1
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Leong SP, Witte MH. Cancer metastasis through the lymphatic versus blood vessels. Clin Exp Metastasis 2024:10.1007/s10585-024-10288-0. [PMID: 38940900 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-024-10288-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Whether cancer cells metastasize from the primary site to the distant sites via the lymphatic vessels or the blood vessels directly into the circulation is still under intense study. In this review article, we follow the journey of cancer cells metastasizing to the sentinel lymph nodes and beyond to the distant sites. We emphasize cancer heterogeneity and microenvironment as major determinants of cancer metastasis. Multiple molecules have been found to be associated with the complicated process of metastasis. Based on the large sentinel lymph node data, it is reasonable to conclude that cancer cells may metastasize through the blood vessels in some cases but in most cases, they use the sentinel lymph nodes as the major gateway to enter the circulation to distant sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley P Leong
- California Pacific Medical Center and Research Institute, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, USA.
| | - Marlys H Witte
- Department of Surgery, Neurosurgery and Pediatrics, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
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2
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Choi D, Park E, Choi J, Lu R, Yu JS, Kim C, Zhao L, Yu J, Nakashima B, Lee S, Singhal D, Scallan JP, Zhou B, Koh CJ, Lee E, Hong YK. Piezo1 regulates meningeal lymphatic vessel drainage and alleviates excessive CSF accumulation. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:913-926. [PMID: 38528202 PMCID: PMC11088999 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-024-01604-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Piezo1 regulates multiple aspects of the vascular system by converting mechanical signals generated by fluid flow into biological processes. Here, we find that Piezo1 is necessary for the proper development and function of meningeal lymphatic vessels and that activating Piezo1 through transgenic overexpression or treatment with the chemical agonist Yoda1 is sufficient to increase cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) outflow by improving lymphatic absorption and transport. The abnormal accumulation of CSF, which often leads to hydrocephalus and ventriculomegaly, currently lacks effective treatments. We discovered that meningeal lymphatics in mouse models of Down syndrome were incompletely developed and abnormally formed. Selective overexpression of Piezo1 in lymphatics or systemic administration of Yoda1 in mice with hydrocephalus or Down syndrome resulted in a notable decrease in pathological CSF accumulation, ventricular enlargement and other associated disease symptoms. Together, our study highlights the importance of Piezo1-mediated lymphatic mechanotransduction in maintaining brain fluid drainage and identifies Piezo1 as a promising therapeutic target for treating excessive CSF accumulation and ventricular enlargement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwon Choi
- Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eunkyung Park
- Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joshua Choi
- Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Renhao Lu
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jin Suh Yu
- Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chiyoon Kim
- Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Luping Zhao
- Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James Yu
- Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brandon Nakashima
- Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sunju Lee
- Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dhruv Singhal
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joshua P Scallan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chester J Koh
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Esak Lee
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Young-Kwon Hong
- Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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3
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Kovacs MA, Babcock IW, Royo Marco A, Sibley LA, Kelly AG, Harris TH. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-C Treatment Enhances Cerebrospinal Fluid Outflow during Toxoplasma gondii Brain Infection but Does Not Improve Cerebral Edema. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 194:225-237. [PMID: 38065361 PMCID: PMC10835445 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Cerebral edema frequently develops in the setting of brain infection and can contribute to elevated intracranial pressure, a medical emergency. How excess fluid is cleared from the brain is not well understood. Previous studies have shown that interstitial fluid is transported out of the brain along perivascular channels that collect into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-filled subarachnoid space. CSF is then removed from the central nervous system through venous and lymphatic routes. The current study tested the hypothesis that increasing lymphatic drainage of CSF would promote clearance of cerebral edema fluid during infection with the neurotropic parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Fluorescent microscopy and magnetic resonance imaging was used to show that C57BL/6 mice develop vasogenic edema 4 to 5 weeks after infection with T. gondii. Tracer experiments were used to evaluate how brain infection affects meningeal lymphatic function, which demonstrated a decreased rate in CSF outflow in T. gondii-infected mice. Next, mice were treated with a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C-expressing viral vector, which induced meningeal lymphangiogenesis and improved CSF outflow in chronically infected mice. No difference in cerebral edema was observed between mice that received VEGF-C and those that rececived sham treatment. Therefore, although VEGF-C treatment can improve lymphatic outflow in mice infected with T. gondii, this effect does not lead to increased clearance of edema fluid from the brains of these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Kovacs
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Isaac W Babcock
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Ana Royo Marco
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Lydia A Sibley
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Abigail G Kelly
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Tajie H Harris
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.
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4
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Kusajima EG, Yamamoto Y, Ishikawa K, Miura T, Funayama E, Osawa M, Takagi R, Maeda T. Sentinel node restoration by vascularized lymph node transfer in mice. Microsurgery 2024; 44:e30981. [PMID: 36321604 DOI: 10.1002/micr.30981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent reports have indicated that vascularized lymph node transfer (VLNT) may improve the impaired immunity in lymphedema but there has been no report concerning anti-cancer immunity. In the early tumor immune response, dendritic cells (DCs) participate in tumor recognition and antigen presentation in local lymphatics. Here, we investigated the impact of VLNT on DC dynamics against cancer in mouse models. METHODS Forty-seven 8-week-old C57BL/6 N male mice were divided into three surgical groups: a VLNT model in which a vascularized inguinal lymph node (LN) flap was transferred into the ipsilateral fossa after a popliteal LN was removed; a LN dissection (LND) model in which the popliteal LN was dissected; and a control model in which a skin incision was made at the popliteal fossa and an ipsilateral inguinal LN was removed. Postoperative lymphatic flows were observed by indocyanine green lymphography and B16-F10-luc2 mouse melanoma were implanted into the ipsilateral footpad. The proportion of DCs in the transplanted nodes was measured by CD11c immunohistochemistry using digital imaging analysis 4 days after cancer implantation. Metastases to the lungs and LNs were quantitatively evaluated by luciferase assay 4 weeks after cancer implantation. RESULTS After VLNT, lymphatic reconnection was observed in 59.2% of mice. The proportion of DCs was significantly higher in the VLNT group with lymphatic reconnection (8.6% ± 1.0%) than in the naïve LN (4.3% ± 0.4%) (p < .001). The tumor burden of lung metastases was significantly less in the VLNT group with lymphatic reconnection compared with the LND group (p = .049). CONCLUSIONS Metastasis decreased in mice with reconnected lymphatics after VLNT. A possible explanation was that lymphatic restoration may have contributed to the tumor immune response by allowing DC migration to LNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika G Kusajima
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuhei Yamamoto
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kosuke Ishikawa
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Miura
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Emi Funayama
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Osawa
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryo Takagi
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Taku Maeda
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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5
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Bálint L, Nelson-Maney N, Tian Y, Serafin DS, Caron KM. Clinical Potential of Adrenomedullin Signaling in the Cardiovascular System. Circ Res 2023; 132:1185-1202. [PMID: 37104556 PMCID: PMC10155262 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.123.321673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Numerous clinical studies have revealed the utility of circulating AM (adrenomedullin) or MR-proAM (mid-regional proAM 45-92) as an effective prognostic and diagnostic biomarker for a variety of cardiovascular-related pathophysiologies. Thus, there is strong supporting evidence encouraging the exploration of the AM-CLR (calcitonin receptor-like receptor) signaling pathway as a therapeutic target. This is further bolstered because several drugs targeting the shared CGRP (calcitonin gene-related peptide)-CLR pathway are already Food and Drug Administration-approved and on the market for the treatment of migraine. In this review, we summarize the AM-CLR signaling pathway and its modulatory mechanisms and provide an overview of the current understanding of the physiological and pathological roles of AM-CLR signaling and the yet untapped potentials of AM as a biomarker or therapeutic target in cardiac and vascular diseases and provide an outlook on the recently emerged strategies that may provide further boost to the possible clinical applications of AM signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Bálint
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; 111 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA 27599
| | - Nathan Nelson-Maney
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; 111 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA 27599
| | - Yanna Tian
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; 111 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA 27599
| | - D. Stephen Serafin
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; 111 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA 27599
| | - Kathleen M. Caron
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; 111 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA 27599
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6
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Rütsche D, Nanni M, Rüdisser S, Biedermann T, Zenobi-Wong M. Enzymatically Crosslinked Collagen as a Versatile Matrix for In Vitro and In Vivo Co-Engineering of Blood and Lymphatic Vasculature. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209476. [PMID: 36724374 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Adequate vascularization is required for the successful translation of many in vitro engineered tissues. This study presents a novel collagen derivative that harbors multiple recognition peptides for orthogonal enzymatic crosslinking based on sortase A (SrtA) and Factor XIII (FXIII). SrtA-mediated crosslinking enables the rapid co-engineering of human blood and lymphatic microcapillaries and mesoscale capillaries in bulk hydrogels. Whereas tuning of gel stiffness determines the extent of neovascularization, the relative number of blood and lymphatic capillaries recapitulates the ratio of blood and lymphatic endothelial cells originally seeded into the hydrogel. Bioengineered capillaries readily form luminal structures and exhibit typical maturation markers both in vitro and in vivo. The secondary crosslinking enzyme Factor XIII is used for in situ tethering of the VEGF mimetic QK peptide to collagen. This approach supports the formation of blood and lymphatic capillaries in the absence of exogenous VEGF. Orthogonal enzymatic crosslinking is further used to bioengineer hydrogels with spatially defined polymer compositions with pro- and anti-angiogenic properties. Finally, macroporous scaffolds based on secondary crosslinking of microgels enable vascularization independent from supporting fibroblasts. Overall, this work demonstrates for the first time the co-engineering of mature micro- and meso-sized blood and lymphatic capillaries using a highly versatile collagen derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Rütsche
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences & Technology, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
- Tissue Biology Research Unit, Department of Surgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, Schlieren, 8952, Switzerland
| | - Monica Nanni
- Tissue Biology Research Unit, Department of Surgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, Schlieren, 8952, Switzerland
- Institute for Mechanical Systems, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Leonhardstrasse 21, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Simon Rüdisser
- Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy Platform, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Hönggerbergring 64, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Biedermann
- Tissue Biology Research Unit, Department of Surgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, Schlieren, 8952, Switzerland
| | - Marcy Zenobi-Wong
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences & Technology, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
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7
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Ali IH, Khalil IA, El-Sherbiny IM. Design, development, in-vitro and in-vivo evaluation of polylactic acid-based multifunctional nanofibrous patches for efficient healing of diabetic wounds. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3215. [PMID: 36828848 PMCID: PMC9958191 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29032-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired healing of diabetic ulcers is one of the major complications of diabetic patients due to high susceptibility to microbial infections, impaired lymphianogenesis, edema, and consequently impairing proper healing. This could even lead to much worse complications that include severe gangrene, trauma and finally limb amputation. Therefore, this study aims to develop a multilayered durable nanofibrous wound patch loaded with three promising drugs (phenytoin, sildenafil citrate and simvastatin) each in a separate layer to target a different wound healing phase. Polylactic acid was used for the preparation of the nanofibrous matrix of the wound patch, where each drug was incorporated in a separate layer during the preparation process. Drugs release profiles were studied over 3 weeks. Results showed that both phenytoin and simvastatin were released within 14 days while sildenafil continued till 21 days. Both physicochemical and mechanical characteristics of the patches were fully assessed as well as their biodegradability, swellability, breathability and porosity. Results showed that incorporation of drugs preserved the physicochemical and mechanical properties as well as porosity of the developed nanofibers. In addition, patches were evaluated for their biocompatibility and cell adhesion capability before being tested through in-vivo diabetic wound rat model induced by alloxan for three weeks. In vivo results showed that the patches were successful in inducing proper wound healing in diabetic rat model with overcoming the above-mentioned obstacles within 3 weeks. This was confirmed through assessing wound closure as well as from histopathological studies that showed complete healing with proper cell regeneration and arrangement without forming scars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isra H Ali
- Nanomedicine Research Labs, Center for Materials Science (CMS), Zewail City of Science and Technology, 6th of October City, Giza, 12578, Egypt
| | - Islam A Khalil
- Nanomedicine Research Labs, Center for Materials Science (CMS), Zewail City of Science and Technology, 6th of October City, Giza, 12578, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University of Science and Technology (MUST), 6th of October City, Giza, 12566, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim M El-Sherbiny
- Nanomedicine Research Labs, Center for Materials Science (CMS), Zewail City of Science and Technology, 6th of October City, Giza, 12578, Egypt.
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Lashgari NA, Roudsari NM, Zadeh SST, Momtaz S, Abbasifard M, Reiner Ž, Abdolghaffari AH, Sahebkar A. Statins block mammalian target of rapamycin pathway: a possible novel therapeutic strategy for inflammatory, malignant and neurodegenerative diseases. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:57-75. [PMID: 36574095 PMCID: PMC9792946 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-01077-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation plays a critical role in several diseases such as cancer, gastric, heart and nervous system diseases. Data suggest that the activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in epithelial cells leads to inflammation. Statins, the inhibitors of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA), seem to be able to inhibit the mTOR. Statins are considered to have favorable effects on inflammatory diseases by reducing the complications caused by inflammation and by regulating the inflammatory process and cytokines secretion. This critical review collected data on this topic from clinical, in vivo and in vitro studies published between 1998 and June 2022 in English from databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Cochrane libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser-Aldin Lashgari
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Momeni Roudsari
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Saeideh Momtaz
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Toxicology and Diseases Group (TDG), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), and Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mitra Abbasifard
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ali-Ibn Abi-Talib Hospital, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Željko Reiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Amir Hossein Abdolghaffari
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
- Toxicology and Diseases Group (TDG), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), and Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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9
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Liu X, Cui K, Wu H, Li KS, Peng Q, Wang D, Cowan DB, Dixon JB, Srinivasan RS, Bielenberg DR, Chen K, Wang DZ, Chen Y, Chen H. Promoting Lymphangiogenesis and Lymphatic Growth and Remodeling to Treat Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:e1-e10. [PMID: 36453280 PMCID: PMC9780193 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.122.318406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels are low-pressure, blind-ended tubular structures that play a crucial role in the maintenance of tissue fluid homeostasis, immune cell trafficking, and dietary lipid uptake and transport. Emerging research has indicated that the promotion of lymphatic vascular growth, remodeling, and function can reduce inflammation and diminish disease severity in several pathophysiologic conditions. In particular, recent groundbreaking studies have shown that lymphangiogenesis, which describes the formation of new lymphatic vessels from the existing lymphatic vasculature, can be beneficial for the alleviation and resolution of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, promoting lymphangiogenesis represents a promising therapeutic approach. This brief review summarizes the most recent findings related to the modulation of lymphatic function to treat metabolic and cardiovascular diseases such as obesity, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, and hypertension. We also discuss experimental and therapeutic approaches to enforce lymphatic growth and remodeling as well as efforts to define the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Liu
- Lemole Center for Integrated Lymphatics Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kui Cui
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Hao Wu
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kathryn S. Li
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Qianman Peng
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Donghai Wang
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Douglas B. Cowan
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - J. Brandon Dixon
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | - R. Sathish Srinivasan
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Diane R. Bielenberg
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kaifu Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Da-Zhi Wang
- USF Heart Institute, Center for Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Yabing Chen
- Department of Pathology, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Hong Chen
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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10
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Investigating the bone regeneration activity of PVA nanofibers scaffolds loaded with simvastatin/chitosan nanoparticles in an induced bone defect rabbit model. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:2399-2413. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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11
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Singla B, Aithabathula RV, Kiran S, Kapil S, Kumar S, Singh UP. Reactive Oxygen Species in Regulating Lymphangiogenesis and Lymphatic Function. Cells 2022; 11:1750. [PMID: 35681445 PMCID: PMC9179518 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system is pivotal for immunosurveillance and the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Lymphangiogenesis, the formation of new lymphatic vessels from pre-existing vessels, has both physiological and pathological roles. Recent advances in the molecular mechanisms regulating lymphangiogenesis have opened a new area of research on reparative lymphangiogenesis for the treatment of various pathological disorders comprising neurological disorders, cardiac repair, autoimmune disease, obesity, atherosclerosis, etc. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by the various cell types serve as signaling molecules in several cellular mechanisms and regulate various aspects of growth-factor-mediated responses, including lymphangiogenesis. The ROS, including superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide, play both beneficial and detrimental roles depending upon their levels and cellular microenvironment. Low ROS levels are essential for lymphangiogenesis. On the contrary, oxidative stress due to enhanced ROS generation and/or reduced levels of antioxidants suppresses lymphangiogenesis via promoting lymphatic endothelial cell apoptosis and death. In this review article, we provide an overview of types and sources of ROS, discuss the role of ROS in governing lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic function, and summarize the role of lymphatics in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupesh Singla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38017, USA; (R.V.A.); (S.K.); (S.K.); (U.P.S.)
| | - Ravi Varma Aithabathula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38017, USA; (R.V.A.); (S.K.); (S.K.); (U.P.S.)
| | - Sonia Kiran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38017, USA; (R.V.A.); (S.K.); (S.K.); (U.P.S.)
| | - Shweta Kapil
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children′s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38017, USA; (R.V.A.); (S.K.); (S.K.); (U.P.S.)
| | - Udai P. Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38017, USA; (R.V.A.); (S.K.); (S.K.); (U.P.S.)
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12
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Role of Transcriptional and Epigenetic Regulation in Lymphatic Endothelial Cell Development. Cells 2022; 11:cells11101692. [PMID: 35626729 PMCID: PMC9139870 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system is critical for maintaining the homeostasis of lipids and interstitial fluid and regulating the immune cell development and functions. Developmental anomaly-induced lymphatic dysfunction is associated with various pathological conditions, including lymphedema, inflammation, and cancer. Most lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) are derived from a subset of endothelial cells in the cardinal vein. However, recent studies have reported that the developmental origin of LECs is heterogeneous. Multiple regulatory mechanisms, including those mediated by signaling pathways, transcription factors, and epigenetic pathways, are involved in lymphatic development and functions. Recent studies have demonstrated that the epigenetic regulation of transcription is critical for embryonic LEC development and functions. In addition to the chromatin structures, epigenetic modifications may modulate transcriptional signatures during the development or differentiation of LECs. Therefore, the understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms involved in the development and function of the lymphatic system can aid in the management of various congenital or acquired lymphatic disorders. Future studies must determine the role of other epigenetic factors and changes in mammalian lymphatic development and function. Here, the recent findings on key factors involved in the development of the lymphatic system and their epigenetic regulation, LEC origins from different organs, and lymphatic diseases are reviewed.
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13
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Engineering of ultrasound contracts agents-focused cabazitaxel-loaded microbubbles nanomaterials induces cell proliferation and enhancing apoptosis in cancer cells. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-022-02376-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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14
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Vettori A, Paolacci S, Maltese PE, Herbst KL, Cestari M, Michelini S, Michelini S, Samaja M, Bertelli M. Genetic Determinants of the Effects of Training on Muscle and Adipose Tissue Homeostasis in Obesity Associated with Lymphedema. Lymphat Res Biol 2020; 19:322-333. [PMID: 33373545 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2020.0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that metabolic changes associated with training are influenced by a person's genetic background. In this review, we explore the polymorphisms underlying interindividual variability in response to training of weight loss and muscle mass increase in obese individuals, with or without lymphedema, and in normal-weight subjects. We searched PubMed for articles in English published up to May 2019 using the following keywords: (((physical training[Title/Abstract] OR sport activity[Title/Abstract]) AND predisposition[Title/Abstract]) AND polymorphism [Title/Abstract]). We identified 38 single-nucleotide polymorphisms that may modulate the genetic adaptive response to training. The identification of genetic marker(s) that improve the beneficial effects of training may in perspective make it possible to assess training programs, which in combination with dietary intervention can optimize body weight reduction in obese subjects, with or without lymphedema. This is particularly important for patients with lymphedema because obesity can worsen the clinical status, and therefore, a personalized approach that could reduce obesity would be fundamental in the clinical management of lymphedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vettori
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | | | - Karen L Herbst
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Marina Cestari
- Study Centre Pianeta Linfedema, Terni, Italy.,Lymphology Sector of the Rehabilitation Service, USLUmbria2, Terni, Italy
| | - Sandro Michelini
- Department of Vascular Rehabilitation, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Michelini
- Unit of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sant'Andrea Hospital, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Samaja
- Department of Health Science, University of Milan-San Paolo Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Bertelli
- MAGI'S Lab, Rovereto, Italy.,MAGI Euregio, Bolzano, Italy.,EBTNA-LAB, Rovereto, Italy
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15
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Michishita M, Ishizaki Y, Konnai M, Machida Y, Nakahira R, Hatakeyama H, Yoshimura H, Yamamoto M, Soeta S, Ochiai K, Misawa K, Yugeta N, Azakami D. Primary Lymphangiosarcoma of the Urinary Bladder in a Dog. J Comp Pathol 2020; 179:31-35. [PMID: 32958144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2020.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Abdominal ultrasonographical and computed tomography examinations of a 12-year-old neutered female toy poodle revealed a protruding mass, approximately 2 cm in diameter, at the apex of the bladder. The mass was firm and haemorrhagic with a homogeneously brownish-yellow cut surface. Microscopically, it was unencapsulated and located in the muscle layer with invasion of the extra-muscular layer. It was composed of spindloid to oval neoplastic cells that formed irregular clefts and diffuse sheets that dissected bundles of collagen. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells were positive for vimentin and lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1 antigens, but negative for cytokeratin AE1/AE3, factor VIII-related antigen, CD31, CD34, Prox-1, S100, desmin, α-smooth muscle actin and MyoD1. Negative immunolabelling for laminin antigen supported the absence of evidence of a basal lamina on ultrastructural examination. Based on these findings, this tumour was identified as a lymphangiosarcoma. To the best of our knowledge, this case is the first report of lymphangiosarcoma arising from the bladder in a dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Michishita
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Y Ishizaki
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Konnai
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Machida
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - R Nakahira
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Hatakeyama
- Laboratory of Comparative Cellular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Yoshimura
- Department of Applied Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Yamamoto
- Department of Applied Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Soeta
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Ochiai
- Department of Basic Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | | | | | - D Azakami
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Oncology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Oliver G, Kipnis J, Randolph GJ, Harvey NL. The Lymphatic Vasculature in the 21 st Century: Novel Functional Roles in Homeostasis and Disease. Cell 2020; 182:270-296. [PMID: 32707093 PMCID: PMC7392116 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mammals have two specialized vascular circulatory systems: the blood vasculature and the lymphatic vasculature. The lymphatic vasculature is a unidirectional conduit that returns filtered interstitial arterial fluid and tissue metabolites to the blood circulation. It also plays major roles in immune cell trafficking and lipid absorption. As we discuss in this review, the molecular characterization of lymphatic vascular development and our understanding of this vasculature's role in pathophysiological conditions has greatly improved in recent years, changing conventional views about the roles of the lymphatic vasculature in health and disease. Morphological or functional defects in the lymphatic vasculature have now been uncovered in several pathological conditions. We propose that subtle asymptomatic alterations in lymphatic vascular function could underlie the variability seen in the body's response to a wide range of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Oliver
- Center for Vascular and Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Gwendalyn J Randolph
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Natasha L Harvey
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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17
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Cao MX, Tang YL, Zhang WL, Tang YJ, Liang XH. Non-coding RNAs as Regulators of Lymphangiogenesis in Lymphatic Development, Inflammation, and Cancer Metastasis. Front Oncol 2019; 9:916. [PMID: 31616631 PMCID: PMC6763613 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), which do not encode proteins, have pivotal roles in manipulating gene expression in development, physiology, and pathology. Emerging data have shown that ncRNAs can regulate lymphangiogenesis, which refers to lymphatics deriving from preexisting vessels, becomes established during embryogenesis, and has a close relationship with pathological conditions such as lymphatic developmental diseases, inflammation, and cancer. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms of lymphangiogenesis in lymphatic development, inflammation and cancer metastasis, and discusses ncRNAs' regulatory effects on them. Therapeutic targets with regard to lymphangiogenesis are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya-Ling Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Pathology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei-Long Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Pathology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya-Jie Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin-Hua Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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18
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Hsu MC, Pan MR, Hung WC. Two Birds, One Stone: Double Hits on Tumor Growth and Lymphangiogenesis by Targeting Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 3. Cells 2019; 8:cells8030270. [PMID: 30901976 PMCID: PMC6468620 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR3) has been known for its involvement in tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis. The VEGFR3 signaling is stimulated by its main cognate ligand, vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C), which in turn promotes tumor progression. Activation of VEGF-C/VEGFR3 signaling in lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) was shown to enhance the proliferation of LECs and the formation of lymphatic vessels, leading to increased lymphatic metastasis of tumor cells. In the past decade, the expression and pathological roles of VEGFR3 in tumor cells have been described. Moreover, the VEGF-C/VEGFR3 axis has been implicated in regulating immune tolerance and suppression. Therefore, the inhibition of the VEGF-C/VEGFR3 axis has emerged as an important therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cancer. In this review, we discuss the current findings related to VEGF-C/VEGFR3 signaling in cancer progression and recent advances in the development of therapeutic drugs targeting VEGF-C/VEGFR3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chuan Hsu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 704, Taiwan.
| | - Mei-Ren Pan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Chun Hung
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 704, Taiwan.
- Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
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19
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Alderfer L, Wei A, Hanjaya-Putra D. Lymphatic Tissue Engineering and Regeneration. J Biol Eng 2018; 12:32. [PMID: 30564284 PMCID: PMC6296077 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-018-0122-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system is a major circulatory system within the body, responsible for the transport of interstitial fluid, waste products, immune cells, and proteins. Compared to other physiological systems, the molecular mechanisms and underlying disease pathology largely remain to be understood which has hindered advancements in therapeutic options for lymphatic disorders. Dysfunction of the lymphatic system is associated with a wide range of disease phenotypes and has also been speculated as a route to rescue healthy phenotypes in areas including cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, and neurological conditions. This review will discuss lymphatic system functions and structure, cell sources for regenerating lymphatic vessels, current approaches for engineering lymphatic vessels, and specific therapeutic areas that would benefit from advances in lymphatic tissue engineering and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Alderfer
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | - Alicia Wei
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | - Donny Hanjaya-Putra
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46656 USA
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
- Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
- Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
- Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NDnano), University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
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20
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Ma C, Xie J, Luo C, Yin H, Li R, Wang X, Xiong W, Zhang T, Jiang P, Qi W, Zhou T, Yang Z, Wang W, Ma J, Gao G, Yang X. OxLDL promotes lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis in gastric cancer by upregulating VEGF‑C expression and secretion. Int J Oncol 2018; 54:572-584. [PMID: 30483757 PMCID: PMC6317679 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the most malignant tumor types, and its metastasis is a notable cause of mortality. Among the methods of tumor metastasis, lymphatic metastasis is the predominant one in gastric cancer. A previous study reported that the plasma oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) is the risk factor associated with the development of tumors in patients with abnormal lipid metabolism, but the influence of plasma oxLDL in the lymphatic metastasis of gastric cancer remains unclear. In the present study, the concentration of plasma oxLDL from patients with gastric cancer was detected with an ELISA kit, and the lymphatic vessel density in gastric cancer tissues was determined by D2-40 staining. The correlation analysis of oxLDL concentration and lymphatic vessel density demonstrated that plasma oxLDL was positively correlated with lymphatic metastasis in patients with gastric cancer. Subsequently, the popliteal lymph node metastasis animal experiment with nude mice confirmed that oxLDL could promote the lymphatic metastasis of gastric cancer. Following this, the western blotting and ELISA data demonstrated that oxLDL promoted the expression and secretion of vascular endothelia growth factor (VEGF)-C in gastric cancer cell lines. Finally, blocking the lectin-like oxLDL-1 (LOX-1) receptor, a specific receptor for oxLDL, and the nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway following oxLDL (50 µg/ml) treatment in HGC-27 cells revealed that oxLDL could activate the NF-κB signaling pathway mediated by LOX-1, with subsequent upregulation of VEGF-C expression, and secretion in and from gastric cancer cells, and finally that it could promote the lymphatic metastasis of gastric cancer. These data indicate the association between the plasma oxLDL and the lymphatic metastasis of gastric cancer, and indicate that oxLDL elimination may be a potential therapeutic target for the prevention and intervention of early lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiqi Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Jinye Xie
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Chuanghua Luo
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Haofan Yin
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Ruopu Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Wenjun Xiong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Weiwei Qi
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Ti Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Zhonghan Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Jianxing Ma
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma, Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Guoquan Gao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
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21
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Lymphangiogenesis, lymphatic systemomics, and cancer: context, advances and unanswered questions. Clin Exp Metastasis 2018; 35:419-424. [PMID: 29808352 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-018-9907-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ever since it was discovered that endothelial cells line lymphatic vessels, investigators have been working on unraveling the mechanisms that control the growth of this distinctive endothelium and its role in normal physiology and human disease. Recent technological advances have ushered in a new era of "omics" research on the lymphatic system. Research on the genome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome of lymphatics has increased our understanding of the biology of the lymphatic vasculature. Here, we introduce the context-lymphatic "systemomics," then briefly review some of the latest advances in research on tumor-associated lymphatic vessels highlighting several "omic" studies that have shed light on mechanisms controlling the growth and function of tumor-associated lymphatic vessels. We conclude by returning, with unanswered questions, to the larger context of cancer and the lymphatic system as a vasculature, circulation, route of entry and transport, and control center of the immune network.
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22
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Escobedo N, Oliver G. The Lymphatic Vasculature: Its Role in Adipose Metabolism and Obesity. Cell Metab 2017; 26:598-609. [PMID: 28844882 PMCID: PMC5629116 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a key risk factor for metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, and although we understand the mechanisms regulating weight and energy balance, the causes of some forms of obesity remain enigmatic. Despite the well-established connections between lymphatics and lipids, and the fact that intestinal lacteals play key roles in dietary fat absorption, the function of the lymphatic vasculature in adipose metabolism has only recently been recognized. It is well established that angiogenesis is tightly associated with the outgrowth of adipose tissue, as expanding adipose tissue requires increased nutrient supply from blood vessels. Results supporting a crosstalk between lymphatic vessels and adipose tissue, and linking lymphatic function with metabolic diseases, obesity, and adipose tissue, also started to accumulate in the last years. Here we review our current knowledge of the mechanisms by which defective lymphatics contribute to obesity and fat accumulation in mouse models, as well as our understanding of the lymphatic-adipose tissue relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Escobedo
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Guillermo Oliver
- Center for Vascular and Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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23
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Kong LL, Yang NZ, Shi LH, Zhao GH, Zhou W, Ding Q, Wang MH, Zhang YS. The optimum marker for the detection of lymphatic vessels. Mol Clin Oncol 2017; 7:515-520. [PMID: 28855985 PMCID: PMC5574200 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2017.1356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Podoplanin, lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronic acid receptor-1, prospero-related homeobox-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 have been demonstrated to have crucial roles in the development of the lymphatic system and lymphangiogenesis process by combining with their corresponding receptors. Thus, the four markers have been widely used in labelling lymphatic vessels for the detection of lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic vessel invasion. Numerous authors have aimed to identify the roles of these four markers in the lymphatic system and the mechanisms have been partly clarified at the molecular level. The aim of the present review was to comprehensively clarify the characteristics and latent action modes of the four markers in order to determine which is the best one for the detection of lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic vessel invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ling Kong
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.R. China
| | - Nian-Zhao Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.R. China
| | - Liang-Hui Shi
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Hai Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.R. China
| | - Wenbin Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.R. China.,Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Ding
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.R. China.,Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Hai Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Sheng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.R. China
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24
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Modified Mouse Models of Chronic Secondary Lymphedema: Tail and Hind Limb Models. Ann Vasc Surg 2017; 43:288-295. [PMID: 28479437 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2017.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postsurgical secondary lymphedema is usually a progressive and lifelong condition lacking any curative treatment. The aim of this study was to develop new, simple surgical mouse models of chronic lymphedema, better simulating chronic nature of human postsurgical lymphedema. METHODS Two experimental mouse models of secondary lymphedema were created surgically without radiation by modifications of the previously described methods: the tail model and the hind limb model. Lymphedema formation was clinically assessed and quantitatively evaluated by measuring circumferences and limb volumes. Postmortem specimens were assessed histologically to examine the efficacy of the models. RESULTS In the tail models, although a substantial frequency of tail necrosis (30.0%) was noted and the increase in circumference was maintained for only limited times postoperatively depending on the particular tail model, the overall success rate was 65.0%. In the mouse hind limb model, the overall success rate was 88.9%, and the increased circumference and limb volume were maintained over the entire study period of 8 weeks. The overall success rate of the mouse hind limb model was significantly higher than that of the mouse tail model(s). CONCLUSIONS We have successfully established modified mouse tail and hind limb lymphedema models via only surgical techniques without radiation, which have characteristics of chronic secondary lymphedema. The mouse hind limb model has a higher success rate than the mouse tail model and has advantages of having the healthy contralateral hind limbs as an internal control.
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Humbert M, Hugues S, Dubrot J. Shaping of Peripheral T Cell Responses by Lymphatic Endothelial Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 7:684. [PMID: 28127298 PMCID: PMC5226940 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymph node stromal cells (LNSCs) have newly been promoted to the rank of new modulators of T cell responses. The different non-hematopoietic cell subsets in lymph node (LN) were considered for years as a simple scaffold, forming routes and proper environment for antigen (Ag)-lymphocyte encountering. Deeper characterization of those cells has recently clearly shown their impact on both dendritic cell and T cell functions. In particular, lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) control lymphocyte trafficking and homeostasis in LNs and limit adaptive immune responses. Therefore, the new role of LECs in shaping immune responses has drawn the attention of immunologists. Striking is the discovery that LECs, among other LNSCs, ectopically express a large range of peripheral tissue-restricted Ags (PTAs), and further present PTA-derived peptides through major histocompatibility class I molecules to induce self-reactive CD8+ T cell deletional tolerance. In addition, both steady-state and tumor-associated LECs were described to be capable of exogenous Ag cross-presentation. Whether LECs can similarly impact CD4+ T cell responses through major histocompatibility class II restricted Ag presentation is still a matter of debate. Here, we review and discuss our current knowledge on the contribution of Ag-presenting LECs as regulators of peripheral T cell responses in different immunological contexts, including autoimmunity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Humbert
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Hugues
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Juan Dubrot
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School , Geneva , Switzerland
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26
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Betterman KL, Harvey NL. The lymphatic vasculature: development and role in shaping immunity. Immunol Rev 2016; 271:276-92. [PMID: 27088921 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature is an integral component of the immune system. Lymphatic vessels are a key highway via which immune cells are trafficked, serving not simply as a passive route of transport, but to actively shape and coordinate immune responses. Reciprocally, immune cells provide signals that impact the growth, development, and activity of the lymphatic vasculature. In addition to immune cell trafficking, lymphatic vessels are crucial for fluid homeostasis and lipid absorption. The field of lymphatic vascular research is rapidly expanding, fuelled by rapidly advancing technology that has enabled the manipulation and imaging of lymphatic vessels, together with an increasing recognition of the involvement of lymphatic vessels in a myriad of human pathologies. In this review we provide an overview of the genetic pathways and cellular processes important for development and maturation of the lymphatic vasculature, discuss recent work revealing important roles for the lymphatic vasculature in directing immune cell traffic and coordinating immune responses and highlight the involvement of lymphatic vessels in a range of pathological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Betterman
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Natasha L Harvey
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Lohrberg M, Wilting J. The lymphatic vascular system of the mouse head. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 366:667-677. [PMID: 27599481 PMCID: PMC5121175 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2493-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Histological studies of the lymphatic vascular system in adult mice are hampered because bones cannot be sectioned properly. Here, we decalcified the heads of 14-day-old mice, embedded them in paraffin and stained resultant serial sections with the lymphendothelial-specific antibodies Lyve-1 and Podoplanin. We show that the tissues with the highest lymphatic vascular density are the dermis and the oral mucous membranes. In contrast, the nasal mucous membrane is devoid of lymphatics, except for its most basal parts below the vomeronasal organ. The inferior nasal turbinate contains numerous lymphatics and is connected to the nasolacrimal duct (NLD), which is ensheathed by a dense network of lymphatics. The lymphatics of the eye lids and conjunctiva are connected to those of the inferior nasal turbinate. We suggest that cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF) can drain via the optic nerve and NLD lymphatics, whereas CSF drained via the Fila olfactoria into the nasal mucous membrane is used for moisturization of the respiratory air. Tongue, palatine and buccal mucous membranes possess numerous lymphatics, whereas the dental pulp has none. Lymphatics are present in the maxillary gland and close to the temporomandibular joint, suggesting the augmentation of lymph flow by chewing and yawning. Lymphatics can also be found in the dura mater and in the dural septae entering into deeper parts of the brain. Our findings are discussed with regard to CSF drainage and potential routes for ocular tumor dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Lohrberg
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical School Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Jörg Wilting
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical School Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Mousavi SR. Long Term Results of Innovative Procedure in Surgical Management of Chronic Lymphedema. Open Orthop J 2016; 10:543-549. [PMID: 27990192 PMCID: PMC5120377 DOI: 10.2174/1874325001610010543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphedema is the result of impaired lymphatic drainage by the affected organ. This abnormality can be primary or secondary. Different operative approaches have been introduced to treat chronic lymphedema. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective study included 816 patients who were diagnosed with chronic lower extremity lymphedema and did not respond to non-operative management for at least six months. Data was collected over 25 years, between March 1987 and March 2013. Doppler ultrasonography of the deep venous system was routinely undertaken in all patients to confirm patency. The patients underwent surgery and their progress was followed for at least one year postoperatively. RESULTS All patients were operated by the suggested technique and long term fallow-up which is a modified form of the Homan's technique. The outcome was excellent, and 89.2% of patients were free of complication and 2% had poor results. The most common complication was wound seroma and wound infection. CONCLUSION The long term results and considering the difficulties associated with the treatment of chronic lymphedema and the variety of surgical options, our method achieved excellent results, and may be proposed for the standard operative procedure for treating intractable forms of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed R. Mousavi
- Shohada Medical Center and Cancer Research Center, Vascular Department, Shahid Beheshti University Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Hasselhof V, Sperling A, Buttler K, Ströbel P, Becker J, Aung T, Felmerer G, Wilting J. Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Human Dermal Lymphatic Collectors. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164964. [PMID: 27764183 PMCID: PMC5072738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Millions of patients suffer from lymphedema worldwide. Supporting the contractility of lymphatic collectors is an attractive target for pharmacological therapy of lymphedema. However, lymphatics have mostly been studied in animals, while the cellular and molecular characteristics of human lymphatic collectors are largely unknown. We studied epifascial lymphatic collectors of the thigh, which were isolated for autologous transplantations. Our immunohistological studies identify additional markers for LECs (vimentin, CCBE1). We show and confirm differences between initial and collecting lymphatics concerning the markers ESAM1, D2-40 and LYVE-1. Our transmission electron microscopic studies reveal two types of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in the media of the collectors with dark and light cytoplasm. We observed vasa vasorum in the media of the largest collectors, as well as interstitial Cajal-like cells, which are highly ramified cells with long processes, caveolae, and lacking a basal lamina. They are in close contact with SMCs, which possess multiple caveolae at the contact sites. Immunohistologically we identified such cells with antibodies against vimentin and PDGFRα, but not CD34 and cKIT. With Next Generation Sequencing we searched for highly expressed genes in the media of lymphatic collectors, and found therapeutic targets, suitable for acceleration of lymphatic contractility, such as neuropeptide Y receptors 1, and 5; tachykinin receptors 1, and 2; purinergic receptors P2RX1, and 6, P2RY12, 13, and 14; 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors HTR2B, and 3C; and adrenoceptors α2A,B,C. Our studies represent the first comprehensive characterization of human epifascial lymphatic collectors, as a prerequisite for diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Hasselhof
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical School Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anastasia Sperling
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical School Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Buttler
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical School Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Ströbel
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Becker
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical School Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thiha Aung
- Division of Trauma Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Center of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gunther Felmerer
- Division of Trauma Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Wilting
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical School Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Bianchi A, Painter KJ, Sherratt JA. Spatio-temporal Models of Lymphangiogenesis in Wound Healing. Bull Math Biol 2016; 78:1904-1941. [PMID: 27670430 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-016-0205-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Several studies suggest that one possible cause of impaired wound healing is failed or insufficient lymphangiogenesis, that is the formation of new lymphatic capillaries. Although many mathematical models have been developed to describe the formation of blood capillaries (angiogenesis), very few have been proposed for the regeneration of the lymphatic network. Lymphangiogenesis is a markedly different process from angiogenesis, occurring at different times and in response to different chemical stimuli. Two main hypotheses have been proposed: (1) lymphatic capillaries sprout from existing interrupted ones at the edge of the wound in analogy to the blood angiogenesis case and (2) lymphatic endothelial cells first pool in the wound region following the lymph flow and then, once sufficiently populated, start to form a network. Here, we present two PDE models describing lymphangiogenesis according to these two different hypotheses. Further, we include the effect of advection due to interstitial flow and lymph flow coming from open capillaries. The variables represent different cell densities and growth factor concentrations, and where possible the parameters are estimated from biological data. The models are then solved numerically and the results are compared with the available biological literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Bianchi
- Department of Mathematics and Maxwell Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK. .,University of Alberta, 632 Central Academic Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G1, Canada.
| | - Kevin J Painter
- Department of Mathematics and Maxwell Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK
| | - Jonathan A Sherratt
- Department of Mathematics and Maxwell Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK
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31
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Local inhibition of elastase reduces EMILIN1 cleavage reactivating lymphatic vessel function in a mouse lymphoedema model. Clin Sci (Lond) 2016; 130:1221-36. [PMID: 26920215 PMCID: PMC4888021 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Lymphatic vasculature critically depends on the connections of lymphatic endothelial cells with the extracellular matrix (ECM), which are mediated by anchoring filaments (AFs). The ECM protein EMILIN1 is a component of AFs and is involved in the regulation of lymphatic vessel functions: accordingly, Emilin1−/− mice display lymphatic vascular morphological alterations, leading to functional defects such as mild lymphoedema, lymph leakage and compromised lymph drainage. In the present study, using a mouse post-surgical tail lymphoedema model, we show that the acute phase of acquired lymphoedema correlates with EMILIN1 degradation due to neutrophil elastase (NE) released by infiltrating neutrophils. As a consequence, the intercellular junctions of lymphatic endothelial cells are weakened and drainage to regional lymph nodes is severely affected. The local administration of sivelestat, a specific NE inhibitor, prevents EMILIN1 degradation and reduces lymphoedema, restoring a normal lymphatic functionality. The finding that, in human secondary lymphoedema samples, we also detected cleaved EMILIN1 with the typical bands of an NE-dependent pattern of fragmentation establishes a rationale for a powerful strategy that targets NE inhibition. In conclusion, the attempts to block EMILIN1 degradation locally represent the basis for a novel ‘ECM’ pharmacological approach to assessing new lymphoedema treatments.
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32
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Escobedo N, Proulx ST, Karaman S, Dillard ME, Johnson N, Detmar M, Oliver G. Restoration of lymphatic function rescues obesity in Prox1-haploinsufficient mice. JCI Insight 2016; 1. [PMID: 26973883 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.85096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Prox1 heterozygous mice have a defective lymphatic vasculature and develop late-onset obesity. Chyle abnormally leaks from those vessels, accumulates in the surrounding tissues, and causes an increase in adipose tissue. We characterized the lymphatics of Prox1+/- mice to determine whether the extent of obesity correlated with the severity of lymphatic defects. The lymphatic vasculature in Prox1+/- mice exhibited reduced tracer clearance from the ear skin, dysfunctional perfusion of the lower legs, and reduced tracer uptake into the deep lymphatic collectors during mechanostimulation prior to the onset of obesity. Ear lymphatic vessels and leg collectors in Prox1+/- mice were disorganized and irregular, further confirming that defective lymphatic vessels are associated with obesity in Prox1+/- mice. We now provide conclusive in vivo evidence that demonstrates that leaky lymphatics mediate obesity in Prox1+/- mice, as restoration of lymphatic vasculature function was sufficient to rescue the obesity features in Prox1+/- mice. Finally, depth-lipomic profiling of lymph contents showed that free fatty acids induce adipogenesis in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Escobedo
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Steven T Proulx
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sinem Karaman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Miriam E Dillard
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Nicole Johnson
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michael Detmar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Guillermo Oliver
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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Padera TP, Meijer EFJ, Munn LL. The Lymphatic System in Disease Processes and Cancer Progression. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2016; 18:125-58. [PMID: 26863922 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-112315-031200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Advances in our understanding of the structure and function of the lymphatic system have made it possible to identify its role in a variety of disease processes. Because it is involved not only in fluid homeostasis but also in immune cell trafficking, the lymphatic system can mediate and ultimately alter immune responses. Our rapidly increasing knowledge of the molecular control of the lymphatic system will inevitably lead to new and effective therapies for patients with lymphatic dysfunction. In this review, we discuss the molecular and physiological control of lymphatic vessel function and explore how the lymphatic system contributes to many disease processes, including cancer and lymphedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Padera
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114;
| | - Eelco F J Meijer
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114;
| | - Lance L Munn
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114;
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Huethorst E, Krebber MM, Fledderus JO, Gremmels H, Xu YJ, Pei J, Verhaar MC, Cheng C. Lymphatic Vascular Regeneration: The Next Step in Tissue Engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2015. [PMID: 26204330 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2015.0231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in interstitial fluid drainage, lipid absorption, and immunological defense. Lymphatic dysfunction results in lymphedema, fluid accumulation, and swelling of soft tissues, as well as a potentially impaired immune response. Lymphedema significantly reduces quality of life of patients on a physical, mental, social, and economic basis. Current therapeutic approaches in treatment of lymphatic disease are limited. Over the last decades, great progress has been made in the development of therapeutic strategies to enhance vascular regeneration. These solutions to treat vascular disease may also be applicable in the treatment of lymphatic diseases. Comparison of the organogenic process and biological organization of the vascular and lymphatic systems and studies in the regulatory mechanisms involved in lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis show many common features. In this study, we address the similarities between both transport systems, and focus in depth on the biology of lymphatic development. Based on the current advances in vascular regeneration, we propose different strategies for lymphatic tissue engineering that may be used for treatment of primary and secondary lymphedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Huethorst
- 1 Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, DIGD, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Merle M Krebber
- 1 Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, DIGD, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joost O Fledderus
- 1 Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, DIGD, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik Gremmels
- 1 Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, DIGD, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yan Juan Xu
- 1 Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, DIGD, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jiayi Pei
- 1 Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, DIGD, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne C Verhaar
- 1 Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, DIGD, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Cheng
- 1 Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, DIGD, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands .,2 Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter , Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Bianchi A, Painter KJ, Sherratt JA. A mathematical model for lymphangiogenesis in normal and diabetic wounds. J Theor Biol 2015; 383:61-86. [PMID: 26254217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Several studies suggest that one possible cause of impaired wound healing is failed or insufficient lymphangiogenesis, that is the formation of new lymphatic capillaries. Although many mathematical models have been developed to describe the formation of blood capillaries (angiogenesis) very few have been proposed for the regeneration of the lymphatic network. Moreover, lymphangiogenesis is markedly distinct from angiogenesis, occurring at different times and in a different manner. Here a model of five ordinary differential equations is presented to describe the formation of lymphatic capillaries following a skin wound. The variables represent different cell densities and growth factor concentrations, and where possible the parameters are estimated from experimental and clinical data. The system is then solved numerically and the results are compared with the available biological literature. Finally, a parameter sensitivity analysis of the model is taken as a starting point for suggesting new therapeutic approaches targeting the enhancement of lymphangiogenesis in diabetic wounds. The work provides a deeper understanding of the phenomenon in question, clarifying the main factors involved. In particular, the balance between TGF-β and VEGF levels, rather than their absolute values, is identified as crucial to effective lymphangiogenesis. In addition, the results indicate lowering the macrophage-mediated activation of TGF-β and increasing the basal lymphatic endothelial cell growth rate, inter alia, as potential treatments. It is hoped the findings of this paper may be considered in the development of future experiments investigating novel lymphangiogenic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Bianchi
- Department of Mathematics and Maxwell Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Kevin J Painter
- Department of Mathematics and Maxwell Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Jonathan A Sherratt
- Department of Mathematics and Maxwell Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH14 4AS, UK
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GUPTA M, POONAWALA T, FAROOQUI M, ERICSON ME, GUPTA K. Topical fentanyl stimulates healing of ischemic wounds in diabetic rats. J Diabetes 2015; 7:573-583. [PMID: 25266258 PMCID: PMC4844062 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Topically applied opioids promote angiogenesis and healing of ischemic wounds in rats. We examined if topical fentanyl stimulates wound healing in diabetic rats by stimulating growth-promoting signaling, angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis and nerve regeneration. METHODS We used Zucker diabetic fatty rats that develop obesity and diabetes on a high fat diet due to a mutation in the Leptin receptor. Fentanyl blended with hydrocream was applied topically on ischemic wounds twice daily, and wound closure was analyzed regularly. Wound histology was analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, nerve fibers and phospho-platelet derived growth factor receptor-β (PDGFR-β) were visualized by CD31-, lymphatic vessel endothelium-1, protein gene product 9.5- and anti-phospho PDGFR-β-immunoreactivity, respectively. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and PDGFR-β signaling were analyzed using Western immunoblotting. RESULTS Fentanyl significantly promoted wound closure as compared to phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Histology scores were significantly higher in fentanyl-treated wounds, indicative of increased granulation tissue formation, reduced edema and inflammation, and increased matrix deposition. Fentanyl treatment resulted in increased wound angiogenesis, lymphatic vasculature, nerve fibers, nitric oxide, NOS and PDGFR-β signaling as compared to PBS. Phospho-PDGFR-β co-localized with CD31 co-staining for vasculature. CONCLUSIONS Topically applied fentanyl promotes closure of ischemic wounds in diabetic rats. Increased angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, peripheral nerve regeneration, NO and PDGFR-β signaling are associated with fentanyl-induced tissue remodeling and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihir GUPTA
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Tasneem POONAWALA
- Vascular Biology Center, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Mariya FAROOQUI
- Vascular Biology Center, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Marna E ERICSON
- Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Kalpna GUPTA
- Vascular Biology Center, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN 55455
- Corresponding Author: Kalpna Gupta, Ph.D., Vascular Biology Center, Medicine - Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Mayo Mail Code 480; 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA, Phone: 612-625-7648, Fax: 612-625-6919,
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Isolation and Characterization of Human Lung Lymphatic Endothelial Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:747864. [PMID: 26137493 PMCID: PMC4475539 DOI: 10.1155/2015/747864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of lymphatic endothelial cells from the respiratory system may be crucial to investigate the role of the lymphatic system in the normal and diseased lung. We describe a simple and inexpensive method to harvest, isolate, and expand lymphatic endothelial cells from the human lung (HL-LECs). Fifty-five samples of healthy lung selected from patients undergoing lobectomy were studied. A two-step purification tool, based on paramagnetic sorting with monoclonal antibodies to CD31 and Podoplanin, was employed to select a pure population of HL-LECs. The purity of HL-LECs was assessed by morphologic criteria, immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry, and functional assays. Interestingly, these cells retain in vitro several receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) implicated in cell survival and proliferation. HL-LECs represent a clinically relevant cellular substrate to study lymphatic biology, lymphoangiogenesis, interaction with microbial agents, wound healing, and anticancer therapy.
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Cariati M, Bains SK, Grootendorst MR, Suyoi A, Peters AM, Mortimer P, Ellis P, Harries M, Van Hemelrijck M, Purushotham AD. Adjuvant taxanes and the development of breast cancer-related arm lymphoedema. Br J Surg 2015; 102:1071-8. [PMID: 26040263 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.9846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite affecting approximately one-quarter of all patients undergoing axillary lymph node dissection, the pathophysiology of breast cancer-related lymphoedema (BCRL) remains poorly understood. More extensive locoregional treatment and higher body mass index have long been identified as major risk factors. This study aimed to identify risk factors for BCRL with a specific focus on the potential impact of chemotherapy on the risk of BCRL. METHODS This was a retrospective analysis of a cohort of consecutive patients with breast cancer treated at a major London regional teaching hospital between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2012. All patients had node-positive disease and underwent axillary lymph node dissection. Data regarding tumour-, patient- and treatment-related characteristics were collected prospectively. The diagnosis of BCRL was based on both subjective and objective criteria. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression was used to assess the association between treatment and risk of BCRL. RESULTS Some 27.1 per cent of all patients (74 of 273) developed BCRL over the study period. Administration of taxanes showed a strong association with the development of BCRL, as 52 (33.5 per cent) of 155 patients who received taxanes developed BCRL. Multivariable Cox regression analysis demonstrated that patients who received taxanes were nearly three times more likely to develop BCRL than patients who had no chemotherapy (hazard ratio 2.82, 95 per cent c.i. 1.31 to 6.06). No such increase was observed when taxanes were administered in the neoadjuvant setting. CONCLUSION The present findings suggest that adjuvant taxanes play a key role in the development of BCRL after surgery. This may support the use of taxanes in a neoadjuvant rather than adjuvant setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cariati
- Section of Research Oncology, King's College London, London, UK.,Directorate of Haematology and Oncology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - S K Bains
- Section of Research Oncology, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - A Suyoi
- Directorate of Haematology and Oncology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - A M Peters
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Brighton, UK
| | - P Mortimer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - P Ellis
- Section of Research Oncology, King's College London, London, UK.,Directorate of Haematology and Oncology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - M Harries
- Section of Research Oncology, King's College London, London, UK.,Directorate of Haematology and Oncology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - M Van Hemelrijck
- School of Medicine, Cancer Epidemiology Group, Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London, UK
| | - A D Purushotham
- Section of Research Oncology, King's College London, London, UK.,Directorate of Haematology and Oncology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Visuri MT, Honkonen KM, Hartiala P, Tervala TV, Halonen PJ, Junkkari H, Knuutinen N, Ylä-Herttuala S, Alitalo KK, Saarikko AM. VEGF-C and VEGF-C156S in the pro-lymphangiogenic growth factor therapy of lymphedema: a large animal study. Angiogenesis 2015; 18:313-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s10456-015-9469-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Secker GA, Harvey NL. VEGFR signaling during lymphatic vascular development: From progenitor cells to functional vessels. Dev Dyn 2014; 244:323-31. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve A. Secker
- Centre for Cancer Biology; University of South Australia, and SA Pathology; Adelaide Australia
| | - Natasha L. Harvey
- Centre for Cancer Biology; University of South Australia, and SA Pathology; Adelaide Australia
- School of Medicine; University of Adelaide; Adelaide Australia
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Topical bFGF Improves Secondary Lymphedema through Lymphangiogenesis in a Rat Tail Model. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2014; 2:e196. [PMID: 25426379 PMCID: PMC4236357 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000000154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secondary lymphedema is a common complication of cancer therapy, but options for treating lymphedema are essentially ineffective and limited. On the contrary, lymphangiogenic growth factors accelerate lymphangiogenesis and improve lymphedema. METHODS Rat tail models of lymphedema were assigned to groups that received either daily topical basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) or saline (control) groups. Tail volume was measured, and the function of the lymphatic system was evaluated as the fluorescence intensity of indocyanine green every 3 days. The mRNA levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C and VEGF-D and the protein levels of VEGF-C were evaluated at postoperative days (PODs) 7, 14, and 28. The subcutaneous and deep areas and lymphatic vessel density were histologically determined at PODs 7, 14, and 28. RESULTS Tail volume was significantly larger in the control than in the bFGF group (P < 0.05). The intensity of indocyanine green fluorescence significantly decreased earlier in the bFGF group (P < 0.05). The mRNA and protein levels of VEGF-C were upregulated in the bFGF group at POD 14 (P < 0.01). Both subcutaneous and deep tissues gradually withered in both groups but more rapidly in the bFGF, than in the control group, reaching statistically significant differences in the subcutaneous and deeper areas at POD 14 (P < 0.05). Lymphatic vessel density was significantly higher in the bFGF than in the control group at POD 14 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Topical bFGF induces lymphangiogenesis and improves lymphedema in the rat tail model.
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Yuen D, Grimaldo S, Sessa R, Ecoiffier T, Truong T, Huang E, Bernas M, Daley S, Witte M, Chen L. Role of angiopoietin-2 in corneal lymphangiogenesis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:3320-7. [PMID: 24781940 PMCID: PMC4039380 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-13779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Lymphatic research has progressed rapidly in recent years. Lymphatic dysfunction has been found in myriad disorders from cancer metastasis to transplant rejection; however, effective treatment for lymphatic disorders is still limited. This study investigates the role of angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) in corneal inflammatory lymphangiogenesis (LG) in vivo and in lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) functions in vitro. METHODS Standard suture placement model was used to study Ang-2 expression in inflamed cornea, and corneal LG and hemangiogenesis (HG) responses in Ang-2 knockout mice. Moreover, human LEC culture system was used to examine the effect of Ang-2 gene knockdown on LEC functions using small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). The effect of siRNA treatment on corneal LG was also assessed in vivo. RESULTS Angiopoietin-2 was expressed on lymphatic vessels and macrophages in inflamed cornea. While corneal LG response was abolished in Ang-2 knockout mice, the HG response was also significantly suppressed with disorganized patterning. Moreover, anti-Ang-2 treatment inhibited LEC proliferation and capillary tube formation in vitro and corneal LG in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Angiopoietin-2 is critically involved in lymphatic processes in vivo and in vitro. Further investigation of the Ang-2 pathway may provide novel insights and therapeutic strategies for lymphatic-related disorders, which occur both inside and outside the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don Yuen
- Center for Eye Disease and Development, Program in Vision Science and School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Sammy Grimaldo
- Center for Eye Disease and Development, Program in Vision Science and School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Roberto Sessa
- Center for Eye Disease and Development, Program in Vision Science and School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Tatiana Ecoiffier
- Center for Eye Disease and Development, Program in Vision Science and School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Tan Truong
- Center for Eye Disease and Development, Program in Vision Science and School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States
- Graduate Group in Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Eric Huang
- Center for Eye Disease and Development, Program in Vision Science and School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Michael Bernas
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Sarah Daley
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Marlys Witte
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Lu Chen
- Center for Eye Disease and Development, Program in Vision Science and School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States
- Graduate Group in Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States
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Chakraborty S, Gurusamy M, Zawieja DC, Muthuchamy M. Lymphatic filariasis: perspectives on lymphatic remodeling and contractile dysfunction in filarial disease pathogenesis. Microcirculation 2014; 20:349-64. [PMID: 23237232 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis, one of the most debilitating diseases associated with the lymphatic system, affects over a hundred million people worldwide and manifests itself in a variety of severe clinical pathologies. The filarial parasites specifically target the lymphatics and impair lymph flow, which is critical for the normal functions of the lymphatic system in maintenance of body fluid balance and physiological interstitial fluid transport. The resultant contractile dysfunction of the lymphatics causes fluid accumulation and lymphedema, one of the major pathologies associated with filarial infection. In this review, we take a closer look at the contractile mechanisms of the lymphatics, its altered functions, and remodeling during an inflammatory state and how it relates to the severe pathogenesis underlying a filarial infection. We further elaborate on the complex host-parasite interactions, and molecular mechanisms contributing to the disease pathogenesis. The overall emphasis is on elucidating some of the emerging concepts and new directions that aim to harness the process of lymphangiogenesis or enhance contractility in a dysfunctional lymphatics, thereby restoring the fluid imbalance and mitigating the pathological conditions of lymphatic filariasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjukta Chakraborty
- Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station/Temple, TX 77843, USA
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Yang C, Zhang Z. The Expression of VEGF-C and It’s Receptor VEGFR-3 Correlates with Lymph Node Metastasis in Gastric Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/ojgas.2014.412050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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45
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Planas-Paz L, Lammert E. Mechanical forces in lymphatic vascular development and disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:4341-54. [PMID: 23665871 PMCID: PMC11113353 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1358-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature is essential for fluid homeostasis and transport of immune cells, inflammatory molecules, and dietary lipids. It is composed of a hierarchical network of blind-ended lymphatic capillaries and collecting lymphatic vessels, both lined by lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). The low hydrostatic pressure in lymphatic capillaries, their loose intercellular junctions, and attachment to the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM) permit passage of extravasated blood plasma from the interstitium into the lumen of the lymphatic capillaries. It is generally thought that interstitial fluid accumulation leads to a swelling of the ECM, to which the LECs of lymphatic capillaries adhere, for example via anchoring filaments. As a result, LECs are pulled away from the vascular lumen, the junctions open, and fluid enters the lymphatic vasculature. The collecting lymphatic vessels then gather the plasma fluid from the capillaries and carry it through the lymph nodes to the blood circulation. The collecting vessels contain intraluminal bicuspid valves that prevent fluid backflow, and are embraced by smooth muscle cells that contribute to fluid transport. Although the lymphatic vessels are regular subject to mechanical strain, our knowledge of its influence on lymphatic development and pathologies is scarce. Here, we discuss the mechanical forces and molecular mechanisms regulating lymphatic vascular growth and maturation in the developing mouse embryo. We also consider how the lymphatic vasculature might be affected by similar mechanomechanisms in two pathological processes, namely cancer cell dissemination and secondary lymphedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Planas-Paz
- Institute of Metabolic Physiology, Heinrich-Heine University, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany,
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46
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Lymphedema and therapeutic lymphangiogenesis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:804675. [PMID: 24222916 PMCID: PMC3810055 DOI: 10.1155/2013/804675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lymphedema is a disorder of the lymphatic vascular system characterized by impaired lymphatic return and swelling of the extremities. Lymphedema is divided into primary and secondary forms based on the underlying etiology. Despite substantial advances in both surgical and conservative techniques, therapeutic options for the management of lymphedema are limited. Although rarely lethal, lymphedema is a disfiguring and disabling condition with an associated decrease in the quality of life. The recent impressive expansion of knowledge on the molecular mechanisms governing lymphangiogenesis provides new possibilities for the treatment of lymphedema. This review highlights the lymphatic biology, the pathophysiology of lymphedema, and the therapeutic lymphangiogenesis using hepatocyte growth factor.
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47
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Brown HM, Russell DL. Blood and lymphatic vasculature in the ovary: development, function and disease. Hum Reprod Update 2013; 20:29-39. [PMID: 24097804 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmt049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The remodelling of the blood vasculature has been the subject of much research while rapid progress in the understanding of the factors controlling lymphangiogenesis in the ovary has only been reported more recently. The ovary undergoes cyclic remodelling throughout each menstrual/estrous cycle. This process requires significant vascular remodelling to supply each new cohort of growing follicles. METHODS Literature searches were performed to review studies on the ovarian lymphatic vasculature that described spatial, temporal and functional data in human or animal species. The role of ovarian blood and lymphatic vasculature in the pathogenesis of ovarian disease and dysfunction was also explored. RESULTS Research in a number of species including zebrafish, rodents and primates has described the lymphatic vasculature within the remodelling ovary, while recent research in mouse has confirmed hormonal regulation of lymphangiogenic growth factors, their receptors and also a role for the protease, ADAMTS1 in the development of the lymphatic vasculature. With a critical role in the maintenence of fluid homeostasis, the ovarian lymphatic vasculature is important for normal ovarian function and has been linked to syndromes involving ovarian fluid imbalance, including ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome and massive ovarian edema. The lymphatic vasculature has also been heavily implicated in the metastatic cancer process. CONCLUSION The spatial and temporal regulation of the ovarian lymphatic vasculature has now been reported in a number of species and the data also implicate the ovarian lymphatic vasculature in ovarian pathologies, including cancer and those linked with use of artificial reproduction technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Brown
- Robinson Institute, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Level 3, Medical School South, Frome Rd., Adelaide 5005, Australia
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Walsh D, Collins S, Winterford C, Pollitt C. The equine foot lamellar lymphatic system. J Equine Vet Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Liao S, Padera TP. Lymphatic function and immune regulation in health and disease. Lymphat Res Biol 2013; 11:136-43. [PMID: 24024577 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2013.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Liao
- E. L. Steele Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts
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Dellinger MT, Meadows SM, Wynne K, Cleaver O, Brekken RA. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 promotes the development of the lymphatic vasculature. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74686. [PMID: 24023956 PMCID: PMC3759473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) is highly expressed by lymphatic endothelial cells and has been shown to stimulate lymphangiogenesis in adult mice. However, the role VEGFR2 serves in the development of the lymphatic vascular system has not been defined. Here we use the Cre-lox system to show that the proper development of the lymphatic vasculature requires VEGFR2 expression by lymphatic endothelium. We show that Lyve-1wt/Cre;Vegfr2flox/flox mice possess significantly fewer dermal lymphatic vessels than Vegfr2flox/flox mice. Although Lyve-1wt/Cre;Vegfr2flox/flox mice exhibit lymphatic hypoplasia, the lymphatic network is functional and contains all of the key features of a normal lymphatic network (initial lymphatic vessels and valved collecting vessels surrounded by smooth muscle cells (SMCs)). We also show that Lyve-1Cre mice display robust Cre activity in macrophages and in blood vessels in the yolk sac, liver and lung. This activity dramatically impairs the development of blood vessels in these tissues in Lyve-1wt/Cre;Vegfr2flox/flox embryos, most of which die after embryonic day14.5. Lastly, we show that inactivation of Vegfr2 in the myeloid lineage does not affect the development of the lymphatic vasculature. Therefore, the abnormal lymphatic phenotype of Lyve-1wt/Cre;Vegfr2flox/flox mice is due to the deletion of Vegfr2 in the lymphatic vasculature not macrophages. Together, this work demonstrates that VEGFR2 directly promotes the expansion of the lymphatic network and further defines the molecular mechanisms controlling the development of the lymphatic vascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T. Dellinger
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Stryder M. Meadows
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Katherine Wynne
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ondine Cleaver
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rolf A. Brekken
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
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