Anti-Atherosclerotic Effects of Vitamins D and E in Suppression of Atherogenesis

Exploring the impact of metabolites function on heart failure and coronary heart disease: insights from a Mendelian randomization (MR) study

BACKGROUND

Heart failure (HF) and coronary heart disease (CHD) are major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. While traditional risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, and smoking have been extensively studied, the role of metabolite functions in the development of these cardiovascular conditions has been less explored. This study employed a Mendelian randomization (MR) approach to investigate the impact of metabolite functions on HF and CHD.

METHODS

To assess the causal impacts of specific metabolite risk factors on HF and CHD, this study utilized genetic variants associated with these factors as instrumental variables. Comprehensive genetic and phenotypic data from diverse cohorts, including genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and cardiovascular disease registries, were incorporated into the research.

RESULTS

Our results encompass 61 metabolic cell phenotypes, with ten providing strong evidence of the influence of metabolite functions on the occurrence of HF and CHD. We found that elevated levels of erucate (22:1n9), lower levels of α-tocopherol, an imbalanced citrulline-to-ornithine ratio, elevated γ-glutamyl glycine levels, and elevated 7-methylguanine levels independently increased the risk of these cardiovascular conditions. These findings were consistent across different populations and robust to sensitivity analyses.

CONCLUSION

This MR study provides valuable insights into the influence of metabolite functions on HF and CHD. However, further investigation is needed to fully understand the precise mechanisms by which these metabolite factors contribute to the onset of these conditions. Such research could pave the way for the development of targeted therapeutic strategies.

Association between serum vitamin E and bacterial vaginitis in women: a cross-sectional study

INTRODUCTION

Bacterial vaginitis (BV) is a common vaginal disease. Vitamin E has been shown to reduce BV by enhancing immune function, but no studies have analyzed the relationship between vitamin E and BV at different BMIs and ages.

METHOD

This study used 2242 participants from four cycles of NHANES 1999-2006 in American. Participants' vitamin E levels were divided into four groups, and analyses such as study population description, stratified analysis, multiple logistic regression analysis, and curve fitting were performed. To perform data processing, the researchers used the statistical package R (The R Foundation; http://www.r-project.org ; version 3.6.3) and Empower Stats software ( www.empowerstats.net , X&Y solutions, Inc. Boston, Massachusetts).

RESULT

The concentrations of serum vitamin E were negatively correlated with the risk of BV, especially when vitamin E were at 1198-5459ug/dL with (OR = -0.443, 95%CI = 0.447-0.923, P = 0.032) or without (OR = -0.521, 95%CI = 0.421-0.837, P = 0.006) adjustment for variables. At the same time, at lower levels, there was no significant association. Vitamin E supplementation may significantly reduce the risk of BV (p < 0.001). In addition, the risk of having BV decreased and then increased with increasing vitamin E concentrations at high BMI levels (p < 0.01).

CONCLUSION

Vitamin E at moderate to high concentrations may significantly reduce BV risk, says the study, providing clinical evidence for the prevention and the treatment of BV.

Potential use of antioxidants for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases

The excessive production of various reactive oxidant species over endogenous antioxidant defense mechanisms leads to the development of a state of oxidative stress, with serious biological consequences. The consequences of oxidative stress depend on the balance between the generation of reactive oxidant species and the antioxidant defense and include oxidative damage of biomolecules, disruption of signal transduction, mutation, and cell apoptosis. Accumulating evidence suggests that oxidative stress is involved in the physiopathology of various debilitating illnesses associated with chronic inflammation, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, or neurodegenerative processes, that need continuous pharmacological treatment. Oxidative stress and chronic inflammation are tightly linked pathophysiological processes, one of which can be simply promoted by another. Although, many antioxidant trials have been unsuccessful (some of the trials showed either no effect or even harmful effects) in human patients as a preventive or curative measure, targeting oxidative stress remains an interesting therapeutic approach for the development of new agents to design novel anti-inflammatory drugs with a reliable safety profile. In this regard, several natural antioxidant compounds were explored as potential therapeutic options for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases. Several metalloenzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, are among the essential enzymes that maintain the low nanomolar physiological concentrations of superoxide (O2•-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the major redox signaling molecules, and thus play important roles in the alteration of the redox homeostasis. These enzymes have become a striking source of motivation to design catalytic drugs to enhance the action of these enzymes under pathological conditions related to chronic inflammation. This review is focused on several major representatives of natural and synthetic antioxidants as potential drug candidates for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases.

Vitamin E Supplementation and Cardiovascular Health: A Comprehensive Review

This article conducts a thorough investigation into the potential role of vitamin E in preventing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in the context of shifting mortality patterns from infectious diseases to the continued prominence of CVDs in modern medicine. The primary focus is on vitamin E's antioxidant properties and its specific ability to counter lipid peroxidation, a pivotal process in the early stages of atherosclerosis, a precursor to CVDs. The research spans a wide range of methodologies, including in vitro, in vivo, clinical, and experimental studies, examining how vitamin E affects critical aspects of cardiovascular health, such as signaling pathways, gene expression, inflammation, and cholesterol metabolism. It also explores vitamin E's influence on complex processes like smooth muscle cell development, oxidative stress reduction, foam cell formation, and the stability of atherosclerotic plaques. In the context of clinical studies, the article presents findings that both support and yield inconclusive results regarding the impact of vitamin E supplementation on CVDs. It acknowledges the intricate interplay of factors such as patient selection, pathophysiological conditions, and genetic variations, all of which can significantly influence the efficacy of vitamin E. The article underscores the need for ongoing research, with a specific focus on understanding the regulatory metabolites of vitamin E and their roles in modulating cellular processes relevant to CVDs. It highlights the potential for innovative therapeutic approaches based on a deeper comprehension of vitamin E's multifaceted effects. However, it also candidly addresses the challenges of translating clinical trial findings into practical applications and emphasizes the importance of considering diverse variables to optimize therapeutic outcomes. In summary, this meticulously conducted study provides a comprehensive examination of vitamin E's potential as a preventive agent against CVDs, recognizing the complexity of the subject and the need for continued research to unlock its full potential in cardiovascular health.

A Mediterranean Diet May Be Protective in the Development of Diabetic Retinopathy

The Mediterranean diet is recognized as one of the healthiest available dietary patterns. This perception results from its beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system and, also, on hypertension, diabetes, and cancer compared with other diets. Its impact on the course of diabetes is assessed in the available scientific literature; however, little information is available about its impact on diabetic retinopathy. The MD is characterized mainly by the consumption of fish, seafood, foods of plant origin, and fresh fruit and vegetables. It is also recommended to consume legumes, which are a source of folic acid, magnesium, iron, and dietary fiber. High consumption of nuts and unrefined grains is also recommended in the MD. Marine fish provide polyunsaturated acids from the omega-3 group. Olive oil plays a very important role, especially olive oil obtained from mechanical pressing. Additionally, olive oil contains vitamins E, K, and polyphenols. Polyphenols, which are present in a diverse range of vegetables, fruits, and seeds, have the ability to decrease oxidative stress, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Resveratrol is naturally found in grape skins and seeds, as well as in peanuts and berries, and is a constituent of red wine. Resveratrol can inhibit increased vascular leakage and loss of pericytes and regulate the level of VEGF protein in the retina, thus inhibiting the development of DR. Consumption of fruits, vegetables, fish, and olive oil may be correlated with a lower risk of diabetic retinopathy. This paper presents the definition of the Mediterranean diet and its influence on the course of diabetes and diabetic retinopathy.

The critically low levels of vitamin D predicts the resolution of the ST-segment elevation after the primary percutaneous coronary intervention

AIMS

To investigate the role of vitamin D2 on the resolution of ST-segment elevation (STE) after a primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), as serum levels of vitamin D have been associated with the severity of coronary artery disease.

METHODS AND RESULTS

All patients who underwent PCI for STEMI were screened for enrolment. Vitamin D2 levels were measured on admission along with other biochemical and haematologic assays. The electrocardiography (ECG) was recorded upon arrival and 60 min after the completion of PCI. The primary endpoint of the study was a ≥ 50% resolution of ST-segment amplitude (+STR) when compared to the initial ECG. A logistic regression multivariate analysis was performed to examine the association of STR with all confounding variables, including the admission levels of vitamin D. Receiver-operator characteristics analysis was used to determine the cut-off value of vitamin D that was predictive of STR. Although there was no difference in STR based on standard classification of vitamin D sufficiency, critically low levels of vitamin D (<7.5 ng/mL) were significantly associated with the absence of STR after PCI (AUC was 0.65 ± 0.07; p < 0.001). Critical vitamin D deficiency was a moderate predictor of STR in these patients, with a sensitivity of 86% and specificity of 54%.

CONCLUSION

We concluded that although levels below ten ng/mL were generally accepted as vitamin D deficiency, only critically low levels of this vitamin (<7.5 ng/dL) reliably predicted the resolution of ST-segment after a primary PCI for patients with STEMI.

Role of Vitamins in Cardiovascular Health: Know Your Facts-Part 2

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of morbidity/mortality world-wide, hence preventive interventions are crucial. Observational data showing beneficial CV effects of vitamin supplements, promoted by self-proclaimed experts, have led to ~50% of Americans using multivitamins; this practice has culminated into a multi-billion-dollar business. However, robust evidence is lacking, and certain vitamins might incur harm. This two-part review focuses on the attributes or concerns about specific vitamin consumption on CVD. The evidence for indiscriminate use of multivitamins indicates no consistent CVD benefit. Specific vitamins and/or combinations are suggested, but further supportive evidence is needed. Data presented in Part 1 indicated that folic acid and certain B-vitamins may decrease stroke, whereas niacin might raise mortality; beta-carotene mediates pro-oxidant effects, which may abate the benefits from other vitamins. In Part 2, data favor the anti-oxidant effects of vitamin C and the anti-atherogenic effects of vitamins C and E, but clinical evidence is inconsistent. Vitamin D may provide CV protection, but data are conflicting. Vitamin K appears neutral. Thus, there are favorable CV effects of individual vitamins (C/D), but randomized/controlled data are lacking. An important caveat regards the potential toxicity of increased doses of fat-soluble vitamins (A/D/E/K). As emphasized in Part 1, vitamins might benefit subjects who are antioxidant-deficient or exposed to high levels of oxidative-stress (e.g., diabetics, smokers, and elderly), stressing the importance of targeting certain subgroups for optimal results. Finally, by promoting CV-healthy balanced-diets, we could acquire essential vitamins and nutrients and use supplements only for specific indications.

Association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D with metabolic disturbances in adolescents

OBJECTIVES

Data concerning the association of vitamin D with metabolic disturbances in adolescents are contradictory. The aim of this study was to identify metabolic abnormalities in adolescents with 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) deficiency and to determine informative indices for the early detection of these metabolic disturbances.

METHODS

A cross-sectional observational study including 90 adolescents aged 13-15 years was carried out during the winter. Anthropometric measures were collected. Fasting blood samples were assessed for the following parameters: serum 25(OH)D, lipids, and glucose.

RESULTS

The majority of the study adolescents had low 25(OH)D concentration. The prevalence of 25(OH)D deficiency (<12 ng/ml) and insufficiency (12-20 ng/ml) in adolescents was 34.4% and 55.6%, respectively. Among the metabolic disturbance, hypo-high-density lipoprotein cholesterolemia prevailed in the adolescents, while hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and hyperglycemia were rare. 25(OH)D status showed an association with the metabolic score for insulin resistance (METS-IR, r = -0.40; p < .001), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (r = 0.31; p = .003), atherogenic index of plasma (r = -0.30; p = .004) and body mass index (r = -0.23, p = .032). There were no significant correlations between 25(OH)D level and other lipid or glucose levels. The degree of hypovitaminosis D affects METS-IR values.

CONCLUSIONS

25(OH)D deficiency in the studied adolescents had not yet manifested serious metabolic diseases. Of all the analyzed parameters, METS-IR was most strongly associated with 25(OH)D level and can be considered a useful marker of early metabolic disturbances in adolescents with 25(OH)D deficiency.

Circulatory microRNAs in helminthiases: Potent as diagnostics biomarker, its potential role and limitations

Infections caused by helminths are responsible for severe public health problems and economic burden on continental scale. Well-timed and precise diagnosis of helminth infections is critical for taking by appropriate approaches for pathogen control. Circulating miRNAs are stable diagnostic tool for different diseases found in a variety of body fluid. As diagnostic biomarkers in infectious diseases, miRNAs detection in body fluids of helminth infected hosts is growing promptly. Uncovering miRNAs is a relatively new tool, used for early-stage detection of helminth infection from experimental or non-invasive clinical samples. miRNAs can be detected in body fluids such as serum, saliva, urine, and tissues of helminth infected host, mainly blood offering important benefits for diagnosis accurately. In this review, we discuss different characteristics of helminth parasite-derived circulating and EV miRNAs, supporting its potential uses in for helminth diagnosis and treatment efficiency.

The Effect of Diet and Lifestyle on the Course of Diabetic Retinopathy-A Review of the Literature

Diabetes is a major social problem. As shown by epidemiological studies, the world incidence of diabetes is increasing and so is the number of people suffering from its complications. Therefore, it is important to determine possible preventive tools. In the prevention of diabetic retinopathy, it is essential to control glycemia, lipid profile and blood pressure. This can be done not only by pharmacological treatment, but first of all by promoting a healthy lifestyle, changing dietary habits and increasing physical activity. In our work, we present a review of the literature to show that physical exercise and an adequate diet can significantly reduce the risk of diabetes and diabetic retinopathy.

Association between serum Vitamin D levels and prognostic factors in nonmetastatic breast cancer patients

Background:

Breast cancer is among the most common malignancies in women around the world. There is evidence of high prevalence of serum/blood Vitamin D deficiency in Iranian women. Considering the multitude of factors that may be involved in the prognosis and lifespan of breast cancer patients, this study investigated the level of Vitamin D in Iranian patients with nonmetastatic breast cancer.

Materials and Methods:

This cross-sectional study was carried out on 214 women diagnosed with breast cancer, who were referred to the radio-oncology department. Serum Vitamin D level of the patients was measured. Prognostic factors were determined based on demographic and pathological characteristics. The results were analyzed using descriptive statistics tests, Chi-square, one-way analysis of variance, Kaplan–Meier, and Cox regression model in SPSS v22. For all cases, the significance level was considered to be P < 0.05.

Results:

The total mean of 25-hydroxyvitamin D serum level was 25.15 ± 17.68 ng/ml. There was no significant relationship between levels of Vitamin D with disease stage, tumor size, tumor grade, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (P > 0.05). The mean survival time was 5 years and 45 days.

Conclusion:

No relationship was found between serum Vitamin D levels and the factors affecting the prognosis of nonmetastatic breast cancer. The Cox analysis showed that the survival time was not influenced by Vitamin D as a prognosis factor.

In Silico Prediction of Steroids and Triterpenoids as Potential Regulators of Lipid Metabolism

This review focuses on a rare group of steroids and triterpenoids that share common properties as regulators of lipid metabolism. This group of compounds is divided by the type of chemical structure, and they represent: aromatic steroids, steroid phosphate esters, highly oxygenated steroids such as steroid endoperoxides and hydroperoxides, α,β-epoxy steroids, and secosteroids. In addition, subgroups of carbon-bridged steroids, neo steroids, miscellaneous steroids, as well as synthetic steroids containing heteroatoms S (epithio steroids), Se (selena steroids), Te (tellura steroids), and At (astatosteroids) were presented. Natural steroids and triterpenoids have been found and identified from various sources such as marine sponges, soft corals, starfish, and other marine invertebrates. In addition, this group of rare lipids is found in fungi, fungal endophytes, and plants. The pharmacological profile of the presented steroids and triterpenoids was determined using the well-known computer program PASS, which is currently available online for all interested scientists and pharmacologists and is currently used by research teams from more than 130 countries of the world. Our attention has been focused on the biological activities of steroids and triterpenoids associated with the regulation of cholesterol metabolism and related processes such as anti-hyperlipoproteinemic activity, as well as the treatment of atherosclerosis, lipoprotein disorders, or inhibitors of cholesterol synthesis. In addition, individual steroids and triterpenoids were identified that demonstrated rare or unique biological activities such as treating neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's diseases with a high degree of certainty over 95 percent. For individual steroids or triterpenoids or a group of compounds, 3D drawings of their predicted biological activities are presented.

MicroRNA: A mediator of diet-induced cardiovascular protection

Diets containing nutrients such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, polyphenols, or vitamins have been shown to have cardiovascular benefits. Micro (mi)RNAs are fundamental regulators of gene expression and function in the cardiovascular system. Diet-induced cardiovascular benefits are associated with changes in endogenous expression of miRNAs in the cardiovascular system. In addition, emerging studies have shown that miRNAs present in the food can be transported in the circulation to tissues. These exogenous miRNAs may also affect cardiovascular function contributing to the diet-induced benefits. This review discusses the emerging role of both endogenous and exogenous miRNAs as mediators of diet-induced cardiovascular protection. Understanding the mechanisms of diet-mediated actions through modulation of miRNA may provide a potential strategy for new therapies.

Potential protective effects of Aloe vera gel on cardiovascular diseases: A mini-review

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) comprise the most prevalent causes of morbidity and mortality in both men and women worldwide. CVDs are associated with several risk factors such as hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obesity, tobacco smoking and an unhealthy diet. Currently, in addition to the use of related pharmacological treatments in the management of CVDs, the investigation of other suitable healthcare approaches for these disorders such as the identification of herbal medicines has been considered in the scientific communities. Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. is a perennial medicinal plant. The innermost leaf layer of this plant contains transparent gel, which is used as food. Pre-clinical studies have shown several biological activities of A. vera gel (AVG), including antidiabetic, lipid-lowering, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, hepatoprotective, and immunomodulatory effects. Other pharmacological activities of AVG such as anti-fibrotic, anti-hypertensive, and anti-atherosclerotic effects have been reported. Moreover, several clinical studies have demonstrated the ameliorating effects of AVG on some markers of CVDs risk factors. Thus, this study was conducted to review clinical trials besides in vitro and in vivo studies on the cardiac beneficial effects of AVG. However, further high-quality studies are needed to firmly establish the clinical efficacy of the plant.

Joint application of biochemical markers and imaging techniques in the accurate and early detection of glioblastoma

Glioblastoma is a primary brain tumor with the most metastatic effect in adults. Despite the wide range of multidimensional treatments, tumor heterogeneity is one of the main causes of tumor spread and gives great complexity to diagnostic and therapeutic methods. Therefore, featuring noble noninvasive prognostic methods that are focused on glioblastoma heterogeneity is perceived as an urgent need. Imaging neuro-oncological biomarkers including MGMT (O⁶-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase) promoter methylation status, tumor grade along with other tumor characteristics and demographic features (e.g., age) are commonly referred to during diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic processes. Therefore, the use of new noninvasive prognostic methods focused on glioblastoma heterogeneity is considered an urgent need. Some neuronal biomarkers, including the promoter methylation status of the promoter MGMT, the characteristics and grade of the tumor, along with the patient's demographics (such as age and sex) are involved in diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Among the wide array of imaging techniques, magnetic resonance imaging combined with the more physiologically detailed technique of H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy can be useful in diagnosing neurological cancer patients. In addition, intracranial tumor qualitative analysis and sometimes tumor biopsies help in accurate diagnosis. This review summarizes the evidence for biochemical biomarkers being a reliable biomarker in the early detection and disease management in GBM. Moreover, we highlight the correlation between Imaging techniques and biochemical biomarkers and ask whether they can be combined.

Small non-coding RNAs in embryonic pre-implantation

Failure of embryo implantation has been introduced as an important limiting parameter in early assisted reproduction and pregnancy. The embryo-maternal interactions, endometrial receptivity, and detections of implantation consist of the embryo viability. For regulating the implantation, multiple molecules may be consisted, however, their specific regulatory mechanisms still stand unclear. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been highly concerned due to their important effect on human embryo implantation. MicroRNA (miRNA), which acts as the transcriptional regulator of gene expression, is consisted in embryo implantation. Scholars determined that miRNAs cannot affect the cells and release by cells in the extracellular environment considering facilitating intercellular communication, multiple packaging forms, and preparing indicative data in the case of pathological and physiological conditions. The detection of extracellular miRNAs provided new information in cases of implantation studies. For embryo-maternal communication, MiRNAs offered novel approaches. In addition, in assisted reproduction, for embryo choice and prediction of endometrial receptivity, they can act as non-invasive biomarkers and can enhance the accuracy in the process of reducing the mechanical damage for the tissue.

Cervical Cancer Diagnosis: Insights into Biochemical Biomarkers and Imaging Techniques

Cervical malignancy is known as one of the important cancers which is originated from cervix. This malignancy has been observed in women infected with papillomavirus who had regular oral contraceptives, multiple pregnancies, and sexual relations. Early and fast cervical cancer diagnosis is known as two important aspects of cervical cancer therapy. Several investigations indicated that early and fast detection of cervical cancer could be associated with better treatment process and increasing survival rate of patients with this malignancy. Imaging techniques are very important diagnosis tools that could be employed for diagnosis and following responses to therapy in various cervical cancer stages. Multiple lines of evidence indicated that utilization of imaging techniques is related to some limitations (i.e. high cost, and invasive effects). Hence, it seems that along with using imaging techniques, finding and developing new biomarkers could be useful in the diagnosis and treatment of subjects with cervical cancer. Taken together, many studies showed that a variety of biomarkers including, several proteins, mRNAs, microRNAs, exosomes and polymorphisms might be introduced as prognostic, diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers in cervical cancer therapy. In this review article, we highlighted imaging techniques as well as novel biomarkers for the diagnosis of cervical cancer.

Vitamin D and Non-coding RNAs: New Insights into the Regulation of Breast Cancer

Breast cancer, a life-threatening serious disease with a high incident rate among women, is responsible for thousands of cancer-associated death worldwide. Numerous investigations have evaluated the possible mechanisms related to this malignancy. Among them, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), i.e., microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs have recently attracted attention of researchers. In addition to recent studies for evaluating the role of ncRNAs in breast cancer etiology, some investigations have revealed that vitamin D has regulatory and therapeutic roles in breast cancer. Moreover, an important link between vitamin D and ncRNAs in cancer therapy has been highlighted. Herein, the aim of this study was to discuss the available data on the mentioned link in breast cancer.

The effect of PCOS status on atherosclerosis markers and cardiovascular disease risk factors in young women with vitamin D deficiency

OBJECTIVE

To investigate whether polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) had further deteriorating influence on endothelial function or cardiometabolic parameters in women with vitamin D deficiency during reproductive age.

STUDY DESIGN

The study group was composed of women with PCOS and vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency between the ages of 18 and 35 years. Age and body mass index (BMI)-matched women were chosen as controls. Serum 25(OH) Vit D levels below 20 ng/mL were considered as vitamin D deficiency. The cutoff level of vitamin D insufficiency was suggested at 30 ng/mL. Serum FSH, LH, estradiol, testosterone, DHEA-S, fasting glucose, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglyceride levels were analyzed. Carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) was measured, and the flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) was calculated.

RESULTS

CIMT and FMD values in both vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency subgroups showed no significant difference between PCOS and non-PCOS groups. There was a weak negative correlation between BMI, waist/hip ratio, CRP, and 25(OH) Vitamin D.

CONCLUSION

PCOS is a heterogeneous disease with different combinations of the diagnostic components. Vitamin D is an important variable for a healthy cardiovascular system. We did not find any difference in early atherosclerotic markers and cardiometabolic features between PCOS and non-PCOS group with Vitamin D deficiency.

Natural products: The role and mechanism in low-density lipoprotein oxidation and atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory, metabolic, and epigenetic disease, which leads to the life-threatening coronary artery disease. Emerging studies from bench to bedside have demonstrated the pivotal role of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. This article hereby reviews oxidation mechanism of LDL, and the pro-atherogenic and biomarker role of oxidized LDL in atherosclerosis. We also review the pharmacological effects of several representative natural products (vitamin E, resveratrol, quercetin, probucol, tanshinone IIA, epigallocatechin gallate, and Lycopene) in protecting against LDL oxidation and atherosclerosis. Clinical and basic research supports the beneficial effects of these natural products in inhibiting LDL oxidation and preventing atherosclerosis, but the data are still controversial. This may be related to factors such as the population and the dosage and time of taking natural products involved in different studies. Understanding the mechanism of LDL oxidation and effect of oxidized LDL help researchers to find novel therapies against atherosclerosis.

Modulation of Lipid Transport and Adipose Tissue Deposition by Small Lipophilic Compounds

Small lipophilic molecules present in foods of plant origin have relevant biological activities at rather low concentrations. Evidence suggests that phytosterols, carotenoids, terpenoids, and tocopherols can interact with different metabolic pathways, exerting beneficial effects against a number of metabolic diseases. These small molecules can modulate triacylglycerol absorption in the intestine and the biosynthesis of chylomicrons, the lipid carriers in the blood. Once in the bloodstream, they can impact lipoprotein clearance from blood, thereby affecting fatty acid release, incorporation into adipocytes and triglyceride reassembling and deposit. Consequently, some of these molecules can regulate pathophysiological processes associated to obesity and its related conditions, such as insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and type-2 diabetes. The protective capacity of some lipophilic small molecules on oxidative and chemotoxic stress, can modify the expression of key genes in the adaptive cellular response, such as transcription factors, contributing to prevent the inflammatory status of adipose tissue. These small lipophilic compounds can be incorporated into diet as natural parts of food but they can also be employed to supplement other dietary and pharmacologic products as nutraceuticals, exerting protective effects against the development of metabolic diseases in which inflammation is involved. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge of the influence of dietary lipophilic small biomolecules (phytosterols, carotenoids, tocopherols, and triterpenes) on lipid transport, as well as on the effects they may have on pathophysiological metabolic states, related to obesity, insulin resistance and inflammation, providing an evidence-based summary of their main beneficial effects on human health.

Cardiac complications in inherited mitochondrial diseases

Maternally mitochondrial dysfunction includes a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders which leads to the impairment of the final common pathway of energy metabolism. Coronary heart disease and coronary venous disease are two important clinical manifestations of mitochondrial dysfunction due to abnormality in the setting of underlying pathways. Mitochondrial dysfunction can lead to cardiomyopathy, which is involved in the onset of acute cardiac and pulmonary failure. Mitochondrial diseases present other cardiac manifestations such as left ventricular noncompaction and cardiac conduction disease. Different clinical findings from mitochondrial dysfunction originate from different mtDNA mutations, and this variety of clinical symptoms poses a diagnostic challenge for cardiologists. Heart transplantation may be a good treatment, but it is not always possible, and other complications of the disease, such as mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like syndrome, should be considered. To diagnose and treat most mitochondrial disorders, careful cardiac, neurological, and molecular studies are needed. In this study, we looked at molecular genetics of MIDs and cardiac manifestations in patients with mitochondrial dysfunction.

Nutritional and medical food therapies for diabetic retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a form of microangiopathy. Reducing oxidative stress in the mitochondria and cell membranes decreases ischemic injury and end-organ damage to the retina. New approaches are needed, which reduce the risk and improve the outcomes of DR while complementing current therapeutic approaches. Homocysteine (Hcy) elevation and oxidative stress are potential therapeutic targets in DR. Common genetic polymorphisms such as those of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), increase Hcy and DR risk and severity. Patients with DR have high incidences of deficiencies of crucial vitamins, minerals, and related compounds, which also lead to elevation of Hcy and oxidative stress. Addressing the effects of the MTHFR polymorphism and addressing comorbid deficiencies and insufficiencies reduce the impact and severity of the disease. This approach provides safe and simple strategies that support conventional care and improve outcomes. Suboptimal vitamin co-factor availability also impairs the release of neurotrophic and neuroprotective growth factors. Collectively, this accounts for variability in presentation and response of DR to conventional therapy. Fortunately, there are straightforward recommendations for addressing these issues and supporting traditional treatment plans. We have reviewed the literature for nutritional interventions that support conventional therapies to reduce disease risk and severity. Optimal combinations of vitamins B1, B2, B6, L-methylfolate, methylcobalamin (B12), C, D, natural vitamin E complex, lutein, zeaxanthin, alpha-lipoic acid, and n-acetylcysteine are identified for protecting the retina and choroid. Certain medical foods have been successfully used as therapy for retinopathy. Recommendations based on this review and our clinical experience are developed for clinicians to use to support conventional therapy for DR. DR from both type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have similar retinal findings and responses to nutritional therapies.

Protection of natural antioxidants against low-density lipoprotein oxidation

This chapter reports essential information about the protective action of antioxidants against LDL oxidation. The activity of individual compounds (tocopherols, vitamin C, phenolic compounds) as well as extracts obtained from plant material (cereals, fruits, legumes, nuts, mushrooms, by-products of food industry) is reported. The structure-antioxidant activity relationship of phenolic compounds is discussed. This article summarizes the findings to date of both in vitro and in vivo studies using foods or phenolic extracts isolated from foodstuffs at inhibiting the incidence of LDL oxidation. This chapter summarizes also the reportings to date of in vivo studies using foods or beverages at inhibiting the incidence of LDL oxidation.

microRNAs as biomarkers of ovarian cancer

Introduction: Ovarian carcinoma (OC) is the leading cause of death in women with gynecologic cancers. Most patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage with a low five-year survival rate of 20-30%. Discovering novel biomarkers for early detection and outcome prediction of OC is an urgent medical need. miRNAs, a group of small non-coding RNAs, play critical roles in multiple biologic processes and cancer pathogenesis.Areas covered: We provide an in-depth look at the functions of miRNAs in OC, particularly focusing on their roles in chemoresistance and metastasis in OC. We also discuss the biological and clinical significance of miRNAs in exosomes and expand on long non-coding RNA which acts as ceRNA of miRNAs.Expert opinion: miRNAs participate in many biological processes including proliferation, apoptosis, chemoresistance, metastasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and cancer stem cell. They will substantially contribute to our understanding of OC pathogenesis. Given their resistance to the degradation of ribonucleases and availability in plasma exosomes, miRNAs may serve as emerging biomarkers for cancer detection, therapeutic assessment, and prognostic prediction. Being a messenger, exosomal miRNAs are crucial for the crosstalk between cancer cells and stromal cells in tumor microenvironment.

Cancer stem cells and oral cancer: insights into molecular mechanisms and therapeutic approaches

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been identified as a little population of cancer cells, which have features as the same as the cells normal stem cells. There is enough knowledge of the CSCs responsibility for metastasis, medicine resistance, and cancer outbreak. Therefore, CSCs control possibly provides an efficient treatment intervention inhibiting tumor growth and invasion. In spite of the significance of targeting CSCs in treating cancer, few study comprehensively explored the nature of oral CSCs. It has been showed that oral CSCs are able to contribute to oral cancer progression though activation/inhibition a sequences of cellular and molecular pathways (microRNA network, histone modifications and calcium regulation). Hence, more understanding about the properties of oral cancers and their behaviors will help us to develop new therapeutic platforms. Head and neck CSCs remain a viable and intriguing option for targeted therapy. Multiple investigations suggested the major contribution of the CSCs to the metastasis, tumorigenesis, and resistance to the new therapeutic regimes. Therefore, experts in the field are examining the encouraging targeted therapeutic choices. In spite of the advancements, there are not enough information in this area and thus a magic bullet for targeting and eliminating the CSCs deviated us. Hence, additional investigations on the combined therapies against the head and neck CSCs could offer considerable achievements. The present research is a review of the recent information on oral CSCs, and focused on current advancements in new signaling pathways contributed to their stemness regulation. Moreover, we highlighted various therapeutic approaches against oral CSCs.

Precipitated sdLDL: An easy method to estimate LDL particle size

Background

LDL‐C lowering is the main measure in cardiovascular disease prevention but a residual risk of ischemic events still remains. Alterations of lipoproteins, specially, increase in small dense LDL (sdLDL) particles are related to this risk.

Objective

To investigate the potential use of sdLDL cholesterol concentration (sdLDL‐C) isolated by an easy precipitation method and to assess the impact of a set of clinical and biochemical variables determined by NMR on sdLDL concentration.

Methods

sdLDL‐C and NMR lipid profile were performed in 85 men samples. Association among them was evaluated using Pearson coefficients (r_xy). A multivariate regression was performed to identify the influence of NMR variables on sdLDL‐C.

Results

A strong association between sdLDL‐C and LDLLDL‐P (r_xy = 0.687) and with LDL‐Z (r_xy = −0.603) was found. The multivariate regression explained a 56.8% in sdLDL‐C variation (P = 8.77.10‐12). BMI, ApoB, triglycerides, FFA, and LDL‐Z showed a significant contribution. The most important ones were ApoB and LDL‐Z; a 1nm increase (LDL‐Z) leads to decrease 126 nmol/L in sdLDL‐C.

Conclusion

The association between sdLDL‐C, LDL‐Z, and LDL‐P is clear. From a large number of variables, especially LDL‐Z and apoB influence on sdLDL‐C. Results show that the smaller the LDL size, the higher their cholesterol concentration. Therefore, sdLDL‐C determination by using this easy method would be useful to risk stratification and to uncover cardiovascular residual risk.

Calcium Kidney Stones are Associated with Increased Risk of Carotid Atherosclerosis: The Link between Urinary Stone Risks, Carotid Intima-Media Thickness, and Oxidative Stress Markers

Previous studies have suggested that kidney stone formers are associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular events. To our knowledge, there have been no previous examinations of the relationship between carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and urinary stone risk factors. This study was aimed toward an investigation of the association between dyslipidemia, IMT, and 24-hour urinalysis in patients with calcium oxalate (CaOx) or calcium phosphate (CaP) stones. We prospectively enrolled 114 patients with kidney stones and 33 controls between January 2016 and August 2016. All patients were divided into four groups, according to the stone compositions—CaOx ≥ 50% group, CaP group, struvite group, and uric acid stones group. Carotid IMT and the carotid score (CS) were evaluated using extracranial carotid artery doppler ultrasonography. The results of a multivariate analysis indicated that a higher serum total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were all associated with lower urinary citrate and higher CS in both the CaOx ≥ 50% and CaP groups. Higher serum TC and LDL were also associated with increased serum 8-OHdG levels in both groups. The levels of carotid IMT and CS in the CaOx ≥ 50% and CaP groups were all significantly higher than in the controls. These findings suggest a strong link between dyslipidemia, carotid atherosclerosis, and calcium kidney stone disease.

Oxidative Stress in Radiation-Induced Cardiotoxicity

There is a distinct increase in the risk of heart disease in people exposed to ionizing radiation (IR). Radiation-induced heart disease (RIHD) is one of the adverse side effects when people are exposed to ionizing radiation. IR may come from various forms, such as diagnostic imaging, radiotherapy for cancer treatment, nuclear disasters, and accidents. However, RIHD was mainly observed after radiotherapy for chest malignant tumors, especially left breast cancer. Radiation therapy (RT) has become one of the main ways to treat all kinds of cancer, which is used to reduce the recurrence of cancer and improve the survival rate of patients. The potential cause of radiation-induced cardiotoxicity is unclear, but it may be relevant to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress, an accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), disrupts intracellular homeostasis through chemical modification and damages proteins, lipids, and DNA; therefore, it results in a series of related pathophysiological changes. The purpose of this review was to summarise the studies of oxidative stress in radiotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity and provide prevention and treatment methods to reduce cardiac damage.

Role of microRNAs in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Pathogenesis

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small endogenous non-coding RNAs involved in many cancers and various cellular processes such as cellular growth, DNA methylation, apoptosis, and differentiation. 13q14.3 chromosomal region contains miR-15 and miR-16 and deletion of this region is a commonly reported aberration in Chronic Lymphoblastic Leukemia (CLL), suggesting miRNAs involvement in CLL pathogenesis. MicroRNAs are known as oncogenes and tumor suppressors in CLL which may also serve as markers of onset and progression of the disease. The most prevalent form of leukemia diagnosed in adults in the western world, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, accounts for one-third of all leukemias. CLL is characterized by the presence of B Cell Malignant Clones in secondary lymphoid tissues, peripheral blood and bone marrow. The precise etiology of CLL is remained to be known, however, a number of Chromosomal Abnormalities such as deletions of 13q14.3, 11q and 17p and trisomy 12 have been detected. In this review, we offer our prospect on how miRNAs are involved in the CLL pathogenesis and disease progression. Further understanding of the underlying mechanisms and regulation of CLL pathogenesis has underscored the need for further research regarding their role in this disease.

Myricitrin exhibits anti-atherosclerotic and anti-hyperlipidemic effects in diet-induced hypercholesterolemic rats

The present study investigated the anti-atherosclerotic potential of myricitrin in hypercholesterolemic rats. Rats were divided into the following groups: sham (standard food), control [1% high-cholesterol diet (HCD)], 1 μM myricitrin + 1% HCD, 10 μM myricitrin + 1% HCD, 100 μM myricitrin + 1% HCD, and the positive control (10 mg/kg body weight atorvastatin). The dose was given to rats via oral gavage for 45 consecutive days. Feeding of rats with 1% HCD caused substantial increases in the levels of LDL, cholesterol, and triglycerides (TG), while high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was reduced. However, rats supplemented with myricitrin had reduced levels of cholesterol, LDL, and TG to near-normal levels, whereas HDL was increased. Catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were substantially reduced in the HCD-fed rats compared with sham rats. However, the rats supplemented with 100 μM myricitrin showed > 50% increases in these levels. Lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were reduced following myricitrin treatment. The aortic cell wall area was significantly increased by 14.5% in HCD-fed rats. However, rats supplemented with 1, 10, and 100 μM myricitrin showed significant reductions in the aortic cell wall area of 2.3%, 4%, and 27.5%, respectively. This is the first report of the anti-atherosclerotic and hypolipidemic effects of myricitrin in hypercholesterolemic rats. Myricitrin decreased the level of total serum cholesterol and the role of aortic atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic rats.

Curcumin rescues breast cells from epithelial‑mesenchymal transition and invasion induced by anti‑miR‑34a

Breast cancer is the most prevalent type of cancer among women worldwide and it is characterized by a high morbidity. Curcumin is a naturally occurring compound derived from the rhizome of Curcuma longa and is known to have antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties. Emerging evidence has indicated that microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) function as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes to control invasion and migration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of curcumin on genes implicated in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and to examine the involvement of Rho-A in the migration and invasion of MCF-10F and MDA-MB-231 breast cell lines. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the effects of curcumin on Rho-A and on genes involved in EMT, such as Axl, Slug and CD24 in order to determine whether the compound is able to prevent migration and invasion by targeting miRNAs as a regulator of such genes. Specifically, we focused on miR-34a which acts as a tumor suppressor gene in human breast cell lines. The present study demonstrated that the Axl, Slug and CD24 genes were implicated in EMT, and Rho-A was also involved in the migration and invasion of MCF-10F and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Curcumin also acted upon the miRNA as a regulator of genes implicated in EMT and upon Rho-A as well, affecting the migration and invasion of the cells. This occurred independently of their estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PgR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) receptors in the non-malignant MCF-10F and malignant MDA-MB-231 breast cell lines, which are both negative for such receptors.

Cancer stem cells as therapeutic targets of pancreatic cancer

The discovery of stem cells and their potential abilities in self-renewal and differentiation has opened a new horizon in medicine. Scientists have found a small population of stem cells in some types of cancers with the same functions as normal stem cells. There are two models for tumor progression: clonal (stochastic) and cancer stem cell (CSCs) models. According to the first model, all transformed cells in the tumor have carcinogenic potential and are able to proliferate and produce the same cells. The latter model, which has received more attention recently, considers the role of CSCs in drug resistance and tumor metastasis. Following the model, researchers have found that targeting CSCs may be a promising way in cancer therapy. This review describes CSC characteristics in general, while also focusing on CSC properties in the context of pancreatic cancer.

The Nutraceutical Value of Olive Oil and Its Bioactive Constituents on the Cardiovascular System. Focusing on Main Strategies to Slow Down Its Quality Decay during Production and Storage

Cardiovascular diseases represent the principal cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is well-known that oxidative stress and inflammatory processes are strongly implicated in their pathogenesis; therefore, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory agents can represent effective tools. In recent years a large number of scientific reports have pointed out the nutraceutical and nutritional value of extra virgin olive oils (EVOO), strongholds of the Mediterranean diet, endowed with a high nutritional quality and defined as functional foods. In regard to EVOO, it is a food composed of a major saponifiable fraction, represented by oleic acid, and a minor unsaponifiable fraction, including a high number of vitamins, polyphenols, and squalene. Several reports suggest that the beneficial effects of EVOO are linked to the minor components, but recently, further studies have shed light on the health effects of the fatty fraction and the other constituents of the unsaponifiable fraction. In the first part of this review, an analysis of the clinical and preclinical evidence of the cardiovascular beneficial effects of each constituent is carried out. The second part of this review is dedicated to the main operating conditions during production and/or storage that can directly influence the shelf life of olive oil in terms of both nutraceutical properties and sensory quality.

Knockdown of Sal-like 4 expression by siRNA induces apoptosis in colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is known as the third most common malignancies among men and women and is also the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. It has been indicated that a variety of risk factors are involved in the pathogenesis of CRC. Spalt-like transcription factor 4 (SALL4) is known as a transcription factor that plays an important role in the proliferation of cancerous cells. In this study, using a specific sequence of small interfering RNA (siRNA) against the sequence of SALL4, its activity is investigated in the CRC cell line (sw742). The CRC cells (sw742) were cultured and then, using a specific anti-SALL4 siRNA, their toxic doses were determined. Then, the gene is transfected into the cell. Proliferation and expression of the SALL4 and Bcl-2 gene were measured using the real-time polymerase chain reaction method. Cell death was evaluated by propidium iodide staining and fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis. Our results indicated that the specific concentration of siRNA of the SALL4 gene was 62.5 nmole. Gene expression of SALL4 and Bcl-2 results showed that expression of Bcl-2 gene in the siRNA group was significantly reduced. In conclusion, our finding indicated that it could be used as a therapeutic and diagnostic biomarker in the treatment of patients with CRC.

MicroRNA and exosome: Key players in rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is known as one of important autoimmune disorders which can lead to joint pain and damage throughout body. Given that internal (ie, genetic and epigenetic alterations) and external factors (ie, lifestyle changes, age, hormones, smoking, stress, and obesity) involved in RA pathogenesis. Increasing evidence indicated that cellular and molecular alterations play critical roles in the initiation and progression of RA. Among various targets and molecular signaling pathways, microRNAs (miRNAs) and their regulatory networks have key roles in the RA pathogenesis. It has been showed that deregulation of many miRNAs involved in different stages of RA. Hence, identification of miRNAs and their signaling pathways in RA, could contribute to new knowledge which help to better treatment of patients with RA. Besides miRNAs, exosomes have been emerged as key messengers in RA pathogenesis. Exsosomes are nanocarriers which could be released from various cells and lead to changing of behaviors recipient cells via targeting their cargos (eg, proteins, messenger RNAs, miRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, DNAs). Here, we summarized several miRNAs involved in RA pathogenesis. Moreover, we highlighted the roles of exosomes in RA pathogenesis.

PPAR-γ: Its ligand and its regulation by microRNAs

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily. PPARs are categorized into three subtypes, PPARα, β/δ, and γ, encoded by different genes, expressed in diverse tissues and participate in various biological functions and can be activated by their metabolic derivatives in the body or dietary fatty acids. The PPAR-γ also takes parts in the regulation of energy balance, lipoprotein metabolism, insulin sensitivity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory signaling. It has been implicated in the pathology of numerous diseases including obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis, and cancers. Among various cellular and molecular targets that are able to regulate PPAR-γ and its underlying pathways, microRNAs (miRNAs) appeared as important regulators. Given that the deregulation of these molecules via targeting PPAR-γ could affect initiation and progression of various diseases, identification of miRNAs that affects PPAR-γ could contribute to the better understanding of roles of PPAR-γ in various biological and pathological conditions. Here, we have summarized the function and various ligands of PPAR-γ and have highlighted various miRNAs involved in the regulation of PPAR-γ.

Exosomal microRNA and stroke: A review

Blood vessels rupture or occlusion in brain results in stroke. Stroke is the major reason for mortality and dysfunction worldwide. Despite several attempts, there are no any approved therapeutic approaches for stroke subjects. The most neuroprotective agents showed the positive effects in preclinical reports, while there are no significant therapeutic impacts in the clinical trials. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs which involved in the modulation of a variety of cellular and molecular pathways. Given that deregulation of these molecules is related to initiation and progression of stroke. Exosomes are nano-carriers which are able to transfer different cargos such as miRNAs to recipient cells. Increasing evidence revealed that exosomal miRNAs are one of very important factors which are involved in the pathogenesis of stroke. Hence, more understanding about the role of exosomal miRNAs in stroke pathogenesis could contribute in discovering and developing new therapeutic approaches. Moreover, it has been proved the exosomal miRNAs could be used as noninvasive biomarkers in diagnosis and monitoring response to therapy in subjects with stroke. Herein for first time, we summarized different exosomal miRNAs involved in pathogenesis of stroke.

Leukemia-derived exosomes: Bringing oncogenic signals to blood cells

Leukemia is a cancer, which is derived from leukocytes and precursors of leukocytes in the bone marrow. A large number of pivotal biological processes are linked to leukemia pathogenesis. More insights into these mechanisms can provide a better developing pharmacological platform for patients with leukemia. Among the different players in leukemia pathogenesis, exosomes have appeared as a new biological vehicle, which can transfer oncogenic signals to blood cells. Exosomes are nano-carriers, which enable transferring numerous cargos such as DNA fragments, RNAs, messenger RNAs, microRNAs, long noncoding RNA, and proteins. Targeting the contents of exosomes leads to the alteration of host cell behavior. Increasing evidence has indicated that leukemia-derived exosomes could be utilized as prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic biomarkers for individuals suffering from leukemia. In this regard, the importance of exosomes in terms of initiation and progression of leukemia was underlined in this study.

MicroRNAs and response to therapy in leukemia

A variety of epigenetic factors involved in leukemia pathogenesis. Among various epigenetic factors, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as important players, which affect a sequence of cellular and molecular signaling pathways. Leukemia is known as progressive cancer, which is related to many health problems in the world. It has been shown that the destruction of the blood-forming organs could lead to abnormal effects on the proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors. Despite many attempts for approved effective and powerful therapies for patients with leukemia, finding and developing new therapeutic approaches are required. One of the important aspects of leukemia therapy, identification of underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of leukemia. Several miRNAs (ie, miR-103, miR-101, mit-7, let-7i, miR-424, miR-27a, and miR-29c) and play major roles in response to therapy in patients with leukemia. miRNAs exert their effects by targeting a variety of targets, which are associated with response to therapy in patients with leukemia. It seems that more understanding about the roles of miRNAs in response to therapy in patients with leukemia could contribute to better treatment of patients with leukemia. Here, for the first time, we summarized various miRNAs, which are involved in response to therapy in the treatment patients with leukemia.

Pancreatic β-cell regeneration: From molecular mechanisms to therapy

Pancreatic β cells are a type of cells that are present in the islets of Langerhans. These cells are highly specialized for the secretion of insulin in response to low increasing of blood glucose levels. Hence, pancreatic β cells could contribute to maintaining systemic glucose homeostasis. Increasing evidence has revealed that a variety of internal (ie, genetic and epigenetic factors) and external factors (ie, radical-oxidative stress) are involved in the protection and/or regeneration of pancreatic β cells. The pathways regulating β-cell replication have been intensely investigated. Glucose has an important role in cell cycle entry of quiescent β cells, which exerts its effect via glucose metabolism and unfolded proteins. A variety of growth factors, hormones, and signaling pathways (ie, calcium-calcineurin nuclear factor of activated T cells) are others factors that could affect β-cell replication under different conditions. Therefore, a greater understanding of the underlying pathways involved in the regeneration and protection of pancreatic β cells could lead to finding and developing new therapeutic approaches. Utilization of stem cells and various phytochemical agents have provided new aspects for preventing β-cell degeneration and stimulating the endogenous regeneration of islets. Thus, these therapeutic platforms could be used as potential therapies in the treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Here, we summarized the various mechanisms involved in pancreatic β-cell regeneration. Moreover, we highlighted different therapeutic approaches which could be used for the regeneration of pancreatic β cells.

Relationship Between Serum Alpha-Tocopherol and Overall and Cause-Specific Mortality

RATIONALE

Although there has been a long-standing interest in the human health effects of vitamin E, a comprehensive analysis of the association between circulating vitamin E and long-term mortality has not been conducted.

OBJECTIVE

Determine whether serum α-tocopherol (the predominant form of vitamin E) is related to long-term overall and cause-specific mortality and elucidate the dose-response relationships with better quantification of the associations.

METHODS AND RESULTS

We conducted a biochemical analysis of 29 092 participants in the ATBC Study (Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention) that originally tested vitamin E and β-carotene supplementation. Serum α-tocopherol was measured at baseline using high-performance liquid chromatography, and during a 30-year follow-up we identified 23 787 deaths, including deaths from cardiovascular disease (9867), cancer (7687), respiratory disease (2161), diabetes mellitus (119), injuries and accidents (1255), and other causes (2698). After adjusting for major risk factors, we found that men with higher serum α-tocopherol had significantly lower all-cause mortality (hazard ratios=0.83, 0.79, 0.75, and 0.78 for quintile 2 (Q2)-Q5 versus Q1, respectively; P_trend<0.0001), and significantly decreased mortality from cardiovascular disease, heart disease, stroke, cancer, respiratory disease, and other causes, with risk reductions from 17% to 47% for the highest versus lowest quintile. The α-tocopherol association with overall mortality was similar across subgroups of smoking intensity, years of smoking, alcohol consumption, trial supplementation, and duration of follow-up. The association was, however, significantly modified by baseline age and body mass index, with stronger inverse associations for younger men and men with a lower body mass index ( P_interaction≤0.006).

CONCLUSIONS

In this long-term prospective cohort study, higher baseline serum α-tocopherol biochemical status was associated with lower risk of overall mortality and mortality from all major causes. Our data support the long-term health benefits of higher serum α-tocopherol for overall and chronic disease mortality and should be replicated in other more diverse populations.

The Use of Nutraceuticals to Counteract Atherosclerosis: The Role of the Notch Pathway

Despite the currently available pharmacotherapies, today, thirty percent of worldwide deaths are due to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), whose primary cause is atherosclerosis, an inflammatory disorder characterized by the buildup of lipid deposits on the inside of arteries. Multiple cellular signaling pathways have been shown to be involved in the processes underlying atherosclerosis, and evidence has been accumulating for the crucial role of Notch receptors in regulating the functions of the diverse cell types involved in atherosclerosis onset and progression. Several classes of nutraceuticals have potential benefits for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis and CVDs, some of which could in part be due to their ability to modulate the Notch pathway. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge on the role of Notch in vascular health and its modulation by nutraceuticals for the prevention of atherosclerosis and/or treatment of related CVDs.

Expression of circulating miR-17, miR-25, and miR-133 in breast cancer patients

One of the most lethal cancers among women is breast cancer. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) can be of great importance in the early detection of breast cancer. This study aimed to investigate some miRNAs in the serum of patients with breast cancer compared with the control group. Total RNA was extracted from the serum of patients with breast cancer and healthy volunteers. The expression levels of miRNAs and the genes were assessed using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction with specific primers. Our data showed that miR-25 and miR-133 were downregulated, and miR-17 was upregulated in patients with breast cancer. Upregulation of miR-17 is related to the poor survival time and increased cell proliferation. The reduced expression of miR-133 and miR-25 is significantly associated with clinical stage, metastasis, and survival time of patients with breast cancer. Expressions of miRNAs miR-17, miR-25, and miR-133 are altered in patients with clinical stage, metastasis, poor survival time.

Curcumin: A new candidate for retinal disease therapy?

The retina is the neural portion and light-sensitive layer of the eye, which has been observed in most of the vertebrates. The retina is composed of light-sensitive cells that absorb light and convert it into neural signals. These signals are sent to the brain for visual recognition. It has been shown that many pathogenesis conditions, including inflammation, angiogenesis, oxidative stress, and imbalanced histone modifications in the retina are associated with initiation and progression of retinal diseases (ie, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration). Currently available treatments include laser surgery, freezing, stem-cell therapy, shrinking abnormal blood vessels. It has some limitations, such as invasive methods, high costs, and many side effects. Hence, finding a new therapeutic platform for stopping or slowing of the disease progression is required. Curcumin is a natural product, which is associated with a wide range of properties, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, and antitumor activates. It exerts therapeutic effects via activation/inhibition cellular and molecular targets involved in various diseases, such as retinal diseases. Increasing evidence revealed that curcumin can be used as a therapeutic option in the treatment of different retinal diseases. Here, we summarized various clinical and preclinical studies that used curcumin as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of retinal disorders.

Circulating microRNA-133, microRNA-17 and microRNA-25 in serum and its potential diagnostic value in gastric cancer

Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignancies in the world and is considered as the most lethal gastrointestinal cancer. microRNAs (miRNAs) can be very important in detecting a disease at an early stage. The aim of this study was to investigate the microRNA-17 (miR-17), miR-25, and miR-133b in the serum of gastric cancer subjects. Serum samples were obtained from 120 gastric cancers and 102 healthy subjects. We evaluated expression levels of miR-17, miR-25 and miR-133b by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Our results showed that in the patients with gastric cancer, the expression level of miR-17 and miR-25 were significantly increased compared with the control group (P < 0.5), while the expression level of miR-133b was significantly decreased in patient groups compared with control cases (P < 0.5). It seems that expression of miRNAs in Iranian patients with gastric cancer is similar to other patients in other populations. These findings suggested that miR-17, miR-25 and miR-133b could be introduced as potential diagnostic candidates for the detection in gastric cancer patients in the early stage.