- NK
- National Eye Institute
- Natural killer T cells
- PCO
- PDGF
- PDR
- PVD
- PVR
- Platelet derived growth factor
- Posterior capsular opacification
- RGC
- RPE
- RRD
- Rag1-/-
- Retinal ganglion cells
- Retinal pigment epithelial cells
- SMAD
- Sons of Mothers Against Decapentaplegic, SMADs are a class of molecules that mediate TGF and bone morphogenetic protein signaling
- T-helper cell 1 response, proinflammatory adaptive response involving interferon gamma and associated with autoimmunity
- T-helper cell 2 response involving IgE and interleukins 4,5, and 13, also induces the anti-inflammatory interleukin 10 family cytokines
- T-regulatory cell
- TG
- TGF1
- TM
- TNF
- Th1
- Th17
- Th2
- Transforming growth factor 1
- Treg
- Tumor necrosis factor a cytokine produced during inflammation
- VEGF
- Vascular endothelial growth factor
- WHO
- World Health Organization
- anterior chamber immune deviation
- anterior subcapsular cataracts
- basement membrane
- damage-associated molecular patterns
- epiretinal membrane
- epiretinal membrane secondary to disease pathology
- epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- extracellular matrix
- fibroblast growth factor 2, also referred to as basic FGF
- heat shock protein
- heparan sulfate proteoglycans
- herpes simplex virus
- herpes stromal keratitis
- iERM
- idiopathic epiretinal membrane
- intraepithelial corneal nerves
- intraocular pressure
- mTOR
- mechanistic target of rapamycin, a protein kinase encoded by the MTOR genes that regulates a variety of signal transduction events including cell growth, autophagy and actin cytoskeleton
- posterior vitreous detachment
- proliferative diabetic retinopathy
- proliferative vitreoretinopathy
- rhegmatogenous (rupture, tear) retinal detachment
- trabecular meshwork
- trigeminal ganglion
- αSMA
- α−Smooth muscle actin, a class of actin expressed in mesenchymal cells
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Pannexin1: Role as a Sensor to Injury Is Attenuated in Pretype 2 Corneal Diabetic Epithelium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 2021:4793338. [PMID: 34336553 PMCID: PMC8295002 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4793338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial wound healing is essential to repair the corneal barrier function after injury and requires coordinated epithelial sheet movement over the wounded region. The presence and role of pannexin1 on multilayered epithelial sheet migration was examined in unwounded and wounded corneal epithelium from C57BL/6J (B6) control and diet-induced obese (DiO) mice, a pretype 2 diabetic model. We hypothesize that pannexin1 is dysregulated, and the interaction of two ion-channel proteins (P2X7 and pannexin1) is altered in pretype 2 diabetic tissue. Pannexin1 was found to be present along cell borders in unwounded tissue, and no significant difference was observed between DiO and B6 control. However, an epithelial debridement induced a striking difference in pannexin1 localization. The B6 control epithelium displayed intense staining near the leading edge, which is the region where calcium mobilization was detected, whereas the staining in the DiO corneal epithelium was diffuse and lacked distinct gradation in intensity back from the leading edge. Cells distal to the wound in the DiO tissue were irregular in shape, and the morphology was similar to that of epithelium inhibited with 10Panx, a pannexin1 inhibitor. Pannexin1 inhibition reduced mobilization of calcium between cells near the leading edge, and MATLAB scripts revealed a reduction in cell-cell communication that was also detected in cultured cells. Proximity ligation was performed to determine if P2X7 and pannexin1 interaction was a necessary component of motility and communication. While there was no significant difference in the interaction in unwounded DiO and B6 control corneal epithelium, there was significantly less interaction in the wounded DiO corneas both near the wound and back from the edge. The results demonstrate that pannexin1 contributes to the healing response, and P2X7 and pannexin1 coordination may be a required component of cell-cell communication and an underlying reason for the lack of pathologic tissue migration.
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Pan P, Chan MF. Corneal Repair Models in Mice: Epithelial/Mechanical Versus Stromal/Chemical Injuries. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2193:149-158. [PMID: 32808267 PMCID: PMC10448794 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0845-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The tissue response to injury is a complex process. The cornea is an excellent model for studying wound repair processes because of its simple anatomy, easy accessibility, and normal avascular state. Here, we describe two corneal repair models in mice: an epithelial/mechanical injury model and a stromal/chemical injury model. The two models induce different repair responses, and consequently enable the study of independent repair processes. Here, we describe how these two wound models may be used to study basic cellular and molecular mechanisms of corneal repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Pan
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matilda F Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Abstract
The corneal wound healing response is typically initiated by injuries to the epithelium and/or endothelium that may also involve the stroma. However, it can also be triggered by immune or infectious processes that enter the stroma via the limbal blood vessels. For mild injuries or infections, such as epithelial abrasions or mild controlled microbial infections, limited keratocyte apoptosis occurs and the epithelium or endothelium regenerates, the epithelial basement membrane (EBM) and/or Descemet's basement membrane (DBM) is repaired, and keratocyte- or fibrocyte-derived myofibroblast precursors either undergo apoptosis or revert to the parent cell types. For more severe injuries with extensive damage to EBM and/or DBM, delayed regeneration of the basement membranes leads to ongoing penetration of the pro-fibrotic cytokines transforming growth factor (TGF) β1, TGFβ2 and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) that drive the development of mature alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA)+ myofibroblasts that secrete large amounts of disordered extracellular matrix (ECM) components to produce scarring stromal fibrosis. Fibrosis is dynamic with ongoing mitosis and development of SMA + myofibroblasts and continued autocrine-or paracrine interleukin (IL)-1-mediated apoptosis of myofibroblasts and their precursors. Eventual repair of the EBM and/or DBM can lead to at least partial resolution of scarring fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Wilson
- Cole Eye Institute, I-32, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, United States.
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Qin L, Gao H, Xiong S, Jia Y, Ren L. Preparation of collagen/cellulose nanocrystals composite films and their potential applications in corneal repair. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2020; 31:55. [PMID: 32504216 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-020-06386-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As the main component of the natural cornea, collagen (COL) has been widely applied to the construction of corneal repair materials. However, the applications of collagen are limited due to its poor mechanical properties. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) possess excellent mechanical properties, optical transparency and good biocompatibility. Therefore, in this study, we attempted to introduce cellulose nanocrystals into collagen-based films to obtain corneal repair materials with a high strength. CNCs were incorporated at 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 wt%. The physical properties of these composite films were characterized, and in vitro cell-based analyses were also performed. The COL/CNC films possessed better mechanic properties, and the introduction of CNCs did not affect the water content and light transmittance. The COL/CNC films demonstrated good biocompatibility toward rabbit corneal epithelial cells and keratocytes in vitro. Moreover, the collagen films with appropriate ration of CNCs effectively induced the migration of corneal epithelial cells and inhibited the myofibroblast differentiation of keratocytes. A collagen film with 7 wt% CNCs displayed the best combination of physical properties and biological performance in vitro among all the films. This study describes a nonchemical cross-linking method to enhance the mechanical properties of collagen for use in corneal repair materials and highlights potential application in corneal tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanfeng Qin
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Huichang Gao
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Sijia Xiong
- National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Yongguang Jia
- National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Li Ren
- National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China.
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China.
- Sino-Singapore International Joint Research Institute, Guangzhou, 510555, China.
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12
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Huo Y, Chen W, Zheng X, Zhao J, Zhang Q, Hou Y, Cai Y, Lu X, Jin X. The protective effect of EGF-activated ROS in human corneal epithelial cells by inducing mitochondrial autophagy via activation TRPM2. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:7018-7029. [PMID: 32083315 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a major pathogenesis of some ocular surface diseases. Our previous study demonstrated that epidermal growth factor (EGF)-activated reactive oxygen species (ROS) could protect against human corneal epithelial cell (HCE) injury. In the present study, we aimed to explore the role and mechanisms of oxidative stress and mitochondrial autophagy in HCE cells subjected to scratch injury. CCK-8 assays, EdU assays, Western blot analysis, wound-healing assays, and flow cytometry were conducted to determine cell viability, proliferation, protein expression, cell apoptosis, and intracellular ROS levels, respectively. The results showed that EGF could promote damage repair and inhibit cell apoptosis in scratch injured HCE cells by upregulating ROS (**p < .01, ***p < .001). EGF also induced mitochondrial autophagy and alleviated mitochondrial damage. Interestingly, the combination of the mitochondrial autophagy inhibitor and mitochondrial division inhibitor 1 (MDIVI-1) with EGF could reduce cell proliferation, viability, and the ROS level (*p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001). Treatment using the ROS inhibitor N-acetyl- l-cysteine abrogated the increase in mitochondrial membrane potential after EGF treatment. (*p < .05). Taken together, these findings indicated that EGF plays an important role in HCE damage repair and could activate ROS to protect against HCE injury by inducing mitochondrial autophagy via activation of TRPM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Huo
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zheng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinchuan Zhao
- Zhejiang Institute of Medical Device Supervision and Testing, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Zhejiang Institute of Medical Device Supervision and Testing, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuerou Hou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Cai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuemei Lu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiuming Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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13
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Liu N, Zhang X, Li N, Zhou M, Zhang T, Li S, Cai X, Ji P, Lin Y. Tetrahedral Framework Nucleic Acids Promote Corneal Epithelial Wound Healing in Vitro and in Vivo. SMALL 2019; 15:e1901907. [PMID: 31192537 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201901907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Poor post-traumatic wound healing can affect the normal function of damaged tissues and organs. For example, poor healing of corneal epithelial injuries may lead to permanent visual impairment. It is of great importance to find a therapeutic way to promote wound closure. Tetrahedral framework nucleic acids (tFNAs) are new promising nanomaterials, which can affect the biological behavior of cells. In the experiment, corneal wound healing is used as an example to explore the effect of tFNAs on wound healing. Results show that the proliferation and migration of human corneal epithelial cells are enhanced by exposure to tFNAs in vitro, possibly relevant to the activation of P38 and ERK1/2 signaling pathway. An animal model of corneal alkali burn is established to further identify the facilitation effect of tFNAs on corneal wound healing in vivo. Clinical evaluations and histological analyses show that tFNAs can improve the corneal transparency and accelerate the re-epithelialization of wounds. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments show that tFNAs can play a positive role in corneal epithelial wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China.,Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401147, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Ni Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Mi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Tianxu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Songhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Ping Ji
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401147, P. R. China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
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14
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Tosi GM, Martone G, Bacci T, Tarantello A, Baiocchi S, Marigliani D, Cevenini G, Menicacci F, Virgili G, Massaro-Giordano G. Long-term evaluation of corneal sub-basal nerve recovery after photorefractive keratectomy and influence of pars plana vitrectomy. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:7459-7466. [PMID: 30417371 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The corneal sub-basal nerve (SBN) plexus is destroyed during photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and its recovery is still a matter of debate. In vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) was used to evaluate SBN plexus in 23 patients at a distance of 10-25 years (mean 15.6 years) from myopic PRK. Because 8 out of the 23 PRK patients underwent pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, IVCM was also performed on those patients 6 months after PPV. Thirteen patients matched for age and myopia served as controls (non-PRK). SBN plexus was markedly reduced after PRK compared with non-PRK eyes and showed a slow, continuous but incomplete recovery up to the end of our follow-up (range 10-25 years). PRK and non-PRK eyes showed a marked reduction in SBN density 6 months after PPV, thus demonstrating a detrimental effect exerted by PPV on SBN plexus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Marco Tosi
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Gianluca Martone
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Tommaso Bacci
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Antonio Tarantello
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Stefano Baiocchi
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Davide Marigliani
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Gabriele Cevenini
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Flavia Menicacci
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Gianni Virgili
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giacomina Massaro-Giordano
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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15
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Kneer K, Green MB, Meyer J, Rich CB, Minns MS, Trinkaus-Randall V. High fat diet induces pre-type 2 diabetes with regional changes in corneal sensory nerves and altered P2X7 expression and localization. Exp Eye Res 2018; 175:44-55. [PMID: 29883639 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is one of the leading pathologies that increases the risk of improper wound healing. Obesity has become a major risk factor for this disease that is now considered to be the 4th highest cause of preventable blindness according to the World Health Organization. The cornea is the most densely innervated structure in the human body and senses even the slightest injury. In diabetes, decreased corneal sensitivity secondary to diabetic peripheral neuropathy can lead to increased corneal abrasion, ulceration, and even blindness. In this study, a diet induced obesity (DIO) mouse model of pre-Type 2 diabetes was used to characterize changes in sensory nerves and P2X7, a purinoreceptor, a pain receptor, and an ion channel that is expressed in a number of tissues. Since our previous studies demonstrated that P2X7 mRNA was significantly elevated in diabetic human corneas, we examined P2X7 expression and localization in the DIO murine model at various times after being fed a high fat diet. Fifteen weeks after onset of diet, we found that there was a significant decrease in the density of sub-basal nerves in the DIO mice that was associated with an increase in tortuosity and a decrease in diameter. In addition, P2X7 mRNA expression was significantly greater in the corneal epithelium of DIO mice, and the increase in transcript was enhanced in the central migrating and peripheral regions after injury. Interestingly, confocal microscopy and thresholding analysis revealed that there was a significant increase in P2X7 distal to the injury, which contrasted with a decrease in P2X7-expressing stromal sensory nerves. Therefore, we hypothesize that the P2X7 receptor acts to sense changes at the leading edge following an epithelial abrasion, and this fine-tuned regulation is lost during the onset of diabetes. Further understanding of the corneal changes that occur in diabetes can help us better monitor progression of diabetic complications, as well as develop new therapeutics for the treatment of diabetic corneal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisandra Kneer
- Boston University School of Medicine, 80 E. Concord St. Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Michael B Green
- Boston University School of Medicine, 80 E. Concord St. Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Jenna Meyer
- Boston University School of Medicine, 80 E. Concord St. Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Celeste B Rich
- Boston University School of Medicine, 80 E. Concord St. Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Martin S Minns
- Boston University School of Medicine, 80 E. Concord St. Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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16
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Pashtaev NP, Pozdeeva NA, Voskresenskaya AA, Gagloev BV, Shipunov AA. [Comparative analysis of the value of information provided by anterior segment optical coherence tomography and confocal laser scanning microscopy for identifying the palisades of Vogt in normal limbus]. Vestn Oftalmol 2017; 133:60-69. [PMID: 28291202 DOI: 10.17116/oftalma2017133160-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM to conduct a comparative analysis of the value of information provided by anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) and in vivo confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) for identifying the palisades of Vogt (POV) in normal limbus. MATERIAL AND METHODS POV were studied in 15 healthy participants (30 eyes) without any anterior segment disease. Two examination methods were used: AS-OCT En Face imaging (RTVue XR Avanti, 3D Cornea protocol) and CLSM (HRT3). Concordance of the results was then analyzed. RESULTS Structural features of POV were distinguishable by both methods. CLSM was able to visualize POV in both the superior and inferior limbi of all the 15 patients (30 eyes). Within the inferior corneal hemisphere, POV had the appearance of well-differentiated hyperreflective double-contoured structures organized in parallel lines at the level of basal epithelium. The structure of the superior limbus, as judged from CLSM data, varied significantly: «classic» palisades were seen in only 13 eyes (43%), while in the other 17 cases (57%) POV were atypical. On OCT, POV structure was seen in detail in 29 eyes. By comparing the abilities of CLSM and OCT to visualize POV, a strong positive correlation (rS=0.99, p<0.05) was revealed between the results obtained in both the superior and inferior limbi. CONCLUSION OCT data provide a detailed understanding of POV structure and strongly correlate with CLSM results. Taking into consideration the noninvasiveness, demonstrativeness, and repeatability of AS-OCT En Face imaging as well as the high value of provided information, the method cay be recommended as an alternative in POV diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P Pashtaev
- Cheboksary branch of the Academician S.N. Fyodorov IRTC 'Eye Microsurgery', 10 Traktorostroiteley St., Cheboksary, Chuvash Republic, Russian Federation, 428028
| | - N A Pozdeeva
- Cheboksary branch of the Academician S.N. Fyodorov IRTC 'Eye Microsurgery', 10 Traktorostroiteley St., Cheboksary, Chuvash Republic, Russian Federation, 428028
| | - A A Voskresenskaya
- Cheboksary branch of the Academician S.N. Fyodorov IRTC 'Eye Microsurgery', 10 Traktorostroiteley St., Cheboksary, Chuvash Republic, Russian Federation, 428028
| | - B V Gagloev
- Cheboksary branch of the Academician S.N. Fyodorov IRTC 'Eye Microsurgery', 10 Traktorostroiteley St., Cheboksary, Chuvash Republic, Russian Federation, 428028
| | - A A Shipunov
- Cheboksary branch of the Academician S.N. Fyodorov IRTC 'Eye Microsurgery', 10 Traktorostroiteley St., Cheboksary, Chuvash Republic, Russian Federation, 428028
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17
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Wolf M, Maltseva I, Clay SM, Pan P, Gajjala A, Chan MF. Effects of MMP12 on cell motility and inflammation during corneal epithelial repair. Exp Eye Res 2017; 160:11-20. [PMID: 28442300 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Corneal epithelial defects are a common cause of ocular morbidity and can result in corneal scarring if they do not heal properly. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are extracellular matrix proteinases that regulate multiple aspects of corneal repair. We have previously shown that MMP12 has a protective effect on corneal fibrosis through its regulation of neutrophil and macrophage infiltration and angiogenesis in a chemical injury model involving full thickness damage to the cornea. However, the role of MMP12 in injuries limited to the corneal epithelium is relatively unknown. This study investigates the reparative effects of MMP12 following isolated corneal epithelial injury. Using a corneal epithelial debridement injury model performed on corneas of wild-type (WT) mice, we show that Mmp12 is expressed early following corneal epithelial injury with highest expression levels at 8 h after injury and lower expression levels at 4 and 8 days after injury. We investigated whether MMP12 has an effect on the rate of epithelial repair and cell migration using in vivo and in vitro scratch assays performed on WT and Mmp12-/- mice. We found that loss of MMP12 results in a slower scratch wound repair rate both in vivo and in vitro. We also found that corneas of Mmp12-/- mice have decreased neutrophil infiltration following injury. Loss of MMP12, however, does not affect cell proliferation in the center of the wounds. These data support a role of MMP12 in promoting early repair processes following corneal epithelial injury by enhancing epithelial cell migration and neutrophil infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Wolf
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Inna Maltseva
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Selene M Clay
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Peipei Pan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Abhinay Gajjala
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Matilda F Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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18
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Shen Y, Pfluger T, Ferreira F, Liang J, Navedo MF, Zeng Q, Reid B, Zhao M. Diabetic cornea wounds produce significantly weaker electric signals that may contribute to impaired healing. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26525. [PMID: 27283241 PMCID: PMC4901296 DOI: 10.1038/srep26525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Wounds naturally produce electric signals which serve as powerful cues that stimulate and guide cell migration during wound healing. In diabetic patients, impaired wound healing is one of the most challenging complications in diabetes management. A fundamental gap in knowledge is whether diabetic wounds have abnormal electric signaling. Here we used a vibrating probe to demonstrate that diabetic corneas produced significantly weaker wound electric signals than the normal cornea. This was confirmed in three independent animal models of diabetes: db/db, streptozotocin-induced and mice fed a high-fat diet. Spatial measurements illustrated that diabetic cornea wound currents at the wound edge but not wound center were significantly weaker than normal. Time lapse measurements revealed that the electric currents at diabetic corneas lost the normal rising and plateau phases. The abnormal electric signals correlated significantly with impaired wound healing. Immunostaining suggested lower expression of chloride channel 2 and cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator in diabetic corneal epithelium. Acute high glucose exposure significantly (albeit moderately) reduced electrotaxis of human corneal epithelial cells in vitro, but did not affect the electric currents at cornea wounds. These data suggest that weaker wound electric signals and impaired electrotaxis may contribute to the impaired wound healing in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Shen
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Trisha Pfluger
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Fernando Ferreira
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Biology, Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Jiebing Liang
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, CA, USA
| | - Manuel F Navedo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Qunli Zeng
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Brian Reid
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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19
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Zhong J, Deng Y, Tian B, Wang B, Sun Y, Huang H, Chen L, Ling S, Yuan J. Hyaluronate Acid-Dependent Protection and Enhanced Corneal Wound Healing against Oxidative Damage in Corneal Epithelial Cells. J Ophthalmol 2016; 2016:6538051. [PMID: 27190638 PMCID: PMC4848450 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6538051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. To evaluate the effects and mechanism of exogenous hyaluronate (HA) in promoting corneal wound healing. Methods. Human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) were incubated with different concentrations of HA to evaluate their efficiency in promoting cell migration and their modulation of repair factors. After inducing hyperosmolar conditions, the cell morphologies, cell apoptosis, and expression levels of TNF-α and MMP-9 were detected to assess the protective role of HA. Corneal epithelium-injured rat models were established to test the therapeutic effects of 0.3% HA. Then, the wound healing rates, the RNA expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, and repair factors were examined. Results. HCECs in the 0.03% and 0.3% HA groups showed fewer morphological alterations and lower rates of cell apoptosis following preincubation with HA under hyperosmolar conditions, as well as the expression levels of MMP-9 and TNF-α. In the rat model, the areas of fluorescein staining in the corneas of 0.3% HA group were significantly smaller than the control group. The expression levels of IL-1β and MMP-9 were decreased, while CD44 and FN were increased in the 0.3% HA group. Conclusion. HA enhanced corneal epithelial cell wound healing by promoting cell migration, upregulating repair responses, and suppressing inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Yuqing Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Bishan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Bowen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Yifang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Haixiang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Shiqi Ling
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Jin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China
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20
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Daull P, Feraille L, Elena PP, Garrigue JS. Comparison of the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Artificial Tears in a Rat Model of Corneal Scraping. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2016; 32:109-18. [PMID: 26751507 PMCID: PMC4779975 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2015.0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Artificial tears (ATs) are used routinely to alleviate the symptoms of mild to moderate dry eye. Preservative-free cationic emulsions (eg, Cationorm(®)) are an innovative approach for the management of signs and symptoms of dry eye. The aim of the present exploratory experiment was to evaluate the efficacy of this cetalkonium chloride (CKC)-containing cationic emulsion on debrided cornea and to characterize its effects on scraping-induced inflammation. METHODS Four ATs were assessed in a rat model of corneal scraping. The upper part of the corneal epithelium was scraped before a 5-day treatment, followed by clinical evaluations and fluorescein staining to evaluate cornea recovery. The anti-inflammatory efficacy of the ATs was assessed in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS In vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) revealed a trend toward better corneal clinical signs (lower IVCM scores) for the animals treated with the unpreserved ATs. Benzalkonium chloride treatment decreased goblet cell count by 37.5%. While the soft-preserved Systane Balance(®) and Optive(®) and the preservative-free Vismed(®) had no effect on the goblet cell count, Cationorm increased this count by almost 40%. Interestingly, inflammatory cell infiltration in the stroma was at its lowest following treatment with the preservative-free Cationorm. Cationorm is also the only AT decreasing IL6- and IL8-stimulated secretion by 59% and 74%, respectively. CONCLUSION By restoring an adequately hydrated ocular surface environment, the different ATs promote corneal epithelium healing. These data position Cationorm as a promising AT for the management of signs and symptoms of dry eye in patients with mild to moderate dry eye disease presenting chronic subclinical levels of ocular inflammation.
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21
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Zhang G, Edmundson M, Telezhkin V, Gu Y, Wei X, Kemp PJ, Song B. The Role of Kv1.2 Channel in Electrotaxis Cell Migration. J Cell Physiol 2015; 231:1375-84. [PMID: 26580832 PMCID: PMC4832312 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-gated potassium Kv1.2 channels play pivotal role in maintaining of resting membrane potential and, consequently, regulation of cellular excitability of neurons. Endogenously generated electric field (EF) have been proven as an important regulator for cell migration and tissue repair. The mechanisms of ion channel involvement in EF-induced cell responses are extensively studied but largely are poorly understood. In this study we generated three COS-7 clones with different expression levels of Kv1.2 channel, and confirmed their functional variations with patch clamp analysis. Time-lapse imaging analysis showed that EF-induced cell migration response was Kv1.2 channel expression level depended. Inhibition of Kv1.2 channels with charybdotoxin (ChTX) constrained the sensitivity of COS-7 cells to EF stimulation more than their motility. Immunocytochemistry and pull-down analyses demonstrated association of Kv1.2 channels with actin-binding protein cortactin and its re-localization to the cathode-facing membrane at EF stimulation, which confirms the mechanism of EF-induced directional migration. This study displays that Kv1.2 channels represent an important physiological link in EF-induced cell migration. The described mechanism suggests a potential application of EF which may improve therapeutic performance in curing injuries of neuronal and/or cardiac tissue repair, post operational therapy, and various degenerative syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaofeng Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mathew Edmundson
- School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Vsevolod Telezhkin
- School of Biosciences, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Yu Gu
- School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaoqing Wei
- School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J Kemp
- School of Biosciences, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Bing Song
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Appleby PA, Shabir S, Southgate J, Walker D. Sources of variability in cytosolic calcium transients triggered by stimulation of homogeneous uro-epithelial cell monolayers. J R Soc Interface 2015; 12:rsif.2014.1403. [PMID: 25694543 PMCID: PMC4387530 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2014.1403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial tissue structure is the emergent outcome of the interactions between large numbers of individual cells. Experimental cell biology offers an important tool to unravel these complex interactions, but current methods of analysis tend to be limited to mean field approaches or representation by selected subsets of cells. This may result in bias towards cells that respond in a particular way and/or neglect local, context-specific cell responses. Here, an automated algorithm was applied to examine in detail the individual calcium transients evoked in genetically homogeneous, but asynchronous populations of cultured non-immortalized normal human urothelial cells when subjected to either the global application of an external agonist or a localized scratch wound. The recorded calcium transients were classified automatically according to a set of defined metrics and distinct sub-populations of cells that responded in qualitatively different ways were observed. The nature of this variability in the homogeneous cell population was apportioned to two sources: intrinsic variation in individual cell responses and extrinsic variability due to context-specific factors of the environment, such as spatial heterogeneity. Statistically significant variation in the features of the calcium transients evoked by scratch wounding according to proximity to the wound edge was identified. The manifestation of distinct sub-populations of cells is considered central to the coordination of population-level response resulting in wound closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Appleby
- Department of Computer Science/INSIGNEO Institute for In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Saqib Shabir
- Jack Birch Unit for Molecular Carcinogenesis, Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Jennifer Southgate
- Jack Birch Unit for Molecular Carcinogenesis, Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Dawn Walker
- Department of Computer Science/INSIGNEO Institute for In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Chernyavsky AI, Galitovskiy V, Grando SA. Molecular mechanisms of synergy of corneal muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in upregulation of E-cadherin expression. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 29:15-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Mola MG, Sparaneo A, Gargano CD, Spray DC, Svelto M, Frigeri A, Scemes E, Nicchia GP. The speed of swelling kinetics modulates cell volume regulation and calcium signaling in astrocytes: A different point of view on the role of aquaporins. Glia 2015; 64:139-54. [PMID: 26413835 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory volume decrease (RVD) is a process by which cells restore their original volume in response to swelling. In this study, we have focused on the role played by two different Aquaporins (AQPs), Aquaporin-4 (AQP4), and Aquaporin-1 (AQP1), in triggering RVD and in mediating calcium signaling in astrocytes under hypotonic stimulus. Using biophysical techniques to measure water flux through the plasma membrane of wild-type (WT) and AQP4 knockout (KO) astrocytes and of an astrocyte cell line (DI TNC1) transfected with AQP4 or AQP1, we here show that AQP-mediated fast swelling kinetics play a key role in triggering and accelerating RVD. Using calcium imaging, we show that AQP-mediated fast swelling kinetics also significantly increases the amplitude of calcium transients inhibited by Gadolinium and Ruthenium Red, two inhibitors of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channels, and prevented by removing extracellular calcium. Finally, inhibition of TRPV4 or removal of extracellular calcium does not affect RVD. All together our study provides evidence that (1) AQP influenced swelling kinetics is the main trigger for RVD and in mediating calcium signaling after hypotonic stimulus together with TRPV4, and (2) calcium influx from the extracellular space and/or TRPV4 are not essential for RVD to occur in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Mola
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro,", Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Sparaneo
- Laboratory of Oncology, IRCCS Casa Sollievo Della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Concetta Domenica Gargano
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro,", Bari, Italy
| | - David C Spray
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Maria Svelto
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro,", Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Frigeri
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro,", Bari, Italy
| | - Eliana Scemes
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Grazia Paola Nicchia
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro,", Bari, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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Histologic changes of the fetal membranes after fetoscopic laser surgery for twin-twin transfusion syndrome. Pediatr Res 2015; 78:247-55. [PMID: 26020146 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2015.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preterm premature rupture of membranes remains a major complication after fetoscopic laser surgery (FLS) for twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). We studied the histologic changes of fetal membranes post-FLS and investigated a possible impact of amniotic fluid (AF) dilution. METHODS Fetal membranes of 31 pregnancies that underwent FLS for TTTS were investigated histologically at delivery at different sites: trocar site of recipient sac and at distance, donor sac, and inter-twin membrane. RESULTS The trocar insertion site on the recipient sac showed no signs of histologic hallmarks of healing. Wide-spread alteration in collagen organization and higher apoptotic index in the amnion of the recipient sac which were absent in donor's and reference membranes. To explain the mechanisms, we analyzed the AF composition of recipient sacs from TTTS pregnancies vs. GA-matched healthy singleton controls and found glucose, protein and lactate dehydrogenase activity were all significantly lower in TTTS sacs consistent with over-dilution of recipient's AF (~2-fold). In-vitro exposure of healthy amniochorion to analogous dilutional stress conditions recapitulated the histologic changes and induced apoptosis and autophagy. CONCLUSION Alteration in structural integrity of the recipient's amniochorion, possibly in response to dilution stress, along with ineffective repair mechanisms may explain the increased incidence of preterm birth post-FLS.
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Abstract
A snapshot of noteworthy recent developments in the patent literature of relevance to pharmaceutical and medical research and development.
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Gao J, Raghunathan VK, Reid B, Wei D, Diaz RC, Russell P, Murphy CJ, Zhao M. Biomimetic stochastic topography and electric fields synergistically enhance directional migration of corneal epithelial cells in a MMP-3-dependent manner. Acta Biomater 2015; 12:102-112. [PMID: 25311684 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Directed migration of corneal epithelial cells (CECs) is critical for maintenance of corneal homeostasis as well as wound healing. Soluble cytoactive factors and the intrinsic chemical attributes of the underlying extracellular matrix (ECM) participate in stimulating and directing migration. The central importance of the intrinsic biophysical attributes of the microenvironment of the cell in modulating an array of fundamental epithelial behaviors including migration has been widely documented. Among the best measures of these attributes are the intrinsic topography and stiffness of the ECM and electric fields (EFs). How cells integrate these multiple simultaneous inputs is not well understood. Here, we present a method that combines the use of (i) topographically patterned substrates (mean pore diameter 800nm) possessing features that approximate those found in the native corneal basement membrane; and (ii) EFs (0-150mVmm(-1)) mimicking those at corneal epithelial wounds that the cells experience in vivo. We found that topographic cues and EFs synergistically regulated directional migration of human CECs and that this was associated with upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP3). MMP3 expression and activity were significantly elevated with 150mVmm(-1) applied-EF while MMP2/9 remained unaltered. MMP3 expression was elevated in cells cultured on patterned surfaces against planar surfaces. The highest single-cell migration rate was observed with 150mVmm(-1) applied EF on patterned and planar surfaces. When cultured as a confluent sheet, EFs induced collective cell migration on stochastically patterned surfaces compared with dissociated single-cell migration on planar surfaces. These results suggest significant interaction of biophysical cues in regulating cell behaviors and will help define design parameters for corneal prosthetics and help to better understand corneal wound healing.
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Weihs AM, Fuchs C, Teuschl AH, Hartinger J, Slezak P, Mittermayr R, Redl H, Junger WG, Sitte HH, Rünzler D. Shock wave treatment enhances cell proliferation and improves wound healing by ATP release-coupled extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:27090-27104. [PMID: 25118288 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.580936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Shock wave treatment accelerates impaired wound healing in diverse clinical situations. However, the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of shock waves have not yet been fully revealed. Because cell proliferation is a major requirement in the wound healing cascade, we used in vitro studies and an in vivo wound healing model to study whether shock wave treatment influences proliferation by altering major extracellular factors and signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation. We identified extracellular ATP, released in an energy- and pulse number-dependent manner, as a trigger of the biological effects of shock wave treatment. Shock wave treatment induced ATP release, increased Erk1/2 and p38 MAPK activation, and enhanced proliferation in three different cell types (C3H10T1/2 murine mesenchymal progenitor cells, primary human adipose tissue-derived stem cells, and a human Jurkat T cell line) in vitro. Purinergic signaling-induced Erk1/2 activation was found to be essential for this proliferative effect, which was further confirmed by in vivo studies in a rat wound healing model where shock wave treatment induced proliferation and increased wound healing in an Erk1/2-dependent fashion. In summary, this report demonstrates that shock wave treatment triggers release of cellular ATP, which subsequently activates purinergic receptors and finally enhances proliferation in vitro and in vivo via downstream Erk1/2 signaling. In conclusion, our findings shed further light on the molecular mechanisms by which shock wave treatment exerts its beneficial effects. These findings could help to improve the clinical use of shock wave treatment for wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Weihs
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, 1200 Vienna, Austria,; The Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christiane Fuchs
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, 1200 Vienna, Austria,; The Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria,.
| | - Andreas H Teuschl
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, 1200 Vienna, Austria,; The Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Joachim Hartinger
- The Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria,; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology/Austrian Workers' Compensation Board (AUVA) Research Center, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Slezak
- The Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria,; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology/Austrian Workers' Compensation Board (AUVA) Research Center, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rainer Mittermayr
- The Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria,; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology/Austrian Workers' Compensation Board (AUVA) Research Center, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz Redl
- The Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria,; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology/Austrian Workers' Compensation Board (AUVA) Research Center, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang G Junger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology/Austrian Workers' Compensation Board (AUVA) Research Center, 1200 Vienna, Austria,; Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, and
| | - Harald H Sitte
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominik Rünzler
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, 1200 Vienna, Austria,; The Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
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Elizondo RA, Yin Z, Lu X, Watsky MA. Effect of vitamin D receptor knockout on cornea epithelium wound healing and tight junctions. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:5245-51. [PMID: 25061117 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-13553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Our laboratory previously determined that vitamin D3, the vitamin D receptor (VDR), and 1α hydroxylase are present and active in the eye. In this study, we examined the effects of VDR knockout on wound healing, the tight junction-associated proteins occludin and ZO-1, and tight junction numbers in mouse corneas. METHODS Epithelial wounds (2-mm) were made with an agar brush on 4-week-old and 10-week-old wild-type, heterozygous, and VDR knockout mouse corneas. Mice were on a normal or high lactose, Ca(2+), and PO₄(-) diet. Wound-healing area was measured over time. Real-time PCR was used to quantify occludin and ZO-1 message expression. Western blot was used for protein expression. Transmission electron microscopy was used to examine corneal epithelium and endothelium tight junctions. Immunofluorescence was used to examine epithelial ZO-1 distribution. RESULTS Results showed a decreased healing rate in 10-week-old VDR knockout mice compared with wild-types. Vitamin D receptor knockout mice on the special diet had no difference in healing rate compared with wild-types. Real-time PCR showed decreased expression of occludin and ZO-1 in 10-week-old VDR knockout mice compared with wild-types. Western blot of 10-week-old knockout mouse corneas showed decreased occludin expression compared with wild-types. Transmission electron microscopy showed a significant difference in tight junction numbers in VDR knockouts versus wild-types. Immunofluorescence showed a change in ZO-1 distribution among genotypes. CONCLUSIONS Vitamin D receptor knockout affects mouse corneal epithelium wound healing and tight junction integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo A Elizondo
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Zhaohong Yin
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Xiaowen Lu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Mitchell A Watsky
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
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Lee A, Derricks K, Minns M, Ji S, Chi C, Nugent MA, Trinkaus-Randall V. Hypoxia-induced changes in Ca(2+) mobilization and protein phosphorylation implicated in impaired wound healing. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 306:C972-85. [PMID: 24671101 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00110.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The process of wound healing must be tightly regulated to achieve successful restoration of injured tissue. Previously, we demonstrated that when corneal epithelium is injured, nucleotides and neuronal factors are released to the extracellular milieu, generating a Ca(2+) wave from the origin of the wound to neighboring cells. In the present study we sought to determine how the communication between epithelial cells in the presence or absence of neuronal wound media is affected by hypoxia. A signal-sorting algorithm was developed to determine the dynamics of Ca(2+) signaling between neuronal and epithelial cells. The cross talk between activated corneal epithelial cells in response to neuronal wound media demonstrated that injury-induced Ca(2+) dynamic patterns were altered in response to decreased O2 levels. These alterations were associated with an overall decrease in ATP and changes in purinergic receptor-mediated Ca(2+) mobilization and localization of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors. In addition, we used the cornea in an organ culture wound model to examine how hypoxia impedes reepithelialization after injury. There was a change in the recruitment of paxillin to the cell membrane and deposition of fibronectin along the basal lamina, both factors in cell migration. Our results provide evidence that complex Ca(2+)-mediated signaling occurs between sensory neurons and epithelial cells after injury and is critical to wound healing. Information revealed by these studies will contribute to an enhanced understanding of wound repair under compromised conditions and provide insight into ways to effectively stimulate proper epithelial repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Kelsey Derricks
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Martin Minns
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Sophina Ji
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Cheryl Chi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew A Nugent
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vickery Trinkaus-Randall
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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Bettahi I, Sun H, Gao N, Wang F, Mi X, Chen W, Liu Z, Yu FSX. Genome-wide transcriptional analysis of differentially expressed genes in diabetic, healing corneal epithelial cells: hyperglycemia-suppressed TGFβ3 expression contributes to the delay of epithelial wound healing in diabetic corneas. Diabetes 2014; 63:715-27. [PMID: 24306208 PMCID: PMC3900551 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) may develop corneal complications and delayed wound healing. The aims of this study are to characterize the molecular signatures and biological pathways leading to delayed epithelial wound healing and to delineate the involvement of TGFβ3 therein. Genome-wide cDNA microarray analysis revealed 1,888 differentially expressed genes in the healing epithelia of normal (NL) versus type 1 DM rat corneas. Gene ontology and enrichment analyses indicated TGFβ signaling as a major altered pathway. Among three TGFβ isoforms, TGF-β1 and β3 were upregulated in response to wounding in NL corneal epithelial cells (CECs), whereas the latter was greatly suppressed by hyperglycemia in rat type 1 and 2 and mouse type 1 DM models. Functional analysis indicated that TGF-β3 contributed to wound healing in NL corneas. Moreover, exogenously added TGF-β3 accelerated epithelial wound closure in type 2 rat and type 1 mouse DM corneas via Smad and PI3K-AKT signaling pathways, autoregulation, and/or upregulation of Serpine1, a well-known TGFβ target gene. Taken together, our study for the first time provides a comprehensive list of genes differentially expressed in the healing CECs of NL versus diabetic corneas and suggests the therapeutic potential of TGF-β3 for treating corneal and skin wounds in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilham Bettahi
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Haijing Sun
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Nan Gao
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Feng Wang
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Xiaofan Mi
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Weiping Chen
- Genomic Core Laboratory of National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD
| | - Zuguo Liu
- Xiamen Eye Center, Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Fu-Shin X. Yu
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
- Corresponding author: Fu-Shin X. Yu,
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Ohyama Y, Kawamoto Y, Chiba T, Kikuchi K, Sakashita H, Imai K. Differential expression of fatty acid-binding proteins and pathological implications in the progression of tongue carcinoma. Mol Clin Oncol 2013; 2:19-25. [PMID: 24649302 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2013.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tongue carcinomas are common malignancies of the oral cavity. Understanding the molecular mechanisms behind the disease progression is a prerequisite for improving patient prognosis. Fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs) are cytoplasmic lipid chaperones that affect cellular organization and energy production. Although their aberrant expression is involved in carcinoma progression, its role in the pathology of tongue carcinomas remains unclear. In the present study, the immunohistochemical expression of FABP4 and FABP5 in tongue carcinomas (n=58) and its involvement in the clinicopathological parameters were examined. Normal tongue epithelial cells expressed FABP5, an epidermal-type FABP, but not FABP4, an adipocyte-type FABP. The cytoplasmic staining of FABP5 was increased in carcinomas with advanced T-stage (P<0.05) and clinical stage (P<0.05). Ectopic expression of FABP4 was detected in almost all carcinomas, although its role in disease progression remains undetermined. Upregulation of FABP5 in the wounded skin of genetically normal mice indicated that microenvironmental tissue factors induce FABP5 expression. The results of the present study demonstrated the aberrant expression of FABP4 and FABP5 in tongue carcinomas and suggested the involvement of FABP5 in disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshito Ohyama
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 2, Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Science, School of Dentistry, Meikai University, Sakado, Saitama 3500283
| | - Yukihiro Kawamoto
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 2, Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Science, School of Dentistry, Meikai University, Sakado, Saitama 3500283
| | - Tadashige Chiba
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, Tokyo 1028159
| | - Kentaro Kikuchi
- Division of Pathology, Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Science, School of Dentistry, Meikai University, Sakado, Saitama 3500283, Japan
| | - Hideaki Sakashita
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 2, Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Science, School of Dentistry, Meikai University, Sakado, Saitama 3500283
| | - Kazushi Imai
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, Tokyo 1028159
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Torricelli AAM, Singh V, Santhiago MR, Wilson SE. The corneal epithelial basement membrane: structure, function, and disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:6390-400. [PMID: 24078382 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The corneal epithelial basement membrane (BM) is positioned between basal epithelial cells and the stroma. This highly specialized extracellular matrix functions not only to anchor epithelial cells to the stroma and provide scaffolding during embryonic development but also during migration, differentiation, and maintenance of the differentiated epithelial phenotype. Basement membranes are composed of a diverse assemblage of extracellular molecules, some of which are likely specific to the tissue where they function; but in general they are composed of four primary components--collagens, laminins, heparan sulfate proteoglycans, and nidogens--in addition to other components such as thrombospondin-1, matrilin-2, and matrilin-4 and even fibronectin in some BM. Many studies have focused on characterizing BM due to their potential roles in normal tissue function and disease, and these structures have been well characterized in many tissues. Comparatively few studies, however, have focused on the function of the epithelial BM in corneal physiology. Since the normal corneal stroma is avascular and has relatively low keratocyte density, it is expected that the corneal BM would be different from the BM in other tissues. One function that appears critical in homeostasis and wound healing is the barrier function to penetration of cytokines from the epithelium to stroma (such as transforming growth factor β-1), and possibly from stroma to epithelium (such as keratinocyte growth factor). The corneal epithelial BM is also involved in many inherited and acquired corneal diseases. This review examines this structure in detail and discusses the importance of corneal epithelial BM in homeostasis, wound healing, and disease.
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Pothula S, Bazan HEP, Chandrasekher G. Regulation of Cdc42 expression and signaling is critical for promoting corneal epithelial wound healing. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:5343-52. [PMID: 23833064 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-11955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cdc42, a member of Rho GTPases (guanosine triphosphatases), participates in cytokine- and growth factor-controlled biological functions in mammalian tissues. Here, we examined Cdc42 role in corneal epithelial wound healing and the influence of hepatocyte, keratinocyte, and epidermal growth factor (HGF, KGF, and EGF)-mediated signaling on Cdc42. METHODS Epithelial wounds were created on the corneas of live rabbits by complete debridement and in rabbit corneal epithelial primary cultures through scratch injury. Cdc42 expression in cultures was suppressed using Cdc42 siRNA. Cdc42 activation was determined by pull-down assays with PAK-agarose beads. Cdc42 expression was analyzed by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence. Association of Cdc42 with cell-cycle proteins was identified by immunoprecipitation. RESULTS In rabbit corneas, significant increase in Cdc42 expression that occurred 2 to 4 days after the injury coincided with wound closure, and by 8 days the expression reached near basal levels. Silencing of Cdc42 expression in cultures caused inhibition of wound closure as a result of 60% to 75% decrease in epithelial migration and growth. HGF, KGF, and EGF increased Cdc2 expression, activation, and its phosphorylation on ser71. Inhibition of growth factor-mediated PI-3K signaling resulted in the downregulation of Cdc42 expression and its phosphorylation. Increased association of cell-cycle proteins p27(kip) and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) with Cdc42; and phosphorylated Cdc42 with plasma membrane leading edges was also observed in the presence of growth factors. CONCLUSIONS Cdc42 is an important regulator of corneal epithelial wound repair. To promote healing, Cdc42 may interact with receptor tyrosine kinase-activated signaling cascades that participate in cell migration and cell-cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Pothula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, USA
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