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Bathrinarayanan PV, Hallam SM, Grover LM, Vigolo D, Simmons MJH. Microfluidics as a Powerful Tool to Investigate Microvascular Dysfunction in Trauma Conditions: A Review of the State-of-the-Art. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2024:e2400037. [PMID: 39031943 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202400037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle trauma such as fracture or crush injury can result in a life-threatening condition called acute compartment syndrome (ACS), which involves elevated compartmental pressure within a closed osteo-fascial compartment, leading to collapse of the microvasculature and resulting in necrosis of the tissue due to ischemia. Diagnosis of ACS is complex and controversial due to the lack of standardized objective methods, which results in high rates of misdiagnosis/late diagnosis, leading to permanent neuro-muscular damage. ACS pathophysiology is poorly understood at a cellular level due to the lack of physiologically relevant models. In this context, microfluidics organ-on-chip systems (OOCs) provide an exciting opportunity to investigate the cellular mechanisms of microvascular dysfunction that leads to ACS. In this article, the state-of-the-art OOCs designs and strategies used to investigate microvasculature dysfunction mechanisms is reviewed. The differential effects of hemodynamic shear stress on endothelial cell characteristics such as morphology, permeability, and inflammation, all of which are altered during microvascular dysfunction is highlighted. The article then critically reviews the importance of microfluidics to investigate closely related microvascular pathologies that cause ACS. The article concludes by discussing potential biomarkers of ACS with a special emphasis on glycocalyx and providing a future perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vasanthi Bathrinarayanan
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B152TT, UK
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - S M Hallam
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B152TT, UK
| | - L M Grover
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B152TT, UK
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - D Vigolo
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B152TT, UK
- The University of Sydney, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - M J H Simmons
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B152TT, UK
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2
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Chandra Sekar N, Khoshmanesh K, Baratchi S. Bioengineered models of cardiovascular diseases. Atherosclerosis 2024; 393:117565. [PMID: 38714426 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2024.117565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Age-associated cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), predominantly resulting from artery-related disorders such as atherosclerosis, stand as a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among the elderly population. Consequently, there is a growing interest in the development of clinically relevant bioengineered models of CVDs. Recent developments in bioengineering and material sciences have paved the way for the creation of intricate models that closely mimic the structure and surroundings of native cardiac tissues and blood vessels. These models can be utilized for basic research purposes and for identifying pharmaceutical interventions and facilitating drug discovery. The advancement of vessel-on-a-chip technologies and the development of bioengineered and humanized in vitro models of the cardiovascular system have the potential to revolutionize CVD disease modelling. These technologies offer pathophysiologically relevant models at a fraction of the cost and time required for traditional experimentation required in vivo. This progress signifies a significant advancement in the field, transitioning from conventional 2D cell culture models to advanced 3D organoid and vessel-on-a-chip models. These innovative models are specifically designed to explore the complexities of vascular aging and stiffening, crucial factors in the development of cardiovascular diseases. This review summarizes the recent progress of various bioengineered in vitro platforms developed for investigating the pathophysiology of human cardiovascular system with more focus on advanced 3D vascular platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Chandra Sekar
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3082, Australia; Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Khashayar Khoshmanesh
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia; School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Sara Baratchi
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3082, Australia; Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia; Department of Cardiometabolic Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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3
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Berg K, Gorham J, Lundt F, Seidman J, Brueckner M. Endocardial primary cilia and blood flow are required for regulation of EndoMT during endocardial cushion development. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.15.594405. [PMID: 38798559 PMCID: PMC11118576 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.15.594405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Blood flow is critical for heart valve formation, and cellular mechanosensors are essential to translate flow into transcriptional regulation of development. Here, we identify a role for primary cilia in vivo in the spatial regulation of cushion formation, the first stage of valve development, by regionally controlling endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) via modulation of Kruppel-like Factor 4 (Klf4) . We find that high shear stress intracardiac regions decrease endocardial ciliation over cushion development, correlating with KLF4 downregulation and EndoMT progression. Mouse embryos constitutively lacking cilia exhibit a blood-flow dependent accumulation of KLF4 in these regions, independent of upstream left-right abnormalities, resulting in impaired cushion cellularization. snRNA-seq revealed that cilia KO endocardium fails to progress to late-EndoMT, retains endothelial markers and has reduced EndoMT/mesenchymal genes that KLF4 antagonizes. Together, these data identify a mechanosensory role for endocardial primary cilia in cushion development through regional regulation of KLF4.
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Lai A, Hawke A, Mohammed M, Thurgood P, Concilia G, Peter K, Khoshmanesh K, Baratchi S. A microfluidic model to study the effects of arrhythmic flows on endothelial cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:2347-2357. [PMID: 38576401 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00834g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common type of cardiac arrhythmia and an important contributor to morbidity and mortality. Endothelial dysfunction has been postulated to be an important contributing factor in cardiovascular events in patients with AF. However, how vascular endothelial cells respond to arrhythmic flow is not fully understood, mainly due to the limitation of current in vitro systems to mimic arrhythmic flow conditions. To address this limitation, we developed a microfluidic system to study the effect of arrhythmic flow on the mechanobiology of human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). The system utilises a computer-controlled piezoelectric pump for generating arrhythmic flow with a unique ability to control the variability in both the frequency and amplitude of pulse waves. The flow rate is modulated to reflect physiological or pathophysiological shear stress levels on endothelial cells. This enabled us to systematically dissect the importance of variability in the frequency and amplitude of pulses and shear stress level on endothelial cell mechanobiology. Our results indicated that arrhythmic flow at physiological shear stress level promotes endothelial cell spreading and reduces the plasma membrane-to-cytoplasmic distribution of β-catenin. In contrast, arrhythmic flow at low and atherogenic shear stress levels does not promote endothelial cell spreading or redistribution of β-catenin. Interestingly, under both shear stress levels, arrhythmic flow induces inflammation by promoting monocyte adhesion via an increase in ICAM-1 expression. Collectively, our microfluidic system provides opportunities to study the effect of arrhythmic flows on vascular endothelial mechanobiology in a systematic and reproducible manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Lai
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Adam Hawke
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Mokhaled Mohammed
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Peter Thurgood
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | | | - Karlheinz Peter
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Khashayar Khoshmanesh
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Sara Baratchi
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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5
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Kwak D, Im Y, Nam H, Nam U, Kim S, Kim W, Kim HJ, Park J, Jeon JS. Analyzing the effects of helical flow in blood vessels using acoustofluidic-based dynamic flow generator. Acta Biomater 2024; 177:216-227. [PMID: 38253303 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The effects of helical flow in a blood vessel are investigated in a dynamic flow generator using surface acoustic wave (SAW) in the microfluidic device. The SAW, generated by an interdigital transducer (IDT), induces acoustic streaming, resulting in a stable and consistent helical flow pattern in microscale channels. This approach allows rapid development of helical flow within the channel without directly contacting the medium. The precise design of the window enables the creation of distinct unidirectional vortices, which can be controlled by adjusting the amplitude of the SAW. Within this device, optimal operational parameters of the dynamic flow generator to preserve the integrity of endothelial cells are found, and in such settings, the actin filaments within the cells are aligned to the desired state. Our findings reveal that intracellular Ca2+ concentrations vary in response to flow conditions. Specifically, comparable maximum intensity and graphical patterns were observed between low-flow rate helical flow and high-flow rate Hagen-Poiseuille flow. These suggest that the cells respond to the helical flow through mechanosensitive ion channels. Finally, adherence of monocytes is effectively reduced under helical flow conditions in an inflammatory environment, highlighting the atheroprotective role of helical flow. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Helical flow in blood vessels is well known to prevent atherosclerosis. However, despite efforts to replicate helical flow in microscale channels, there is still a lack of in vitro models which can generate helical flow for analyzing its effects on the vascular system. In this study, we developed a method for generating steady and constant helical flow in microfluidic channel using acoustofluidic techniques. By utilizing this dynamic flow generator, we were able to observe the atheroprotective aspects of helical flow in vitro, including the enhancement of calcium ion flux and reduction of monocyte adhesion. This study paves the way for an in vitro model of dynamic cell culture and offers advanced investigation into helical flow in our circulatory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daesik Kwak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongtaek Im
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeono Nam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ungsig Nam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunggyu Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Woohyuk Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsoo Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jessie S Jeon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Tranter JD, Kumar A, Nair VK, Sah R. Mechanosensing in Metabolism. Compr Physiol 2023; 14:5269-5290. [PMID: 38158369 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c230005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Electrical mechanosensing is a process mediated by specialized ion channels, gated directly or indirectly by mechanical forces, which allows cells to detect and subsequently respond to mechanical stimuli. The activation of mechanosensitive (MS) ion channels, intrinsically gated by mechanical forces, or mechanoresponsive (MR) ion channels, indirectly gated by mechanical forces, results in electrical signaling across lipid bilayers, such as the plasma membrane. While the functions of mechanically gated channels within a sensory context (e.g., proprioception and touch) are well described, there is emerging data demonstrating functions beyond touch and proprioception, including mechanoregulation of intracellular signaling and cellular/systemic metabolism. Both MR and MS ion channel signaling have been shown to contribute to the regulation of metabolic dysfunction, including obesity, insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion, and inflammation. This review summarizes our current understanding of the contributions of several MS/MR ion channels in cell types implicated in metabolic dysfunction, namely, adipocytes, pancreatic β-cells, hepatocytes, and skeletal muscle cells, and discusses MS/MR ion channels as possible therapeutic targets. © 2024 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 14:5269-5290, 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Tranter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Vinayak K Nair
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Rajan Sah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- St. Louis VA Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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7
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Dominguez A, Iruela-Arispe ML. Integration of Chemo-mechanical signaling in response to fluid shear stress by the endothelium. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2023; 85:102232. [PMID: 37703647 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Physical forces exert profound effects on cells affecting fate, function, and response to stressors. In the case of the endothelium, the layer that resides in the inner surface of blood vessels, the collective effect of hemodynamic forces influences the onset and severity of vascular pathologies. Justifiably, much emphasis has been placed in understanding how endothelial cells sense and respond to mechanical challenges, particularly hemodynamic shear stress. In this review, we highlight recent developments that have expanded our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying mechanotransduction. We describe examples of protein compartmentalization in response to shear stress, consider the contribution of the glycocalyx, and discuss the specific role ion channels in response to flow. We also highlight the recently recognized contribution of the receptor ALK5 in sensing turbulent flow. Research in the last three years has enriched our understanding of the molecular landscape responsible for recognizing and transducing shear stress responses, including novel transcriptional-dependent and transcriptional-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annmarie Dominguez
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL 60611, USA
| | - M Luisa Iruela-Arispe
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL 60611, USA.
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8
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Katoh K. Effects of Mechanical Stress on Endothelial Cells In Situ and In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16518. [PMID: 38003708 PMCID: PMC10671803 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells lining blood vessels are essential for maintaining vascular homeostasis and mediate several pathological and physiological processes. Mechanical stresses generated by blood flow and other biomechanical factors significantly affect endothelial cell activity. Here, we review how mechanical stresses, both in situ and in vitro, affect endothelial cells. We review the basic principles underlying the cellular response to mechanical stresses. We also consider the implications of these findings for understanding the mechanisms of mechanotransducer and mechano-signal transduction systems by cytoskeletal components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Katoh
- Laboratory of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tsukuba University of Technology, Tsukuba 305-8521, Japan
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9
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Garcia-Mesa Y, Cabo R, González-Gay M, García-Piqueras J, Viña E, Martínez I, Cobo T, García-Suárez O. Relationship of PIEZO1 and PIEZO2 vascular expression with diabetic neuropathy. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1243966. [PMID: 38054043 PMCID: PMC10694834 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1243966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Diabetic distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DDSP) is the most prevalent form of diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and 25% of patients develop pain in their toes. DDSP is associated with increased cutaneous microvessel density (MVD), reduced skin blood flow, endothelial dysfunction, and impaired fluid filtration with vasodilation. The Piezo family of mechanosensitive channels is known to be involved in the control of vascular caliber by converting mechanical force into intracellular signals. Furthermore, Piezo2 is particularly involved in peripheral pain mechanisms of DDSP patients. To date, very little is known about the number, structure, and PIEZO expression in cutaneous blood vessels (BVs) of individuals with DDSP and their relation with pain and time span of diabetes. Methods and results: We studied microvessels using endothelial markers (CD34 and CD31) and smooth cell marker (α-SMA) by indirect immunohistochemical assay in sections of the glabrous skin of the toes from patients and controls. MVD was assessed through CD34 and CD31 immunoreaction. MVD determined by CD34 is higher in short-term DDSP patients (less than 15 years of evolution), regardless of pain. However, long-term DDSP patients only had increased BV density in the painful group for CD31. BVs of patients with DDSP showed structural disorganization and loss of shape. The BVs affected by painful DDSP underwent the most dramatic structural changes, showing rupture, leakage, and abundance of material that occluded the BV lumen. Moreover, BVs of DDSP patients displayed a Piezo1 slight immunoreaction, whereas painful DDSP patients showed an increase in Piezo2 immunoreaction. Discussion: These results suggest that alterations in the number, structure, and immunohistochemical profile of specific BVs can explain the vascular impairment associated with painful DDSP, as well as the temporal span of diabetes. Finally, this study points out a possible correlation between increased vascular Piezo2 immunostaining and pain and decreased vascular Piezo1 immunostaining and the development of vasodilation deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Garcia-Mesa
- Grupo SINPOS, Department of Cell Biology and Morphology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, ISPA, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Roberto Cabo
- Grupo SINPOS, Department of Cell Biology and Morphology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, ISPA, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Mario González-Gay
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, ISPA, Oviedo, Spain
- Sercivio de Angiología y Cirugía Vascular, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Spain
| | - Jorge García-Piqueras
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, ISPA, Oviedo, Spain
- Servicio de Anatomía, Histología y Neurociencias, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Spain
| | - Eliseo Viña
- Grupo SINPOS, Department of Cell Biology and Morphology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, ISPA, Oviedo, Spain
- Servicio de Cardiología, Unidad de Hemodinámica y Cardiología Intervencionista, Hospital de Cabueñes, Gijón, Spain
| | - Irene Martínez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, ISPA, Oviedo, Spain
- Servicio de Cirugía Plástica y Reparadora, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Spain
| | - Teresa Cobo
- Grupo SINPOS, Department of Cell Biology and Morphology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, ISPA, Oviedo, Spain
- Departamento de Cirugía y Especialidades Médico-Quirúrgicas, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto Asturiano de Odontología S.L, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Olivia García-Suárez
- Grupo SINPOS, Department of Cell Biology and Morphology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, ISPA, Oviedo, Spain
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10
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Zong B, Yu F, Zhang X, Pang Y, Zhao W, Sun P, Li L. Mechanosensitive Piezo1 channel in physiology and pathophysiology of the central nervous system. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 90:102026. [PMID: 37532007 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the mechanosensitive Piezo1 channel in 2010, there has been a significant amount of research conducted to explore its regulatory role in the physiology and pathology of various organ systems. Recently, a growing body of compelling evidence has emerged linking the activity of the mechanosensitive Piezo1 channel to health and disease of the central nervous system. However, the exact mechanisms underlying these associations remain inadequately comprehended. This review systematically summarizes the current research on the mechanosensitive Piezo1 channel and its implications for central nervous system mechanobiology, retrospects the results demonstrating the regulatory role of the mechanosensitive Piezo1 channel on various cell types within the central nervous system, including neural stem cells, neurons, oligodendrocytes, microglia, astrocytes, and brain endothelial cells. Furthermore, the review discusses the current understanding of the involvement of the Piezo1 channel in central nervous system disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, glaucoma, stroke, and glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyi Zong
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Fengzhi Yu
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiaoyou Zhang
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yige Pang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Wenrui Zhao
- College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peng Sun
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Lin Li
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
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11
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Ambattu LA, Yeo LY. Sonomechanobiology: Vibrational stimulation of cells and its therapeutic implications. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2023; 4:021301. [PMID: 38504927 PMCID: PMC10903386 DOI: 10.1063/5.0127122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
All cells possess an innate ability to respond to a range of mechanical stimuli through their complex internal machinery. This comprises various mechanosensory elements that detect these mechanical cues and diverse cytoskeletal structures that transmit the force to different parts of the cell, where they are transcribed into complex transcriptomic and signaling events that determine their response and fate. In contrast to static (or steady) mechanostimuli primarily involving constant-force loading such as compression, tension, and shear (or forces applied at very low oscillatory frequencies (≤ 1 Hz) that essentially render their effects quasi-static), dynamic mechanostimuli comprising more complex vibrational forms (e.g., time-dependent, i.e., periodic, forcing) at higher frequencies are less well understood in comparison. We review the mechanotransductive processes associated with such acoustic forcing, typically at ultrasonic frequencies (> 20 kHz), and discuss the various applications that arise from the cellular responses that are generated, particularly for regenerative therapeutics, such as exosome biogenesis, stem cell differentiation, and endothelial barrier modulation. Finally, we offer perspectives on the possible existence of a universal mechanism that is common across all forms of acoustically driven mechanostimuli that underscores the central role of the cell membrane as the key effector, and calcium as the dominant second messenger, in the mechanotransduction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizebona August Ambattu
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Leslie Y. Yeo
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne VIC 3000, Australia
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12
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Santana Nunez D, Malik AB, Lee Q, Ahn SJ, Coctecon-Murillo A, Lazarko D, Levitan I, Mehta D, Komarova YA. Piezo1 induces endothelial responses to shear stress via soluble adenylyl Cyclase-IP 3R2 circuit. iScience 2023; 26:106661. [PMID: 37168565 PMCID: PMC10164902 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) continuously sense and adapt to changes in shear stress generated by blood flow. Here, we show that the activation of the mechanosensitive channel Piezo1 by defined shear forces induces Ca2+ entry into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via the ER Ca2+ ATPase pump. This entry is followed by inositol trisphosphate receptor 2 (IP3R2)-elicited ER Ca2+ release into the cytosol. The mechanism of ER Ca2+ release involves the generation of cAMP by soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC), leading to IP3R2-evoked Ca2+ gating. Depleting sAC or IP3R2 prevents ER Ca2+ release and blocks EC alignment in the direction of flow. Overexpression of constitutively active Akt1 restores the shear-induced alignment of ECs lacking Piezo1 or IP3R2, as well as the flow-induced vasodilation in endothelial restricted Piezo1 knockout mice. These studies describe an unknown Piezo1-cAMP-IP3R2 circuit as an essential mechanism activating Akt signaling and inducing adaptive changes in ECs to laminar flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianicha Santana Nunez
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Asrar B. Malik
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Quinn Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sang Joon Ahn
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Arnold Coctecon-Murillo
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dana Lazarko
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Irena Levitan
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dolly Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yulia A. Komarova
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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13
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Kao TW, Liu YS, Yang CY, Lee OKS. Mechanotransduction of mesenchymal stem cells and hemodynamic implications. CHINESE J PHYSIOL 2023; 66:55-64. [PMID: 37082993 DOI: 10.4103/cjop.cjop-d-22-00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess the capacity for self-renewal and multipotency. The traditional approach to manipulating MSC's fate choice predominantly relies on biochemical stimulation. Accumulating evidence also suggests the role of physical input in MSCs differentiation. Therefore, investigating mechanotransduction at the molecular level and related to tissue-specific cell functions sheds light on the responses secondary to mechanical forces. In this review, a new frontier aiming to optimize the cultural parameters was illustrated, i.e. spatial boundary condition, which recapitulates in vivo physiology and facilitates the investigations of cellular behavior. The concept of mechanical memory was additionally addressed to appreciate how MSCs store imprints from previous culture niches. Besides, different types of forces as physical stimuli were of interest based on the association with the respective signaling pathways and the differentiation outcome. The downstream mechanoreceptors and their corresponding effects were further pinpointed. The cardiovascular system or immune system may share similar mechanisms of mechanosensing and mechanotransduction; for example, resident stem cells in a vascular wall and recruited MSCs in the bloodstream experience mechanical forces such as stretch and fluid shear stress. In addition, baroreceptors or mechanosensors of endothelial cells detect changes in blood flow, pass over signals induced by mechanical stimuli and eventually maintain arterial pressure at the physiological level. These mechanosensitive receptors transduce pressure variation and regulate endothelial barrier functions. The exact signal transduction is considered context dependent but still elusive. In this review, we summarized the current evidence of how mechanical stimuli impact MSCs commitment and the underlying mechanisms. Future perspectives are anticipated to focus on the application of cardiovascular bioengineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Wei Kao
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shiuan Liu
- School of Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yu Yang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University; Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Oscar Kuang-Sheng Lee
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University; Stem Cell Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University; Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei; Department of Orthopedics, China Medical University Hospital; Center for Translational Genomics and Regenerative Medicine Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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14
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Patel A, Pietromicca JG, Venkatesan M, Maity S, Bard JE, Madesh M, Alevriadou BR. Modulation of the mitochondrial Ca 2+ uniporter complex subunit expression by different shear stress patterns in vascular endothelial cells. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15588. [PMID: 36754446 PMCID: PMC9908435 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial calcium (m Ca2+ ) uptake occurs via the Mitochondrial Ca2+ Uniporter (MCU) complex and plays a critical role in mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagy, and apoptosis. MCU complex activity is in part modulated by the expression of its regulatory subunits. Cardiovascular disease models demonstrated altered gene/protein expression of one or multiple subunits in different cells, including vascular endothelial cells (ECs). MCU complex activity was found necessary for stable flow (s-flow)-induced mitophagy and promotion of an atheroprotective EC phenotype. Disturbed flow (d-flow) is known to lead to an atheroprone phenotype. Despite the role of MCU in flow-regulated EC function, flow-induced alterations in MCU complex subunit expression are currently unknown. We exposed cultured human ECs to atheroprotective (steady shear stress, SS) or atheroprone flow (oscillatory shear stress, OS) and measured mRNA and protein levels of the MCU complex members. SS and OS differentially modulated subunit expression at gene/protein levels. Protein expression changes of the core MCU, m Ca2+ uptake 1 (MICU1) and MCU regulator 1 (MCUR1) subunits in SS- and OS-exposed, compared to static, ECs suggested an enhanced m Ca2+ influx under each flow and a potential contribution to EC dysfunction under OS. In silico analysis of a single-cell RNA-sequencing dataset was employed to extract transcript values of MCU subunits in mouse carotid ECs from regions exposed to s-flow or d-flow. Mcu and Mcur1 genes showed significant differences in expression after prolonged exposure to each flow. The differential expression of MCU complex subunits indicated a tight regulation of the complex activity under physiological and pathological hemodynamic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshar Patel
- Vascular Mechanobiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Center for Cell, Gene, and Tissue EngineeringUniversity at Buffalo – The State University of New YorkBuffaloNew YorkUSA
| | - Julia G. Pietromicca
- Vascular Mechanobiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Center for Cell, Gene, and Tissue EngineeringUniversity at Buffalo – The State University of New YorkBuffaloNew YorkUSA
| | - Manigandan Venkatesan
- Department of Medicine, Center for Mitochondrial MedicineUniversity of Texas Health San AntonioSan AntonioTexasUSA
| | - Soumya Maity
- Department of Medicine, Center for Mitochondrial MedicineUniversity of Texas Health San AntonioSan AntonioTexasUSA
| | - Jonathan E. Bard
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Core, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical SciencesUniversity at Buffalo – The State University of New YorkBuffaloNew YorkUSA
| | - Muniswamy Madesh
- Department of Medicine, Center for Mitochondrial MedicineUniversity of Texas Health San AntonioSan AntonioTexasUSA
| | - B. Rita Alevriadou
- Vascular Mechanobiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Center for Cell, Gene, and Tissue EngineeringUniversity at Buffalo – The State University of New YorkBuffaloNew YorkUSA
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15
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Liu H, Fan P, Jin F, Huang G, Guo X, Xu F. Dynamic and static biomechanical traits of cardiac fibrosis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1042030. [PMID: 36394025 PMCID: PMC9659743 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1042030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a common pathology in cardiovascular diseases which are reported as the leading cause of death globally. In recent decades, accumulating evidence has shown that the biomechanical traits of fibrosis play important roles in cardiac fibrosis initiation, progression and treatment. In this review, we summarize the four main distinct biomechanical traits (i.e., stretch, fluid shear stress, ECM microarchitecture, and ECM stiffness) and categorize them into two different types (i.e., static and dynamic), mainly consulting the unique characteristic of the heart. Moreover, we also provide a comprehensive overview of the effect of different biomechanical traits on cardiac fibrosis, their transduction mechanisms, and in-vitro engineered models targeting biomechanical traits that will aid the identification and prediction of mechano-based therapeutic targets to ameliorate cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Respiratory Disease, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases Co-Constructed by Henan Province and Education Ministry of China, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pengbei Fan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Respiratory Disease, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases Co-Constructed by Henan Province and Education Ministry of China, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fanli Jin
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Respiratory Disease, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases Co-Constructed by Henan Province and Education Ministry of China, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guoyou Huang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Guoyou Huang, ; Xiaogang Guo, ; Feng Xu,
| | - Xiaogang Guo
- The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guoyou Huang, ; Xiaogang Guo, ; Feng Xu,
| | - Feng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Guoyou Huang, ; Xiaogang Guo, ; Feng Xu,
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16
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Lai A, Thurgood P, Cox CD, Chheang C, Peter K, Jaworowski A, Khoshmanesh K, Baratchi S. Piezo1 Response to Shear Stress Is Controlled by the Components of the Extracellular Matrix. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:40559-40568. [PMID: 36047858 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Piezo1 is a recently discovered Ca2+ permeable ion channel that has emerged as an integral sensor of hemodynamic forces within the cardiovascular system, contributing to vascular development and blood pressure regulation. However, how the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) affects the mechanosensitivity of Piezo1 in response to hemodynamic forces remains poorly understood. Using a combination of microfluidics and calcium imaging techniques, we probe the shear stress sensitivity of single HEK293T cells engineered to stably express Piezo1 in the presence of different ECM proteins. Our experiments show that Piezo1 sensitivity to shear stress is not dependent on the presence of ECM proteins. However, different ECM proteins regulate the sensitivity of Piezo1 depending on the shear stress level. Under high shear stress, fibronectin sensitizes Piezo1 response to shear, while under low shear stress, Piezo1 mechanosensitivity is improved in the presence of collagen types I and IV and laminin. Moreover, we report that α5β1 and αvβ3 integrins are involved in Piezo1 sensitivity at high shear, while αvβ3 and αvβ5 integrins are involved in regulating the Piezo1 response at low shear stress. These results demonstrate that the ECM/integrin interactions influence Piezo1 mechanosensitivity and could represent a mechanism whereby extracellular forces are transmitted to Piezo1 channels, providing new insights into the mechanism by which Piezo1 senses shear stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Lai
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3082, Australia
| | - Peter Thurgood
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Charles D Cox
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Chanly Chheang
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3082, Australia
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
- Department of Cardiometabolic Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Anthony Jaworowski
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3082, Australia
| | | | - Sara Baratchi
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3082, Australia
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
- Department of Cardiometabolic Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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17
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Emmi A, Stocco E, Boscolo-Berto R, Contran M, Belluzzi E, Favero M, Ramonda R, Porzionato A, Ruggieri P, De Caro R, Macchi V. Infrapatellar Fat Pad-Synovial Membrane Anatomo-Fuctional Unit: Microscopic Basis for Piezo1/2 Mechanosensors Involvement in Osteoarthritis Pain. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:886604. [PMID: 35837327 PMCID: PMC9274201 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.886604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Infrapatellar Fat Pad (IFP) is a fibro-adipose tissue of the knee recently reconsidered as part of a single anatomo-functional unit (AFU) together with the synovial membrane (SM). Several evidence support the role of this unit in the mechanisms that trigger and perpetuate the onset and progression of osteoarthritis (OA) disease. Additionally, the contribution of IFP-SM AFU in OA-associated pain has also been supposed, but this assumption still needs to be fully elucidated. Within this context, the recent discovery of the mechanoceptive Piezo ion channels (i.e., Piezo1 and Piezo2) in mammals and consciousness on their role in mediating both mechanoceptive and inflammatory stimuli could shed some light on knee OA pain, as well as on the process leading from acute to chronic nociceptive responses. For this purpose, the IFP-SM AFUs of both healthy donors (non-OA IFP-SM AFUs, n = 10) and OA patients (OA IFP-SM AFUs, n = 10) were processed by histology and immunohistochemistry. After the attribution of a histopathological score to IFP-SM AFUs to confirm intrinsic differences between the two groups, the specimens were investigated for the expression and localization/distribution pattern of the mechanosensors Piezo1 and Piezo2. In addition, the presence of monocytes/macrophages (CD68), peripheral nerve endings (PGP9.5) and neoangiogenesis signs (YAP1) was evaluated for a broad tissue characterization. The study results lead to a better description of the IFP-SM AFU microscopic features in both healthy and pathological conditions, highlighting peculiar differences in the study cohort. Specifically, immunopositivity towards Piezo1/2, CD68 and YAP1 markers was detected at vessels level in the OA- IFP-SM AFUs compartments, differently from the non-OA-group. A correlation with pain was also inferred, paving the way for the identification of new and effective molecules in OA management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron Emmi
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Stocco
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Rafael Boscolo-Berto
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Martina Contran
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Elisa Belluzzi
- Musculoskeletal Pathology and Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DiSCOG), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DiSCOG), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marta Favero
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Internal Medicine I, Cà Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy
| | - Roberta Ramonda
- Musculoskeletal Pathology and Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DiSCOG), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Porzionato
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Pietro Ruggieri
- Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DiSCOG), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Caro
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- *Correspondence: Raffaele De Caro,
| | - Veronica Macchi
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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18
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Dayawansa NH, Baratchi S, Peter K. Uncoupling the Vicious Cycle of Mechanical Stress and Inflammation in Calcific Aortic Valve Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:783543. [PMID: 35355968 PMCID: PMC8959593 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.783543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a common acquired valvulopathy, which carries a high burden of mortality. Chronic inflammation has been postulated as the predominant pathophysiological process underlying CAVD. So far, no effective medical therapies exist to halt the progression of CAVD. This review aims to outline the known pathways of inflammation and calcification in CAVD, focussing on the critical roles of mechanical stress and mechanosensing in the perpetuation of valvular inflammation. Following initiation of valvular inflammation, dysregulation of proinflammatory and osteoregulatory signalling pathways stimulates endothelial-mesenchymal transition of valvular endothelial cells (VECs) and differentiation of valvular interstitial cells (VICs) into active myofibroblastic and osteoblastic phenotypes, which in turn mediate valvular extracellular matrix remodelling and calcification. Mechanosensitive signalling pathways convert mechanical forces experienced by valve leaflets and circulating cells into biochemical signals and may provide the positive feedback loop that promotes acceleration of disease progression in the advanced stages of CAVD. Mechanosensing is implicated in multiple aspects of CAVD pathophysiology. The mechanosensitive RhoA/ROCK and YAP/TAZ systems are implicated in aortic valve leaflet mineralisation in response to increased substrate stiffness. Exposure of aortic valve leaflets, endothelial cells and platelets to high shear stress results in increased expression of mediators of VIC differentiation. Upregulation of the Piezo1 mechanoreceptor has been demonstrated to promote inflammation in CAVD, which normalises following transcatheter valve replacement. Genetic variants and inhibition of Notch signalling accentuate VIC responses to altered mechanical stresses. The study of mechanosensing pathways has revealed promising insights into the mechanisms that perpetuate inflammation and calcification in CAVD. Mechanotransduction of altered mechanical stresses may provide the sought-after coupling link that drives a vicious cycle of chronic inflammation in CAVD. Mechanosensing pathways may yield promising targets for therapeutic interventions and prognostic biomarkers with the potential to improve the management of CAVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalin H. Dayawansa
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sara Baratchi
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Cardiometabolic Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Cardiometabolic Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Karlheinz Peter,
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19
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Concilia G, Lai A, Thurgood P, Pirogova E, Baratchi S, Khoshmanesh K. Investigating the mechanotransduction of transient shear stress mediated by Piezo1 ion channel using a 3D printed dynamic gravity pump. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:262-271. [PMID: 34931212 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00927c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic systems are widely used for studying the mechanotransduction of flow-induced shear stress in mechanosensitive cells. However, these studies are generally performed under constant flow rates, mainly, due to the deficiency of existing pumps for generating transient flows. To address this limitation, we have developed a unique dynamic gravity pump to generate transient flows in microfluidics. The pump utilises a motorised 3D-printed cam-lever mechanism to change the inlet pressure of the system in repeated cycles. 3D printing technology facilitates the rapid and low-cost prototyping of the pump. Customised transient flow patterns can be generated by modulating the profile, size, and rotational speed of the cam, location of the hinge along the lever, and the height of the syringe. Using this unique dynamic gravity pump, we investigated the mechanotransduction of shear stress in HEK293 cells stably expressing Piezo1 mechanosensitive ion channel under transient flows. The controllable, simple, low-cost, compact, and modular design of the pump makes it suitable for studying the mechanobiology of shear sensitive cells under transient flows.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Austin Lai
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Peter Thurgood
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Elena Pirogova
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Sara Baratchi
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
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20
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Zhou Z, Li JV, Martinac B, Cox CD. Loss-of-Function Piezo1 Mutations Display Altered Stability Driven by Ubiquitination and Proteasomal Degradation. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:766416. [PMID: 34867393 PMCID: PMC8640252 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.766416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Missense mutations in the gene that encodes for the mechanically-gated ion channel Piezo1 have been linked to a number of diseases. Gain-of-function variants are linked to a hereditary anaemia and loss-of-function variants have been linked to generalized lymphatic dysplasia and bicuspid aortic valve. Two previously characterized mutations, S217L and G2029R, both exhibit reduced plasma membrane trafficking. Here we show that both mutations also display reduced stability and higher turnover rates than wild-type Piezo1 channels. This occurs through increased ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation. Congruent with this, proteasome inhibition using N-acetyl-l-leucyl-l-leucyl-l-norleucinal (ALLN) reduced the degradation of both mutant proteins. While ALLN treatment could not rescue the function of S217L we show via multiple complementary methodologies that proteasome inhibition via ALLN treatment can not only prevent G2029R turnover but increase the membrane localized pool of this variant and the functional Piezo1 mechanosensitive currents. This data in combination with a precision medicine approach provides a new potential therapeutic avenue for the treatment of Piezo1 mediated channelopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijing Zhou
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jinyuan Vero Li
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Boris Martinac
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Charles D Cox
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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21
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Vero Li J, D Cox C, Martinac B. The anchor domain is critical for Piezo1 channel mechanosensitivity. Channels (Austin) 2021; 15:438-446. [PMID: 33975519 PMCID: PMC8118467 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2021.1923199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanosensitive channel Piezo1 is a crucial membrane mechanosensor ubiquitously expressed in mammalian cell types. Critical to its function in mechanosensory transduction is its ability to change conformation in response to applied mechanical force. Here, we interrogate the role of the anchor domain in the mechanically induced gating of human Piezo1 channels. Using the insertion of glycine residues at each corner of the triangular-shaped anchor domain to decouple this domain we provide evidence that the anchor is important in Piezo1 mechano-gating. Insertion of two extra glycine residues between the anchor and the outer helix of human Piezo1 causes abrogated inactivation and reduced mechanosensitivity. Whereas inserting two glycine residues at the apex of the anchor domain at the conserved amino acid P2113 causes the channel to be more sensitive to membrane forces. Correlation of stretch sensitivity with the volume of the neighboring amino acid, natively a phenylalanine (F2114), suggests this is caused by removal of steric hindrance on the inner pore-lining helix. Smaller volume amino acids at this residue increase sensitivity whereas larger volume reduces mechanosensitivity. The combined data show that the anchor domain is a critical region for Piezo1-mediated force transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyuan Vero Li
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Charles D Cox
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Boris Martinac
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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22
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Nguyen N, Thurgood P, Sekar NC, Chen S, Pirogova E, Peter K, Baratchi S, Khoshmanesh K. Microfluidic models of the human circulatory system: versatile platforms for exploring mechanobiology and disease modeling. Biophys Rev 2021; 13:769-786. [PMID: 34777617 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00815-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human circulatory system is a marvelous fluidic system, which is very sensitive to biophysical and biochemical cues. The current animal and cell culture models do not recapitulate the functional properties of the human circulatory system, limiting our ability to fully understand the complex biological processes underlying the dysfunction of this multifaceted system. In this review, we discuss the unique ability of microfluidic systems to recapitulate the biophysical, biochemical, and functional properties of the human circulatory system. We also describe the remarkable capacity of microfluidic technologies for exploring the complex mechanobiology of the cardiovascular system, mechanistic studying of cardiovascular diseases, and screening cardiovascular drugs with the additional benefit of reducing the need for animal models. We also discuss opportunities for further advancement in this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngan Nguyen
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter Thurgood
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nadia Chandra Sekar
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Sheng Chen
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Elena Pirogova
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Cardiometabolic Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Sara Baratchi
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
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23
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Lai A, Cox CD, Chandra Sekar N, Thurgood P, Jaworowski A, Peter K, Baratchi S. Mechanosensing by Piezo1 and its implications for physiology and various pathologies. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 97:604-614. [PMID: 34781417 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Piezo1 is a mechanosensitive ion channel with essential roles in cardiovascular, lung, urinary, and immune functions. Piezo1 is widely distributed in different tissues in the human body and its specific roles have been identified following a decade of research; however, not all are well understood. Many structural and functional characteristics of Piezo1 have been discovered and are known to differ greatly from the characteristics of other mechanosensitive ion channels. Understanding the mechanisms by which this ion channel functions may be useful in determining its physiological roles in various organ systems. This review provides insight into the signalling pathways activated by mechanical stimulation of Piezo1 in various organ systems and cell types. We discuss downstream targets of Piezo1 and the overall effects resulting from Piezo1 activation, which may provide insights into potential treatment targets for diseases involving this ion channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Lai
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, 289 McKimmies Rd, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Charles D Cox
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, 405 Liverpool St, Sydney, New South Wales, 2010, Australia
| | - Nadia Chandra Sekar
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, 289 McKimmies Rd, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Peter Thurgood
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe St, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Anthony Jaworowski
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, 289 McKimmies Rd, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, 289 McKimmies Rd, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia.,Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia.,Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, 3053, Australia
| | - Sara Baratchi
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, 289 McKimmies Rd, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia.,Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia.,Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, 3053, Australia
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24
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Li JV, Ng CA, Cheng D, Zhou Z, Yao M, Guo Y, Yu ZY, Ramaswamy Y, Ju LA, Kuchel PW, Feneley MP, Fatkin D, Cox CD. Modified N-linked glycosylation status predicts trafficking defective human Piezo1 channel mutations. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1038. [PMID: 34489534 PMCID: PMC8421374 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02528-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanosensitive channels are integral membrane proteins that sense mechanical stimuli. Like most plasma membrane ion channel proteins they must pass through biosynthetic quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum that results in them reaching their destination at the plasma membrane. Here we show that N-linked glycosylation of two highly conserved asparagine residues in the 'cap' region of mechanosensitive Piezo1 channels are necessary for the mature protein to reach the plasma membrane. Both mutation of these asparagines (N2294Q/N2331Q) and treatment with an enzyme that hydrolyses N-linked oligosaccharides (PNGaseF) eliminates the fully glycosylated mature Piezo1 protein. The N-glycans in the cap are a pre-requisite for N-glycosylation in the 'propeller' regions, which are present in loops that are essential for mechanotransduction. Importantly, trafficking-defective Piezo1 variants linked to generalized lymphatic dysplasia and bicuspid aortic valve display reduced fully N-glycosylated Piezo1 protein. Thus the N-linked glycosylation status in vitro correlates with efficient membrane trafficking and will aid in determining the functional impact of Piezo1 variants of unknown significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyuan Vero Li
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Chai-Ann Ng
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Delfine Cheng
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Zijing Zhou
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mingxi Yao
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yang Guo
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ze-Yan Yu
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yogambha Ramaswamy
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Lining Arnold Ju
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip W Kuchel
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael P Feneley
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Diane Fatkin
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Charles D Cox
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, Australia.
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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25
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Liao D, Hsiao MY, Xiang G, Zhong P. Optimal pulse length of insonification for Piezo1 activation and intracellular calcium response. Sci Rep 2021; 11:709. [PMID: 33436695 PMCID: PMC7804118 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78553-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound (US) neuromodulation, especially sonogenetics, has been demonstrated with potential applications in noninvasive and targeted treatment of various neurological disorders. Despite the growing interest, the mechanism for US neuromodulation remains elusive, and the optimal condition for eliciting a neural response with minimal adverse effect has not been identified. Here, we investigate the Piezo1 activation and intracellular calcium response elicited by acoustical streaming induced shear stress under various US exposure conditions. We find that Piezo1 activation and resultant intracellular calcium response depend critically on shear stress amplitude and pulse length of the stimulation. Under the same insonification acoustic energy, we further identify an optical pulse length that leads to maximum cell deformation, Piezo1 activation, and calcium response with minimal injury, confirmed by numerical modeling of Piezo1 channel gating dynamics. Our results provide insight into the mechanism of ultrasonic activation of Piezo1 and highlight the importance of optimizing US exposure conditions in sonogenetics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Defei Liao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Ming-Yen Hsiao
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Gaoming Xiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Pei Zhong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
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