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Jamal A, Singh S, Qureshi F. Synthetic data as an investigative tool in hypertension and renal diseases research. World J Methodol 2025; 15:98626. [DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v15.i1.98626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a growing body of clinical research on the utility of synthetic data derivatives, an emerging research tool in medicine. In nephrology, clinicians can use machine learning and artificial intelligence as powerful aids in their clinical decision-making while also preserving patient privacy. This is especially important given the epidemiology of chronic kidney disease, renal oncology, and hypertension worldwide. However, there remains a need to create a framework for guidance regarding how to better utilize synthetic data as a practical application in this research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleena Jamal
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Som Singh
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas, MO 64106, United States
| | - Fawad Qureshi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
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2
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Kelley AT, Incze MA, Baumgartner M, Campbell ANC, Nunes EV, Scharfstein DO. Predictors of urine toxicology and other biologic specimen missingness in randomized trials of substance use disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend 2024; 261:111368. [PMID: 38896944 PMCID: PMC11405181 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.111368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High levels of missing outcome data for biologically confirmed substance use (BCSU) threaten the validity of substance use disorder (SUD) clinical trials. Underlying attributes of clinical trials could explain BCSU missingness and identify targets for improved trial design. METHODS We reviewed 21 clinical trials funded by the NIDA National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network (CTN) and published from 2005 to 2018 that examined pharmacologic and psychosocial interventions for SUD. We used configurational analysis-a Boolean algebra approach that identifies an attribute or combination of attributes predictive of an outcome-to identify trial design features and participant characteristics associated with high levels of BCSU missingness. Associations were identified by configuration complexity, consistency, coverage, and robustness. We limited results using a consistency threshold of 0.75 and summarized model fit using the product of consistency and coverage. RESULTS For trial design features, the final solution consisted of two pathways: psychosocial treatment as a trial intervention OR larger trial arm size (complexity=2, consistency=0.79, coverage=0.93, robustness score=0.71). For participant characteristics, the final solution consisted of two pathways: interventions targeting individuals with poly- or nonspecific substance use OR younger age (complexity=2, consistency=0.75, coverage=0.86, robustness score=1.00). CONCLUSIONS Psychosocial treatments, larger trial arm size, interventions targeting individuals with poly- or nonspecific substance use, and younger age among trial participants were predictive of missing BCSU data in SUD clinical trials. Interventions to mitigate missing data that focus on these attributes may reduce threats to validity and improve utility of SUD clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Taylor Kelley
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Greater Intermountain Node, National Institute on Drug Abuse Clinical Trial Network, Program of Addiction Research, Clinical Care, Knowledge, and Advocacy (PARCKA), Division of Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Informatics, Decision Enhancement, and Analytic Sciences (IDEAS) Center, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Vulnerable Veteran Patient-Aligned Care Team, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Michael A Incze
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Greater Intermountain Node, National Institute on Drug Abuse Clinical Trial Network, Program of Addiction Research, Clinical Care, Knowledge, and Advocacy (PARCKA), Division of Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Aimee N C Campbell
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Division on Substance Use Disorders, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Edward V Nunes
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Division on Substance Use Disorders, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel O Scharfstein
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Le Flohic E, Vrijens B, Hiligsmann M. The impacts of undetected nonadherence in phase II, III and post-marketing clinical trials: An overview. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2024; 90:1984-2003. [PMID: 38752447 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.16089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS This research aims to provide an overview of the consequences of undiagnosed nonadherence (noninitiation, suboptimal implementation, nonpersistence) in randomized clinical trials (RCTs). METHODS This research was conducted by combining a literature review and qualitative semistructured interviews with key opinion leaders. Based on this groundwork, the consequences of undiagnosed nonadherence in RCTs were summarized and reported in a figure. This study focused on phases II, III and post-marketing in ambulatory settings across a variety of therapeutic areas and indications. RESULTS Various consequences of nonadherence in RCTs were investigated. In phase II, drug efficacy may be underestimated, variability in the outcomes may be high and a distorted picture of side effects could be reported, resulting in an uncertain impression of the investigational product's profile and complicating decision-making. The sponsor may need to increase the sample size of the upcoming phase III study to improve its power, representing additional costs, or even terminate the study. In phase III, similar phenomena may be observed, making demonstration of efficacy to the regulatory bodies more difficult. Lastly, after commercialization, a distortion in pharmacometrics may occur: the drug may underperform, prescriptions may be refilled less often than expected or extra expenses may be incurred by the payers. This can result in post-marketing dose reduction, new competitors coming into the market and, eventually, product withdrawal. CONCLUSIONS This research highlighted the many potential adverse consequences of undiagnosed nonadherence in RCTs, including additional costs. Collecting accurate data appeared to be crucial for decision-making throughout the drug development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Le Flohic
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Dauphine University, Paris, France
| | - Bernard Vrijens
- University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- AARDEX Group, Liège, Belgium
| | - Mickaël Hiligsmann
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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McGrady ME, Ignjatovic V, Jones S, Bruce A, Goldenberg NA, Rizzi M, Thornburg CD, Todd KE, Luchtman-Jones L. Evaluation, analysis, and reporting of medication adherence for clinical trials of anticoagulants in children: guidance from the ISTH SSC Subcommittee on Pediatric and Neonatal Thrombosis and Hemostasis. J Thromb Haemost 2024; 22:2081-2092. [PMID: 38642706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
In response to growing recognition that nonadherence prevents children, adolescents, and young adults from achieving the therapeutic benefits of anticoagulant medication, the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis Scientific and Standardization Committee Subcommittee on Pediatric and Neonatal Thrombosis and Hemostasis convened a working party on medication adherence. The primary aim of this article was to synthesize recommendations from the larger adherence science literature to provide guidance regarding the classification, collection, and interpretation of anticoagulation adherence data. The secondary aim of this article was to evaluate the degree to which trials published from 2013 to 2023 adhered to these guidance recommendations. As less than half of all trials reported on adherence and none included all recommended elements, the proposed International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis Scientific and Standardization Committee guidance has the potential to enhance the rigor and reproducibility of pediatric anticoagulant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E McGrady
- Center for Adherence and Self-Management, Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; Patient and Family Wellness Center, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
| | - Vera Ignjatovic
- Haematology, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sophie Jones
- Haematology, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Clinical Haematology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Nursing, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aisha Bruce
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Neil A Goldenberg
- Johns Hopkins All Children's Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Division of Hematology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mattia Rizzi
- Hematology/Oncology Unit, Division of Pediatrics, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Courtney D Thornburg
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kevin E Todd
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital of the King's Daughters, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
| | - Lori Luchtman-Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; Division of Hematology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Burnier M. Physician and patient adherence in hypertension trials: a point of view on an important issue to resolve. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2024; 24:749-758. [PMID: 38836304 DOI: 10.1080/14737167.2024.2363401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are important sources of evidence that strongly influence guidelines for patient management, including for elevated blood pressure in adults. AREAS COVERED Critical questions regarding the interpretation of hypertension trial results have recently increased, especially for concerns over methodology. In particular, investigator adherence to the protocol and patient adherence to investigational drugs are often far from optimal. These issues may be ignored or underreported because physicians' behavior during trials is often not monitored and patients' medication adherence is neither measured adequately nor reported or analyzed in the final report or in the publication. This situation may lead to misinterpretations of study results and misevaluations of the safety and efficacy profile of new drugs. In this short review, the problem of measuring, reporting, and analyzing drug adherence in RCTs is discussed and illustrated with several examples in the field of hypertension. EXPERT OPINION The main conclusion is that drug adherence should always be measured in clinical trials, possibly with more than one method. In addition, prespecified analyses of adherence data should be included in the statistical plan of all trials to improve their overall quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Burnier
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Cossu L, Cappon G, Streicher O, Herzig D, Bally L, Facchinetti A. Design and Usability Assessment of a User-Centered, Modular Platform for Real-World Data Acquisition in Clinical Trials involving Post-bariatric Surgery Patients. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2023:19322968231220061. [PMID: 38142364 DOI: 10.1177/19322968231220061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical trials often face challenges in efficient data collection and participant monitoring. To address these issues, we developed the IMPACT platform, comprising a real-time mobile application for data collection and a web-based dashboard for remote monitoring and management. METHODS This article presents the design, development, and usability assessment of the IMPACT platform customized for patients with post-bariatric surgery hypoglycemia (PBH). We focus on adapting key IMPACT components, including continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), symptom tracking, and meal logging, as crucial elements for user-friendly and efficient PBH monitoring. RESULTS The adapted IMPACT platform demonstrated effectiveness in data collection and remote participant monitoring. The mobile application allowed patients to easily track their data, while the clinician dashboard provided a comprehensive overview of enrolled patients, featuring filtering options and alert mechanisms for identifying data collection issues. The platform incorporated various visual representations, including time plots and category-based visualizations, which greatly facilitated data interpretation and analysis. The System Usability Scale questionnaire results indicated a high level of usability for the web dashboard, with an average score of 86.3 out of 100. The active involvement of clinicians throughout the development process ensured that the platform allowed for the collection and visualization of clinically meaningful data. CONCLUSIONS By leveraging IMPACT's existing features and infrastructure, the adapted version streamlined data collection, analysis, and trial customization for PBH research. The platform's high usability underscores its alignment with the requirements for conducting research using continuous real-world data in PBH patients and other populations of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Cossu
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giacomo Cappon
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Olivia Streicher
- Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - David Herzig
- Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lia Bally
- Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Facchinetti
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Worthington A, Gillies N, Hannaford R, Roy R, Braakhuis A. Implementing multicomponent, eHealth-based behaviour change support within a dietary intervention trial improves adherence to study-related behaviours in healthy young adults. BMC Nutr 2023; 9:134. [PMID: 37990250 PMCID: PMC10664496 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-023-00798-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Behaviour change science is proposed to improve participant retention and enhance the validity of trials. However, researchers seldom systematically consider and implement behaviour change strategies within trials for this purpose. The objective of this article is to evaluate how an eHealth behaviour change support (BCS) program enhances young adults' adherence to behaviours required within a dietary intervention. METHODS The Nine Principles framework was used to develop BCS to implement across both arms of a 10-week randomised parallel-group intervention to enhance adherence to (i) eating healthily and (ii) reporting dietary intake. Key components of the BCS included access to a dietitian-led Facebook group, text reminders, and food delivery. Effectiveness was measured using the following analyses of the 78 participants who completed the study; pre-post change in targeted dietary habits over time using a subscore of the Healthy Diet Habits Index, questionnaire to assess change in perception of barriers to eating healthily over time, Facebook group engagement, and impact evaluation of the BCS. Participants received a dietary reporting score out of 100 to assess adherence across the 10 weeks. RESULTS The total Healthy Diet Habits Index subscore out of 16 significantly increased from baseline to week 10 (10.6 ± 2.6 to 11.2 ± 2.6, p value < 0.05), driven primarily by an increase in vegetable consumption. Overall adherence to reporting was high across the 10 weeks, with the total population mean reporting score 90.4 ± 14.6 out of 100. Relatively low Facebook engagement was observed. Adding objects to the environment, prompts/cues and removing reward appeared to be effective components of the BCS for enhancing adherence to the target behaviours. CONCLUSION Using a behaviour change framework to support the design of randomised trials is a promising way to enhance participant adherence to study requirements that are typically considered burdensome, such as dietary reporting. It also enables researchers to identify and replicate effective components of BCS, including behaviour change techniques and modes of delivery. Further research into the use of different behaviour change frameworks for this purpose is warranted. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04869163; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04869163 . (03/05/2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Worthington
- Discipline of Nutrition, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Nicola Gillies
- Discipline of Nutrition, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rina Hannaford
- Bioinformatics & Statistics Team, AgResearch Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Rajshri Roy
- Discipline of Nutrition, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrea Braakhuis
- Discipline of Nutrition, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Lasala R, Santoleri F, Romagnoli A, Abrate P, Musicco F, Costantini A. Medication adherence reporting in pivotal clinical trials: overview of oral oncological drugs. Eur J Hosp Pharm 2023; 30:328-332. [PMID: 35058307 PMCID: PMC10647863 DOI: 10.1136/ejhpharm-2021-002998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess how and to what extent adherence to medication is reported in pivotal clinical trials of oral cancer drugs. METHODS All drugs authorised by the European Medicines Agency from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2019 were considered for analysis. For each pivotal trial we extracted the journal of publication, phase of the study, posology, mention of adherence within the main text of the published article or additional material and the terms in which the adherence was reported. RESULTS Thirty drugs were included in the analysis from 56 clinical trials. Eleven articles (19.6%) contained a mention of medication adherence in the main document, 26 (46.4%) in the supplementary material and 19 (33.9%) did not contain any reference to adherence. Seven studies reported medication adherence between the results, expressed as number of patients discontinuing treatment for non-compliance and mean or median percentage. CONCLUSIONS Medication adherence in pivotal clinical trials of oral oncological drugs is poorly represented. There should be a greater level of reporting in the results and it should be included among the minimum set of recommendations in reporting health research.
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Ahmad HA, East JE, Panaccione R, Travis S, Canavan JB, Usiskin K, Byrne MF. Artificial Intelligence in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Endoscopy: Implications for Clinical Trials. J Crohns Colitis 2023; 17:1342-1353. [PMID: 36812142 PMCID: PMC10441563 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjad029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Artificial intelligence shows promise for clinical research in inflammatory bowel disease endoscopy. Accurate assessment of endoscopic activity is important in clinical practice and inflammatory bowel disease clinical trials. Emerging artificial intelligence technologies can increase efficiency and accuracy of assessing the baseline endoscopic appearance in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and the impact that therapeutic interventions may have on mucosal healing in both of these contexts. In this review, state-of-the-art endoscopic assessment of mucosal disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease clinical trials is described, covering the potential for artificial intelligence to transform the current paradigm, its limitations, and suggested next steps. Site-based artificial intelligence quality evaluation and inclusion of patients in clinical trials without the need for a central reader is proposed; for following patient progress, a second reading using AI alongside a central reader with expedited reading is proposed. Artificial intelligence will support precision endoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease and is on the threshold of advancing inflammatory bowel disease clinical trial recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James E East
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Remo Panaccione
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinic, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Simon Travis
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Michael F Byrne
- University of British Columbia, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Satisfai Health, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Michaelian JC, McCade D, Hoyos CM, Brodaty H, Harrison F, Henry JD, Guastella AJ, Naismith SL. Pilot Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial Evaluating the Feasibility of an Intranasal Oxytocin in Improving Social Cognition in Individuals Living with Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2023; 7:715-729. [PMID: 37483320 PMCID: PMC10357119 DOI: 10.3233/adr-230013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Individuals living with Alzheimer's disease (AD) demonstrate extensive deficits in social cognition. To date, no studies have investigated the feasibility of an intranasal oxytocin (INOT) treatment to improve social cognition in individuals living with AD. Objective We conducted a pilot trial to determine recruitment feasibility, enrolment acceptability, and adherence to an INOT treatment to inform on the subsequent design of a future randomized controlled trial (RCT). We also estimated the effect sizes of potential social cognitive function outcome measures related to participants and their caregivers. Methods Four individuals with AD were enrolled in a single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial involving a one-week treatment period with both INOT (72 IU twice daily) and placebo. Results All participants reported no treatment-causative or serious adverse events following repeated INOT administration. While enrolment acceptability (100%) and INOT adherence (placebo, 95%; INOT, 98%) were excellent, feasibility of recruitment was not acceptable (i.e., n = 4/58 individuals screened met inclusion criteria). However, positive/large effects were associated with secondary outcomes of self-reported health and wellbeing, caregiver 'burden', intimacy and interpersonal-bonding, following repeated INOT administration. No positive effects were associated with participant outcomes of social cognition. Conclusion This pilot RCT provides first evidence that INOT administration in individuals living with AD is safe and well-tolerated. Despite limitations in sample size, moderate-to-large effect size improvements were identified in participant health outcomes as well as core social cognitive functions and 'burden' as reported by a caregiver. This suggests potential broad-ranging beneficial effects of INOT which should be assessed in future RCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes C. Michaelian
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Healthy Brain Ageing Program, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Donna McCade
- Healthy Brain Ageing Program, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Camilla M. Hoyos
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Healthy Brain Ageing Program, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Fleur Harrison
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Adam J. Guastella
- Brain and Mind Centre, Children’s Hospital Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sharon L. Naismith
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Healthy Brain Ageing Program, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Lutz J, Pratap A, Lenze EJ, Bestha D, Lipschitz JM, Karantzoulis S, Vaidyanathan U, Robin J, Horan W, Brannan S, Mittoux A, Davis MC, Lakhan SE, Keefe R. Innovative Technologies in CNS Trials: Promises and Pitfalls for Recruitment, Retention, and Representativeness. INNOVATIONS IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 20:40-46. [PMID: 37817816 PMCID: PMC10561984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Objective Recruitment of a sufficiently large and representative patient sample and its retention during central nervous system (CNS) trials presents major challenges for study sponsors. Technological advances are reshaping clinical trial operations to meet these challenges, and the COVID-19 pandemic further accelerated this development. Method of Research The International Society for CNS Clinical Trials and Methodology (ISCTM; www.isctm.org) Innovative Technologies for CNS Trials Working Group surveyed the state of technological innovations for improved recruitment and retention and assessed their promises and pitfalls. Results Online advertisement and electronic patient registries can enhance recruitment, but challenges with sample representativeness, conversion rates from eligible prescreening to enrolled patients, data privacy and security, and patient identification remain hurdles for optimal use of these technologies. Electronic medical records (EMR) mining with artificial intelligence (AI)/machine learning (ML) methods is promising but awaits translation into trials. During the study treatment phase, technological innovations increasingly support participant retention, including adherence with the investigational treatment. Digital tools for adherence and retention support take many forms, including patient-centric communication channels between researchers and participants, real-time study reminders, and digital behavioral interventions to increase study compliance. However, such tools add technical complexities to trials, and their impact on the generalizability of results are largely unknown. Conclusion Overall, the group found a scarcity of systematic data directly assessing the impact of technological innovations on study recruitment and retention in CNS trials, even for strategies with already high adoption, such as online recruitment. Given the added complexity and costs associated with most technological innovations, such data is needed to fully harness technologies for CNS trials and drive further adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Lutz
- Dr. Lutz was with Medical Office, Click Therapeutics, Inc. in New York, New York, at the time of writing; she is now with Biogen Digital Health in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Boston University School of Medicine in Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Abhishek Pratap
- Dr. Pratap was with Center for Addiction & Mental Health in Toronto, Canada, at the time of writing; he is now with Boehringer Ingelheim in Ridgefield, Connecticut; King's College London in London, United Kingdom; and Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education, University of Washington in Seattle, Washington
| | - Eric J Lenze
- Dr. Lenze is with Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Durga Bestha
- Dr. Bestha is with Atrium Health in Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Jessica M Lipschitz
- Dr. Lipschitz is with Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, and Harvard Medical School in Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Uma Vaidyanathan
- Dr. Vaidyanathan was with Boehringer Ingelheim in Ridgefield, Connecticut, at the time of writing; she is now with Sublimus in Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Jessica Robin
- Dr. Robin is with Winterlight Labs, Inc. in Toronto, Canada
| | - William Horan
- Dr. Horan was with WCG VeraSci in Durham, North Carolina, at the time of writing; he is now with Karuna Therapeutics in Boston, Massachusetts, and University of California in Los Angeles, California
| | - Stephen Brannan
- Dr. Brannan is with Karuna Therapeutics in Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Shaheen E Lakhan
- Dr. Lakhan is with Medical Office, Click Therapeutics, Inc. in New York, New York, and School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech in Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Richard Keefe
- Dr. Keefe is with Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center in Durham, North Carolina
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Hossain MB, Karim ME. Key considerations for choosing a statistical method to deal with incomplete treatment adherence in pragmatic trials. Pharm Stat 2023; 22:205-231. [PMID: 36637242 DOI: 10.1002/pst.2258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Pragmatic trials offer practical means of obtaining real-world evidence to help improve decision-making in comparative effectiveness settings. Unfortunately, incomplete adherence is a common problem in pragmatic trials. The commonly used methods in randomized control trials often cannot handle the added complexity imposed by incomplete adherence, resulting in biased estimates. Several naive methods and advanced causal inference methods (e.g., inverse probability weighting and instrumental variable-based approaches) have been used in the literature to deal with incomplete adherence. Practitioners and applied researchers are often confused about which method to consider under a given setting. This current work is aimed to review commonly used statistical methods to deal with non-adherence along with their key assumptions, advantages, and limitations, with a particular focus on pragmatic trials. We have listed the applicable settings for these methods and provided a summary of available software. All methods were applied to two hypothetical datasets to demonstrate how these methods perform in a given scenario, along with the R codes. The key considerations include the type of intervention strategy (point treatment settings, where treatment is administered only once versus sustained treatment settings, where treatment has to be continued over time) and availability of data (e.g., the extent of measured or unmeasured covariates that are associated with adherence, dependent confounding impacted by past treatment, and potential violation of assumptions). This study will guide practitioners and applied researchers to use the appropriate statistical method to address incomplete adherence in pragmatic trial settings for both the point and sustained treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Belal Hossain
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Mohammad Ehsanul Karim
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Wheeler AJ, Garg H, Kaushik D, Mansour A, Pruthi D, Liss MA. Predictors of participants' retention-socioeconomic factors or nonadherence: insights from a urological clinical prospective study. Trials 2022; 23:970. [PMID: 36461104 PMCID: PMC9716754 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-022-06901-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate various patient-level variables, specifically socioeconomic status, as risk factors for withdrawal in a recently completed clinical study. We specifically investigated a non-interventional prospective study assessing the role of novel imaging as a biomarker for cancer upgradation in prostate cancer for this objective. METHODS In this retrospective analysis, we assessed the association between various patient-level factors including clinic-demographic factors, socioeconomic status, and the number of non-adherences with the participants' retention or withdrawal from the study. For socioeconomic status (SES), we used the zip code-based Economic Innovation Group Distressed Community Index (DCI) which classifies into five even distress tiers: prosperous, comfortable, mid-tier, at-risk, or distressed. Low SES was defined as those with a DCI Distress tier of at-risk or distressed. We compared values between the two retention and withdrawal groups using t-test, chi-square test, and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Of 273 men screened, 123 men were enrolled. Among them, 86.2% (106/123) retained through the study whereas 13.8% (17/123) withdrew from the study. The mean (SD) age was 64 (6.4) years. Overall, 31.7% (39/123) were Hispanics and 24.3% (30/123) were African Americans. The median (IQR) DCI score was 34 (10.3, 68.1) and 30.8% (38/123) of patients belonged to low SES. The median DCI score in participants who retained in the study was statistically similar to those who withdrew from the study (p=0.4). Neither the DCI tiers (p=0.7) nor the low SES (p=0.9) were associated with participants' retention or withdrawal of the study. In terms of non-adherence, all participants in the withdrawn group had at least one non-adherent event compared to 48.1% in the retained group (p<0.001). Repetitive non-adherence was significantly higher in participants who withdrew from the study vs those who retained in the study [88.2% vs 16.9%, p <0.001]. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, the number of non-adherences (OR=12.5, p<0.001) and not DCI (OR=0.99, p=0.7) appeared to be an independent predictor for participants' retention or withdrawal from the study. CONCLUSIONS Expanding diverse inclusion and limiting withdrawal with real-time non-adherence monitoring will lead to more efficient clinical research and greater generalizability of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison J Wheeler
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Harshit Garg
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Dharam Kaushik
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Ahmed Mansour
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Deepak Pruthi
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Michael A Liss
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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Lossada-Soto E, Pazik M, Horodyski MB, Vasilopoulos T, de Faria LB, Mathews C, Hagen J. Can fluoxetine mitigate mental health decline in musculoskeletal trauma patients: a pilot single-center randomized clinical trial. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2022; 8:184. [PMID: 35978446 PMCID: PMC9382753 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-022-01119-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Musculoskeletal trauma is one of the leading causes of disability in the USA and its negative quality of life impact extends beyond that of physical recovery. More than 50% of victims of musculoskeletal trauma suffer lasting mental health issues and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomology following their injury. These symptoms can develop across all spectrums of patients and are independent predictors of poor outcome. Access to mental health care is limited, expensive, and time intensive, and a large majority of the trauma population do not get to utilize this valuable resource. This leaves the burden of management on the orthopedic team, as they are often the only point of contact for the patient within the medical system. Methods This is a single-center, repeated measures, randomized controlled pilot study including up to 100 orthopedic trauma patients aged between 18 and 85 years of age. Subjects are approached during their index hospitalization and are randomized to one of two pharmaceutical interventions, fluoxetine (also known as Prozac) or calcium, for 9 months. Fluoxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) that is supported for the treatment of PTSD by the American Psychiatric Association. It is low-cost and has minimal side effects and withdrawal symptoms if stopped suddenly. Calcium is a supplement with minimal side effects that is used in our study for its bone-healing potential. Feasibility will be indexed by recruitment feasibility, randomization feasibility, medical adherence, anti-depressant side effects, and fracture union rate. Subjects will complete physical and mental health surveys at baseline, 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year. Discussion The goals of this exploratory clinical trial are to: develop a safe, feasible, and time-limited protocol effect of immediate (post-injury) treatment with fluoxetine for use by orthopedic providers and other non-mental health care providers treating victims of musculoskeletal trauma (Aim 1), and test the for preliminary effects of the protocol on development of PTSD symptomology and physical recovery in these patients (Aim 2). This study is novel in that it strives to prevent the development of symptomology from the time of injury and empowers surgeons to manage their patients in a more holistic manner. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04850222. Registered on April 20, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Lossada-Soto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Sports Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 112727, Gainesville, FL, 32611-2727, USA
| | - Marissa Pazik
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Sports Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 112727, Gainesville, FL, 32611-2727, USA
| | - Mary Beth Horodyski
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Sports Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 112727, Gainesville, FL, 32611-2727, USA
| | - Terrie Vasilopoulos
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Sports Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 112727, Gainesville, FL, 32611-2727, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Ludmila Barbosa de Faria
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, 1149 Newell Drive, Suite L4-100, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Carol Mathews
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, 1149 Newell Drive, Suite L4-100, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Jennifer Hagen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Sports Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 112727, Gainesville, FL, 32611-2727, USA.
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Tong A, Oberbauer R, Bellini MI, Budde K, Caskey FJ, Dobbels F, Pengel L, Rostaing L, Schneeberger S, Naesens M. Patient-Reported Outcomes as Endpoints in Clinical Trials of Kidney Transplantation Interventions. Transpl Int 2022; 35:10134. [PMID: 35669971 PMCID: PMC9163311 DOI: 10.3389/ti.2022.10134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) that assess individuals' perceptions of life participation, medication adherence, disease symptoms, and therapy side effects are extremely relevant in the context of kidney transplantation. All PROs are potentially suitable as primary or secondary endpoints in interventional trials that aim to improve outcomes for transplant recipients. Using PRO measures (PROMs) in clinical trials facilitates assessment of the patient's perspective of their health, but few measures have been developed and evaluated in kidney transplant recipients; robust methodologies, which use validated instruments and established frameworks for reporting, are essential. Establishing a core PROM for life participation in kidney transplant recipients is a critically important need, which is being developed and validated by the Standardized Outcomes in Nephrology (SONG)-Tx Initiative. Measures involving electronic medication packaging and smart technologies are gaining traction for monitoring adherence, and could provide more robust information than questionnaires, interviews, and scales. This article summarizes information on PROs and PROMs that was included in a Broad Scientific Advice request on clinical trial design and endpoints in kidney transplantation. This request was submitted to the European Medicines Agency (EMA) by the European Society for Organ Transplantation in 2016. Following modifications, the EMA provided its recommendations in late 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Tong
- Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rainer Oberbauer
- Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Klemens Budde
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fergus J. Caskey
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Fabienne Dobbels
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Academic Center for Nursing and Midwifery, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liset Pengel
- Centre for Evidence in Transplantation, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lionel Rostaing
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Stefan Schneeberger
- Department of General, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Maarten Naesens
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Thase ME, Jacobsen PL, Hanson E, Xu R, Tolkoff M, Murthy NV. Vortioxetine 5, 10, and 20 mg significantly reduces the risk of relapse compared with placebo in patients with remitted major depressive disorder: The RESET study. J Affect Disord 2022; 303:123-130. [PMID: 35131363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maintenance therapy for major depressive disorder (MDD) is typically recommended at the dose on which the patient was stabilized. However, for some patients, dose alteration may be required. We investigated multiple vortioxetine doses versus placebo for relapse prevention in patients achieving remission with vortioxetine 10 mg daily. METHODS In this US-based, randomized withdrawal study, outpatients (N = 1106, aged 18-75 years) with recurrent MDD (Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale [MADRS] score ≥26), a current major depressive episode (MDE) (8 weeks-18 months' duration), and ≥2 previous MDEs were treated with open-label vortioxetine 10 mg once daily orally for 16 weeks. Responders at week 8 (≥50% MADRS score reduction) achieving remission (MADRS score ≤12) at weeks 14 and 16 (N = 580) were randomized to vortioxetine 5, 10, or 20 mg or placebo in a 32-week double-blind period. The primary outcome was time to first relapse over the first 28 weeks; secondary outcomes (relapse, change in total MADRS, Clinician Global Impression-Severity [CGI-S]) were evaluated at 32 weeks. RESULTS Time to relapse was longer and cumulative relapse rates were lower for vortioxetine 5 mg (19.3%), 10 mg (17.9%), and 20 mg (17.4%) versus placebo (32.5%) over 28 weeks (p<0.05 for all). CGI-S scores remained stable and adverse events were generally mild-to-moderate. LIMITATIONS Extrapolation of results to patients achieving remission with vortioxetine doses other than 10 mg should be made with caution. CONCLUSION For patients with MDD achieving symptomatic remission at 10 mg/day, all doses of vortioxetine were effective for relapse prevention, with acceptable tolerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Thase
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, and the Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, US
| | | | | | - Rengyi Xu
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., Cambridge, MA US
| | - Max Tolkoff
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., Cambridge, MA US
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Olaye IM, Belovsky MP, Bataille L, Cheng R, Ciger A, Fortuna KL, Izmailova ES, McCall D, Miller CJ, Muehlhausen W, Northcott CA, Rodriguez-Chavez IR, Pratap A, Vandendriessche B, Zisman-Ilani Y, Bakker JP. Recommendations for Defining and Reporting Adherence Measured by Biometric Monitoring Technologies: Systematic Review. J Med Internet Res 2022; 24:e33537. [PMID: 35436221 PMCID: PMC9052021 DOI: 10.2196/33537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Suboptimal adherence to data collection procedures or a study intervention is often the cause of a failed clinical trial. Data from connected sensors, including wearables, referred to here as biometric monitoring technologies (BioMeTs), are capable of capturing adherence to both digital therapeutics and digital data collection procedures, thereby providing the opportunity to identify the determinants of adherence and thereafter, methods to maximize adherence. Objective We aim to describe the methods and definitions by which adherence has been captured and reported using BioMeTs in recent years. Identifying key gaps allowed us to make recommendations regarding minimum reporting requirements and consistency of definitions for BioMeT-based adherence data. Methods We conducted a systematic review of studies published between 2014 and 2019, which deployed a BioMeT outside the clinical or laboratory setting for which a quantitative, nonsurrogate, sensor-based measurement of adherence was reported. After systematically screening the manuscripts for eligibility, we extracted details regarding study design, participants, the BioMeT or BioMeTs used, and the definition and units of adherence. The primary definitions of adherence were categorized as a continuous variable based on duration (highest resolution), a continuous variable based on the number of measurements completed, or a categorical variable (lowest resolution). Results Our PubMed search terms identified 940 manuscripts; 100 (10.6%) met our eligibility criteria and contained descriptions of 110 BioMeTs. During literature screening, we found that 30% (53/177) of the studies that used a BioMeT outside of the clinical or laboratory setting failed to report a sensor-based, nonsurrogate, quantitative measurement of adherence. We identified 37 unique definitions of adherence reported for the 110 BioMeTs and observed that uniformity of adherence definitions was associated with the resolution of the data reported. When adherence was reported as a continuous time-based variable, the same definition of adherence was adopted for 92% (46/50) of the tools. However, when adherence data were simplified to a categorical variable, we observed 25 unique definitions of adherence reported for 37 tools. Conclusions We recommend that quantitative, nonsurrogate, sensor-based adherence data be reported for all BioMeTs when feasible; a clear description of the sensor or sensors used to capture adherence data, the algorithm or algorithms that convert sample-level measurements to a metric of adherence, and the analytic validation data demonstrating that BioMeT-generated adherence is an accurate and reliable measurement of actual use be provided when available; and primary adherence data be reported as a continuous variable followed by categorical definitions if needed, and that the categories adopted are supported by clinical validation data and/or consistent with previous reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iredia M Olaye
- Department of Medicine Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Evaluative Sciences Research, Weill Cornell Medical College Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mia P Belovsky
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lauren Bataille
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, United States
| | - Royce Cheng
- Health Platforms, Verily Life Sciences, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | - Karen L Fortuna
- Giesel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Abhishek Pratap
- CAMH Krembil Center for Neuroinformatics, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Vector Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Vandendriessche
- Byteflies, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Systems Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Yaara Zisman-Ilani
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences; College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Apreleva Kolomeytseva AT, Brylev L, Eshghi M, Bottaeva Z, Zhang J, Fachner JC, Street AJ. Home-Based Music Therapy to Support Bulbar and Respiratory Functions of Persons with Early and Mid-Stage Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis-Protocol and Results from a Feasibility Study. Brain Sci 2022; 12:494. [PMID: 35448025 PMCID: PMC9027911 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12040494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory failure, malnutrition, aspiration pneumonia, and dehydration are the precursors to mortality in ALS. Loss of natural communication is considered one of the worst aspects of ALS. This first study to test the feasibility of a music therapy protocol for bulbar and respiratory rehabilitation in ALS employs a mixed-methods case study series design with repeated measures. Newly diagnosed patients meeting the inclusion criteria were invited to participate, until the desired sample size (n = 8) was achieved. The protocol was delivered to participants in their homes twice weekly for six weeks. Individualised exercise sets for independent practice were provided. Feasibility data (recruitment, retention, adherence, tolerability, self-motivation and personal impressions) were collected. Bulbar and respiratory changes were objectively measured. Results. A high recruitment rate (100%), a high retention rate (87.5%) and high mean adherence to treatment (95.4%) provide evidence for the feasibility of the study protocol. The treatment was well tolerated. Mean adherence to the suggested independent exercise routine was 53%. The outcome measurements to evaluate the therapy-induced change in bulbar and respiratory functions were defined. Findings suggest that the protocol is safe to use in early- and mid-stage ALS and that music therapy was beneficial for the participants' bulbar and respiratory functions. Mean trends suggesting that these functions were sustained or improved during the treatment period were observed for most outcome parameters: Maximal Inspiratory Pressure, Maximal Expiratory Pressure, Peak Expiratory Flow, the Center for Neurologic Study-Bulbar Function Scale speech and swallowing subscales, Maximum Phonation Time, Maximum Repetition Rate-Alternating, Maximum Repetition Rate-Sequential, Jitter, Shimmer, NHR, Speaking rate, Speech-pause ratio, Pause frequency, hypernasality level, Time-to-Laryngeal Vestibule Closure, Maximum Pharyngeal Constriction Area, Peak Position of the Hyoid Bone, Total Pharyngeal Residue C24area. Conclusion. The suggested design and protocol are feasible for a larger study, with some modifications, including aerodynamic measure of nasalance, abbreviated voice sampling and psychological screening.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lev Brylev
- Bujanov Moscow City Clinical Hospital, 115419 Moscow, Russia;
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, 115419 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry, 115419 Moscow, Russia
| | - Marziye Eshghi
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA 02129-4557, USA;
| | - Zhanna Bottaeva
- Clinical and Research Institute of Emergency Pediatric Surgery and Trauma, 119180 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Jufen Zhang
- Faculty of Health, Education, Medicine & Social Care, School of Medicine, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CM1 1SQ, UK;
| | - Jörg C. Fachner
- Music, Health and the Brain, Cambridge Institute for Music Therapy Research, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CM1 1SQ, UK;
| | - Alexander J. Street
- Music, Health and the Brain, Cambridge Institute for Music Therapy Research, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CM1 1SQ, UK;
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Eilayyan O, Thomas A, Hallé MC, Tibbles AC, Jacobs C, Ahmed S, Schneider MJ, Al Zoubi F, Lee J, Myrtos D, Long CR, Bussieres A. Promoting the use of a self-management strategy among novice chiropractors treating individuals with spine pain: A mixed methods pilot clustered-clinical trial. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262825. [PMID: 35061845 PMCID: PMC8782363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The uptake of Self-Management Support (SMS) among clinicians is suboptimal. To date, few studies have tested knowledge translation (KT) interventions to increase the application of SMS in chiropractic teaching clinics. Study objective Evaluate the feasibility of implementing a KT intervention to promote the use of a SMS strategy among chiropractic interns, their supervisors, and individuals with spine pain compared to controls. Methods Mixed methods pilot clustered-clinical trial. Clusters of 16 Patient Management Teams were allocated to a complex KT intervention (online and workshop training). Primary feasibility outcomes for clinicians, interns and patients were rates of recruitment, retention, and adherence to protocol. A nominal group technique and interviews were used to seek end-users’ views on the implementation process, and generate possible solutions. Results In total, 16 (84%) clinicians, 65 (26%) interns and 42 patients agreed to participate. All clinicians in the intervention group completed all KT intervention components, 23 interns (85%) completed the online training and 14 interns (51.8%) attended the workshop training. All clinicians in the intervention and seven (78%) in the control group completed all outcome measures at baseline and 6-month follow-up, while 15 (55.6%) and 23 (60.5%) interns in the intervention and control groups completed the questionnaires at baseline and 6-month follow-up, respectively. Among patients, 10 (52.6%) and 12 (52.2%) in the intervention and control groups respectively completed the questionnaires at the end of the study. Based on interview findings, solutions to improve the feasibility of conducting a full trial include: making SMS a part of the internship, changing the time of introducing the study to the interns, and having more training on SMS. Conclusion Recruitment and retention of chiropractic interns and patients for a larger implementation trial in a single outpatient teaching clinic may be challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owis Eilayyan
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
- Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Jouf, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Aliki Thomas
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal (CRIR), Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Christine Hallé
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal (CRIR), Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Craig Jacobs
- Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara Ahmed
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal (CRIR), Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael J. Schneider
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Fadi Al Zoubi
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Joyce Lee
- Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danny Myrtos
- Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cynthia R. Long
- Palmer College of Chiropractic, Davenport, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Andre Bussieres
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal (CRIR), Quebec, Canada
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Buono FD, Gleed C, Boldin M, Aviles A, Wheeler N. Preliminary Effectiveness of a Remotely Monitored Blood Alcohol Concentration Device as Treatment Modality: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Res Protoc 2022; 11:e30186. [PMID: 35029534 PMCID: PMC8800086 DOI: 10.2196/30186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alcohol use disorder is a chronic disorder with a high likelihood of relapse. The consistent monitoring of blood alcohol concentration through breathalyzers is critical to identifying relapse or misuse. Smartphone apps as a replacement of or in conjunction with breathalyzers have shown limited effectiveness. Yet, there has been little research that has effectively utilized wireless or Wi-Fi–enabled breathalyzers that can accurately, securely, and reliably measure blood alcohol concentration. Objective The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of a wireless blood alcohol concentration device in collaboration with long-term treatment on dropout rates, psychological distress, treatment motivation, quality of life, and need for higher levels of follow-up care for patients with alcohol use disorder. Methods The randomized clinical trial will include two arms, access to the wireless breathalyzer versus no access to the breathalyzer, while both groups have access to treatment. Evaluation will last 3 months with a 6-week follow-up, during which each participant will be interviewed at admission, 1 month in, 2 months in, 3 months in, and follow-up. Individuals will be recruited online through a secure telehealth meeting invitation. Outcomes will focus on the impact of the wireless breathalyzer within the alcohol use disorder population, and the combined effect on psychological distress, treatment motivation, and quality of life. In addition, we intend to investigate the impact of the breathalyzer on dropout rates and participants’ need for higher levels of follow-up care and treatment. Results The recruitment of this study started in July 2020 and will run until 2022. Conclusions This information will be important to develop cost-effective treatments for alcohol dependence. Ongoing monitoring allows treatment providers to take an individualized disease management approach and facilitates timely intervention by the treatment provider. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04380116; http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04380116 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/30186
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank D Buono
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Colette Gleed
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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Chen Q, Mao Y, Zhou H, Tang S. Discontinuation Rates of Tadalafil Alone and in Combination with a-Blockers in the Treatment of Male Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms with or without Coexisting Erectile Dysfunction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Clin Pract 2022; 2022:9298483. [PMID: 36419863 PMCID: PMC9649306 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9298483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined the discontinuation rates of tadalafil alone and in combination with a-blockers (ABs) for the treatment of male lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), with or without erectile dysfunction (ED). MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched the EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases for studies published until May 15, 2022. The discontinuation rates associated with LUTS medications were subsequently analyzed by meta-analysis. RESULTS Forty-four studies, including 1724 discontinued patients, were included. The combined discontinuation rate was 12.78% (95% confidence interval (CI) 9.89-15.98%), and the discontinuation rates because of adverse events and lack of efficacy were 4.56% (95% CI 3.39-5.90%) and 3.30% (95% CI 1.53-5.72%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The discontinuation rate of tadalafil alone or in combination with ABs for LUTS with or without ED was relatively low and varied according to the study type. Patients receiving monotherapy or combination therapy were similarly likely to abandon treatment. Treatment with a fixed-dose combination was associated with better persistence than with a free-dose combination. These data may help guide clinicians in selecting drug regimens when making decisions. Factors associated with treatment withdrawal need to be determined through high-quality clinical studies to reduce the drug discontinuation rate, which will ultimately reduce healthcare costs and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chen
- Department of Andrology & Sexual Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Chazhong Road No. 20, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian, China
| | - Yinjun Mao
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Chazhong Road No. 20, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian, China
| | - Huiliang Zhou
- Department of Andrology & Sexual Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Chazhong Road No. 20, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian, China
| | - Songxi Tang
- Department of Andrology & Sexual Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Chazhong Road No. 20, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian, China
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22
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Cardenas-Rojas A, Castelo-Branco L, Pacheco-Barrios K, Shaikh ES, Uygur-Kucukseymen E, Giannoni-Luza S, Vasconcelos Felippe L, Gonzalez-Mego P, Luna-Cuadros MA, Gianlorenco ACL, Teixeira PE, Caumo W, Fregni F. Recruitment characteristics and non-adherence associated factors of fibromyalgia patients in a randomized clinical trial: A retrospective survival analysis. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2021; 24:100860. [PMID: 34849424 PMCID: PMC8609141 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2021.100860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fibromyalgia is a complex pain condition that affects mostly women. Given the disease's lack of understanding, patients report poor adherence to medication and mistrust of medical services. This study aims to describe the recruitment characteristics and non-adherence associated factors of fibromyalgia patients to an RCT. METHODS We performed a retrospective longitudinal analysis with data from our ongoing RCT. We investigated characteristics of subjects recruited, consented, and randomized. Adherence was studied using survival analysis techniques, and its associated factors were identified using Cox proportional hazards regression model. RESULTS 524 subjects were contacted, 269 were eligible, 61 consented and 40 subjects were randomized. Thirty-eight percent were non-adherent to the protocol with a median of visits of five. The recruitment survey reported that 90% would likely participate in RCTs, 52% had previous participation, and 19% were aware of RCTs by their physicians. Some barriers were investigator-related (staff's friendliness and receiving the results of their trial participation) and center-related (privacy-confidentiality issues and the institution's reputation), without difference between adherent and non-adherent participants. We report significant factors for non-adherence as VAS anxiety score of 5 or more (5.3 HR, p = 0.01), Body Mass Index (BMI) (0.91 HR, p = 0.041) and Quality of Life (QoL) - Personal development subdomain (0.89 HR, p = 0.046). CONCLUSION Recruitment and adherence of fibromyalgia patients is a challenge; however, they seem eager to participate in RCTs. We recommend creating a comfortable, friendly and trusting environment to increase the recruitment rate. Higher anxiety, lower BMI and lower quality of life were associated with a higher attrition rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Cardenas-Rojas
- Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Luis Castelo-Branco
- Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin Pacheco-Barrios
- Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Unidad de Investigación para la Generación y Síntesis de Evidencias en Salud, Lima, Peru
| | - Emad Salman Shaikh
- Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elif Uygur-Kucukseymen
- Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefano Giannoni-Luza
- Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Luna Vasconcelos Felippe
- Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paola Gonzalez-Mego
- Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria Alejandra Luna-Cuadros
- Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anna Carolyna Lepesteur Gianlorenco
- Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Brazil
| | - Paulo E.P. Teixeira
- Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- MGH Institute of Health Professions, USA
| | - Wolnei Caumo
- Pain and Palliative Care Service at Clinical Hospital of Porto Alegre (HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Felipe Fregni
- Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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23
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Baumgartner SL, Buffkin DE, Rukavina E, Jones J, Weiler E, Carnes TC. A Novel Digital Pill System for Medication Adherence Measurement and Reporting: Usability Validation Study. JMIR Hum Factors 2021; 8:e30786. [PMID: 34747709 PMCID: PMC8663639 DOI: 10.2196/30786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Medication nonadherence is a costly problem that is common in clinical use and clinical trials alike, with significant adverse consequences. Digital pill systems have proved to be effective and safe solutions to the challenges of nonadherence, with documented success in improving adherence and health outcomes. Objective The aim of this human factors validation study is to evaluate a novel digital pill system, the ID-Cap System from etectRx, for usability among patient users in a simulated real-world use environment. Methods A total of 17 patients with diverse backgrounds who regularly take oral prescription medications were recruited. After training and a period of training decay, the participants were asked to complete 12 patient-use scenarios during which errors or difficulties were logged. The participants were also interviewed about their experiences with the ID-Cap System. Results The participants ranged in age from 27 to 74 years (mean 51 years, SD 13.8 years), and they were heterogeneous in other demographic factors as well, such as education level, handedness, and sex. In this human factors validation study, the patient users completed 97.5% (196/201) of the total use scenarios successfully; 75.1% (151/201) were completed without any failures or errors. The participants found the ID-Cap System easy to use, and they were able to accurately and proficiently record ingestion events using the device. Conclusions The participants demonstrated the ability to safely and effectively use the ID-Cap System for its intended use. The ID-Cap System has great potential as a useful tool for encouraging medication adherence and can be easily implemented by patient users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jason Jones
- Tensentric, Inc., Boulder, CO, United States
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24
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Dutta S, Ganguly S, Mukherjee SK, Ghosh P, Hazra P, Roy AS, Shaikh AR, Ali SS, Sadhukhan S, Koley M, Saha S. Efficacy of individualized homeopathic medicines in intervening the progression of pre-hypertension to hypertension: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Explore (NY) 2021; 18:279-286. [PMID: 34147344 DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Pre-hypertension remains a significant public health challenge and appropriate intervention is required to stop its progression to hypertension and/or cardiovascular diseases. OBJECTIVE To study the effects of individualized homeopathic medicines (IH) against placebo in intervening with the progression of pre-hypertension to hypertension. DESIGN Double-blind, randomized, two parallel arms, placebo-controlled trial. SETTING Outpatient departments of D. N. De Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. PATIENTS Ninety-two patients suffering from pre-hypertension; randomized to receive either IH (n = 46) or identical-looking placebo (n = 46). INTERVENTIONS IH or placebo in the mutual context of lifestyle modification (LSM) advices including dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) and brisk exercises. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Primary - systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP); secondary - Measure Yourself Medical Outcome Profile version 2.0 (MYMOP-2) scores; all measured at baseline, and every month, up to 3 months. RESULTS After 3 months of intervention, the number of patients having progression from pre-hypertension to hypertension between groups were similar without any significant differences in between (all P>0.05). Reduction in BP and MYMOP-2 scores were non-significantly higher (all P>0.05) in the IH group than placebo with small effect sizes. Lycopodium clavatum, Thuja occidentalis and Natrum muriaticum were the most frequently prescribed medicines. No harms or serious adverse events were reported from either group. Thus, there was a small, but non-significant direction of effect favoring homeopathy, which ultimately rendered the trial as inconclusive. [Trial registration: CTRI/2018/10/016,026; UTN: U1111-1221-8251].
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Dutta
- Dept. of Organon of Medicine and Homoeopathic Philosophy, D. N. De Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, affiliated to The West Bengal University of Health Sciences, Govt. of West Bengal, India.
| | - Subhasish Ganguly
- Dept. of Organon of Medicine and Homoeopathic Philosophy, D. N. De Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, affiliated to The West Bengal University of Health Sciences, Govt. of West Bengal, India
| | - Shyamal Kumar Mukherjee
- Principal and Administrator D. N. De Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, affiliated to The West Bengal University of Health Sciences, Govt. of West Bengal, India
| | - Priyanka Ghosh
- Dept. of Organon of Medicine and Homoeopathic Philosophy, D. N. De Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, affiliated to The West Bengal University of Health Sciences, Govt. of West Bengal, India
| | - Pallavi Hazra
- Dept. of Organon of Medicine and Homoeopathic Philosophy, D. N. De Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, affiliated to The West Bengal University of Health Sciences, Govt. of West Bengal, India
| | - Aniket Singha Roy
- Dept. of Organon of Medicine and Homoeopathic Philosophy, D. N. De Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, affiliated to The West Bengal University of Health Sciences, Govt. of West Bengal, India
| | - Abdur Rahaman Shaikh
- Dept. of Practice of Medicine, D. N. De Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, affiliated to The West Bengal University of Health Sciences, Govt. of West Bengal, India
| | - Sk Swaif Ali
- Dept. of Practice of Medicine, Mahesh Bhattacharyya Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital, Howrah, Govt. of West Bengal, affiliated to The West Bengal University of Health Sciences, Govt. of West Bengal, India
| | - Satarupa Sadhukhan
- Dept. of Organon of Medicine and Homoeopathic Philosophy, National Institute of Homoeopathy, Block GE, Sector III, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, West Bengal, India; affiliated to The West Bengal University of Health Sciences, Govt. of West Bengal, India
| | - Munmun Koley
- Dept. of Organon of Medicine and Homoeopathic Philosophy, State National Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, Govt. of Uttar Pradesh, affiliated to Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar University, Agra, Govt. of Uttar Pradesh), India
| | - Subhranil Saha
- Dept. of Repertory, D. N. De Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, affiliated to The West Bengal University of Health Sciences, Govt. of West Bengal, India
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25
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Joshi G, Kabra A, Goutam N, Sharma A. An Overview on Patient-Centered Clinical Services. BORNEO JOURNAL OF PHARMACY 2021. [DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v4i2.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-related problems (DRPs) had often been a concern in the system that needed to be detected, avoided, and addressed as soon as possible. The need for a clinical pharmacist becomes even more important. He is the one who can not only share the load but also be an important part of the system by providing required advice. They fill out the patient's pharmacotherapy reporting form and notify the medical team's head off any drug-related issues. General practitioners register severe adverse drug reactions (ADRs) yearly. As a result of all of this, a clinical pharmacist working in and around the healthcare system is expected to advance the pharmacy industry. Its therapy and drugs can improve one's health quality of life by curing, preventing, or diagnosing a disease, sign, or symptom. The sideshows, on the other hand, do much harm. Because of the services they offer, clinical pharmacy has grown in popularity. To determine the overall effect and benefits of the emergency department (ED) clinical pharmacist, a systematic review of clinical practice and patient outcomes will be needed. A clinical pharmacist's anatomy, toxicology, pharmacology, and medicinal chemistry expertise significantly improves a patient's therapy enforcement. It is now important to examine the failure points of healthcare systems as well as the individuals involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Joshi
- University Institute of Pharma Sciences, Chandigarh University
| | - Atul Kabra
- University Institute of Pharma Sciences, Chandigarh University
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26
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Wang X, Frohlich MM, Chu E. Suboptimal Completion Rates, Adverse Events, Costs, Resource Utilization, and Cost Impact of Noncompletion in Oral Adjuvant Capecitabine-Based Chemotherapy in Patients With Early-Stage Colon Cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2021; 20:e215-e225. [PMID: 34112610 DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suboptimal completion of chemotherapy, which may involve reduced patient adherence, remains a serious issue and leads to reduced treatment efficacy. This study assessed the completion rates, risk factors for noncompletion, and cost impact for noncompletion in patients on capecitabine monotherapy (Cape) or capecitabine with oxaliplatin (CAPOX) for the adjuvant treatment of early-stage colon cancer. METHODS Patients with a diagnosis of early-stage colon cancer between April 2013 and March 2017 were retrospectively identified. Treatment completion was evaluated. Multivariate logistic regressions analyses were used to assess the baseline factors associated with noncompletion. Adverse events, costs, healthcare resource utilization, and cost impact for noncompletion were investigated. RESULTS A total of 673 patients met the eligibility criteria, of which 382 (57%) were treated with Cape and 291 (43%) with CAPOX. The overall completion rate for adjuvant therapy was 40% (Cape 46%; CAPOX 33%). Noncompletion was associated with CAPOX treatment and higher healthcare costs within 6 months prior to chemotherapy. The 6-month unadjusted total healthcare costs were $44,444 for Cape and $71,247 for CAPOX. The nonchemotherapy costs were 41% higher for noncompleters than completers in both treatment groups (P = .002). CONCLUSIONS The real-world completion rates for adjuvant capecitabine-based chemotherapy in early-stage colon cancer patients are low. Noncompletion of therapy is associated with higher baseline healthcare costs. The nonchemotherapy costs are significantly higher in noncompleters than completers, highlighting the financial burden of managing adverse events and preexisting comorbidities, which may lead to early discontinuation of therapy. Effective strategies to optimize completion of oral chemotherapy may consider adherence monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- Formerly Proteus Digital Health Inc, 2600 Bridge Pkwy, Redwood City, CA 94065.
| | - Maxfield M Frohlich
- Formerly Proteus Digital Health Inc, 2600 Bridge Pkwy, Redwood City, CA 94065
| | - Edward Chu
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461
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27
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Engmann L, Sun F, Legro RS, Diamond MP, Zhang H, Santoro N. Factors associated with study protocol adherence and bio banking participation in reproductive medicine clinical trials and their relationship to live birth. Hum Reprod 2021; 35:2819-2831. [PMID: 33190149 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deaa232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION What demographic and baseline characteristics are predictive of adherence to reproductive medicine clinical trial protocols, live birth or participation in genetic studies? SUMMARY ANSWER Race, BMI and lower income are associated with likelihood of non-adherent to reproductive medicine clinical trial protocols, while race influences collection of biological samples and non-adherent to study protocols is associated with lower probability of live birth. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Although aspects of adherence to study protocol have previously been evaluated as individual factors in infertile women, the factors that affect overall non-adherent to study protocol have not been previously evaluated. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION A secondary data analysis of 1650 participants from two prospective multicenter, double-blind controlled studies was carried out: Pregnancy in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome II (PPCOS II) and Assessment of Multiple Intrauterine Gestations from Ovarian Stimulation (AMIGOS). PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS The participants were women aged 18-40 years old with either polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) with ovulatory dysfunction in combination with either hyperandrogenemia and/or polycystic ovarian morphology (PPCOS II), or regular ovulatory cycles with unexplained infertility (AMIGOS). The study was carried out in 14 clinical sites in the USA. Non-adherence to clinical trial protocol was chosen as the primary outcome for this analysis. To evaluate whether demographic and baseline characteristics were predictive of adherence to study protocols, live birth or participation in blood sampling for DNA and repository, and pregnancy registry, these putative factors were compared between the outcome measures. Logistic regression was used to establish a prediction model using the putative predictors introduced above. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Women who self-identified as African American or Asian and those with higher BMI and lower household income were less likely to adhere to protocol. Non-adherence to the study protocol was associated with a lower probability of live birth (odds ratio: 0.180, 95% CI: 0.120, 0.272, P < 0.001). African Americans or Asians were less likely to participate in optional study DNA collection compared to Whites. Participants who were African American or with high annual income or from the Southwest sites or had PCOS were less likely to participate in the blood repository studies. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Race and ethnicity were self-reported and such self-classification to strict race and ethnicity may not always be representative of a whole racial or ethnic group. This study included two US multicenter trials and therefore the findings may not be extrapolated to international trials. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Identification of populations with low participation is an important initial step, as further investigation can develop specific measures to improve adherence to study protocols and participation in biospecimen banking and thereby extend the representativeness of reproductive medicine clinical trial findings. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) Supported by NIH Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD Grants: U10 HD39005, U10 HD38992, U10 HD27049, U10 HD38998, U10 HD055942, HD055944, U10 HD055936, U10HD055925, PPCOSII: U10 HD27049, U10 HD38992, U10 HD055925, U10 HD39005, U10 HD38998, U10 HD055936, U10 HD055942, U10 HD055944; Clinical Reproductive Endocrine Scientist Training Program (CREST): R25HD075737. Outside this study, M.P.D. received NIH/NIHCD research grant and R.S.L. received research grant from Ferring and was consultant for Bayer, Kindex, Odega, Millendo and AbbVie. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT00719186; NCT01044862.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Engmann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Fangbai Sun
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard S Legro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Michael P Diamond
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Heping Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nanette Santoro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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Karpen SR, Klein A, Alloway RR, Albrecht R, Belen O, Campbell M, Kluetz P, Minasian LM, Mitchell SA, O'Doherty I, Papadopoulos E, Sapir-Pichhadze R, Spear N, van Gelder T, Velidedeoglu E, Page CA, Everly MJ. The Role of Patient-reported Outcomes and Medication Adherence Assessment in Patient-focused Drug Development for Solid Organ Transplantation. Transplantation 2021; 105:941-944. [PMID: 33901129 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rita R Alloway
- Division of Nephrology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | | | - Ozlem Belen
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | | | - Paul Kluetz
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Lori M Minasian
- National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sandra A Mitchell
- National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | | | | | | | | | - Teun van Gelder
- Departments of Hospital Pharmacy and Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - C Alex Page
- University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, Tucson, AZ
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29
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Liu AY, Laborde ND, Coleman K, Vittinghoff E, Gonzalez R, Wilde G, Thorne AL, Ikeguchi E, Shafner L, Sunshine L, van der Straten A, Siegler AJ, Buchbinder S. DOT Diary: Developing a Novel Mobile App Using Artificial Intelligence and an Electronic Sexual Diary to Measure and Support PrEP Adherence Among Young Men Who Have Sex with Men. AIDS Behav 2021; 25:1001-1012. [PMID: 33044687 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-020-03054-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Young men who have sex with men (YMSM) are highly vulnerable to HIV. While pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has demonstrated effectiveness, adherence has been low among YMSM and difficult to measure accurately. In collaboration with a healthcare company, we configured an automated directly-observed therapy (aDOT) platform for monitoring and supporting PrEP use. Based on interest expressed in focus groups among 54 YMSM, we combined aDOT with an electronic sexual diary to provide feedback on level of protection during sex and to motivate app use. In an 8-week optimization pilot with 20 YMSM in San Francisco and Atlanta, the app was found to be highly acceptable, with median System Usability Scale scores in the "excellent" range (80/100). App use was high, with median PrEP adherence of 91% based on aDOT-confirmed dosing. Most (84%) participants reported the app helped with taking PrEP. These promising findings support further evaluation of DOT Diary in future effectiveness studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Y Liu
- Bridge HIV, San Francisco Department of Public Health, 25 Van Ness Avenue, Suite 100, San Francisco, CA, 94102, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | | | - Kenneth Coleman
- Bridge HIV, San Francisco Department of Public Health, 25 Van Ness Avenue, Suite 100, San Francisco, CA, 94102, USA
| | - Eric Vittinghoff
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rafael Gonzalez
- Bridge HIV, San Francisco Department of Public Health, 25 Van Ness Avenue, Suite 100, San Francisco, CA, 94102, USA
| | - Gretchen Wilde
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Annie L Thorne
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ariane van der Straten
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aaron J Siegler
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Susan Buchbinder
- Bridge HIV, San Francisco Department of Public Health, 25 Van Ness Avenue, Suite 100, San Francisco, CA, 94102, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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30
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Schmidt ME, Liebowitz MR, Stein MB, Grunfeld J, Van Hove I, Simmons WK, Van Der Ark P, Palmer JA, Saad ZS, Pemberton DJ, Van Nueten L, Drevets WC. The effects of inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) by JNJ-42165279 in social anxiety disorder: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled proof-of-concept study. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:1004-1010. [PMID: 33070154 PMCID: PMC8115178 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-00888-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
JNJ-42165279 is a selective inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the enzyme responsible for the degradation of fatty acid amides (FAA) including anandamide (AEA), palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), and N-oleoylethanolamide (OEA). We assessed the efficacy, safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of treatment with JNJ-42165279 in subjects with social anxiety disorder (SAD). This was a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study randomizing subjects to 12 weeks of treatment with either JNJ-42165279 (25 mg daily) or placebo (PBO). The primary endpoint was the change in the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) total score from baseline to end of study. Secondary endpoints included the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS17), and the Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I). Samples were collected for plasma concentration of AEA, PEA, OEA, and JNJ-42165279. A total of 149 subjects were enrolled with a mean baseline LSAS total score of 102.6 (SD 16.84). The mean change from baseline (SD) in LSAS total score at week 12 was numerically greater for JNJ-42165279: -29.4 (27.47) compared to PBO: -22.4 (23.57) but not significant. The percentage of subjects with ≥30% improvement from baseline in the LSAS total score was significantly higher for JNJ-42165279 (42.4%) compared to PBO (23.6%) (p value = 0.04). The percentage of subjects with a CGI-I score of much or very much improved was also significantly higher for JNJ-42165279 (44.1%) than for PBO (23.6%) (p value = 0.02). The drug was well tolerated. JNJ-42165279 appears to elicit an anxiolytic effect in subjects with SAD although trough concentrations with 25 mg once daily appeared to be insufficient to completely inhibit FAAH activity which may have led to suboptimal efficacy. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02432703.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E. Schmidt
- grid.419619.20000 0004 0623 0341Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Murray B. Stein
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | | | - Ilse Van Hove
- grid.419619.20000 0004 0623 0341Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - W. Kyle Simmons
- Janssen Research & Development, La Jolla, CA USA ,grid.65519.3e0000 0001 0721 7331Oklahoma State University Brain Imaging Center, Tulsa, OK USA
| | - Peter Van Der Ark
- grid.419619.20000 0004 0623 0341Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Ziad S. Saad
- Janssen Research & Development, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Darrel J. Pemberton
- grid.419619.20000 0004 0623 0341Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Luc Van Nueten
- grid.419619.20000 0004 0623 0341Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
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Placebo response mitigation with a participant-focused psychoeducational procedure: a randomized, single-blind, all placebo study in major depressive and psychotic disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:844-850. [PMID: 33244149 PMCID: PMC8026614 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-00911-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The remarkably high and growing placebo response rates in clinical trials for CNS indications, such as depression and schizophrenia, constitute a major challenge for the drug development enterprise. Despite extensive literature on participant expectancies and other potent psychosocial factors that perpetuate placebo response, no empirically validated participant-focused strategies to mitigate this phenomenon have been available. This study evaluated the efficacy of the Placebo-Control Reminder Script (PCRS), a brief interactive procedure that educates participants about factors known to cause placebo response, which was administered prior to the primary outcome assessments to subjects with major depressive or psychotic disorders who had at least moderate depression. Participants were informed they would participate in a 2-week randomized clinical trial with a 50% chance of receiving either an experimental antidepressant medication or placebo. In actuality, all participants received placebo. Participants randomly assigned to receive the PCRS (n = 70) reported significantly smaller reductions (i.e., less placebo response) in depression than those who did not receive the PCRS (n = 67). The magnitude of this effect was medium (Cohen's d = 0.40) and was not significantly impacted by diagnostic status. The number of adverse events (i.e., nocebo effect) was also lower in the PCRS group, particularly in the first week of the study. These findings suggest that briefly educating participants about placebo response factors can help mitigate the large placebo response rates that are increasingly seen in failed CNS drug development programs.
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Dockendorf MF, Hansen BJ, Bateman KP, Moyer M, Shah JK, Shipley LA. Digitally Enabled, Patient-Centric Clinical Trials: Shifting the Drug Development Paradigm. Clin Transl Sci 2021; 14:445-459. [PMID: 33048475 PMCID: PMC7993267 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapidly advancing field of digital health technologies provides a great opportunity to radically transform the way clinical trials are conducted and to shift the clinical trial paradigm from a site-centric to a patient-centric model. Merck's (Kenilworth, NJ) digitally enabled clinical trial initiative is focused on introduction of digital technologies into the clinical trial paradigm to reduce patient burden, improve drug adherence, provide a means of more closely engaging with the patient, and enable higher quality, faster, and more frequent data collection. This paper will describe the following four key areas of focus from Merck's digitally enabled clinical trials initiative, along with corresponding enabling technologies: (i) use of technologies that can monitor and improve drug adherence (smart dosing), (ii) collection of pharmacokinetic (PK), pharmacodynamic (PD), and biomarker samples in an outpatient setting (patient-centric sampling), (iii) use of digital devices to collect and measure physiological and behavioral data (digital biomarkers), and (iv) use of data platforms that integrate digital data streams, visualize data in real-time, and provide a means of greater patient engagement during the trial (digital platform). Furthermore, this paper will discuss the synergistic power in implementation of these approaches jointly within a trial to enable better understanding of adherence, safety, efficacy, PK, PD, and corresponding exposure-response relationships of investigational therapies as well as reduced patient burden for clinical trial participation. Obstacle and challenges to adoption and full realization of the vision of patient-centric, digitally enabled trials will also be discussed.
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Devine EG, Pingitore AM, Margiotta KN, Hadaway NA, Reid K, Peebles K, Hyun JW. Frequency of concealment, fabrication and falsification of study data by deceptive subjects. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2021; 21:100713. [PMID: 33604482 PMCID: PMC7876535 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2021.100713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Many studies have found evidence that research subjects engage in deceptive practices while participating in health-related studies. Little is known, however, about how often subjects use deception and the percentage of studies a typical subject will contaminate with false data. This study examined the frequency of use of different types of deception among a sample of subjects who admit to using deception. Methods A sample of 59 subjects who had participated in at least two health-related studies in the past 12 months and admitted to using deception in at least one were interviewed. Subjects were asked a series of questions about concealing information and fabricating information to gain entry into studies. Subjects were also asked about falsifying data after being enrolled in a health-related study. All study data reported pertains to only subjects who reported using deception in health-related studies and is based on subjects’ study participation only within the last 12 months from the date of the interview. Results Subjects who conceal information in order to enroll in trials reported using concealment in about two thirds (67%) of the trials they participated in over the past 12 months. On average, these subjects’ use of concealment was highest for mental health information (58% of studies) and physical health information (57% of studies). The average frequency of fabricating information in order to enroll in trials was 53% with exaggerating health symptoms (45% of studies) and pretending to have a health condition (39% of studies) as the two most widely used strategies. Subjects who falsify study data after enrollment reported doing so 40% of the time. These subjects falsely reported improvement in the health condition being studied in 38% of the trials they took part in. Subjects who admitted to throwing away study medication to create the appearance of compliance reported doing so 32% of the time. Limitations Although this study provides evidence that subjects who admit to using deception contaminate a high percentage of studies, larger and more geographically diverse samples are needed to understand the full extent of the problem of deceptive subjects in research. Regional economic, cultural, or organizational factors may be related to the rate of subjects using deception. It is also possible that this sample underrepresents the use of deception as there are likely subjects who use deception that would be unwilling to admit the extent of this behavior. Conclusion Deceptive subject's behavior poses a threat to the integrity of research findings. Given that deceptive subjects contaminate a high percentage of studies they take part in by concealing information, fabricating information, and falsifying study data after enrollment, efforts to identify and exclude these subjects is important to the integrity of research findings. Strategies to exclude deceptive subjects from health research should be used to inform study designs. Widespread adoption of research subject identity registries could greatly reduce the scope of studies that a single deceptive subject could contaminate. Technological solutions that provide an objective measure of medication compliance may be valuable tools for limiting fraudulent reports of compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric G Devine
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alyssa M Pingitore
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathryn N Margiotta
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Natalia A Hadaway
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathleen Reid
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristina Peebles
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jae Won Hyun
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Older participant perspectives on permanent study drug discontinuation in an ongoing primary prevention trial of statins. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 77:841-847. [PMID: 33410972 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-020-03073-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Study drug discontinuation is commonplace in clinical trials of older populations. Little is known about why older participants discontinue the study drug. This qualitative study aimed to understand factors contributing to permanent study drug discontinuation among participants aged ≥ 70 years within an ongoing primary prevention trial of statins by exploring their experiences and perceptions. METHODS Trial participants who had permanently discontinued the study drug within 2 years of randomisation were purposively sampled by age (< 75 and ≥ 75 years) and sex to participate in semi-structured phone interviews between March 2019 and February 2020. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and analysed thematically. RESULTS Thirty participants were interviewed (21 females; mean age, 77 years), and three themes were identified from the data. Perceived adverse events (AEs) and their effect on daily living (mobility, functional capacity, quality of life) were identified as the major factors leading to the participants permanently discontinuing their study drug, despite an ambiguity about the cause of the AE. For some, concurrent challenging life circumstances further lowered their tolerance to perceived AEs thus making discontinuation more likely. A few discontinuations were attributed to other factors (e.g. GP advice, unrelated illness). CONCLUSION Among healthy older participants enrolled in a statin trial, perceived AEs and their related impact were key factors contributing to the permanent study drug discontinuation. Addressing anticipated participant-reported AEs and their concerns about drug-related side effects at trial entry, as well as offering timely medical assistance and support when AEs occur, may be useful to reduce drug discontinuation rates.
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Schnadower D, Roskind CG, VanBuren JM, Powell EC, Norris JG, Tarr PI, Sapien RE, O’Connell KJ, Chun TH, Rogers AJ, Bhatt SR, Mahajan P, Gorelick MH, Vance C, Dean JM, Freedman SB. Factors Associated With Nonadherence in an Emergency Department-based Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial of a Probiotic in Children With Acute Gastroenteritis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2021; 72:24-28. [PMID: 32804911 PMCID: PMC10171126 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000002904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Nonadherence in clinical trials affects safety and efficacy determinations. Predictors of nonadherence in pediatric acute illness trials are unknown. We sought to examine predictors of nonadherence in a multicenter randomized trial of 971 children with acute gastroenteritis receiving a 5-day oral course of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG or placebo. Adherence, defined as consuming all doses of the product, was reported by the parents and recorded during daily follow-up contacts. Of 943 patients with follow-up data, 766 (81.2%) were adherent. On multivariate analysis, older age (OR 1.19; 95% CI: 1.00-1.43), increased vomiting duration (OR 1.23; 95% CI: 1.05-1.45), higher dehydration score (OR 1.23, 95% CI: 1.07-1.42), and hospitalization following ED discharge (OR 4.16, 95% CI: 1.21--14.30) were factors associated with nonadherence; however, those with highest severity scores were more likely to adhere (OR 0.87, 95% CI: 0.80-0.95). These data may inform strategies and specific targets to maximize adherence in future pediatric trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Schnadower
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati OH
| | - Cindy G. Roskind
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - John M. VanBuren
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Elizabeth C. Powell
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Jesse G. Norris
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Phillip I. Tarr
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Robert E. Sapien
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Children’s National Health System, Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Karen J. O’Connell
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Hasbro Children’s Hospital and Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Thomas H. Chun
- Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Alexander J. Rogers
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Seema R. Bhatt
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati OH
| | - Prashant Mahajan
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | | | - Cheryl Vance
- Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA
| | - J. Michael Dean
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Stephen B. Freedman
- Sections of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children’s Hospital, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Marin-Alejandre BA, Abete I, Monreal JI, Elorz M, Benito-Boillos A, Herrero JI, Navarro-Blasco I, Tur JA, Bandarra NM, Zulet MA, Martinez JA. Effects of a 6-month dietary-induced weight loss on erythrocyte membrane omega-3 fatty acids and hepatic status of subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: The Fatty Liver in Obesity study. J Clin Lipidol 2020; 14:837-849.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Nayak C, Pattanaik N, Chattopadhyay A, Misra P, Bhar K, Michael J, Koley M, Saha S. Individualized homeopathic medicines and Urtica urens mother tincture in treatment of hyperuricemia: an open, randomized, pragmatic, pilot trial. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 18:599-608. [PMID: 33079705 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2020-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The quality of management of hyperuricemia has remained sub-optimal owing to unavoidable toxicities, limitations, and dearth of novel advances. Homeopathy has remained under-researched in hyperuricemia. We investigated the clinical effectiveness of three treatment regimens - individualized homeopathy (IH), Urtica urens mother tincture (UUMT), and both (IH + UUMT) along with lifestyle modifications in a sample of 90 patients with hyperuricemia. METHODS An open, randomized (1:1:1), 3 parallel arms (IH, UUMT, and IH + UUMT), pragmatic trial was conducted at National Institute of Homoeopathy, Kolkata. Outcome measures were serum uric acid (primary), Gout Assessment Questionnaire version 2 (GAQ2, secondary), and Measure Yourself Medical Outcome Profile version 2 (MYMOP2, secondary); all measured at baseline, and after 3 and 6 months. Intention- to-treat sample was analyzed to detect group differences by unpaired t tests. RESULTS Attrition rate was 8.9% (IH: 3, UUMT: 3, IH + UUMT: 2). Groups were comparable at baseline. Reductions in serum uric acid over 3 months were comparatively higher (p=0.057) in the UUMT group than others, however, the differences were narrowed over 6 months (p=0.119). Per protocol analysis of serum uric acid level revealed similar trend of significantly higher reduction in the UUMT group than the other two (3 months: p=0.001; 6 months: p=0.007). No significant differences existed in reductions of GAQ2 scores among the three groups. Few significant differences were detected in MYMOP scores over 3 months favoring IH against others (symptom 2, p=0.001 and wellbeing score, p=0.002), and also over 6 months favoring IH + UUMT against others (symptom 1, p<0.001). CONCLUSION Although all three therapies showed similar improvements, the IH + UUMT group had more positive direction of effects than IH or UUMT alone; however, no definite conclusion could be arrived at. Further trials are warranted with larger sample size. Trial registration: CTRI/2018/05/014026.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chintamani Nayak
- Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurgaon, Gurugram, Haryana 122505, India.,Dept. of Materia Medica, National Institute of Homoeopathy, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India, Block GE, Sector 3, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, West Bengal, India
| | - Nivedita Pattanaik
- Dept. of Materia Medica, Rajasthan Vidyapeeth Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Abhijit Chattopadhyay
- Dept. of Materia Medica, National Institute of Homoeopathy, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India, Block GE, Sector 3, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, West Bengal, India
| | - Pankhuri Misra
- Dept. of Materia Medica, National Institute of Homoeopathy, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India, Block GE, Sector 3, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, West Bengal, India
| | - Koushik Bhar
- Dept. of Materia Medica, National Institute of Homoeopathy, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India, Block GE, Sector 3, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, West Bengal, India
| | - James Michael
- Dept. of Organon of Medicine and Homoeopathic Philosophy, National Institute of Homoeopathy, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Smith SM, Fava M, Jensen MP, Mbowe OB, McDermott MP, Turk DC, Dworkin RH. John D. Loeser Award Lecture: Size does matter, but it isn't everything: the challenge of modest treatment effects in chronic pain clinical trials. Pain 2020; 161 Suppl 1:S3-S13. [PMID: 33090735 PMCID: PMC7434212 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M. Smith
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
- Obstetrics and Gynecology and
- Psychiatry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Maurizio Fava
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mark P. Jensen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Omar B. Mbowe
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Michael P. McDermott
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Dennis C. Turk
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Robert H. Dworkin
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
- Psychiatry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
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Gewandter JS, Dworkin RH, Turk DC, Devine EG, Hewitt D, Jensen MP, Katz NP, Kirkwood AA, Malamut R, Markman JD, Vrijens B, Burke L, Campbell JN, Carr DB, Conaghan PG, Cowan P, Doyle MK, Edwards RR, Evans SR, Farrar JT, Freeman R, Gilron I, Juge D, Kerns RD, Kopecky EA, McDermott MP, Niebler G, Patel KV, Rauck R, Rice ASC, Rowbotham M, Sessler NE, Simon LS, Singla N, Skljarevski V, Tockarshewsky T, Vanhove GF, Wasan AD, Witter J. Improving Study Conduct and Data Quality in Clinical Trials of Chronic Pain Treatments: IMMPACT Recommendations. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2020; 21:931-942. [PMID: 31843583 PMCID: PMC7292738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The estimated probability of progressing from phase 3 analgesic clinical trials to regulatory approval is approximately 57%, suggesting that a considerable number of treatments with phase 2 trial results deemed sufficiently successful to progress to phase 3 do not yield positive phase 3 results. Deficiencies in the quality of clinical trial conduct could account for some of this failure. An Initiative on Methods, Measurement, and Pain Assessment in Clinical Trials meeting was convened to identify potential areas for improvement in trial conduct in order to improve assay sensitivity (ie, ability of trials to detect a true treatment effect). We present recommendations based on presentations and discussions at the meeting, literature reviews, and iterative revisions of this article. The recommendations relate to the following areas: 1) study design (ie, to promote feasibility), 2) site selection and staff training, 3) participant selection and training, 4) treatment adherence, 5) data collection, and 6) data and study monitoring. Implementation of these recommendations may improve the quality of clinical trial data and thus the validity and assay sensitivity of clinical trials. Future research regarding the effects of these strategies will help identify the most efficient use of resources for conducting high quality clinical trials. PERSPECTIVE: Every effort should be made to optimize the quality of clinical trial data. This manuscript discusses considerations to improve conduct of pain clinical trials based on research in multiple medical fields and the expert consensus of pain researchers and stakeholders from academia, regulatory agencies, and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nathaniel P Katz
- Analgesic Solutions, Natick, Massachusetts; Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amy A Kirkwood
- CR UK and UCL Cancer Trials Centre, UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | | | - John D Markman
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | | | | | | | - Daniel B Carr
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Philip G Conaghan
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, & NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds, UK
| | - Penney Cowan
- American Chronic Pain Association, Rocklin, California
| | | | | | - Scott R Evans
- George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - John T Farrar
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Roy Freeman
- Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ian Gilron
- Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dean Juge
- Horizon Pharma, Lake Forest, Illinois
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Richard Rauck
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | | | | | | | | | - Neil Singla
- Lotus Clinical Research, Pasadena, California
| | | | | | | | - Ajay D Wasan
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - James Witter
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Bamat NA, Ekhaguere OA, Zhang L, Flannery DD, Handley SC, Herrick HM, Ellenberg SS. Protocol adherence rates in superiority and noninferiority randomized clinical trials published in high impact medical journals. Clin Trials 2020; 17:552-559. [PMID: 32666826 DOI: 10.1177/1740774520941428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Noninferiority clinical trials are susceptible to false confirmation of noninferiority when the intention-to-treat principle is applied in the setting of incomplete trial protocol adherence. The risk increases as protocol adherence rates decrease. The objective of this study was to compare protocol adherence and hypothesis confirmation between superiority and noninferiority randomized clinical trials published in three high impact medical journals. We hypothesized that noninferiority trials have lower protocol adherence and greater hypothesis confirmation. METHODS We conducted an observational study using published clinical trial data. We searched PubMed for active control, two-arm parallel group randomized clinical trials published in JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, The New England Journal of Medicine, and The Lancet between 2007 and 2017. The primary exposure was trial type, superiority versus noninferiority, as determined by the hypothesis testing framework of the primary trial outcome. The primary outcome was trial protocol adherence rate, defined as the number of randomized subjects receiving the allocated intervention as described by the trial protocol and followed to primary outcome ascertainment (numerator), over the total number of subjects randomized (denominator). Hypothesis confirmation was defined as affirmation of noninferiority or the alternative hypothesis for noninferiority and superiority trials, respectively. RESULTS Among 120 superiority and 120 noninferiority trials, median and interquartile protocol adherence rates were 91.5 [81.4-96.7] and 89.8 [83.6-95.2], respectively; P = 0.47. Hypothesis confirmation was observed in 107/120 (89.2%) of noninferiority and 64/120 (53.3%) of superiority trials, risk difference (95% confidence interval): 35.8 (25.3-46.3), P < 0.001. CONCLUSION Protocol adherence rates are similar between superiority and noninferiority trials published in three high impact medical journals. Despite this, we observed greater hypothesis confirmation among noninferiority trials. We speculate that publication bias, lenient noninferiority margins and other sources of bias may contribute to this finding. Further study is needed to identify the reasons for this observed difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas A Bamat
- Division of Neonatology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Pediatric Clinical Effectiveness, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Osayame A Ekhaguere
- Division of Neonatology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lingqiao Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Biosense Webster, Inc., Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Dustin D Flannery
- Division of Neonatology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Pediatric Clinical Effectiveness, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sara C Handley
- Division of Neonatology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Heidi M Herrick
- Division of Neonatology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Pediatric Clinical Effectiveness, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Susan S Ellenberg
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Kiran A, Viscoli CM, Furie KL, Gorman M, Kernan WN. Adherence to study drug in a stroke prevention trial"?>. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020; 29:105048. [PMID: 32912514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Standards for reporting and analyzing adherence to medical therapy have recently improved due to international consensus efforts. If applied to clinical trial research in patients with stroke, these improvements have the potential to identify when in the sequence of trial operations participants are at risk for non-adherence and opportunities to safeguard adherence. METHODS We analyzed three phases of adherence according to the European Society for Patient Adherence, COMpliance, and Persistence (ESPACOMP) Medication Adherence Reporting Guideline (EMERGE) taxonomy in the Insulin Resistance Intervention after Stroke (IRIS) trial: initiation (did patient start drug), implementation (did patient take a drug holiday, defined as temporary cessation lasting ≥14 days), and persistence (did patient prematurely and permanently discontinue drug). IRIS was a randomized, placebo controlled, double-blind trial testing pioglitazone to prevent stroke or myocardial infarction in patients with a recent ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. Adherence was classified by self-report. Researchers used coaching algorithms to seek adherence recovery if participants went off drug. RESULTS During 2005-2013, 3876 participants were enrolled from 179 sites in seven countries and followed for a mean of 4.8 years. Less than 1% of participants in each group did not initiate study drug. 20% of patients assigned to pioglitazone and 17% assigned to placebo took at least one drug holiday. 36% and 30%, respectively, discontinued the study drug prematurely with or without a prior holiday. The risk for stopping the study drug (temporarily or permanently) in the first year after randomization was twice the risk in each of the subsequent four years. This was true both for patients assigned to active therapy and placebo. More participants assigned to pioglitazone, compared to placebo, took a drug holiday or permanently stopped study drug, but the difference in rates of discontinuation was only evident in year one. In years two through five, rates of discontinuation were similar in the two treatment groups. The difference in rates during year one was the result of adverse effects related to the active study drug, pioglitazone. During the remainder of the trial, the attribution of discontinuations to adverse effects potentially related to pioglitazone was reduced but still higher in those assigned to active drug. Other reasons for discontinuation were similar between treatment groups and were largely unrelated to pharmacodynamic effects of the study drug. Rates of discontinuation varied widely among research sites. CONCLUSION Patients in a drug trial for stroke prevention are at greatest risk for premature drug discontinuation early after randomization. Reasons for discontinuation change over time. Variable discontinuation rates among sites suggests that adherence can be improved by using best practices from high-performing sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karen L Furie
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.
| | - Mark Gorman
- Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME, United States
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42
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The development of patient-centric sampling as an enabling technology for clinical trials. Bioanalysis 2020; 12:971-976. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accessing patient samples using a whenever/wherever paradigm is needed to enable a better understanding of human biology and disease. The technology for convenient self-collection of blood samples by patients at home is quickly becoming available. The potential benefits of patient-centric sampling far outweigh the short-term challenges associated with implementation of this disruptive approach. This is especially true given we are amid a global pandemic and enabling patients to sample at home would help not only clinical trials, but healthcare in general. This perspective article aims to convince the reader that patient-centric sampling is a reality and that we are on the cusp of an information revolution in clinical trials that will be enabled by patient-centric (e.g., at home) sampling.
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43
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Getz K, Smith Z, Shafner L, Hanina A. Assessing the Scope and Predictors of Intentional Dose Non-adherence in Clinical Trials. Ther Innov Regul Sci 2020; 54:1330-1338. [PMID: 33258096 DOI: 10.1007/s43441-020-00155-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although there is broad agreement that the accurate estimation of non-adherence rates in clinical trials is essential to determining the dose-response relationship, treatment safety and efficacy effects, no accurate estimates have ever been produced. METHODS This study used a novel platform combining artificial intelligence and virtual patient monitoring to identify and quantify the scope of unreported intentional non-adherence in clinical trials of new medical therapies. Nearly 260,000 observations were drawn from a convenience sample of 2976 study volunteers participating in 23 clinical trials of psychiatric, neurological and neuromuscular diseases. RESULTS The results indicate that 4% of all confirmed doses were intentionally non-adherent, 48% of all study volunteers had at least one intentionally non-adherent dose and 5% of study volunteers were intentionally non-adherent for more than one-third of all doses required. CONCLUSIONS Several factors were associated with, and predictive of, unreported intentional non-adherence including clinical trial phase; clinical trial duration; geographic location where the study was conducted; and investigative site enrollment volume. The findings also show that although the overall rate of intentional non-adherence does not change over the course of a clinical trial, study volunteers who deliberately chose not to take their first dose had a mean intentional non-adherence rate five times higher than that observed among those who were first dose adherent. Implications of the study results are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Getz
- Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development, Tufts University School of Medicine, 75 Kneeland Street, Suite 1100, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
| | - Zachary Smith
- Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development, Tufts University School of Medicine, 75 Kneeland Street, Suite 1100, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Laura Shafner
- AiCure, 19 West 24th Street, 11th Floor, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Adam Hanina
- AiCure, 19 West 24th Street, 11th Floor, New York, NY, 10010, USA
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Assessment of the completeness of intervention reporting of randomized clinical trials for alcohol use disorders: Effect of the TIDieR checklist and guide. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 208:107824. [PMID: 32014645 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Properly designed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the gold standard in patient-centered clinical research. Incomplete intervention reporting affects the readers' ability to evaluate treatment efficacy. Previous studies show that detailed descriptions of trial interventions remains insufficient for reliable replication. Understanding reporting areas in need of improvement can improve the quality of intervention reporting. METHODS This cross-sectional review uses the Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) checklist to evaluate the quality of intervention reporting in RCTs. The primary outcome was to investigate the completeness of intervention reporting of RCTs reporting outcomes for patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) published in highly ranked addiction journals. The secondary outcomes were to: 1) evaluate whether publication of the TIDieR checklist resulted in better intervention reporting practices and 2) determine whether particular trial characteristics were associated with the completeness of intervention reporting. RESULTS The final analysis included 56 records. The mean number of reported TIDieR items was 5.1 (SD = 1.47) of a possible 12. TIDieR checklist publication did not increase the average completion of the TIDieR checklist items (p = 0.76). Improved TIDieR adherence was associated with trials with double blinding, non-drug interventions, and CONSORT endorsement. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS We found the reporting of interventions to be inadequate in our sample of AUD-related RCTs. Fundamental details were often not reported, hampering both clinical and research reproducibility. Moving forward, it may be necessary to consider additional mechanisms to either improve TIDieR uptake or to find other solutions to improve intervention reporting.
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Eliasson L, Clifford S, Mulick A, Jackson C, Vrijens B. How the EMERGE guideline on medication adherence can improve the quality of clinical trials. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 86:687-697. [PMID: 32034923 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Medication adherence in drug trials is suboptimal, affecting the quality of these studies and adding significant costs. Nonadherence in this setting can lead to null findings, unduly large sample sizes and the need for dose modification after a drug has been approved. Despite these drawbacks, adherence behaviours are not consistently measured, analysed or reported appropriately in trial settings. The ESPACOMP Medication Adherence Reporting Guideline (EMERGE) offers a solution by facilitating a sound protocol design that takes this crucial factor into account. This article summarises key evidence on traditional and newer measurements of adherence, discusses implementation in clinical trial settings and makes recommendations about the analysis and interpretation of adherence data. Given the potential benefits of this approach, the authors call on regulators and the pharmaceutical industry to endorse the EMERGE guideline.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amy Mulick
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Bernard Vrijens
- AARDEX Group, Seraing, Belgium.,Liège University, Liège, Belgium
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46
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Zhou B, Mitchell TC, Rusakevich AM, Brown DM, Wykoff CC. Noncompliance in Prospective Retina Clinical Trials: Analysis of Factors Predicting Loss to Follow-up. Am J Ophthalmol 2020; 210:86-96. [PMID: 31647931 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2019.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Noncompliance during prospective studies can bias results and limit conclusions. The current study retrospectively investigated the relationship between study subject characteristics and rates of noncompliance in interventional trials involving common causes of blindness. DESIGN Retrospective analysis of 10 randomized clinical trials. METHODS Subjects were enrolled in investigator-initiated trials studying proliferative diabetic retinopathy, neovascular age-related macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema, and retinal venous occlusive disease. Records were reviewed for hypothesized risk factors of noncompliance and rates of noncompliance, which were defined as at least 1 missed visit or exiting the study early. Demographic information, systemic medical history, and ocular medical history, including visual acuity and central retinal thicknesses, were examined retrospectively using Student t test, Pearson χ2 test, and logistic regression. RESULTS Of 390 subjects included, 212 (54.4%) were compliant with all scheduled study visits and 178 (45.6%) met criteria for noncompliance, with 53 (13.6%) subjects exiting early. Regression models identified 17 variables that were significant in determining subject noncompliance. Among those, distance, comorbidities, diabetic status, concomitant medications, previous clinic visits, length of study, disease under study, and severe adverse events were highly significant risk factors of noncompliance. CONCLUSION The current research identified a substantial proportion of subjects who met the criteria for noncompliance within the trials analyzed. The factors identified in the current work are consistent with published clinical observations and the results of previous clinical trials. These results highlight the importance of considering study design and medical history when designing prospective clinical trials in an attempt to minimize data loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Zhou
- Retina Consultants of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - David M Brown
- Retina Consultants of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA; Blanton Eye Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Charles C Wykoff
- Retina Consultants of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA; Blanton Eye Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA.
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47
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Ahn ST, Lee DH, Jeong HG, Kim JW, Oh MM, Park HS, Moon DG. Treatment persistence with a fixed-dose combination of tadalafil (5 mg) and tamsulosin (0.4 mg) and reasons for early discontinuation in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and erectile dysfunction. Investig Clin Urol 2020; 61:81-87. [PMID: 31942467 PMCID: PMC6946826 DOI: 10.4111/icu.2020.61.1.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The primary aim of this study was to assess treatment persistence with a fixed-dose combination (FDC) of tadalafil (5 mg) and tamsulosin (0.4 mg). This study also evaluated the reasons for early treatment discontinuation. Materials and Methods This retrospective observational study included patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and erectile dysfunction who started an FDC treatment of tadalafil (5 mg) and tamsulosin (0.4 mg) between July 2017 and February 2018. Treatment persistence and reasons for early discontinuation were evaluated during the first 6 months. The cumulative discontinuation rate and differences in various parameters were assessed using Kaplan–Meier analysis and the log-rank test, respectively. Factors related to persistence were analyzed using a Cox proportional hazard model. Results Overall, 97 patients were included in the study. The cumulative persistence rate at 30, 90, and 180 days was 88.7%, 66.0%, and 54.6%, respectively. The cumulative persistence over 6 months differed significantly according to the administration of FDC therapy (log-rank p=0.005) and age (log-rank p=0.024). Younger patients (odds ratio, 2.049; p=0.021) and treatment-naive patients (odds ratio, 2.461; p=0.006) were more likely to discontinue therapy within 6 months. The common reasons for discontinuing therapy were side effects (63.6%) and perceived poor efficacy (22.7%). Conclusions Side effects were reported to be the main reason for treatment discontinuation. Thus, to improve compliance for a once-daily FDC of tadalafil (5 mg) and tamsulosin (0.4 mg), it is recommended to select patients who show adaptation to a combination of α-blockers and phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors prior to FDC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Tae Ahn
- Department of Urology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Lee
- Department of Urology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeong Guk Jeong
- Department of Urology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Wook Kim
- Department of Urology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Mi Oh
- Department of Urology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong Seok Park
- Department of Urology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Du Geon Moon
- Department of Urology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Laleman I, Pauwels M, Quirynen M, Teughels W. A dual-strain Lactobacilli reuteri probiotic improves the treatment of residual pockets: A randomized controlled clinical trial. J Clin Periodontol 2019; 47:43-53. [PMID: 31520543 PMCID: PMC6973056 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Aim To examine the adjunctive effect of a Lactobacillus reuteri probiotic (ATCC PTA 5289 & DSM 17938) on the re‐instrumentation of residual pockets. Materials and Methods This randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study included 39 previously non‐surgically treated periodontitis patients. A re‐instrumentation was carried out, and probiotic and/or placebo drops were applied according to the study protocoll. Patients afterwards received lozenges to use 2×/day for 12 weeks. Probing pocket depth (PPD), recession, bleeding on probing and plaque levels were analysed, next to the microbiological impact. Results No effects of the probiotic drops could be found. However, after 24 weeks, the overall PPD in the probiotic lozenges group (2.64 ± 0.33 mm) was significantly lower compared to the control lozenges (2.92 ± 0.42 mm). This difference was even more pronounced in moderate (4–6 mm) and deep (≥7 mm) pockets. In the probiotic lozenges group, there were also significantly more pockets converting from ≥4 mm at baseline to ≤3 mm at 24 weeks (67 ± 18% versus 54 ± 17%) and less sites in need for surgery (4 ± 4% versus 8 ± 6%). However, the probiotic products did not influence the microbiological counts of the periodontopathogens. Conclusion The adjunctive consumption of L. reuteri lozenges after re‐instrumentation improved the PPD reduction, without an impact on pocket colonization with periodontopathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Laleman
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven & Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Martine Pauwels
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven & Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Quirynen
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven & Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Teughels
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven & Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Sanborn V, Azcarate-Peril MA, Gunstad J. The effects of medication adherence on study outcomes in randomized clinical trials: A role for cognitive dysfunction? APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2019; 28:641-646. [PMID: 31650861 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2019.1680987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Medication nonadherence is common and has been associated with poor health outcomes. Older adults are especially likely to be non-adherent to their medications, as they often have more medications to manage and are at greater risk for cognitive dysfunction. Though less frequently examined, the association between cognitive dysfunction and nonadherence also likely extends to clinical trials research. The current study used archival data to examine the potential impact of cognitive dysfunction on adherence to a nutritional supplement as part of a 90-day randomized clinical trial in neurologically healthy middle-aged and older adults. Results showed overall cognitive performance was predictive of adherence to capsule intake when controlling for polypharmacy [F(1,157) = 6.53, p < .01]. These results suggest that cognitive dysfunction may impact findings from RCTs through its adverse impact on adherence to study protocol, possibly leading to greater treatment variance, artificially reduced treatment effects, lower study power, and distorted study outcomes and conclusions. A better understanding of methodological and statistical approaches to account for these unwanted effects are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sanborn
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - M A Azcarate-Peril
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and UNC Microbiome Core, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J Gunstad
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA.,Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
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50
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Smith SM, Fava M, Jensen MP, Mbowe OB, McDermott MP, Turk DC, Dworkin RH. WITHDRAWN: Size Does Matter, But It Isn't Everything: The Challenge of Modest Treatment Effects in Chronic Pain Clinical Trials. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2019:S1526-5900(19)30816-8. [PMID: 31580907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Available online This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Smith
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York; Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Maurizio Fava
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mark P Jensen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Omar B Mbowe
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Michael P McDermott
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York; Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York; Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Dennis C Turk
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Robert H Dworkin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York; Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York; Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York; Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
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