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Mancini V, Saleh MG, Delavari F, Bagautdinova J, Eliez S. Excitatory/Inhibitory Imbalance Underlies Hippocampal Atrophy in Individuals With 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome With Psychotic Symptoms. Biol Psychiatry 2023; 94:569-579. [PMID: 37011759 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal neurotransmitter levels have been reported in individuals at high risk for schizophrenia, leading to a shift in the excitatory/inhibitory balance. However, it is unclear whether these alterations predate the onset of clinically relevant symptoms. Our aim was to explore in vivo measures of excitatory/inhibitory balance in 22q11.2 deletion carriers, a population at genetic risk for psychosis. METHODS Glx (glutamate+glutamine) and GABA+ (gamma-aminobutyric acid with macromolecules and homocarnosine) concentrations were estimated in the anterior cingulate cortex, superior temporal cortex, and hippocampus using the Mescher-Garwood point-resolved spectroscopy (MEGA-PRESS) sequence and the Gannet toolbox in 52 deletion carriers and 42 control participants. T1-weighted images were acquired longitudinally and processed with FreeSurfer version 6 to extract hippocampal volume. Subgroup analyses were conducted in deletion carriers with psychotic symptoms. RESULTS While no differences were found in the anterior cingulate cortex, deletion carriers had higher levels of Glx in the hippocampus and superior temporal cortex and lower levels of GABA+ in the hippocampus than control participants. We additionally found a higher Glx concentration in the hippocampus of deletion carriers with psychotic symptoms. Finally, more pronounced hippocampal atrophy was significantly associated with increased Glx levels in deletion carriers. CONCLUSIONS We provide evidence for an excitatory/inhibitory imbalance in temporal brain structures of deletion carriers, with a further hippocampal Glx increase in individuals with psychotic symptoms that was associated with hippocampal atrophy. These results are in line with theories proposing abnormally enhanced glutamate levels as a mechanistic explanation for hippocampal atrophy via excitotoxicity. Our results highlight a central role of glutamate in the hippocampus of individuals at genetic risk for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Mancini
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Muhammad G Saleh
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Farnaz Delavari
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Joëlle Bagautdinova
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Eliez
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
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Du Y, Chen L, Yan MC, Wang YL, Zhong XL, Xv CX, Li YB, Cheng Y. Neurometabolite levels in the brains of patients with autism spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies (N = 1501). Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:3092-3103. [PMID: 37117459 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02079-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that neurometabolite alterations may be involved in the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). We performed a meta-analysis of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) studies to examine the neurometabolite levels in the brains of patients with ASD. A systematic search of PubMed and Web of Science identified 54 studies for the meta-analysis. A random-effects meta-analysis demonstrated that compared with the healthy controls, patients with ASD had lower N-acetyl-aspartate-containing compound (NAA) and choline-containing compound (Cho) levels and NAA/(creatine-containing compound) Cr ratios in the gray matter and lower NAA and glutamate + glutamine (Glx) levels in the white matter. Furthermore, NAA and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels, NAA/Cr ratios, and GABA/Cr ratios were significantly decreased in the frontal cortex of patients with ASD, whereas glutamate (Glu) levels were increased in the prefrontal cortex. Additionally, low NAA levels and GABA/Cr ratios in the temporal cortex, low NAA levels and NAA/Cr ratios in the parietal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices, and low NAA levels in the cerebellum and occipital cortex were observed in patients with ASD. Meta-regression analysis revealed that age was positively associated with effect size in studies analyzing the levels of gray matter NAA and white matter Glx. Taken together, these results provide strong clinical evidence that neurometabolite alterations in specific brain regions are associated with ASD and age is a confounding factor for certain neurometabolite levels in patients with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Du
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Mei-Chen Yan
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Chen-Xi Xv
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yao-Bo Li
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China.
- Institute of National Security, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Research, Prevention, and Treatment (Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health-Care Hospital), Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Tzanetakos D, Kyrozis A, Karavasilis E, Velonakis G, Tzartos JS, Toulas P, Sotirli SA, Evdokimidis I, Tsivgoulis G, Potagas C, Kilidireas C, Andreadou E. Early metabolic alterations in the normal‑appearing grey and white matter of patients with clinically isolated syndrome suggestive of multiple sclerosis: A proton MR spectroscopic study. Exp Ther Med 2023; 26:349. [PMID: 37324507 PMCID: PMC10265702 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) is an advanced method of examining metabolic profiles. The present study aimed to assess in vivo metabolite levels in areas of normal-appearing grey (thalamus) and white matter (centrum semiovale) using 1H-MRS in patients with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) suggestive of multiple sclerosis and compare them to healthy controls (HCs). Data from 35 patients with CIS (CIS group), of which 23 were untreated (CIS-untreated group) and 12 were treated (CIS-treated group) with disease-modifying-therapies (DMTs) at the time of 1H-MRS, and from 28 age- and sex-matched HCs were collected using a 3.0 T MRI and single-voxel 1H-MRS (point resolved spectroscopy sequence; repetition time, 2,000 msec; time to echo, 35 msec). Concentrations and ratios of total N-acetyl aspartate (tNAA), total creatine (tCr), total choline (tCho), myoinositol, glutamate (Glu), glutamine (Gln), Glu + Gln (Glx) and glutathione (Glth) were estimated in the thalamic-voxel (th) and centrum semiovale-voxel (cs). For the CIS group, the median duration from the first clinical attack to 1H-MRS was 102 days (interquartile range, 89.5.-131.5). Compared with HCs, significantly lower Glx(cs) (P=0.014) and ratios of tCho/tCr(th) (P=0.026), Glu/tCr(cs) (P=0.040), Glx/tCr(cs) (P=0.004), Glx/tNAA(th) (P=0.043) and Glx/tNAA(cs) (P=0.015) were observed in the CIS group. No differences in tNAA levels were observed between the CIS and the HC groups; however, tNAA(cs) was higher in the CIS-treated than in the CIS-untreated group (P=0.028). Compared with those in HC group, decreased Glu(cs) (P=0.019) and Glx(cs) levels (P=0.014) and lower ratios for tCho/tCr(th) (P=0.015), Gln/tCr(th) (P=0.004), Glu/tCr(cs) (P=0.021), Glx/tCr(th) (P=0.041), Glx/tCr(cs) (P=0.003), Glx/tNAA(th) (P=0.030) and Glx/tNAA(cs) (P=0.015) were found in the CIS-untreated group. The present findings showed alterations in the normal-appearing grey and white matter of patients with CIS; moreover, the present results suggested an early indirect treatment effect of DMTs on the brain metabolic profile of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Tzanetakos
- Second Department of Neurology, ‘Attikon’ University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Kyrozis
- First Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Efstratios Karavasilis
- Research Unit of Radiology, Second Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
- Medical Physics Laboratory, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupoli, Greece
| | - Georgios Velonakis
- Research Unit of Radiology, Second Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - John S. Tzartos
- Second Department of Neurology, ‘Attikon’ University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Toulas
- Research Unit of Radiology, Second Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Stefania Alexia Sotirli
- MS Center and Other Neurodegenerative diseases, Metropolitan General Hospital, 15562 Holargos, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Evdokimidis
- First Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Tsivgoulis
- Second Department of Neurology, ‘Attikon’ University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Constantin Potagas
- First Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Costantinos Kilidireas
- First Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Elisabeth Andreadou
- First Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
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Zuo CS, Davis KA, Lukas SE. Lower dACC glutamate in cannabis users during early phase abstinence. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:1969-1975. [PMID: 35484401 PMCID: PMC9485248 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01321-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate plays an important role in continued use of and relapse to abused substances. However, its involvement in cannabis withdrawal is still unclear. We hypothesize that regional glutamate is associated with the cannabis withdrawal syndrome and recently examined possible association of glutamate with cannabis withdrawal, using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), in non-treatment-seeking cannabis users. We recruited 26 frequent cannabis users and 11 age-matched non-using controls. Of the 37, 20 users (8f/12m) and 10 controls (5f/5m) completed a verified 21-day abstinence protocol. Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) glutamate and γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) were measured with proton MRS at baseline and on abstinent days 7 and 21 in conjunction with measures of cannabis withdrawal and craving (MCQ), sleep difficulties (PSQI) and mood state. We used ANOVA to examine group differences in glutamate and GABA from baseline through day 21 and used linear regression to evaluate correlations between intra-individual glutamate and withdrawal symptoms. We found that self-reported anxiety severity (HAMA) was correlated with urinary THC/Cr ratios at baseline (r = 0.768, p = 0.000076) and abstinent day 7 (r = 0.5636, p = 0.0097), dACC glutamate was significantly lower in the users compared with the controls from baseline through day 21 (F = 5.90, p = 0.022), changes in glutamate between baseline and abstinent day 21 had a significantly negative correlation with corresponding changes in craving (r = -0.72, p = 0.005) after adjusting for age, consumption of alcohol/cigarettes, sleep difficulties, and urinary THC levels. These findings provide preliminary evidence that dACC glutamate is associated with the cannabis withdrawal syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun S Zuo
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.
| | - Katherine A Davis
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Scott E Lukas
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
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5
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Maier S, Düppers AL, Runge K, Dacko M, Lange T, Fangmeier T, Riedel A, Ebert D, Endres D, Domschke K, Perlov E, Nickel K, Tebartz van Elst L. Increased prefrontal GABA concentrations in adults with autism spectrum disorders. Autism Res 2022; 15:1222-1236. [PMID: 35587691 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The excitatory-inhibitory imbalance hypothesis postulates dysregulation of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate (Glu) neurotransmitter systems as a common underlying deficit in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Previous studies suggest an important role of these systems in the pathophysiology of ASD, including a study of our group reporting decreased glutamate concentrations in the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) of adults with ASD. The aim of this study was to replicate our previous findings of impaired glutamate metabolism in ASD in a new sample and to additionally quantify GABA in the ACC and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). Concentrations of GABA and glutamate-glutamine (Glx; combined glutamate and glutamine signal) were quantified in the ACC and dlPFC of 43 adults with ASD and 43 neurotypical controls (NTC) by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). The ASD group showed increased absolute GABA concentrations and elevated GABA/creatine ratios in the left dlPFC compared to NTC, while no group differences were detected in the pregenual and dorsal ACC. Previous findings of altered Glx concentration in the pregenual ACC of the ASD group could not be replicated. Regarding Glx concentrations and Glx/creatine ratios, there were no significant differences in the dlPFC and ACC either. The study supports the hypothesis of an altered GABA and glutamate equilibrium, indicating an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory metabolism in ASD patients. However, inconsistent results across studies and brain regions suggest a complex underlying phenomenon. LAY SUMMARY: Adults of the autism spectrum exhibit elevated levels of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. This finding supports the hypothesis of an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory equilibrium in patients with autism spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Maier
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Kimon Runge
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Dacko
- Department of Radiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Lange
- Department of Radiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Fangmeier
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Riedel
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Luzerner Psychiatrie, Ambulante Dienste, Luzern, Switzerland
| | - Dieter Ebert
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dominique Endres
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Domschke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Basics in Neuromodulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Evgeniy Perlov
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Clinic for Psychiatry Luzern, Hospital St. Urban, St. Urban, Switzerland
| | - Kathrin Nickel
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ludger Tebartz van Elst
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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A Peptide Aptamer Based Electrochemical Amperometric Sensor for Sensitive L-Glutamate Detection. Bioelectrochemistry 2022; 146:108165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2022.108165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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7
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Zuo CS, Davis KA, Kuppe MK, Dahlgren MK, Gruber S, Fitzmaurice GM, Lukas SE. Elevated striatal glutamate + glutamine in recreational cannabis users during abstinence. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 146:192-200. [PMID: 34999370 PMCID: PMC8803139 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis withdrawal symptoms contribute to relapse, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. We hypothesize that cannabis withdrawal may be associated with a reset of regional γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) and glutamate concentrations secondary to changes in the endocannabinoid system during abstinence and conducted a study on this issue. We used magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to detect the associated changes of these neurochemicals in twenty-six frequent, recreational cannabis users and eleven age-matched non-using controls. Twenty users (8F/12M) and ten control (5F/5M) participants completed a verified 21-day abstinence period. Striatal GABA and glutamine concentrations were measured at baseline and on abstinence days 7 and 21 in conjunction with measures of cannabis withdrawal symptoms and mood state. Cannabis users reported increased self-reported ratings of cannabis-withdrawal-symptoms on abstinence day 7 relative to controls. Striatal glutamate + glutamine (Glx) group concentrations were elevated in cannabis users at baseline and abstinence days 7 and 21 (F = 7.16, p = 0.012), and changes in GABA concentration and withdrawal symptoms between baseline and abstinence day 7 were positively correlated (r = 0.550, p = 0.010). In addition, baseline striatal GABA concentrations were negatively correlated with withdrawal symptoms on abstinence day 7 (r = -0.680, p = 0.003). Our data demonstrate that striatal Glx was elevated in cannabis users and baseline striatal GABA correlated with withdrawal during the abstinence. In addition, striatal GABA may temporally correlate with self-reported withdrawal symptoms during the initial days of abrupt cannabis abstinence. These findings provide preliminary evidence that striatal GABA and Glx are associated with the severity of cannabis withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun S Zuo
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.
| | - Katherine A Davis
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Madeline K Kuppe
- Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Core, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - M Kathryn Dahlgren
- Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Core, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Staci Gruber
- Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Core, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Garrett M Fitzmaurice
- Laboratory for Psychiatric Biostatistics, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Scott E Lukas
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
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Costigan A, Umla-Runge K, Evans C, Raybould R, Graham K, Lawrence A. Evidence against altered excitatory/inhibitory balance in the posteromedial cortex of young adult APOE E4 carriers: A resting state 1H-MRS study. NEUROIMAGE. REPORTS 2021; 1:100059. [PMID: 36896169 PMCID: PMC9986794 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynirp.2021.100059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A strategy to gain insight into early changes that may predispose people to Alzheimer's disease (AD) is to study the brains of younger cognitively healthy people that are at increased genetic risk of AD. The Apolipoprotein (APOE) E4 allele is the strongest genetic risk factor for AD, and several neuroimaging studies comparing APOE E4 carriers with non-carriers at age ∼20-30 years have detected hyperactivity (or reduced deactivation) in posteromedial cortex (PMC), a key hub of the default network (DN), which has a high susceptibility to early amyloid deposition in AD. Transgenic mouse models suggest such early network activity alterations may result from altered excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) balance, but this is yet to be examined in humans. Here we test the hypothesis that PMC fMRI hyperactivity could be underpinned by altered levels of excitatory (glutamate) and/or inhibitory (GABA) neurotransmitters in this brain region. Forty-seven participants (20 APOE E4 carriers and 27 non-carriers) aged 18-25 years underwent resting-state proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS), a non-invasive neuroimaging technique to measure glutamate and GABA in vivo. Metabolites were measured in a PMC voxel of interest and in a comparison voxel in the occipital cortex (OCC). There was no difference in either glutamate or GABA between the E4 carriers and non-carriers in either MRS voxel, or in the ratio of glutamate to GABA, a measure of E/I balance. Default Bayesian t-tests revealed evidence in support of this null finding. Our findings suggest that PMC hyperactivity in APOE E4 carriers is unlikely to be associated with, or possibly may precede, alterations in local resting-state PMC neurotransmitters, thus informing our understanding of the spatio-temporal sequence of early network alterations underlying APOE E4 related AD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.G. Costigan
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - K. Umla-Runge
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - C.J. Evans
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - R. Raybould
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - K.S. Graham
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - A.D. Lawrence
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
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Landheer K, Juchem C. Are Cramér-Rao lower bounds an accurate estimate for standard deviations in in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy? NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 34:e4521. [PMID: 33876459 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to inherent time constraints for in vivo experiments, it is infeasible to repeat multiple MRS scans to estimate standard deviations on the desired measured parameters. As such, the Cramér-Rao lower bounds (CRLBs) have become the routine method to approximate standard deviations for in vivo experiments. Cramér-Rao lower bounds, however, as the name suggests, are theoretically a lower bound on the standard deviation and it is not clear if and under what circumstances this approximation is valid. Realistic synthetic 3 T spectra were used to investigate the relationship between estimated CRLBs, true CRLBs and standard deviations. Here we demonstrate that, although the CRLBs are theoretically truly a lower bound on the standard deviation (not an equality) for the problem typically encountered in quantification, they are still an adequate approximation to standard deviation as long as the model perfectly characterizes the data. In the case when the macromolecule basis deviates from the measured macromolecules it was shown that the CRLBs can deviate from standard deviations by approximately 50% for N-acetylaspartic acid, creatine and glutamate and of the order of 100% or more for myo-inositol and γ-aminobutyric acid. In the case when the model perfectly reflects the data the CRLBs are within approximately 10% of standard deviations for all metabolites. The result of the CRLB being within 10% of standard deviations means that, for an accurate model, novel quantification methods such as machine learning or deep learning will not be able to obtain substantially more precise estimates for the desired parameters than traditional maximum-likelihood estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Landheer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christoph Juchem
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
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Basu SK, Pradhan S, du Plessis AJ, Ben-Ari Y, Limperopoulos C. GABA and glutamate in the preterm neonatal brain: In-vivo measurement by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Neuroimage 2021; 238:118215. [PMID: 34058332 PMCID: PMC8404144 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive and behavioral disabilities in preterm infants, even without obvious brain injury on conventional neuroimaging, underscores a critical need to identify the subtle underlying microstructural and biochemical derangements. The gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamatergic neurotransmitter systems undergo rapid maturation during the crucial late gestation and early postnatal life, and are at-risk of disruption after preterm birth. Animal and human autopsy studies provide the bulk of current understanding since non-invasive specialized proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) to measure GABA and glutamate are not routinely available for this vulnerable population due to logistical and technical challenges. We review the specialized 1H-MRS techniques including MEscher-GArwood Point Resolved Spectroscopy (MEGA-PRESS), special challenges and considerations needed for interpretation of acquired data from the developing brain of preterm infants. We summarize the limited in-vivo preterm data, highlight the gaps in knowledge, and discuss future directions for optimal integration of available in-vivo approaches to understand the influence of GABA and glutamate on neurodevelopmental outcomes after preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeepta K Basu
- Neonatology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, D.C., United States; Center for the Developing Brain, Children's National Hospital, Washington, D.C., United States; Division of Neurology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, D.C., United States; The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, D.C., United States
| | - Subechhya Pradhan
- Center for the Developing Brain, Children's National Hospital, Washington, D.C., United States; Division of Neurology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, D.C., United States; The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, D.C., United States
| | - Adre J du Plessis
- Fetal Medicine institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, D.C., United States; Division of Neurology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, D.C., United States; The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, D.C., United States
| | - Yehezkel Ben-Ari
- Division of Neurology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, D.C., United States; Neurochlore, Marseille, France
| | - Catherine Limperopoulos
- Center for the Developing Brain, Children's National Hospital, Washington, D.C., United States; Division of Diagnostic Imaging and Radiology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, D.C., United States; Division of Neurology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, D.C., United States; The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, D.C., United States.
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11
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Bell T, Boudes ES, Loo RS, Barker GJ, Lythgoe DJ, Edden RAE, Lebel RM, Wilson M, Harris AD. In vivo Glx and Glu measurements from GABA-edited MRS at 3 T. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 34:e4245. [PMID: 31990112 PMCID: PMC7384936 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In vivo quantification of glutamate (Glu) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) using MRS is often achieved using two separate sequences: a short-echo point resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) acquisition for Glu and a Mescher-Garwood PRESS (MEGA-PRESS) acquisition for GABA. The purpose of this study was to examine the agreement of Glu and Glx (the combined signal of glutamate + glutamine) quantified from two different GABA-edited MEGA-PRESS acquisitions (GABA plus macromolecules, GABA+, TE = 68 ms, and macromolecule suppressed, MMSup, TE = 80 ms) with Glu and Glx quantified from a short-echo PRESS (PRESS-35, TE = 35 ms) acquisition. Fifteen healthy male volunteers underwent a single scan session, in which data were acquired using the three acquisitions (GABA+, MMSup and PRESS-35) in both the sensorimotor and anterior cingulate cortices using a voxel size of 3 × 3 × 3 cm3 . Glx and Glu were quantified from the MEGA-PRESS data using both the OFF sub-spectra and the difference (DIFF) spectra. Agreement was assessed using correlation analyses, Bland-Altman plots and intraclass correlation coefficients. Glx quantified from the OFF sub-spectra from both the GABA+ and MMSup acquisitions showed poor agreement with PRESS-35 in both brain regions. In the sensorimotor cortex, Glu quantified from the OFF sub-spectra of GABA+ showed moderate agreement with PRESS-35 data, but this finding was not replicated in the anterior cingulate cortex. Glx and Glu quantified using the DIFF spectra of either MEGA-PRESS sequence were in poor agreement with the PRESS-35 data in both brain regions. In conclusion, Glx and Glu measured from MEGA-PRESS data generally showed poor agreement with Glx and Glu measured using PRESS-35.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Bell
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Canada
| | - Elodie S Boudes
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Canada
| | - Rachelle S Loo
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Canada
| | - Gareth J Barker
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - David J Lythgoe
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Richard AE Edden
- Russel H Morgan Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- F.M. Kirby Centre for Functional MRI, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, USA
| | | | - Martin Wilson
- Centre for Human Brain Health and School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ashley D Harris
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Canada
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12
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Cheng H, Wang A, Newman S, Dydak U. An investigation of glutamate quantification with PRESS and MEGA-PRESS. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 34:e4453. [PMID: 33617070 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate is an important neurotransmitter. Although many studies have measured glutamate concentration in vivo using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), researchers have not reached a consensus on the accuracy of glutamate quantification at the field strength of 3 T. Besides, there is not an optimal MRS protocol for glutamate measurement. In this work, both simulation and phantom scans indicate that glutamate can be estimated with reasonable accuracy (<10% error on average) using the standard Point-RESolved Spectroscopy (PRESS) technique with TE 30 ms; glutamine, however, is likely underestimated, which is also suggested by results from human scans using the same protocol. The phantom results show an underestimation of glutamate and glutamine for PRESS with long TE and MEGA-PRESS off-resonance spectra. Despite the underestimation, there is a high correlation between the measured values and the true values (r > 0.8). Our results suggest that the quantification of glutamate and glutamine is reliable but can be off by a scaling factor, depending on the imaging technique. The outputs from all three PRESS sequences (TE = 30, 68 and 80 ms) are also highly correlated with each other (r > 0.7) and moderately correlated (r > 0.5) with the results from the MEGA-PRESS difference spectra with moderate to good shimming (linewidth < 16 Hz).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Cheng
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
- Program of Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Amanda Wang
- Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Sharlene Newman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
- Program of Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Ulrike Dydak
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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13
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Abstract
RATIONALE Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) is a cross-species neuroimaging technique that can measure concentrations of several brain metabolites, including glutamate and GABA. This non-invasive method has promise in developing centrally acting drugs, as it can be performed repeatedly within-subjects and be used to translate findings from the preclinical to clinical laboratory using the same imaging biomarker. OBJECTIVES This review focuses on the utility of single-voxel 1H-MRS in developing novel glutamatergic or GABAergic drugs for the treatment of psychiatric disorders and includes research performed in rodent models, healthy volunteers and patient cohorts. RESULTS Overall, these studies indicate that 1H-MRS is able to detect the predicted pharmacological effects of glutamatergic or GABAergic drugs on voxel glutamate or GABA concentrations, although there is a shortage of studies examining dose-related effects. Clinical studies have applied 1H-MRS to better understand drug therapeutic mechanisms, including the glutamatergic effects of ketamine in depression and of acamprosate in alcohol dependence. There is an emerging interest in identifying patient subgroups with 'high' or 'low' brain regional 1H-MRS glutamate levels for more targeted drug development, which may require ancillary biomarkers to improve the accuracy of subgroup discrimination. CONCLUSIONS Considerations for future research include the sensitivity of single-voxel 1H-MRS in detecting drug effects, inter-site measurement reliability and the interpretation of drug-induced changes in 1H-MRS metabolites relative to the known pharmacological molecular mechanisms. On-going technological development, in single-voxel 1H-MRS and in related complementary techniques, will further support applications within CNS drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Egerton
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK.
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14
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Short-term nicotine deprivation alters dorsal anterior cingulate glutamate concentration and concomitant cingulate-cortical functional connectivity. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:1920-1930. [PMID: 32559759 PMCID: PMC7608204 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0741-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Most cigarette smokers who wish to quit too often relapse within the first few days of abstinence, primarily due to the aversive aspects of the nicotine withdrawal syndrome (NWS), which remains poorly understood. Considerable research has suggested that the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) plays a key role in nicotine dependence, with its functional connections between other brain regions altered as a function of trait addiction and state withdrawal. The flow of information between dACC and fronto-striatal regions is secured through different pathways, the vast majority of which are glutamatergic. As such, we investigated dACC activity using resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and glutamate (Glu) concentration with magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). We also investigated the changes in adenosine levels in plasma during withdrawal as a surrogate for brain adenosine, which plays a role in fine-tuning synaptic glutamate transmission. Using a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized crossover design, nontreatment seeking smoking participants (N = 30) completed two imaging sessions, one while nicotine sated and another after 36 h nicotine abstinence. We observed reduced dACC Glu (P = 0.029) along with a significant reduction in plasma adenosine (P = 0.03) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP; P < 0.0001) concentrations during nicotine withdrawal in comparison with nicotine sated state. This withdrawal state manipulation also led to an increase in rsFC strength (P < 0.05) between dACC and several frontal cortical regions, including left superior frontal gyrus (LSFG), and right middle frontal gyrus (RMFG). Moreover, the state-trait changes in dACC Glu and rsFC strength between the dACC and both SFG and MFG were positively correlated (P = 0.012, and P = 0.007, respectively). Finally, the change in circuit strength between dACC and LSFG was negatively correlated with the change in withdrawal symptom manifestations as measured by the Wisconsin Smoking Withdrawal Scale (P = 0.04) and Tobacco Craving Questionnaire (P = 0.014). These multimodal imaging-behavioral findings reveal the complex cascade of changes induced by acute nicotine deprivation and call for further investigation into the potential utility of adenosine- and glutamate-signaling as novel therapeutic targets to treat the NWS.
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15
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Menshchikov P, Ivantsova A, Manzhurtsev A, Ublinskiy M, Yakovlev A, Melnikov I, Kupriyanov D, Akhadov T, Semenova N. Separate N-acetyl aspartyl glutamate, N-acetyl aspartate, aspartate, and glutamate quantification after pediatric mild traumatic brain injury in the acute phase. Magn Reson Med 2020; 84:2918-2931. [PMID: 32544309 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To separately measure N-acetyl aspartul glutamate (NAAG), N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), aspartate (Asp), and glutamate (Glu) concentrations in white matter (WM) using J-editing techniques in patients with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in the acute phase. METHODS Twenty-four patients with closed concussive head injury and 29 healthy volunteers were enrolled in the current study. For extended 1 H MRS examination, patients and controls were equally divided into two subgroups. In subgroup 1 (12 patients/15 controls), NAAG and NAA concentrations were measured in WM separately with MEGA-PRESS (echo time/repetition time [TE/TR] = 140/2000 ms; δ ON NAA / δ OFF NAA = 4.84/4.38 ppm, δ ON NAAG / δ OFF NAAG = 4.61/4.15 ppm). In subgroup 2 (12 patients/14 controls), Asp and Glu concentrations were acquired with MEGA-PRESS (TE/TR = 90/2000 ms; δ ON Asp / δ OFF Asp = 3.89/5.21 ppm) and TE-averaged PRESS (TE from 35 ms to 185 ms with 2.5-ms increments; TR = 2000 ms) pulse sequences, respectively. RESULTS tNAA and NAAG concentrations were found to be reduced, while NAA concentrations were unchanged, after mild mTBI. Reduced Asp and elevated myo-inositol (mI) concentrations were also found. CONCLUSION The main finding of the study is that the tNAA signal reduction in WM after mTBI is associated with a decrease in the NAAG concentration rather than a decrease in the NAA concentration, as was thought previously. This finding highlights the importance of separating these signals, at least for WM studies, to avoid misinterpretation of the results. NAAG plays an important role in selectively activating mGluR3 receptors, thus providing neuroprotective and neuroreparative functions immediately after mTBI. NAAG shows potential for the development of new therapeutic strategies for patients with injuries of varying severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Menshchikov
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Clinical and Research Institute of Emergency Paediatric Surgery and Traumatology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anna Ivantsova
- Clinical and Research Institute of Emergency Paediatric Surgery and Traumatology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Andrei Manzhurtsev
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Clinical and Research Institute of Emergency Paediatric Surgery and Traumatology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Maxim Ublinskiy
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Clinical and Research Institute of Emergency Paediatric Surgery and Traumatology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey Yakovlev
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Clinical and Research Institute of Emergency Paediatric Surgery and Traumatology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ilya Melnikov
- Clinical and Research Institute of Emergency Paediatric Surgery and Traumatology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Tolib Akhadov
- Clinical and Research Institute of Emergency Paediatric Surgery and Traumatology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia Semenova
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Clinical and Research Institute of Emergency Paediatric Surgery and Traumatology, Moscow, Russian Federation
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16
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O'Neill J, Bansal R, Goh S, Rodie M, Sawardekar S, Peterson BS. Parsing the Heterogeneity of Brain Metabolic Disturbances in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2020; 87:174-184. [PMID: 31427037 PMCID: PMC6925333 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite rising prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), its brain bases remain uncertain. Abnormal levels of N-acetyl compounds, glutamate+glutamine, creatine+phosphocreatine, or choline compounds measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy suggest that neuron or glial density, mitochondrial energetic metabolism, and/or inflammation contribute to ASD neuropathology. The neuroanatomic distribution of these metabolites could help evaluate leading theories of ASD. However, most prior magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies had small samples (all <60, most <20), interrogated only a small fraction of the brain, and avoided assessing effects of age, sex, and IQ. METHODS We acquired near-whole-brain magnetic resonance spectroscopy of N-acetyl compounds, glutamate+glutamine, creatine+phosphocreatine, and choline compounds in 78 children and adults with ASD and 96 typically developing children and adults, rigorously evaluating effects of diagnosis and severity on metabolites, as moderated by age, sex, and IQ. RESULTS Effects of ASD and its severity included reduced levels of multiple metabolites in white matter and the perisylvian cortex and elevated levels in the posterior cingulate, consistent with white matter and social-brain theories of ASD. Regionally, both slower and faster decreases of metabolites with age were observed in ASD versus TD. Male-female metabolite differences were widely smaller in ASD than typically developing children and adults. ASD-specific decreases in metabolites with decreasing IQ occurred in several brain areas. CONCLUSIONS Results support multifocal abnormal neuron or glial density, mitochondrial energetics, or neuroinflammation in ASD, alongside widespread starkly atypical moderating effects of age, sex, and IQ. These findings help parse the neurometabolic signature for ASD by phenotypic heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph O'Neill
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Ravi Bansal
- Institute for the Developing Mind, the Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Suzanne Goh
- Division of Child Neurology, Rady Children's Hospital, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Martina Rodie
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Siddhant Sawardekar
- Institute for the Developing Mind, the Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Bradley S Peterson
- Institute for the Developing Mind, the Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Psychiatry, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
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17
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Wenneberg C, Glenthøj BY, Hjorthøj C, Buchardt Zingenberg FJ, Glenthøj LB, Rostrup E, Broberg BV, Nordentoft M. Cerebral glutamate and GABA levels in high-risk of psychosis states: A focused review and meta-analysis of 1H-MRS studies. Schizophr Res 2020; 215:38-48. [PMID: 31784336 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Disturbances in the brain glutamate and GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) homeostasis may be markers of transition to psychosis in individuals at high-risk (HR). Knowledge of GABA and glutamate levels in HR stages could give an insight into changes in the neurochemistry underlying psychosis. Studies on glutamate in HR have provided conflicting data, and GABA studies have only recently been initialized. In this meta-analysis, we compared cerebral levels of glutamate and GABA in HR individuals with healthy controls (HC). We searched Medline and Embase for articles published on 1H-MRS studies on glutamate and GABA in HR states until April 9th, 2019. We identified a total of 28 eligible studies, of which eight reported GABA (243 HR, 356 HC) and 26 reported glutamate (299 HR, 279 HC) or Glx (glutamate + glutamine) (584 HR, 632 HC) levels. Sample sizes varied from 6 to 75 for HR and 10 to 184 for HC. Our meta-analysis of 1H-MRS studies on glutamate and GABA in HR states displayed significantly lower (P = 0.0003) levels of thalamic glutamate in HR individuals than in HC and significantly higher (P = 0.001) Glx in the frontal lobe of genetic HR individuals (1st-degree relatives) than in HC. No other significant differences in glutamate and GABA levels were found. Subject numbers in the studies on glutamate as well as GABA levels were generally small and the data conflicting. Our meta-analytical findings highlight the need for larger and more homogeneous studies of glutamate and GABA in high-risk states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Wenneberg
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, CORE, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 15.4, 2900, Hellerup, Denmark; Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CNSR, Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CINS, Mental Health Centre Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Ndr. Ringvej 29-67, 2600, Glostrup, Denmark.
| | - Birte Yding Glenthøj
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CNSR, Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CINS, Mental Health Centre Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Ndr. Ringvej 29-67, 2600, Glostrup, Denmark.
| | - Carsten Hjorthøj
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, CORE, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 15.4, 2900, Hellerup, Denmark; University of Copenhagen, Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, Øster Farimagsgade 5, Postboks 2099, 1014, Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Frederik Johan Buchardt Zingenberg
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, CORE, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 15.4, 2900, Hellerup, Denmark.
| | - Louise Birkedal Glenthøj
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, CORE, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 15.4, 2900, Hellerup, Denmark; Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CNSR, Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CINS, Mental Health Centre Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Ndr. Ringvej 29-67, 2600, Glostrup, Denmark.
| | - Egill Rostrup
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CNSR, Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CINS, Mental Health Centre Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Ndr. Ringvej 29-67, 2600, Glostrup, Denmark.
| | - Brian Villumsen Broberg
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CNSR, Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CINS, Mental Health Centre Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Ndr. Ringvej 29-67, 2600, Glostrup, Denmark.
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, CORE, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 15.4, 2900, Hellerup, Denmark.
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18
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Li JN, Liu XL, Li L. Prefrontal GABA and glutamate levels correlate with impulsivity and cognitive function of prescription opioid addicts: A 1 H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2020; 74:77-83. [PMID: 31599080 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Prescription opioids are psychoactive substances that can elicit many neuropsychological effects. There are no studies that directly demonstrate the effects of prescription opioid addiction (POA) on the human brain. This study aimed to quantify γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate (Glu) levels in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of POA patients using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1 H-MRS), and to explore their association with impulsive behavior and cognitive impairment. METHODS Thirty-five patients with a definitive clinical diagnosis of codeine-containing cough syrup dependence and 35 matched healthy controls underwent neuropsychological assessments, namely the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MoCA). Point-resolved spectroscopy was performed to detect GABA and glutamate within the medial PFC, and the corresponding levels were estimated using jMRUI and corrected for fraction of cerebrospinal fluid in the 1 H-MRS voxel. The difference in metabolite levels between groups and the correlation between metabolite levels and psychometric scores in patients were analyzed statistically. RESULTS The peak level predominantly consisting of GABA with a relatively small influence of other chemicals (GABA+) was lower and that of glutamate was higher in the PFC of POA patients than in healthy controls. GABA+ levels correlated negatively with BIS-11 scores but correlated positively with MoCA scores. In contrast, glutamate levels showed a positive correlation with BIS-11 scores but no significant correlation with MoCA scores. CONCLUSION The quantitative in vivo measurement of GABA and glutamate levels in the PFC by 1 H-MRS could be a reliable way to evaluate impulsivity and cognitive function of POA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Neng Li
- Department of Medical Imaging, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi-Long Liu
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Long Li
- Department of Radiology, Guangdong Provincial Corps Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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19
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Glutamatergic function in a genetic high-risk group for psychosis: A proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study in individuals with 22q11.2 deletion. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 29:1333-1342. [PMID: 31648854 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Glutamatergic dysregulation is one of the leading theories regarding the pathoaetiolopy of schizophrenia. Meta-analysis of magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies in schizophrenia shows increased levels of glutamate and glutamine (Glx) in the medial frontal cortex and basal ganglia in clinical high-risk groups for psychosis and increased glutamine levels in the thalamus, but it is unclear if this is also the case in people at genetic high risk for psychosis. The aim of this study was to investigate glutamatergic function in the anterior cingulate cortex, striatum and thalamus in carriers of a genetic variant (22q11.2 deletion) associated with a high risk for psychosis. 53 volunteers (23 22q11.2 deletion carriers and 30 controls) underwent proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging and neuropsychological assessments for prodromal psychotic symptoms, schizotypy, anxiety, depression and FSIQ. We did not find any difference between groups in Glx in the anterior cingulate cortex, striatum or thalamus (Glx: t(50)=-1.26, p = 0.21; U = 251, z = -0.7, p = 0.49; U = 316, z= -0.26, p = 0.79, respectively). No correlation was detected between Glx levels in any region and symptomatology or FSIQ. Our findings indicate that glutamatergic function is not altered in people at genetic high risk of psychosis due to the 22q11.2 deletion, which could suggest that this is not the mechanism underlying psychosis risk in 22q11.2 deletion carriers.
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20
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Port JD. Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy for Psychiatry: Progress in the Last Decade. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2019; 30:25-33. [PMID: 31759569 DOI: 10.1016/j.nic.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders are common and can be severe. There is a need to identify biomarkers of psychiatric disorders to better diagnose and treat patients with psychiatric symptoms. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a tool used to measure the levels of various metabolites in the human brain, and MRS studies of psychiatric disorders have identified potentially useful biomarkers of psychiatric illness. There have been significant advances in the way that psychiatric disorders are understood, classified, and researched as well as improvements in magnetic resonance imaging/MRS technology. MRS as a tool has not yet proved helpful to individual patients with psychiatric symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Port
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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21
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Frank D, Kuts R, Tsenter P, Gruenbaum BF, Grinshpun Y, Zvenigorodsky V, Shelef I, Natanel D, Brotfain E, Zlotnik A, Boyko M. The effect of pyruvate on the development and progression of post-stroke depression: A new therapeutic approach. Neuropharmacology 2019; 155:173-184. [PMID: 31153808 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Post-stroke depression (PSD) is a common and serious complication following stroke. Both stroke and depression have independently been associated with pathologically elevated glutamate levels in the brain's extra-cerebral fluid (ECF). Here we evaluate an alternative therapeutic approach to PSD with pyruvate. Rats were randomly assigned into one of 3 groups: Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO) plus pyruvate treatment, MCAO plus placebo treatment, and sham operated rats. Post-MCAO depressive and anxiety-like behavior was assessed, along with neurological status, brain infarct zone, brain edema, blood brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, cerebrospinal fluid and blood glutamate levels. Anxiety-like behavior and levels of blood alanine and α-ketoglutarate were measured in naïve rats treated with pyruvate, as a control. Post-stroke neurological deficit with concurrent elevation in glutamate levels were demonstrated, with peak glutamate levels 24 h after MCAO. Treatment with pyruvate led to reduced glutamate levels 24 h after MCAO and improved neurologic recovery. Pyruvate treatment reduced lesion volume, brain edema and the extent of BBB permeability 24 h post-MCAO. Naïve rats treated with pyruvate showed increased levels of α-ketoglutarate. Rats demonstrated post-stroke depressive behavior that was improved by the administration of pyruvate. There was less anxiety-like behavior in post-stroke rats treated with placebo in comparison to the post-stroke rats treated with pyruvate or sham operated rats. Glutamate scavenging with pyruvate appears to be an effective as a method in providing neuroprotection following stroke and as a therapeutic option for the treatment of PSD by reducing the consequent elevations in CNS glutamate levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Frank
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ruslan Kuts
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Philip Tsenter
- Division of Internal Medicine, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Benjamin F Gruenbaum
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yulia Grinshpun
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Vladislav Zvenigorodsky
- Department of Radiology, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ilan Shelef
- Department of Radiology, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Dmitry Natanel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Evgeny Brotfain
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Alexander Zlotnik
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Matthew Boyko
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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22
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Genetic variant in SLC1A2 is associated with elevated anterior cingulate cortex glutamate and lifetime history of rapid cycling. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:149. [PMID: 31123248 PMCID: PMC6533282 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0483-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamatergic dysregulation is implicated in the neurobiology of mood disorders. This study investigated the relationship between the anterior cingulate cortex (AC) glutamate, as measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS), and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from four genes (GLUL, SLC1A3, SLC1A2, and SLC1A7) that regulate the extracellular glutamate in 26 depressed patients with major depressive disorder (MDD; n = 15) and bipolar disorder (BD; n = 11). Two SNPs (rs3812778 and rs3829280), in perfect linkage disequilibrium, in the 3' untranslated region of the EAAT2 gene SLC1A2, were associated with AC glutamate, with minor allele carriers having significantly higher glutamate levels (p < 0.001) in comparison with common allele homozygotes. In silico analysis revealed an association of minor allele carriers of rs3812778/rs382920 with an upregulation of the astrocytic marker CD44 localized downstream of SLC1A2 on chromosome 11. Finally, we tested the disease relevance of these SNPs in a large group of depressed patients [MDD (n = 458); BD (n = 1473)] and found that minor allele carriers had a significantly higher risk for rapid cycling (p = 0.006). Further work is encouraged to delineate the functional impact of excitatory amino acid transporter genetic variation on CD44 associated physiology and glutamatergic neurotransmission, specifically glutamate-glutamine cycling, and its contribution to subphenotypes of mood disorders.
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23
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Carlin D, Babourina-Brooks B, Arvanitis TN, Wilson M, Peet AC. Short-acquisition-time JPRESS and its application to paediatric brain tumours. MAGMA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 32:247-258. [PMID: 30460431 PMCID: PMC6424926 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-018-0716-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop and assess a short-duration JPRESS protocol for detection of overlapping metabolite biomarkers and its application to paediatric brain tumours at 3 Tesla. MATERIALS AND METHODS The short-duration protocol (6 min) was optimised and compared for spectral quality to a high-resolution (38 min) JPRESS protocol in a phantom and five healthy volunteers. The 6-min JPRESS was acquired from four paediatric brain tumours and compared with short-TE PRESS. RESULTS Metabolite identification between the 6- and 38-min protocols was comparable in phantom and volunteer data. For metabolites with Cramer-Rao lower bounds > 50%, interpretation of JPRESS increased confidence in assignment of lactate, myo-Inositol and scyllo-Inositol. JPRESS also showed promise for the detection of glycine and taurine in paediatric brain tumours when compared to short-TE MRS. CONCLUSION A 6-min JPRESS protocol is well tolerated in paediatric brain tumour patients. Visual inspection of a 6-min JPRESS spectrum enables identification of a range of metabolite biomarkers of clinical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Carlin
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
- Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
| | - Ben Babourina-Brooks
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
- Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
| | - Theodoros N Arvanitis
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
- Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
- Institute of Digital Healthcare, WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Martin Wilson
- Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
| | - Andrew C Peet
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK.
- Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK.
- Clinical Research Block, Institute of Child Health, Whittall Street, Birmingham, B4 6NH, UK.
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24
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Costigan AG, Umla-Runge K, Evans CJ, Hodgetts CJ, Lawrence AD, Graham KS. Neurochemical correlates of scene processing in the precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex: A multimodal fMRI and 1 H-MRS study. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 40:2884-2898. [PMID: 30865358 PMCID: PMC6563468 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex (PCu/PCC) are key components of a midline network, activated during rest but also in tasks that involve construction of scene or situation models. Despite growing interest in PCu/PCC functional alterations in disease and disease risk, the underlying neurochemical modulators of PCu/PCC's task‐evoked activity are largely unstudied. Here, a multimodal imaging approach was applied to investigate whether interindividual differences in PCu/PCC fMRI activity, elicited during perceptual discrimination of scene stimuli, were correlated with local brain metabolite levels, measured during resting‐state 1H‐MRS. Forty healthy young adult participants completed an fMRI perceptual odd‐one‐out task for scenes, objects and faces. 1H‐MRS metabolites N‐acetyl‐aspartate (tNAA), glutamate (Glx) and γ‐amino‐butyric acid (GABA+) were quantified via PRESS and MEGA‐PRESS scans in a PCu/PCC voxel and an occipital (OCC) control voxel. Whole brain fMRI revealed a cluster in right dorsal PCu/PCC that showed a greater BOLD response to scenes versus faces and objects. When extracted from an independently defined PCu/PCC region of interest, scene activity (vs. faces and objects and also vs. baseline) was positively correlated with PCu/PCC, but not OCC, tNAA. A voxel‐wise regression analysis restricted to the PCu/PCC 1H‐MRS voxel area identified a significant PCu/PCC cluster, confirming the positive correlation between scene‐related BOLD activity and PCu/PCC tNAA. There were no correlations between PCu/PCC activity and Glx or GABA+ levels. These results demonstrate, for the first time, that scene activity in PCu/PCC is linked to local tNAA levels, identifying a neurochemical influence on interindividual differences in the task‐driven activity of a key brain hub.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison G Costigan
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Wales, UK
| | - Katja Umla-Runge
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Wales, UK
| | - C John Evans
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Wales, UK
| | - Carl J Hodgetts
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Wales, UK
| | - Andrew D Lawrence
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Wales, UK
| | - Kim S Graham
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Wales, UK
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25
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Highly sensitive amperometric detection of glutamate by glutamic oxidase immobilized Pt nanoparticle decorated multiwalled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs)/polypyrrole composite. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 130:307-314. [PMID: 30780080 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A highly sensitive and selective glutamate biosensor using glutamate Oxidase (GlUtOx) immobilized platinum nanoparticle (PtNP) decorated multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNTs)/polypyrrole (PPy) composite on glassy carbon electrodes (GC) is demonstrated. PtNP decorated MWCNTs (Pt-MWCNTs), PPy and Pt-MWCNTs/PPy composite were characterized by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman analysis to confirm the formation of the nanocomposite. The glutamate Oxidase (GlUtOx) was immobilized on a GC/Pt-MWCNTs/PPy and characterized by the cyclic voltammetry (CV) and impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis. The fabricated L-glutamate biosensor exhibited high sensitivity (723.08 µA cm-2 mM-1) with less response time (3 s) with a detection limit of 0.88 µM. The dynamic range from 10 to 100 µM with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.985 was observed for the L-glutamate biosensor. The analytical recovery of added L-glutamate acid (50 and 100 μM) in human serum soup were 96.1% and 97.5% respectively. The enzyme immobilized GC/Pt-MWCNTs/PPy/GlUtOx bioelectrode lost 12.6% and 23.8% of its initial activity after 30 days when stored at - 20 °C and 4 °C respectively.
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26
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Gu H, Hu Y, Chen X, He Y, Yang Y. Regional excitation-inhibition balance predicts default-mode network deactivation via functional connectivity. Neuroimage 2018; 185:388-397. [PMID: 30359729 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Deactivation of the default mode network (DMN) is one of the most reliable observations from neuroimaging and has significant implications in development, aging, and various neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the neural mechanism underlying DMN deactivation remains elusive. As the coordination of regional neurochemical substrates and interregional neural interactions are both essential in support of brain functions, a quantitative description of how they impact DMN deactivation may provide new insights into the mechanism. Using an n-back working memory task fMRI and magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we probed the pairwise relationship between task-induced deactivation, interregional functional connectivity and regional excitation-inhibition balance (evaluated by glutamate/GABA ratio) in the posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus (PCC/PCu). Task-induced PCC/PCu deactivation correlated with its excitation-inhibition balance and interregional functional connectivity, where participants with lower glutamate/GABA ratio, stronger intra-DMN connections and stronger antagonistic DMN-SN (salience network)/ECN (executive control network) inter-network connections had greater PCC/PCu deactivation. Mediation analyses revealed that the DMN-SN functional interactions partially mediated the relationship between task-induced deactivation and the excitation-inhibition balance at the PCC/PCu. The triple-relationship discovered in the present study has the potential to bridge DMN-deactivation related findings from various neuroimaging modalities and may provide new insights into the neural mechanism of DMN deactivation. Moreover, this finding may have significant implications for neuropsychiatric disorders related to the DMN dysfunction and suggests an integrated application of pharmacological and neuromodulation-based strategies for rescuing DMN deactivation deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Gu
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Programs, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Yuzheng Hu
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Programs, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Programs, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Yong He
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yihong Yang
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Programs, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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27
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Bauer J, Werner A, Kohl W, Kugel H, Shushakova A, Pedersen A, Ohrmann P. Hyperactivity and impulsivity in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is related to glutamatergic dysfunction in the anterior cingulate cortex. World J Biol Psychiatry 2018; 19:538-546. [PMID: 27973969 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2016.1262060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is closely linked to the dysregulation of dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurotransmission in the fronto-striatal neural network, including the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Additionally, increasing evidence supports the involvement of the glutamatergic system in the pathophysiology of ADHD. Impulsivity, a core symptom in patients with ADHD, has been repeatedly associated with glutamatergic neurotransmission, and pharmacological treatment of ADHD has been shown to reduce glutamate levels in the prefrontal cortex. METHODS We investigated glutamate levels in the ACC and the DLPFC in 30 adults with ADHD and 30 healthy controls using single-voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy on a 3T scanner. RESULTS The ADHD group showed a significant increase in glutamate in the ACC compared to controls, no significant differences in metabolites were observed in the DLPFC. Overall, glutamate levels in the ACC were positively correlated with ADHD symptomatology, especially hyperactivity and impulsivity symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Increased levels of glutamate in the ACC, which were positively correlated with hyperactivity and impulsivity, support the hypothesis that dysfunctional glutamatergic neurotransmission is at least partially responsible for ADHD symptomatology. Modulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission might therefore be a promising avenue for future pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Bauer
- a Institute for Clinical Radiology, School of Medicine , University of Muenster , Germany
| | - Anne Werner
- b Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine , University of Muenster , Germany
| | - Waldemar Kohl
- b Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine , University of Muenster , Germany
| | - Harald Kugel
- a Institute for Clinical Radiology, School of Medicine , University of Muenster , Germany
| | - Anna Shushakova
- c Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology , University of Kiel , Germany
| | - Anya Pedersen
- c Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology , University of Kiel , Germany
| | - Patricia Ohrmann
- b Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine , University of Muenster , Germany
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28
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Shakory S, Watts JJ, Hafizi S, Da Silva T, Khan S, Kiang M, Bagby RM, Chavez S, Mizrahi R. Hippocampal glutamate metabolites and glial activation in clinical high risk and first episode psychosis. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:2249-2255. [PMID: 30087434 PMCID: PMC6135774 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0163-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in glutamate neurotransmission have been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, as well as in symptom severity and cognitive deficits. The hippocampus, in particular, is a site of key functional and structural abnormalities in schizophrenia. Yet few studies have investigated hippocampal glutamate in antipsychotic-naïve first episode psychosis patients or in individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) of developing psychosis. Using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS), we investigated glutamate metabolite levels in the left hippocampus of 25 CHR (19 antipsychotic-naïve), 16 patients with first-episode psychosis (13 antipsychotic-naïve) and 31 healthy volunteers. We also explored associations between hippocampal glutamate metabolites and glial activation, as indexed by [18F]FEPPA positron emission tomography (PET); symptom severity; and cognitive function. Groups differed significantly in glutamate plus glutamine (Glx) levels (F(2, 69) = 6.39, p = 0.003). Post-hoc analysis revealed that CHR had significantly lower Glx levels than both healthy volunteers (p = 0.003) and first-episode psychosis patients (p = 0.050). No associations were found between glutamate metabolites and glial activation. Our findings suggest that glutamate metabolites are altered in CHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Shakory
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jeremy J Watts
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sina Hafizi
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tania Da Silva
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Saad Khan
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Kiang
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - R Michael Bagby
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sofia Chavez
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Romina Mizrahi
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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29
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Mullins PG. Towards a theory of functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy (fMRS): A meta-analysis and discussion of using MRS to measure changes in neurotransmitters in real time. Scand J Psychol 2018; 59:91-103. [PMID: 29356002 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy is a powerful tool to investigate neurochemistry and physiology in vivo. Recently researchers have started to use MRS to measure neurotransmitter changes related to neural activity, so called functional MRS (fMRS). Particular interest has been placed on measuring glutamate changes associated with neural function, but differences are reported in the size of changes seen. This review discusses fMRS, and includes meta-analyses of the relative size of glutamate changes seen in fMRS, and the impact experimental design and stimulus paradigm may have. On average glutamate was found to increase by 6.97% (±1.739%) in response to neural activation. However, factors of experimental design may have a large impact on the size of these changes. For example an increase of 4.749% (±1.45%) is seen in block studies compared to an increase of 13.429% (±3.59) in studies using event related paradigms. The stimulus being investigated also seems to play a role with prolonged visual stimuli showing a small mean increase in glutamate of 2.318% (±1.227%) while at the other extreme, pain stimuli show a mean stimulation effect of 14.458% (±3.736%). These differences are discussed with regards to possible physiologic interpretations, as well experimental design implications.
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30
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Cheng H, Kellar D, Lake A, Finn P, Rebec GV, Dharmadhikari S, Dydak U, Newman S. Effects of Alcohol Cues on MRS Glutamate Levels in the Anterior Cingulate. Alcohol Alcohol 2018; 53:209-215. [PMID: 29329417 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agx119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that glutamate neurotransmission plays a critical role in alcohol addiction. Cue-induced change of glutamate has been observed in animal studies but never been investigated in humans. This work investigates cue-induced change in forebrain glutamate in individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD). A total of 35 subjects (17 individuals with AUD and 18 healthy controls) participated in this study. The glutamate concentration was measured with single-voxel 1H-MR spectroscopy at the dorsal anterior cingulate. Two MRS sessions were performed in succession, the first to establish basal glutamate levels and the second to measure the change in response to alcohol cues. The changes in glutamate were quantified for both AUD subjects and controls. A mixed model ANOVA and t-tests were performed for statistical analysis. ANOVA revealed a main effect of cue-induced decrease of glutamate level in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). A significant interaction revealed that only AUD subjects showed significant decrease of glutamate in the ACC. There were no significant group differences in the level of basal glutamate. However, a negative correlation was found between the basal glutamate level and the number of drinking days in the past 2 weeks for the AUD subjects. Collectively, our results indicate that glutamate in key areas of the forebrain reward circuit is modulated by alcohol cues in early alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Cheng
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Derek Kellar
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Allison Lake
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Peter Finn
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - George V Rebec
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Shalmali Dharmadhikari
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ulrike Dydak
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sharlene Newman
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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31
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Bang JW, Shibata K, Frank SM, Walsh EG, Greenlee MW, Watanabe T, Sasaki Y. Consolidation and reconsolidation share behavioral and neurochemical mechanisms. Nat Hum Behav 2018; 2:507-513. [PMID: 30505952 PMCID: PMC6258036 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-018-0366-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Won Bang
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kazuhisa Shibata
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Cognitive and Psychological Sciences, Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya City, Japan
| | - Sebastian M Frank
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Institute for Experimental Psychology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Edward G Walsh
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Mark W Greenlee
- Institute for Experimental Psychology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Takeo Watanabe
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Yuka Sasaki
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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32
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Glutamate quantification by PRESS or MEGA-PRESS: Validation, repeatability, and concordance. Magn Reson Imaging 2018; 48:107-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2017.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Smesny S, Große J, Gussew A, Langbein K, Schönfeld N, Wagner G, Valente M, Reichenbach JR. Prefrontal glutamatergic emotion regulation is disturbed in cluster B and C personality disorders - A combined 1H/ 31P-MR spectroscopic study. J Affect Disord 2018; 227:688-697. [PMID: 29174743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Personality disorders (PD) belong to the most common and most serious mental disorders as regards social dysfunction, inability to work, occurrence of comorbidity and suicidal risk. PDs also crucially influence the incidence, clinical course and treatment response of mental disorders with high suicidal risk, such as depression or substance abuse. One key issue of PD concerns the regulation of emotions. METHODS Both 1H-/31P-Chemical Shift Imaging (CSI) was applied in a single session to assess neurochemical markers of glutamate function (NAA, Glu) and local energy metabolism (PCr, ATP) in two patient cohorts encompassing 22 cluster B (CB) and 21 cluster C (CC) PD patients, whereby 10 patients of each group were on low-dose antidepressants, and in 60 healthy controls (HC). Non-parametric statistical tests and correlation analyses were performed to assess disease effects on the metabolites and their relation to symptomatology as assessed by SCL-90R self-ratings. RESULTS Overall comparison including Bonferroni correction revealed significant differences of Glu across all groups in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). The following uncorrected results of pairwise tests were obtained: (i) Glu was bilaterally increased in the DLPFC in CB patients, whereas it was - together with NAA - bilaterally decreased in the DLPFC in CC patients and accompanied by increased PCr in the left DLPFC. (ii) NAA and Glu, accompanied by increased PCr, were significantly decreased in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC) in CC patients. (iii) NAA was decreased in the right anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in CB patients, and in the left ACC in CC patients with PCr being increased bilaterally. (iv) No associations were observed between metabolites and psychopathology measures. CONCLUSION The observations in the DLPFC may reflect a neurobiochemical correlate of disturbed cognitive control function in CB and CC PD. While the alterations in CB patients suggest increased basal activity, the observed patterns in CC patients likely reflect decreased or inhibited activity. The alterations of NAA and Glu levels in the ACC and DMPFC indirectly support the assumption of disturbed neuronal function in regions involved in social cognition and mentalizing abilities in both CB and CC PD. Further studies should include the investigation of metabolites of neuronal inhibition (GABA) and the examination of treatment effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Smesny
- Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Johanna Große
- Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Gussew
- Medical Physics Group, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, D-07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Kerstin Langbein
- Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Nils Schönfeld
- Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Gerd Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Matias Valente
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Klinikum am Weissenhof, D-74189 Weinsberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen R Reichenbach
- Medical Physics Group, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, D-07740 Jena, Germany
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Sanaei Nezhad F, Anton A, Michou E, Jung J, Parkes LM, Williams SR. Quantification of GABA, glutamate and glutamine in a single measurement at 3 T using GABA-edited MEGA-PRESS. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2018; 31:e3847. [PMID: 29130590 PMCID: PMC5765428 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate (Glu), major neurotransmitters in the brain, are recycled through glutamine (Gln). All three metabolites can be measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy in vivo, although GABA measurement at 3 T requires an extra editing acquisition, such as Mescher-Garwood point-resolved spectroscopy (MEGA-PRESS). In a GABA-edited MEGA-PRESS spectrum, Glu and Gln co-edit with GABA, providing the possibility to measure all three in one acquisition. In this study, we investigated the reliability of the composite Glu + Gln (Glx) peak estimation and the possibility of Glu and Gln separation in GABA-edited MEGA-PRESS spectra. The data acquired in vivo were used to develop a quality assessment framework which identified MEGA-PRESS spectra in which Glu and Gln could be estimated reliably. Phantoms containing Glu, Gln, GABA and N-acetylaspartate (NAA) at different concentrations were scanned using GABA-edited MEGA-PRESS at 3 T. Fifty-six sets of spectra in five brain regions were acquired from 36 healthy volunteers. Based on the Glu/Gln ratio, data were classified as either within or outside the physiological range. A peak-by-peak quality assessment was performed on all data to investigate whether quality metrics can discriminate between these two classes of spectra. The quality metrics were as follows: the GABA signal-to-noise ratio, the NAA linewidth and the Glx Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB). The Glu and Gln concentrations were estimated with precision across all phantoms with a linear relationship between the measured and true concentrations: R1 = 0.95 for Glu and R1 = 0.91 for Gln. A quality assessment framework was set based on the criteria necessary for a good GABA-edited MEGA-PRESS spectrum. Simultaneous criteria of NAA linewidth <8 Hz and Glx CRLB <16% were defined as optimum features for reliable Glu and Gln quantification. Glu and Gln can be reliably quantified from GABA-edited MEGA-PRESS acquisitions. However, this reliability should be controlled using the quality assessment methods suggested in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Sanaei Nezhad
- Centre for Imaging Science and Manchester Academic Health Sciences CentreUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Adriana Anton
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology and Manchester Academic Health Sciences CentreUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Emilia Michou
- School of Medical SciencesUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - JeYoung Jung
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology and Manchester Academic Health Sciences CentreUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Laura M. Parkes
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology and Manchester Academic Health Sciences CentreUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Stephen R. Williams
- Centre for Imaging Science and Manchester Academic Health Sciences CentreUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
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Liu XL, Li L, Li JN, Tang JH, Rong JH, Liu B, Hu ZX. Quantifying absolute glutamate concentrations in nucleus accumbens of prescription opioid addicts by using 1H MRS. Brain Behav 2017; 7:e00769. [PMID: 28828225 PMCID: PMC5561325 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The diagnosis of psychoactive substance use disorders has been based primarily on descriptive, symptomatic checklist criteria. In opioid addiction, there are no objective biological indicators specific enough to guide diagnosis, monitor disease status, and evaluate efficacy of therapeutic interventions. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) of the brain has potential to identify and quantify biomarkers for the diagnosis of opioid dependence. The purpose of this study was to detect the absolute glutamate concentration in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) of patients with prescription opioid dependence using 1H MRS, and to analyze its clinical associations. METHODS Twenty patients with clinically diagnosed definitive prescription opioid dependent (mean age = 26.5 ± 4.3 years) and 20 matched healthy controls (mean age = 26.1 ± 3.8 years) participated in this study. Patients were evaluated with the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11), the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), and the opiate Addiction Severity Inventory (ASI). We used point-resolved spectroscopy to quantify the absolute concentrations of metabolites (glutamate, choline, N-acetylaspartate, glutamine, creatine) within the NAc. The difference between metabolite levels of groups and Pearson's correlation between glutamate levels and psychometric scores in patients were analyzed statistically. RESULTS Glutamate concentrations in the NAc were significantly higher in prescription opiate addicts than in controls (t = 3.84, p = .001). None of the other metabolites differed significantly between the two groups (all ps > .05). The glutamate concentrations correlated positively with BIS-11 scores in prescription opiate addicts (r = .671, p = .001), but not with SAS score and ASI index. CONCLUSIONS Glutamate levels in the NAc measured quantitatively with in vivo 1H MRS could be used as a biomarker to evaluate disease condition in opioid-dependent patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Long Liu
- Department of Radiology Guangdong Provincial Corps Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Long Li
- Department of Radiology Guangdong Provincial Corps Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Jian-Neng Li
- Department of Radiology Guangdong Provincial Corps Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Ji-Hua Tang
- Department of Psychology and Addiction Medicine Guangdong Provincial Corps Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Jia-Hui Rong
- Department of Radiology Guangdong Provincial Corps Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Radiology Guangdong Provincial Corps Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Ze-Xuan Hu
- Department of Radiology Guangdong Provincial Corps Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
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36
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Quantum-mechanical simulations for in vivo MR spectroscopy: Principles and possibilities demonstrated with the program NMRScopeB. Anal Biochem 2017; 529:79-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Harris AD, Saleh MG, Edden RAE. Edited 1 H magnetic resonance spectroscopy in vivo: Methods and metabolites. Magn Reson Med 2017; 77:1377-1389. [PMID: 28150876 PMCID: PMC5352552 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Proton magnetic resonance (1 H-MRS) spectrum contains information about the concentration of tissue metabolites within a predefined region of interest (a voxel). The conventional spectrum in some cases obscures information about less abundant metabolites due to limited separation and complex splitting of the metabolite peaks. One method to detect these metabolites is to reduce the complexity of the spectrum using editing. This review provides an overview of the one-dimensional editing methods available to interrogate these obscured metabolite peaks. These methods include sequence optimizations, echo-time averaging, J-difference editing methods (single BASING, dual BASING, and MEGA-PRESS), constant-time PRESS, and multiple quantum filtering. It then provides an overview of the brain metabolites whose detection can benefit from one or more of these editing approaches, including ascorbic acid, γ-aminobutyric acid, lactate, aspartate, N-acetyl aspartyl glutamate, 2-hydroxyglutarate, glutathione, glutamate, glycine, and serine. Magn Reson Med 77:1377-1389, 2017. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley D Harris
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Child and Adolescent Imaging Research (CAIR) Program, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T3B 6A9, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Muhammad G Saleh
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- F.M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Richard A E Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- F.M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Shibata K, Sasaki Y, Bang JW, Walsh EG, Machizawa MG, Tamaki M, Chang LH, Watanabe T. Overlearning hyperstabilizes a skill by rapidly making neurochemical processing inhibitory-dominant. Nat Neurosci 2017; 20:470-475. [PMID: 28135242 PMCID: PMC5323354 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Overlearning refers to the continued training of a skill after performance improvement has plateaued. Whether overlearning is beneficial is a question in our daily lives that has never been clearly answered. Here, we report a new important role: Overlearning abruptly changes neurochemical processing to hyper-stabilize and protect trained perceptual learning from subsequent new learning. Usually, learning immediately after training is so unstable that it can be disrupted by subsequent new learning, unless waiting for passive stabilization, which takes hours. However, overlearning so rapidly and strongly stabilizes the learning state that it not only becomes resilient against, but disrupts, subsequent new learning. Such hyper-stabilization is associated with an abrupt shift from glutamate-dominant excitatory to gamma-aminobutyric-acid-dominant inhibitory processing in early visual areas. Hyper-stabilization contrasts with passive and slower stabilization, which is associated with a mere reduction of an excitatory dominance to baseline levels. Utilizing hyper-stabilization may lead to efficient learning paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhisa Shibata
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistics, &Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuka Sasaki
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistics, &Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Ji Won Bang
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistics, &Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Edward G Walsh
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Maro G Machizawa
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistics, &Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Masako Tamaki
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistics, &Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Li-Hung Chang
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistics, &Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Takeo Watanabe
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistics, &Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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Kanaan AS, Gerasch S, García-García I, Lampe L, Pampel A, Anwander A, Near J, Möller HE, Müller-Vahl K. Pathological glutamatergic neurotransmission in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Brain 2016; 140:218-234. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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40
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Frye MA, Hinton DJ, Karpyak VM, Biernacka JM, Gunderson LJ, Geske J, Feeder SE, Choi DS, Port JD. Elevated Glutamate Levels in the Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Are Associated with Higher Cravings for Alcohol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:1609-16. [PMID: 27439218 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantifying craving longitudinally during the course of withdrawal, early abstinence, and relapse is essential for optimal management of alcohol use disorder (AUD). In an effort to identify biological correlates of craving, we used proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) to investigate the correlation between craving and glutamate levels in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (LDLPFC) of patients with AUD. METHODS Participants underwent 1H-MRS of the LDLPFC with 2-dimensional J-resolved (2DJ) averaged PRESS. MRS data were processed with LCModel and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-corrected to generate metabolite concentrations. The Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS) and the 30-day time line follow-back (TLFB 30) were used to quantify craving for alcohol and drinking patterns, respectively. RESULTS There was a statistically significant positive correlation between CSF-corrected glutamate ([Glu]) levels and PACS scores (n = 14; p = 0.005). When PACS scores were dichotomized (< or ≥median = 16), [Glu] levels were significantly higher in the high- versus low-craving group (p = 0.007). In addition, there was a significant negative correlation between CSF-corrected N-acetyl aspartic acid ([NAA]) levels and mean number of drinks per drinking day in the past month (n = 13; TLFB 30; p = 0.012). When mean TLFB 30 was dichotomized (< or ≥median = 7.86), [NAA] levels were significantly lower in subjects that consumed more alcoholic beverages. There was no significant correlation between [Glu] and [NAA] levels with other measures of drinking behavior and or depression symptom severity. CONCLUSIONS While limited by small sample size, these data suggest that glutamate levels in LDLPFC are associated with alcohol craving intensity in patients with AUD. Further study with larger sample size is needed to replicate this finding and evaluate the merits of glutamate spectroscopy as a biological correlate of alcohol craving intensity and a guide to treatment interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Frye
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - David J Hinton
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota.,Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Victor M Karpyak
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Joanna M Biernacka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota.,Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Lee J Gunderson
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jennifer Geske
- Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Scott E Feeder
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Doo-Sup Choi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota.,Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - John D Port
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
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Ford TC, Crewther DP. A Comprehensive Review of the (1)H-MRS Metabolite Spectrum in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:14. [PMID: 27013964 PMCID: PMC4783404 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies of neuropsychiatric behavior biomarkers across spectrum disorders are typically based on diagnosis, thus failing to account for the heterogeneity of multi-dimensional spectrum disorders such as autism (ASD). Control group trait phenotypes are also seldom reported. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) measures the abundance of neurochemicals such as neurotransmitters and metabolites and hence can probe disorder phenotypes at clinical and sub-clinical levels. This detailed review summarizes and critiques the current 1H-MRS research in ASD. The literature reports reduced N-acetylaspartate (NAA), glutamate and glutamine (Glx), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), creatine and choline, and increased glutamate for children with ASD. Adult studies are few and results are inconclusive. Overall, the literature has several limitations arising from differences in 1H-MRS methodology and sample demographics. We argue that more consistent methods and greater emphasis on phenotype studies will advance understanding of underlying cortical metabolite disturbance in ASD, and the detection, diagnosis, and treatment of ASD and other multi-dimensional psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talitha C Ford
- Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David P Crewther
- Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Croarkin PE, Nakonezny PA, Wall CA, Murphy LL, Sampson SM, Frye MA, Port JD. Transcranial magnetic stimulation potentiates glutamatergic neurotransmission in depressed adolescents. Psychiatry Res 2016; 247:25-33. [PMID: 26651598 PMCID: PMC4716879 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Abnormalities in glutamate neurotransmission may have a role in the pathophysiology of adolescent depression. The present pilot study examined changes in cortical glutamine/glutamate ratios in depressed adolescents receiving high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Ten adolescents with treatment-refractory major depressive disorder received up to 30 sessions of 10-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation at 120% motor threshold with 3000 pulses per session applied to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Baseline, posttreatment, and 6-month follow-up proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy scans of the anterior cingulate cortex and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex were collected at 3T with 8-cm(3) voxels. Glutamate metabolites were quantified with 2 distinct proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy sequences in each brain region. After repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and at 6 months of follow-up, glutamine/glutamate ratios increased in the anterior cingulate cortex and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with both measurements. The increase in the glutamine/glutamate ratio reached statistical significance with the TE-optimized PRESS sequence in the anterior cingulate cortex. Glutamine/glutamate ratios increased in conjunction with depressive symptom improvement. This reached statistical significance with the TE-optimized PRESS sequence in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation applied to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex may modulate glutamate neurochemistry in depressed adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Croarkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States.
| | - Paul A Nakonezny
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Biostatistics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | | | - Lauren L Murphy
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Shirlene M Sampson
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Mark A Frye
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - John D Port
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States; Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
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Birch R, Peet AC, Dehghani H, Wilson M. Influence of macromolecule baseline on 1 H MR spectroscopic imaging reproducibility. Magn Reson Med 2016; 77:34-43. [PMID: 26800478 PMCID: PMC5215417 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Poorly characterized macromolecular (MM) and baseline artefacts are known to reduce metabolite quantitation accuracy in 1H MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI). Increasing echo time (TE) and improvements in MM analysis schemes have both been proposed as strategies to improve metabolite measurement reliability. In this study, the influence of TE and two MM analysis schemes on MRSI reproducibility are investigated. Methods An experimentally acquired baseline was collected using an inversion recovery sequence (TI = 750 ms) and incorporated into the analysis method. Intrasubject reproducibility of MRSI scans, acquired at 3 Tesla, was assessed using metabolite coefficients of variance (COVs) for both experimentally acquired and simulated MM analysis schemes. In addition, the reproducibility of TE = 35 ms, 80 ms, and 144 ms was evaluated. Results TE = 80 ms was the most reproducible for singlet metabolites with COVs < 6% for total N‐acetyl‐aspartate, total creatine, and total choline; however, moderate multiplet dephasing was observed. Analysis incorporating the experimental baseline achieved higher Glu and Glx reproducibility at TE = 35 ms, and showed improvements over the simulated baseline, with higher efficacy for poorer data. Conclusion Overall, TE = 80 ms yielded the most reproducible singlet metabolite estimates. However, combined use of a short TE sequence and the experimental baseline may be preferred as a compromise between accuracy, multiplet dephasing, and T2 bias on metabolite estimates. Magn Reson Med 77:34–43, 2017. © 2016 The Authors Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Birch
- PSIBS Doctoral Training Centre, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Birmingham University Imaging Centre (BUIC), School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew C Peet
- Department of Oncology, Birmingham Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Hamid Dehghani
- School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, Kingdom
| | - Martin Wilson
- Birmingham University Imaging Centre (BUIC), School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Michou E, Williams S, Vidyasagar R, Downey D, Mistry S, Edden RAE, Hamdy S. fMRI and MRS measures of neuroplasticity in the pharyngeal motor cortex. Neuroimage 2015; 117:1-10. [PMID: 25976926 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Paired associative stimulation (PAS), is a novel non-invasive technique where two neural substrates are employed in a temporally coordinated manner in order to modulate cortico-motor excitability within the motor cortex (M1). In swallowing, combined pharyngeal electrical and transcranial-magnetic-stimulation induced beneficial neurophysiological and behavioural effects in healthy subjects and dysphagic stroke patients. Here, we aimed to investigate the whole-brain changes in neural activation during swallowing using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) following PAS application and in parallel assess associated GABA changes with magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). METHODS Healthy adults (n=11, 38±9years old) were randomised to receive real and sham PAS to the 'stronger' motor cortex pharyngeal representation, on 2 separate visits. Following PAS, event-related fMRI was performed to assess changes in brain activation in response to water and saliva swallowing and during rest. Data were analysed (SPM8) at P<.001. MRS data were acquired using MEGA-PRESS before and after the fMRI acquisitions on both visits and GABA concentrations were measured (AMARES, jMRUI). RESULTS Following real PAS, BOLD signal changes (group analyses) increased at the site of stimulation during water and saliva swallowing, compared to sham PAS. It is also evident that PAS induced significant increases in BOLD signal to contralateral (to stimulation) hemispheric areas that are of importance to the swallowing neural network. Following real PAS, GABA:creatine ratio showed a trend to increase contralateral to PAS. CONCLUSION Targeted PAS applied to the human pharyngeal motor cortex induces local and remote changes in both primary and non-primary areas for water and saliva tasks. There is a possibility that changes of the inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA, may play a role in the changes in BOLD signal. These findings provide evidence for the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of PAS on the brain swallowing network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Michou
- Centre for Gastrointestinal Sciences, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Clinical Sciences Building, Salford Royal Hospital (part of the Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre (MAHSC)), Eccles Old Road, Salford M6 8HD, UK.
| | - Steve Williams
- Centre for Imaging Science, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Rishma Vidyasagar
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Melbourne University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Darragh Downey
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Satish Mistry
- Centre for Gastrointestinal Sciences, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Clinical Sciences Building, Salford Royal Hospital (part of the Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre (MAHSC)), Eccles Old Road, Salford M6 8HD, UK
| | - Richard A E Edden
- FM Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shaheen Hamdy
- Centre for Gastrointestinal Sciences, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Clinical Sciences Building, Salford Royal Hospital (part of the Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre (MAHSC)), Eccles Old Road, Salford M6 8HD, UK
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45
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Abdel-Aziz K, Schneider T, Solanky BS, Yiannakas MC, Altmann DR, Wheeler-Kingshott CAM, Peters AL, Day BL, Thompson AJ, Ciccarelli O. Evidence for early neurodegeneration in the cervical cord of patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Brain 2015; 138:1568-82. [PMID: 25863355 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal neurodegeneration is an important determinant of disability progression in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Advanced imaging techniques, such as single-voxel (1)H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy and q-space imaging, have increased pathological specificity for neurodegeneration, but are challenging to implement in the spinal cord and have yet to be applied in early primary progressive multiple sclerosis. By combining these imaging techniques with new clinical measures, which reflect spinal cord pathology more closely than conventional clinical tests, we explored the potential for spinal magnetic resonance spectroscopy and q-space imaging to detect early spinal neurodegeneration that may be responsible for clinical disability. Data from 21 patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis within 6 years of disease onset, and 24 control subjects were analysed. Patients were clinically assessed on grip strength, vibration perception thresholds and postural stability, in addition to the Expanded Disability Status Scale, Nine Hole Peg Test, Timed 25-Foot Walk Test, Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale-12, and Modified Ashworth Scale. All subjects underwent magnetic resonance spectroscopy and q-space imaging of the cervical cord and conventional brain and spinal magnetic resonance imaging at 3 T. Multivariate analyses and multiple regression models were used to assess the differences in imaging measures between groups and the relationship between magnetic resonance imaging measures and clinical scores, correcting for age, gender, spinal cord cross-sectional area, brain T2 lesion volume, and brain white matter and grey matter volume fractions. Although patients did not show significant cord atrophy when compared with healthy controls, they had significantly lower total N-acetyl-aspartate (mean 4.01 versus 5.31 mmol/l, P = 0.020) and glutamate-glutamine (mean 4.65 versus 5.93 mmol/l, P = 0.043) than controls. Patients showed an increase in q-space imaging-derived indices of perpendicular diffusivity in both the whole cord and major columns compared with controls (P < 0.05 for all indices). Lower total N-acetyl-aspartate was associated with higher disability, as assessed by the Expanded Disability Status Scale (coefficient = -0.41, 0.01 < P < 0.05), Modified Ashworth Scale (coefficient = -3.78, 0.01 < P < 0.05), vibration perception thresholds (coefficient = -4.37, P = 0.021) and postural sway (P < 0.001). Lower glutamate-glutamine predicted increased postural sway (P = 0.017). Increased perpendicular diffusivity in the whole cord and columns was associated with increased scores on the Modified Ashworth Scale, vibration perception thresholds and postural sway (P < 0.05 in all cases). These imaging findings indicate reduced structural integrity of neurons, demyelination, and abnormalities in the glutamatergic pathways in the cervical cord of early primary progressive multiple sclerosis, in the absence of extensive spinal cord atrophy. The observed relationship between imaging measures and disability suggests that early spinal neurodegeneration may underlie clinical impairment, and should be targeted in future clinical trials with neuroprotective agents to prevent the development of progressive disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Abdel-Aziz
- 1 NMR Research Unit, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK 2 Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Torben Schneider
- 1 NMR Research Unit, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK 3 Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Bhavana S Solanky
- 1 NMR Research Unit, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK 3 Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Marios C Yiannakas
- 1 NMR Research Unit, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK 3 Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Dan R Altmann
- 1 NMR Research Unit, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK 4 Medical Statistics Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Claudia A M Wheeler-Kingshott
- 1 NMR Research Unit, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK 3 Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Amy L Peters
- 5 Sobell Department, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Brian L Day
- 5 Sobell Department, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Alan J Thompson
- 1 NMR Research Unit, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK 2 Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK 6 National Institute of Health Research, University College London Hospitals, Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Olga Ciccarelli
- 1 NMR Research Unit, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK 2 Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK 6 National Institute of Health Research, University College London Hospitals, Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
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46
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Riese F, Gietl A, Zölch N, Henning A, O'Gorman R, Kälin AM, Leh SE, Buck A, Warnock G, Edden RAE, Luechinger R, Hock C, Kollias S, Michels L. Posterior cingulate γ-aminobutyric acid and glutamate/glutamine are reduced in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and are unrelated to amyloid deposition and apolipoprotein E genotype. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 36:53-9. [PMID: 25169676 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The biomarker potential of the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) for the in vivo characterization of preclinical stages in Alzheimer's disease has not yet been explored. We measured GABA, glutamate + glutamine (Glx), and N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) levels by single-voxel MEGA-PRESS magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the posterior cingulate cortex of 21 elderly subjects and 15 patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Participants underwent Pittsburgh Compound B positron emission tomography, apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotyping, and neuropsychological examination. GABA, Glx, and NAA levels were significantly lower in patients. NAA was lower in Pittsburgh Compound B-positive subjects and APOE ε4 allele carriers. GABA, Glx, and NAA levels were positively correlated to CERAD word learning scores. Reductions in GABA, Glx, and NAA levels may serve as metabolic biomarkers for cognitive impairment in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Because GABA and Glx do not seem to reflect amyloid β deposition or APOE genotype, they are less likely biomarker candidates for preclinical Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Riese
- Division of Psychiatry Research and Psychogeriatric Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anton Gietl
- Division of Psychiatry Research and Psychogeriatric Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Niklaus Zölch
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anke Henning
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Max-Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ruth O'Gorman
- Center of MR-Research, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea M Kälin
- Division of Psychiatry Research and Psychogeriatric Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sandra E Leh
- Division of Psychiatry Research and Psychogeriatric Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alfred Buck
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Geoffrey Warnock
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Richard A E Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F.M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kenneddy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Roger Luechinger
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Hock
- Division of Psychiatry Research and Psychogeriatric Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Spyros Kollias
- Clinic of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lars Michels
- Clinic of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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47
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Wiebenga OT, Klauser AM, Nagtegaal GJA, Schoonheim MM, Barkhof F, Geurts JJG, Pouwels PJW. Longitudinal absolute metabolite quantification of white and gray matter regions in healthy controls using proton MR spectroscopic imaging. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2014; 27:304-11. [PMID: 24399803 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate quality parameters, metabolite concentrations and concentration ratios, and to investigate the reproducibility of quantitative proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging ((1)H-MRSI) of selected white and gray matter regions of healthy adults. 2D-quantitative short-TE (1)H-MRSI spectra were obtained at 1.5T from the healthy human brain. Subjects (n = 12) were scanned twice with an interval of six months. Absolute metabolite concentrations were obtained based on coil loading, taking into account differences in sensitivity of the phased-array head coil. Spectral quality parameters, absolute metabolite concentrations, concentration ratios, and their reproducibility were determined and compared between time-points using a repeated measures general linear model. The quality of the spectra of selected brain areas was good, as determined by a mean spectral linewidth between 4.8 and 7.3 Hz (depending on the region). No significant differences between the two time-points were observed for spectral quality, concentrations, or concentration ratios. The mean intrasubject coefficient of variation (CoV) varied between 4.0 and 8.5% for total N-acetylaspartate, 7.2 and 10.8% for total creatine, 5.9 and 9.8% for myo-inositol, and 8.0 and 13.3% for choline, and remained below 20% for glutamate. CoV was generally lower when concentration ratios were considered. The study shows that longitudinal quantitative short-TE (1)H-MRSI generates reproducible absolute metabolite concentrations in healthy human white and gray matter. This may serve as a background for longitudinal clinical studies in adult patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver T Wiebenga
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam and VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam and VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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48
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Resting-state glutamate and GABA concentrations predict task-induced deactivation in the default mode network. J Neurosci 2014; 33:18566-73. [PMID: 24259578 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1973-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Deactivation of the human brain's default mode network (DMN) is regarded as suppression of endogenous activity to support exogenous task-related processes. This phenomenon has important functional relevance and insufficient DMN deactivation has been implicated in several neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the neurochemical mechanism of the DMN's deactivation remains largely unknown. In the present study, we test the hypothesis that the major excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, glutamate and GABA, respectively, are associated with DMN deactivation. We used magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure neurotransmitter concentrations in the posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus (PCC/PCu), a key component of the DMN, and functional magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate DMN deactivation induced by an n-back working memory task. Our results demonstrate significant associations of glutamate and GABA with DMN deactivation. Specifically, high regional GABA concentration in the PCC/PCu area is associated with enhanced deactivation induced by the task in the same region, whereas high glutamate concentration is associated with reduced deactivation. Furthermore, the association between GABA and DMN deactivation increases with the cognitive loads. These neurochemical characteristics of DMN deactivation may provide novel insights toward better understanding of the DMN's functions under normal physiological conditions and dysfunctions in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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49
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Ramadan S, Lin A, Stanwell P. Glutamate and glutamine: a review of in vivo MRS in the human brain. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2013; 26:1630-46. [PMID: 24123328 PMCID: PMC3849600 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the roles that the amino acids glutamate (Glu) and glutamine (Gln) play in the mammalian central nervous system has increased rapidly in recent times. Many conditions are known to exhibit a disturbance in Glu-Gln equilibrium, and the exact relationships between these changed conditions and these amino acids are not fully understood. This has led to increased interest in Glu/Gln quantitation in the human brain in an array of conditions (e.g. mental illness, tumor, neuro-degeneration) as well as in normal brain function. Accordingly, this review has been undertaken to describe the increasing number of in vivo techniques available to study Glu and Gln separately, or pooled as 'Glx'. The present MRS methods used to assess Glu and Gln vary in approach, complexity, and outcome, thus the focus of this review is on a description of MRS acquisition approaches, and an indication of relative utility of each technique rather than brain pathologies associated with Glu and/or Gln perturbation. Consequently, this review focuses particularly on (1) one-dimensional (1)H MRS, (2) two-dimensional (1)H MRS, and (3) one-dimensional (13)C MRS techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saadallah Ramadan
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, Hunter Building, University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Alexander Lin
- Alexander Lin: Center for Clinical Spectroscopy, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 4 Blackfan Street, HIM-820, Boston MA 02115
| | - Peter Stanwell
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, Hunter Building, University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
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50
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Rae CD. A Guide to the Metabolic Pathways and Function of Metabolites Observed in Human Brain 1H Magnetic Resonance Spectra. Neurochem Res 2013; 39:1-36. [PMID: 24258018 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1199-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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