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Sun Y, Chen YL, Xu CP, Gao J, Feng Y, Wu QF. Disinfection of influenza a viruses by Hypocrellin a-mediated photodynamic inactivation. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 43:103674. [PMID: 37364664 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza A viruses can be transmitted indirectly by surviving on the surface of an object. Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is a promising approach for disinfection of pathogens. METHODS PDI was generated using Hypocrellin A (HA) and red light emitting diode (625-635 nm, 280 W/m2). Effects of the HA-mediated PDI on influenza viruses H1N1 and H3N2 were evaluated by the reduction of viral titers compared to virus control. After selection of the HA concentrations and illumination times, the applicability of PDI was assessed on surgical masks. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined using a 2'-7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate fluorescence probe. RESULTS In solution, 10 μM HA inactivated up to 5.11 ± 0.19 log10 TCID50 of H1N1 and 4.89 ± 0.38 log10 TCID50 of H3N2 by illumination for 5 and 30 min, respectively. When surgical masks were contaminated by virus before HA addition, PDI inactivated 99.99% (4.33 ± 0.34 log reduction) of H1N1 and 99.40% (2.22 ± 0.39 log reduction) of H3N2 under the selected condition. When the masks were pretreated with HA before virus addition, PDI decontaminated 99.92% (3.11 ± 0.19 log reduction) of H1N1 and 98.71% (1.89 ± 0.20 log reduction) of H3N2 virus. The fluorescence intensity of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein in photoactivated HA was significantly higher than the cell control (P > 0.05), indicating that HA efficiently generated ROS. CONCLUSIONS HA-mediated PDI is effective for the disinfection of influenza viruses H1N1 and H3N2. The approach could be an alternative to decontaminating influenza A viruses on the surfaces of objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu-Lu Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chang-Ping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Detection and Etiological Research of Zhejiang Province, Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Detection and Etiological Research of Zhejiang Province, Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Detection and Etiological Research of Zhejiang Province, Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Qiao-Feng Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Hepburn J, Williams-Lockhart S, Bensadoun RJ, Hanna R. A Novel Approach of Combining Methylene Blue Photodynamic Inactivation, Photobiomodulation and Oral Ingested Methylene Blue in COVID-19 Management: A Pilot Clinical Study with 12-Month Follow-Up. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2211. [PMID: 36358582 PMCID: PMC9686966 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus was first recognized in late 2019 and remains a significant threat. We therefore assessed the use of local methylene blue photodynamic viral inactivation (MB-PDI) in the oral and nasal cavities, in combination with the systemic anti-viral, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions of orally ingested methylene blue (MB) and photobiomodulation (PBM) for COVID-19 disease. The proposed protocol leverages the separate and combined effects of MB and 660nm red light emitted diode (LED) to comprehensively address the pathophysiological sequelae of COVID-19. A total of eight pilot subjects with COVID-19 disease were treated in the Bahamas over the period June 2021-August 2021, using a remote care program that was developed for this purpose. Although not a pre-requisite for inclusion, none of the subjects had received any COVID-19 vaccination prior to commencing the study. Clinical outcome assessment tools included serial cycle threshold measurements as a surrogate estimate of viral load; serial online questionnaires to document symptom response and adverse effects; and a one-year follow-up survey to assess long-term outcomes. All subjects received MB-PDI to target the main sites of viral entry in the nose and mouth. This was the central component of the treatment protocol with the addition of orally ingested MB and/or PBM based on clinical requirements. The mucosal surfaces were irradiated with 660 nm LED in a continuous emission mode at energy density of 49 J/cm2 for PDI and 4.9 J/cm2 for PBM. Although our pilot subjects had significant co-morbidities, extremely high viral loads and moderately severe symptoms during the Delta phase of the pandemic, the response to treatment was highly encouraging. Rapid reductions in viral loads were observed and negative PCR tests were documented within a median of 4 days. These laboratory findings occurred in parallel with significant clinical improvement, mostly within 12-24 h of commencing the treatment protocol. There were no significant adverse effects and none of the subjects who completed the protocol required in-patient hospitalization. The outcomes were similarly encouraging at one-year follow-up with virtual absence of "long COVID" symptoms or of COVID-19 re-infection. Our results indicate that the protocols may be a safe and promising approach to challenging COVID-19 disease. Moreover, due its broad spectrum of activity, this approach has the potential to address the prevailing and future COVID-19 variants and other infections transmitted via the upper respiratory tract. Extensive studies with a large cohort are warranted to validate our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Hepburn
- Luminnova Health, 34 Harbour Bay Plaza, East Bay Street, Nassau P.O. Box N-1081, Bahamas
| | | | - René Jean Bensadoun
- Centre De Haute Energie, Department of Oncology Radiology, 10 Boulevard Pasteur, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Reem Hanna
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, Laser Therapy Centre, University of Genoa, Vaile Benedetto XV, 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, UCL-Eastman Dental Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rockefeller Building, London WC1E 6DE, UK
- Department of Oral Surgery, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK
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Enwemeka CS, Bumah VV, Castel JC, Suess SL. Pulsed blue light, saliva and curcumin significantly inactivate human coronavirus. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2022; 227:112378. [PMID: 35085988 PMCID: PMC8713422 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In a recent study, we showed that pulsed blue light (PBL) inactivates as much as 52.3% of human beta coronavirus HCoV-OC43, a surrogate of SARS-CoV-2, and one of the major strains of viruses responsible for the annual epidemic of the common cold. Since curcumin and saliva are similarly antiviral and curcumin acts as blue light photosensitizer, we used Qubit fluorometry and WarmStart RT-LAMP assays to study the effect of combining 405 nm, 410 nm, 425 nm or 450 nm wavelengths of PBL with curcumin, saliva or a combination of curcumin and saliva against human beta coronavirus HCoV-OC43. The results showed that PBL, curcumin and saliva independently and collectively inactivate HCoV-OC43. Without saliva or curcumin supplementation 21.6 J/cm2 PBL reduced HCoV-OC43 RNA concentration a maximum of 32.8% (log10 = 2.13). Saliva supplementation alone inactivated the virus, reducing its RNA concentration by 61% (log10 = 2.23); with irradiation the reduction was as much as 79.1%. Curcumin supplementation alone decreased viral RNA 71.1%, and a maximum of 87.8% with irradiation. The combination of saliva and curcumin reduced viral RNA to 83.1% and decreased the RNA up to 90.2% with irradiation. The reduced levels could not be detected with qPCR. These findings show that PBL in the range of 405 nm to 450 nm wavelength is antiviral against human coronavirus HCoV-OC43, a surrogate of the COVID-19 virus. Further, it shows that with curcumin as a photosensitizer, it is possible to photodynamically inactivate the virus beyond qPCR detectable level using PBL. Since HCoV-OC43 is of the same beta coronavirus family as SARS-CoV-2, has the same genomic size, and is often used as its surrogate, these findings heighten the prospect of similarly inactivating novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukuka S Enwemeka
- College of Health and Human Services, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA; James Hope University, Lagos, Nigeria; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Violet V Bumah
- College of Health and Human Services, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Samantha L Suess
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
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The role of UV and blue light in photo-eradication of microorganisms. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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5
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Arentz J, von der Heide HJ. "Evaluation of methylene blue based photodynamic inactivation (PDI) against intracellular B-CoV and SARS-CoV2 viruses under different light sources in vitro as a basis for new local treatment strategies in the early phase of a Covid19 infection". Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 37:102642. [PMID: 34863949 PMCID: PMC8635689 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The local antiviral photodynamic inactivation (PDI) may prove to be a helpful tool reducing the viral load in the nose and throat area in the early phase of a Covid19 infection. Both the infectivity and the prognosis of SARS-CoV-2 infections in the early phase can depend on the viral load in this area. The aim of our study was to find a simplified PDI therapy option against corona viruses in this region with low dose methylene blue (MB) as photosensitizer and use of LED light instead of laser. As a substitute for SARS-CoV2 viruses we started with BCoV infected U373 cells first. We used an 810nm diode laser with 300mW/cm2 and 100J/cm2 light dose as well as a 590 nm LED and a broadband LED with irradiation intensity of 10,000 lx each (irradiation time 2.5 and 10 min) and concentrations of the sensitizer of 0.001% and 0.0001%. The 0.001% MB sensitizer experiments showed similar results with all exposures. The logarithmic reduction factor varied between ≥ 5.29 and ≥ 5.31, (0.001% MB sensitizer) and ≥ 4.6 and ≥ 5.31 (0.0001% MB) respectively. Extending the LED irradiation time from 2 to 5 and 10 minutes did not change these results. In contrast approaches of BCoV-infected cells in the dark, treated with 0.001% and 0.0001% MB sensitizer alone, a lot of residual viruses could be detected after 10 minutes of incubation (RF 0.9 and RF 1.23 for 0.001% MB and 0.0001% MB respectively) In our SARS-CoV-2 experiments with VERO E6 infected cells the irradiation time was reduced to 1, 2 and 3 minutes for both concentrations with increasing broadband LED radiation intensity from 20 to 50 and 100.000 lx. (RF 4.67 for 0.001% and 0.0001% respectively). This showed a minimum concentration of 0.0001%MB and a minimum radiation intensity of 20,000 lx leads to a 99.99% reduction of intracellular and extracellular viruses after one minute exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Arentz
- initiator and coordinator of the study, Hamburg Germany, author to whom correspondence should be
| | - H-J von der Heide
- initiator and coordinator of the study, Hamburg Germany, author to whom correspondence should be
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6
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Enwemeka CS, Bumah VV, Mokili JL. Pulsed blue light inactivates two strains of human coronavirus. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2021; 222:112282. [PMID: 34404018 PMCID: PMC8349404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that blue light has the potential to inactivate viruses. Therefore, we investigated the effect of 405 nm, 410 nm, 425 nm and 450 nm pulsed blue light (PBL) on human alpha coronavirus HCoV-229 E and human beta coronavirus HCoV-OC43, using Qubit fluorometry and RT-LAMP to quantitate the amount of nucleic acid in irradiated and control samples. Like SARS-CoV-2, HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43 are single stranded RNA viruses transmitted by air and direct contact; they have similar genomic sizes as SARS-CoV-2, and are used as surrogates for SARS-CoV-2. Irradiation was carried out either at 32.4 J cm-2 using 3 mW cm-2 irradiance or at 130 J cm-2 using 12 mW cm-2 irradiance. Results: (1) At each wavelength tested, PBL was antiviral against both coronaviruses. (2) 405 nm light gave the best result, yielding 52.3% (2.37 log10) inactivation against HCoV-OC43 (p < .0001), and a significant 1.46 log 10 (44%) inactivation of HCoV-229E (p < .01). HCoV-OC43, which like SARS-CoV-2 is a beta coronavirus, was more susceptible to PBL irradiation than alpha coronavirus HCoV-229E. The latter finding suggests that PBL is potentially antiviral against multiple coronavirus strains, and that, while its potency may vary from one virus to another, it seems more antiviral against beta coronaviruses, such as HCoV-OC43. (3) Further, the antiviral effect of PBL was better at a higher irradiance than a lower irradiance, and this indicates that with further refinement, a protocol capable of yielding 100% inactivation of viruses is attainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukuka S Enwemeka
- College of Health and Human Services, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Violet V Bumah
- College of Health and Human Services, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - John L Mokili
- Viral Information Institute, Department of Biology, College of Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
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Methylene Blue has a potent antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 and H1N1 influenza virus in the absence of UV-activation in vitro. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14295. [PMID: 34253743 PMCID: PMC8275569 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92481-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylene blue is an FDA (Food and Drug Administration) and EMA (European Medicines Agency) approved drug with an excellent safety profile. It displays broad-spectrum virucidal activity in the presence of UV light and has been shown to be effective in inactivating various viruses in blood products prior to transfusions. In addition, its use has been validated for methemoglobinemia and malaria treatment. In this study, we first evaluated the virucidal activity of methylene blue against influenza virus H1N1 upon different incubation times and in the presence or absence of light activation, and then against SARS-CoV-2. We further assessed the therapeutic activity of methylene blue by administering it to cells previously infected with SARS-CoV-2. Finally, we examined the effect of co-administration of the drug together with immune serum. Our findings reveal that methylene blue displays virucidal preventive or therapeutic activity against influenza virus H1N1 and SARS-CoV-2 at low micromolar concentrations and in the absence of UV-activation. We also confirm that MB antiviral activity is based on several mechanisms of action as the extent of genomic RNA degradation is higher in presence of light and after long exposure. Our work supports the interest of testing methylene blue in clinical studies to confirm a preventive and/or therapeutic efficacy against both influenza virus H1N1 and SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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8
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Tariq R, Khalid UA, Kanwal S, Adnan F, Qasim M. Photodynamic Therapy: A Rational Approach Toward COVID-19 Management. JOURNAL OF EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 000:000-000. [DOI: 10.14218/jerp.2020.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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9
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Ishiwata N, Tsunoi Y, Sarker RR, Haruyama Y, Kawauchi S, Sekine Y, Onuma C, Tsuda H, Saitoh D, Nishidate I, Sato S. Control of Burn Wound Infection by Methylene Blue-Mediated Photodynamic Treatment With Light-Emitting Diode Array Illumination in Rats. Lasers Surg Med 2021; 53:1238-1246. [PMID: 33655570 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Control of burn wound infection is difficult due to the increase in drug-resistant bacteria and deteriorated immune responses. In this study, we examined the usefulness of methylene blue (MB)-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) with illumination by a light-emitting diode (LED) array for controlling invasive infections from the wound to inside the body for rats with an extended deep burn infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS An MB solution with the addition of ethanol, ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic acid disodium salt, and dimethyl sulfoxide was used as a photosensitizer (PS). An extended deep burn was made on the dorsal skin in rats and the wounds were infected with P. aeruginosa. The rats were divided into three groups: control (no treatment; n = 14), PS mixture application alone (PS alone group; n = 10), and aPDT group (n = 14). For aPDT, after the PS mixture was applied onto the surface of infected wounds, the wounds were illuminated with a 665-nm LED array at an intensity of 45 mW/cm2 three times per treatment, with an illumination duration of 20 minutes and an interval of 10 minutes. The treatment was repeated each day for 7 consecutive days (day 0-day 6). Bacterial numbers on the wound surface and the weights and survival rates of the animals were evaluated daily. At the endpoints, bacterial numbers in the liver and blood were counted. Since the PS mixture showed high dark toxicity against P. aeruginosa in vitro, the influence of the PS mixture application onto healthy skin was also examined in vivo. RESULTS Even in the aPDT group, rapid bacterial regrowth was observed on the wound surface after each day's treatment, but the geometric mean values of the bacterial numbers before and after each aPDT were considerably lower than those in the control group. Application of the PS mixture alone showed a clear bactericidal effect only at day 0, which is attributable to the formation of biofilms after day 1. Rats in the aPDT group showed a smaller weight loss, a higher ratio of no bacterial migration at the endpoints, and significantly higher survival rates than those in the other two groups. Effects of repeated application of the PS mixture onto healthy skin were not evident. CONCLUSIONS Application of MB-mediated aPDT with illumination by a high-intensity LED array daily for seven consecutive days was effective for suppressing invasive infection from the wound to inside the body in rats with an extensive deep burn infected with P. aeruginosa, resulting in significant improvement of their survival. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Ishiwata
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Nakacho, Koganei, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Tsunoi
- Division of Bioinformation and Therapeutic Systems, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Roma Rani Sarker
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Nakacho, Koganei, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Yasue Haruyama
- Division of Bioinformation and Therapeutic Systems, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Satoko Kawauchi
- Division of Bioinformation and Therapeutic Systems, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Sekine
- Division of Basic Traumatology, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Chinami Onuma
- Department of Basic Pathology, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tsuda
- Department of Basic Pathology, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Daizoh Saitoh
- Division of Basic Traumatology, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Izumi Nishidate
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Nakacho, Koganei, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Shunichi Sato
- Division of Bioinformation and Therapeutic Systems, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
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Maliszewska I, Wanarska E, Thompson AC, Samuel IDW, Matczyszyn K. Biogenic Gold Nanoparticles Decrease Methylene Blue Photobleaching and Enhance Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26030623. [PMID: 33504099 PMCID: PMC7865674 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a growing concern that is driving the exploration of alternative ways of killing bacteria. Here we show that gold nanoparticles synthesized by the mycelium of Mucor plumbeus are an effective medium for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT). These particles are spherical in shape, uniformly distributed without any significant agglomeration, and show a single plasmon band at 522–523 nm. The nanoparticle sizes range from 13 to 25 nm, and possess an average size of 17 ± 4 nm. In PDT, light (from a source consisting of nine LEDs with a peak wavelength of 640 nm and FWMH 20 nm arranged in a 3 × 3 array), a photosensitiser (methylene blue), and oxygen are used to kill undesired cells. We show that the biogenic nanoparticles enhance the effectiveness of the photosensitiser, methylene blue, and so can be used to kill both Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria. The enhanced effectiveness means that we could kill these bacteria with a simple, small LED-based light source. We show that the biogenic gold nanoparticles prevent fast photobleaching, thereby enhancing the photoactivity of the methylene blue (MB) molecules and their bactericidal effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Maliszewska
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland;
- Correspondence: (I.M.); (K.M.); Tel.: +48-71-320-4008 (K.M.)
| | - Ewelina Wanarska
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Alex C. Thompson
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9AJ, UK; (A.C.T.); (I.D.W.S.)
| | - Ifor D. W. Samuel
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9AJ, UK; (A.C.T.); (I.D.W.S.)
| | - Katarzyna Matczyszyn
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
- Correspondence: (I.M.); (K.M.); Tel.: +48-71-320-4008 (K.M.)
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11
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Hanna R, Dalvi S, Sălăgean T, Pop ID, Bordea IR, Benedicenti S. Understanding COVID-19 Pandemic: Molecular Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutic Strategies. An Evidence-Based Review. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:13-56. [PMID: 33447071 PMCID: PMC7802346 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s282213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Initially, the SARS-CoV-2 virus was considered as a pneumonia virus; however, a series of peer reviewed medical papers published in the last eight months suggest that this virus attacks the brain, heart, intestine, nervous and vascular systems, as well the blood stream. Although many facts remain unknown, an objective appraisal of the current scientific literature addressing the latest progress on COVID-19 is required. The aim of the present study was to conduct a critical review of the literature, focusing on the current molecular structure of SARS-CoV-2 and prospective treatment modalities of COVID-19. The main objectives were to collect, scrutinize and objectively evaluate the current scientific evidence-based information, as well to provide an updated overview of the topic that is ongoing. The authors underlined potential prospective therapies, including vaccine and phototherapy, as a monotherapy or combined with current treatment modalities. The authors concluded that this review has produced high quality evidence, which can be utilized by the clinical scientific community for future reference, as the knowledge and understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 virus are evolving, in terms of its epidemiological, pathogenicity, and clinical manifestations, which ultimately map the strategic path, towards an effective and safe treatment and production of a reliable and potent vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Hanna
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, Laser Therapy Centre, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Oral Surgery, Dental Institute, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Snehal Dalvi
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, Laser Therapy Centre, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Periodontology, Swargiya Dadasaheb Kalmegh Smruti Dental College and Hospital, Nagpur, India
| | - Tudor Sălăgean
- Department of Land Measurements and Exact Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Delia Pop
- Department of Land Measurements and Exact Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Roxana Bordea
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Stefano Benedicenti
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, Laser Therapy Centre, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Jahani Sherafat S, Mokmeli S, Rostami-Nejad M, Razaghi Z, Rezaei Tavirani M, Razzaghi M. The Effectiveness of Photobiomudulation Therapy (PBMT) in COVID-19 Infection. J Lasers Med Sci 2020; 11:S23-S29. [PMID: 33995965 DOI: 10.34172/jlms.2020.s4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Currently, the COVID-19 pandemic is an important health challenge worldwide. Due to the cytokine storm, the mortality rate in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is high, but until now no therapy for these patients was approved. The aim of this review was to discuss the possible anti-inflammatory effect of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) on ARSD patients and present the potential role of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in the improvement of respiratory symptoms associated with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Methods: Studies about PBMT in inflammation and ARSD patients were examined. A primary search with reviewing English-language citations between 2005 and 2020 using the keywords COVID-19, ADRS, cytokine storm, low-level laser therapy, anti-inflammatory, and photobiomodulation was performed. The initial search yielded 818 articles; however, 60 articles were selected and discussed in the present study. Results: The results of the selected studies showed the usefulness of PBMT in the treatment of inflammation and ARSD in patients with COVID-19 infection. This therapy is non-invasive and safe to modulate the immune responses in ARSD patients. Conclusion: PBMT can potentially reduce the viral load and bacterial super-infections in patients with COVID-19 infection and control the inflammatory response. Therefore, the use of PBMT could be an efficient strategy for preventing severe and critical illness in SARS-COV2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Jahani Sherafat
- Laser Application in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheila Mokmeli
- Canadian Optic and Laser Center (Training Institute), Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Mohammad Rostami-Nejad
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Razaghi
- Laser Application in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammadreza Razzaghi
- Laser Application in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Ailioaie LM, Litscher G. Curcumin and Photobiomodulation in Chronic Viral Hepatitis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197150. [PMID: 32998270 PMCID: PMC7582680 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune modulation is a very modern medical field for targeting viral infections. In the race to develop the best immune modulator against viruses, curcumin, as a natural product, is inexpensive, without side effects, and can stimulate very well certain areas of the human immune system. As a bright yellow component of turmeric spice, curcumin has been the subject of thousands of scientific and clinical studies in recent decades to prove its powerful antioxidant properties and anticancer effects. Curcumin has been shown to influence inter- and intracellular signaling pathways, with direct effects on gene expression of the antioxidant proteins and those that regulate the immunity. Experimental studies have shown that curcumin modulates several enzyme systems, reduces nitrosative stress, increases the antioxidant capacity, and decreases the lipid peroxidation, protecting against fatty liver pathogenesis and fibrotic changes. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) affects millions of people worldwide, having sometimes a dramatic evolution to chronic aggressive infection, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. All up-to-date treatments are limited, there is still a gap in the scientific knowledge, and a sterilization cure may not yet be possible with the removal of both covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) and the embedded HBV DNA. With a maximum light absorption at 420 nm, the cytotoxicity of curcumin as photosensitizer could be expanded by the intravenous blue laser blood irradiation (IVBLBI) or photobiomodulation in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection, Hepatitis B e-antigen (HBeAg)-positive, noncirrhotic, but nonresponsive to classical therapy. Photobiomodulation increases DNA repair by the biosynthesis of complex molecules with antioxidant properties, the outset of repairing enzyme systems and new phospholipids for regenerating the cell membranes. UltraBioavailable Curcumin and blue laser photobiomodulation could suppress the virus and control better the disease by reducing inflammation/fibrosis and stopping the progression of chronic hepatitis, reversing fibrosis, and diminishing the progression of cirrhosis, and decreasing the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Photodynamic therapy with blue light and curcumin opens new avenues for the effective prevention and cure of chronic liver infections and hepatocellular carcinoma. Blue laser light and UltraBioavailable Curcumin could be a new valuable alternative for medical applications in chronic B viral hepatitis and hepatocarcinoma, saving millions of lives.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/therapeutic use
- Antioxidants/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/etiology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/radiotherapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/virology
- Curcumin/therapeutic use
- DNA Repair/radiation effects
- DNA, Circular/antagonists & inhibitors
- DNA, Circular/genetics
- DNA, Circular/metabolism
- DNA, Viral/antagonists & inhibitors
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- DNA, Viral/metabolism
- Hepatitis B e Antigens/genetics
- Hepatitis B e Antigens/immunology
- Hepatitis B virus/drug effects
- Hepatitis B virus/growth & development
- Hepatitis B virus/pathogenicity
- Hepatitis B virus/radiation effects
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/complications
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/drug therapy
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/radiotherapy
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/virology
- Humans
- Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/pathology
- Liver/radiation effects
- Liver Cirrhosis/drug therapy
- Liver Cirrhosis/etiology
- Liver Cirrhosis/radiotherapy
- Liver Cirrhosis/virology
- Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/etiology
- Liver Neoplasms/radiotherapy
- Liver Neoplasms/virology
- Low-Level Light Therapy/methods
- Photosensitizing Agents/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marinela Ailioaie
- Department of Medical Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 11 Carol I Boulevard, 700506 Iasi, Romania;
- Ultramedical & Laser Clinic, 83 Arcu Street, 700135 Iasi, Romania
| | - Gerhard Litscher
- Research Unit of Biomedical Engineering in Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Research Unit for Complementary and Integrative Laser Medicine, and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Research Center Graz, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 39, 8036 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-316-385-83907
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14
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Enwemeka CS, Bumah VV, Masson-Meyers DS. Light as a potential treatment for pandemic coronavirus infections: A perspective. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 207:111891. [PMID: 32388486 PMCID: PMC7194064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The recent outbreak of COVID-19, which continues to ravage communities with high death tolls and untold psychosocial and catastrophic economic consequences, is a vivid reminder of nature's capacity to defy contemporary healthcare. The pandemic calls for rapid mobilization of every potential clinical tool, including phototherapy—one of the most effective treatments used to reduce the impact of the 1918 “Spanish influenza” pandemic. This paper cites several studies showing that phototherapy has immense potential to reduce the impact of coronavirus diseases, and offers suggested ways that the healthcare industry can integrate modern light technologies in the fight against COVID-19 and other infections. The evidence shows that violet/blue (400–470 nm) light is antimicrobial against numerous bacteria, and that it accounts for Niels Ryberg Finsen's Nobel-winning treatment of tuberculosis. Further evidence shows that blue light inactivates several viruses, including the common flu coronavirus, and that in experimental animals, red and near infrared light reduce respiratory disorders, similar to those complications associated with coronavirus infection. Moreover, in patients, red light has been shown to alleviate chronic obstructive lung disease and bronchial asthma. These findings call for urgent efforts to further explore the clinical value of light, and not wait for another pandemic to serve as a reminder. The ubiquity of inexpensive light emitting lasers and light emitting diodes (LEDs), makes it relatively easy to develop safe low-cost light-based devices with the potential to reduce infections, sanitize equipment, hospital facilities, emergency care vehicles, homes, and the general environment as pilot studies have shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukuka Samuel Enwemeka
- College of Health and Human Services, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
| | - Violet Vakunseh Bumah
- College of Health and Human Services, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA 92182, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Sciences, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
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15
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Helfritz FA, Bojkova D, Wanders V, Kuklinski N, Westhaus S, von Horn C, Rauen U, Gallinat A, Baba HA, Skyschally A, Swoboda S, Kinast V, Steinmann E, Heusch G, Minor T, Meuleman P, Paul A, Ciesek S. Methylene Blue Treatment of Grafts During Cold Ischemia Time Reduces the Risk of Hepatitis C Virus Transmission. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:1711-1721. [PMID: 29939277 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although organ shortage is a rising problem, organs from hepatitis C virus (HCV) ribonucleic acid (RNA)-positive donors are not routinely transplanted in HCV-negative individuals. Because HCV only infects hepatocytes, other organs such as kidneys are merely contaminated with HCV via the blood. In this study, we established a protocol to reduce HCV virions during the cold ischemic time. Methods Standard virological assays were used to investigate the effect of antivirals, including methylene blue (MB), in different preservation solutions. Kidneys from mini pigs were contaminated with Jc1 or HCV RNA-positive human serum. Afterwards, organs were flushed with MB. Hypothermic machine perfusion was used to optimize reduction of HCV. Results Three different antivirals were investigated for their ability to inactivate HCV in vitro. Only MB completely inactivated HCV in the presence of all perfusion solutions. Hepatitis C virus-contaminated kidneys from mini pigs were treated with MB and hypothermic machine perfusion without any negative effect on the graft. Human liver-uPA-SCID mice did not establish HCV infection after inoculation with flow through from these kidneys. Conclusions This proof-of-concept study is a first step to reduce transmission of infectious HCV particles in the transplant setting and might serve as a model for other relevant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian A Helfritz
- General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Denisa Bojkova
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Verena Wanders
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Nina Kuklinski
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Sandra Westhaus
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Charlotte von Horn
- General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Ursula Rauen
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Anja Gallinat
- General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Hideo A Baba
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Andreas Skyschally
- Institute of Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Sandra Swoboda
- General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Volker Kinast
- Institute of Experimental Virology, Twincore, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Institute of Experimental Virology, Twincore, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Gerd Heusch
- Institute of Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas Minor
- General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Philip Meuleman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Andreas Paul
- General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Sandra Ciesek
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), External Partner Site Essen, Germany
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16
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Galasso M, Feld JJ, Watanabe Y, Pipkin M, Summers C, Ali A, Qaqish R, Chen M, Ribeiro RVP, Ramadan K, Pires L, Bagnato VS, Kurachi C, Cherepanov V, Moonen G, Gazzalle A, Waddell TK, Liu M, Keshavjee S, Wilson BC, Humar A, Cypel M. Inactivating hepatitis C virus in donor lungs using light therapies during normothermic ex vivo lung perfusion. Nat Commun 2019; 10:481. [PMID: 30696822 PMCID: PMC6351537 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08261-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Availability of organs is a limiting factor for lung transplantation, leading to substantial mortality rates on the wait list. Use of organs from donors with transmissible viral infections, such as hepatitis C virus (HCV), would increase organ donation, but these organs are generally not offered for transplantation due to a high risk of transmission. Here, we develop a method for treatment of HCV-infected human donor lungs that prevents HCV transmission. Physical viral clearance in combination with germicidal light-based therapies during normothermic ex-vivo Lung Perfusion (EVLP), a method for assessment and treatment of injured donor lungs, inactivates HCV virus in a short period of time. Such treatment is shown to be safe using a large animal EVLP-to-lung transplantation model. This strategy of treating viral infection in a donor organ during preservation could significantly increase the availability of organs for transplantation and encourages further clinical development. Organs from donors with transmissible viral infections, such as hepatitis C virus (HCV), are not offered for transplantation due to a high risk of transmission. Here, Galasso et al. develop a method for treatment of HCV-infected human donor lungs that is safe and prevents HCV transmission in the pig model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Galasso
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 2C4, ON, Canada
| | - Jordan J Feld
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, M5G 2C4, ON, Canada.
| | - Yui Watanabe
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 2C4, ON, Canada
| | - Mauricio Pipkin
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 2C4, ON, Canada
| | - Cara Summers
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 2C4, ON, Canada
| | - Aadil Ali
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 2C4, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Qaqish
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 2C4, ON, Canada
| | - Manyin Chen
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 2C4, ON, Canada
| | - Rafaela V P Ribeiro
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 2C4, ON, Canada
| | - Khaled Ramadan
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 2C4, ON, Canada
| | - Layla Pires
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 2C4, ON, Canada
| | - Vanderlei S Bagnato
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo Brazil, São Paulo, 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Cristina Kurachi
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo Brazil, São Paulo, 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Vera Cherepanov
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, M5G 2C4, ON, Canada
| | - Gray Moonen
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 2C4, ON, Canada
| | - Anajara Gazzalle
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 2C4, ON, Canada
| | - Thomas K Waddell
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 2C4, ON, Canada
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 2C4, ON, Canada
| | - Shaf Keshavjee
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 2C4, ON, Canada
| | - Brian C Wilson
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Atul Humar
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 2C4, ON, Canada
| | - Marcelo Cypel
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 2C4, ON, Canada. .,Multi-Organ Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 2C4, ON, Canada.
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17
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Gravemann U, Handke W, Sumian C, Alvarez I, Reichenberg S, Müller TH, Seltsam A. Plasma temperature during methylene blue/light treatment influences virus inactivation capacity and product quality. Vox Sang 2018; 113:368-377. [DOI: 10.1111/vox.12643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- U. Gravemann
- German Red Cross Blood Service NSTOB; Springe Germany
| | - W. Handke
- German Red Cross Blood Service NSTOB; Springe Germany
| | | | | | | | - T. H. Müller
- German Red Cross Blood Service NSTOB; Springe Germany
| | - A. Seltsam
- German Red Cross Blood Service NSTOB; Springe Germany
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18
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[Human immunodeficiency virus: position of Blood Working Group of the Federal Ministry of Health]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2016; 58:1351-70. [PMID: 26487384 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-015-2255-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Transfus Med Hemother 2016; 43:203-22. [PMID: 27403093 PMCID: PMC4924471 DOI: 10.1159/000445852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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20
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Costa L, Esteves AC, Correia A, Moreirinha C, Delgadillo I, Cunha Â, Neves MGPS, Faustino MAF, Almeida A. SDS-PAGE and IR spectroscopy to evaluate modifications in the viral protein profile induced by a cationic porphyrinic photosensitizer. J Virol Methods 2014; 209:103-9. [PMID: 25241141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species can be responsible for microbial photodynamic inactivation due to its toxic effects, which include severe damage to proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. In this study, the photo-oxidative modifications of the proteins of a non-enveloped T4-like bacteriophage, induced by the cationic porphyrin 5,10,15-tris(1-methylpyridinium-4-yl)-20-(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin tri-iodide were evaluated. Two methods were used: sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and infrared spectroscopy. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the phage protein profile was considerably altered after photodynamic treatment. Seven protein bands putatively corresponding to capsid and tail tube proteins were attenuated and two other were enhanced. Infrared spectroscopy confirmed the time-dependent alteration on the phage protein profile detected by SDS-PAGE, indicative of a response to oxidative damage. Infrared analysis showed to be a promising and rapid screening approach for the analysis of the modifications induced on viral proteins by photosensitization. In fact, one single infrared spectrum can highlight the changes induced to all viral molecular structures, overcoming the delays and complex protocols of the conventional methods, in a much simple and cost effective way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Costa
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Cristina Esteves
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - António Correia
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Catarina Moreirinha
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ivonne Delgadillo
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ângela Cunha
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria G P S Neves
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria A F Faustino
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Adelaide Almeida
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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21
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Squillace DM, Zhao Z, Call GM, Gao J, Yao JQ. Viral Inactivation of Human Osteochondral Grafts with Methylene Blue and Light. Cartilage 2014; 5:28-36. [PMID: 26069682 PMCID: PMC4297095 DOI: 10.1177/1947603513509650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cartilage injury is one of the most common disorders of synovial joints. Fresh osteochondral allografts are becoming a standard treatment; however, they are supply constrained with a potential risk of disease transmission. There are no known virucidal processes available for osteochondral allografts and most methods presently available are detrimental to cartilage. Methylene blue light treatment has been shown to be successful in the literature for viral inactivation of fresh frozen plasma. The purpose of this study was to determine the capacity of methylene blue light treatment to inactivate a panel of clinically relevant viruses inoculated onto osteochondral allografts. DESIGN Osteochondral grafts recovered from human cadaveric knees were inoculated with one of the following viruses: bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), hepatitis A virus (HAV), human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), porcine parvovirus (PPV), and pseudorabies virus (PrV). The samples were processed through a methylene blue light treatment, which consisted of an initial soak in nonilluminated circulating methylene blue at ambient temperature, followed by light exposure with circulating methylene blue at cool temperatures. The final titer was compared with the recovery control for the viral log reduction. RESULTS HIV-1, BVDV, and PrV were reduced to nondetectable levels while HAV and PPV were reduced by 3.1 and 5.6 logs, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The methylene blue light treatment was effective in reducing (a) enveloped DNA and RNA viruses to nondetectable levels and (b) nonenveloped DNA and RNA viruses of inoculated human osteochondral grafts by 3.1 to 5.6 logs. This study demonstrates the first practical method for significantly reducing viral load in osteochondral implants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhixing Zhao
- Research, Zimmer Orthobiologics, Inc., Austin, TX, USA
| | - Gazell M Call
- Research, Zimmer Orthobiologics, Inc., Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jizong Gao
- Research, Zimmer Orthobiologics, Inc., Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jian Q Yao
- Research and Development, Asia Pacific Region, Zimmer, Inc., Shanghai, China
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22
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Vatansever F, Ferraresi C, de Sousa MVP, Yin R, Rineh A, Sharma SK, Hamblin MR. Can biowarfare agents be defeated with light? Virulence 2013; 4:796-825. [PMID: 24067444 PMCID: PMC3925713 DOI: 10.4161/viru.26475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological warfare and bioterrorism is an unpleasant fact of 21st century life. Highly infectious and profoundly virulent diseases may be caused in combat personnel or in civilian populations by the appropriate dissemination of viruses, bacteria, spores, fungi, or toxins. Dissemination may be airborne, waterborne, or by contamination of food or surfaces. Countermeasures may be directed toward destroying or neutralizing the agents outside the body before infection has taken place, by destroying the agents once they have entered the body before the disease has fully developed, or by immunizing susceptible populations against the effects. A range of light-based technologies may have a role to play in biodefense countermeasures. Germicidal UV (UVC) is exceptionally active in destroying a wide range of viruses and microbial cells, and recent data suggests that UVC has high selectivity over host mammalian cells and tissues. Two UVA mediated approaches may also have roles to play; one where UVA is combined with titanium dioxide nanoparticles in a process called photocatalysis, and a second where UVA is combined with psoralens (PUVA) to produce "killed but metabolically active" microbial cells that may be particularly suitable for vaccines. Many microbial cells are surprisingly sensitive to blue light alone, and blue light can effectively destroy bacteria, fungi, and Bacillus spores and can treat wound infections. The combination of photosensitizing dyes such as porphyrins or phenothiaziniums and red light is called photodynamic therapy (PDT) or photoinactivation, and this approach cannot only kill bacteria, spores, and fungi, but also inactivate viruses and toxins. Many reports have highlighted the ability of PDT to treat infections and stimulate the host immune system. Finally pulsed (femtosecond) high power lasers have been used to inactivate pathogens with some degree of selectivity. We have pointed to some of the ways light-based technology may be used to defeat biological warfare in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Vatansever
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston MA USA
- Harvard Medical School; Department of Dermatology; Boston, MA USA
| | - Cleber Ferraresi
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston MA USA
- Laboratory of Electro-thermo-phototherapy; Department of Physical Therapy; Federal University of São Carlos; São Paulo, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology; Federal University of São Carlos; São Paulo, Brazil
- Optics Group; Physics Institute of Sao Carlos; University of São Paulo; São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Victor Pires de Sousa
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston MA USA
- Laboratory of Radiation Dosimetry and Medical Physics; Institute of Physics, São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rui Yin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston MA USA
- Harvard Medical School; Department of Dermatology; Boston, MA USA
- Department of Dermatology; Southwest Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing, PR China
| | - Ardeshir Rineh
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston MA USA
- School of Chemistry; University of Wollongong; Wollongong, NSW Australia
| | - Sulbha K Sharma
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston MA USA
- Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology; Indore, India
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston MA USA
- Harvard Medical School; Department of Dermatology; Boston, MA USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology; Cambridge, MA USA
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García-Sánchez MA, Rojas-González F, Menchaca-Campos EC, Tello-Solís SR, Quiroz-Segoviano RIY, Diaz-Alejo LA, Salas-Bañales E, Campero A. Crossed and linked histories of tetrapyrrolic macrocycles and their use for engineering pores within sol-gel matrices. Molecules 2013; 18:588-653. [PMID: 23292327 PMCID: PMC6270341 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18010588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The crossed and linked histories of tetrapyrrolic macrocycles, interwoven with new research discoveries, suggest that Nature has found in these structures a way to ensure the continuity of life. For diverse applications porphyrins or phthalocyanines must be trapped inside solid networks, but due to their nature, these compounds cannot be introduced by thermal diffusion; the sol-gel method makes possible this insertion through a soft chemical process. The methodologies for trapping or bonding macrocycles inside pristine or organo-modified silica or inside ZrO₂ xerogels were developed by using phthalocyanines and porphyrins as molecular probes. The sizes of the pores formed depend on the structure, the cation nature, and the identities and positions of peripheral substituents of the macrocycle. The interactions of the macrocyclic molecule and surface Si-OH groups inhibit the efficient displaying of the macrocycle properties and to avoid this undesirable event, strategies such as situating the macrocycle far from the pore walls or to exchange the Si-OH species by alkyl or aryl groups have been proposed. Spectroscopic properties are better preserved when long unions are established between the macrocycle and the pore walls, or when oligomeric macrocyclic species are trapped inside each pore. When macrocycles are trapped inside organo-modified silica, their properties result similar to those displayed in solution and their intensities depend on the length of the alkyl chain attached to the matrix. These results support the prospect of tuning up the pore size, surface area, and polarity inside the pore cavities in order to prepare efficient catalytic, optical, sensoring, and medical systems. The most important feature is that research would confirm again that tetrapyrrolic macrocycles can help in the development of the authentic pore engineering in materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A García-Sánchez
- Departamento de Quimica, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Vicentina, D. F. 09340, Mexico.
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24
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Steinmann E, Gravemann U, Friesland M, Doerrbecker J, Müller TH, Pietschmann T, Seltsam A. Two pathogen reduction technologies--methylene blue plus light and shortwave ultraviolet light--effectively inactivate hepatitis C virus in blood products. Transfusion 2012; 53:1010-8. [PMID: 22905868 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2012.03858.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contamination of blood products with hepatitis C virus (HCV) can cause infections resulting in acute and chronic liver diseases. Pathogen reduction methods such as photodynamic treatment with methylene blue (MB) plus visible light as well as irradiation with shortwave ultraviolet (UVC) light were developed to inactivate viruses and other pathogens in plasma and platelet concentrates (PCs), respectively. So far, their inactivation capacities for HCV have only been tested in inactivation studies using model viruses for HCV. Recently, a HCV infection system for the propagation of infectious HCV in cell culture was developed. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Inactivation studies were performed with cell culture-derived HCV and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), a model for HCV. Plasma units or PCs were spiked with high titers of cell culture-grown viruses. After treatment of the blood units with MB plus light (Theraflex MB-Plasma system, MacoPharma) or UVC (Theraflex UV-Platelets system, MacoPharma), residual viral infectivity was assessed using sensitive cell culture systems. RESULTS HCV was sensitive to inactivation by both pathogen reduction procedures. HCV in plasma was efficiently inactivated by MB plus light below the detection limit already by 1/12 of the full light dose. HCV in PCs was inactivated by UVC irradiation with a reduction factor of more than 5 log. BVDV was less sensitive to the two pathogen reduction methods. CONCLUSIONS Functional assays with human HCV offer an efficient tool to directly assess the inactivation capacity of pathogen reduction procedures. Pathogen reduction technologies such as MB plus light treatment and UVC irradiation have the potential to significantly reduce transfusion-transmitted HCV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eike Steinmann
- Division of Experimental Virology, Twincore, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
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25
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Costa L, Faustino MAF, Neves MGPMS, Cunha Â, Almeida A. Photodynamic inactivation of mammalian viruses and bacteriophages. Viruses 2012; 4:1034-74. [PMID: 22852040 PMCID: PMC3407894 DOI: 10.3390/v4071034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) has been used to inactivate microorganisms through the use of photosensitizers. The inactivation of mammalian viruses and bacteriophages by photosensitization has been applied with success since the first decades of the last century. Due to the fact that mammalian viruses are known to pose a threat to public health and that bacteriophages are frequently used as models of mammalian viruses, it is important to know and understand the mechanisms and photodynamic procedures involved in their photoinactivation. The aim of this review is to (i) summarize the main approaches developed until now for the photodynamic inactivation of bacteriophages and mammalian viruses and, (ii) discuss and compare the present state of the art of mammalian viruses PDI with phage photoinactivation, with special focus on the most relevant mechanisms, molecular targets and factors affecting the viral inactivation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Costa
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (L.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Maria Amparo F. Faustino
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.A.F.F.); (M.G.P.M.S.N.)
| | - Maria Graça P. M. S. Neves
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.A.F.F.); (M.G.P.M.S.N.)
| | - Ângela Cunha
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (L.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Adelaide Almeida
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (L.C.); (A.C.)
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26
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Endarko E, Maclean M, Timoshkin IV, MacGregor SJ, Anderson JG. High-Intensity 405 nm Light Inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 88:1280-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01173.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Lin SL, Hu JM, Tang SS, Wu XY, Chen ZQ, Tang SZ. Photodynamic inactivation of methylene blue and tungsten-halogen lamp light against food pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 88:985-91. [PMID: 22469298 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01154.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to verify the bactericidal effect and the damage of photodynamic inactivation (PDI) using methylene blue (MB) and tungsten-halogen lamp over Listeria monocytogenes via atomic force microscopy, absorption spectrophotometry, agarose gel electrophoresis, real-time PCR and SDS-PAGE. The obtained data indicated that the viability of L. monocytogenes was ca 7-log reduced by illumination with 10 min tungsten-halogen lamp light under the presence of 0.5 μg mL(-1) MB, and this bactericidal activity against L. monocytogenes of PDI increased proportionally to the concentration of MB and the duration of irradiation. Moreover, after irradiation with MB and visible light, the leakage of intracellular contents was estimated by spectrophotometer at OD(260) and OD(280), which correlated with morphological alterations. Furthermore, genomic DNA cleavage and protein degradation were also detected after PDI treatment. Consequently, breakage of the membrane, damage of the genomic DNA and degradation of bacterial proteins may play an important role in the mechanisms involved in PDI-MB bactericidal activity on L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-ling Lin
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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28
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Seghatchian J, Struff WG, Reichenberg S. Main Properties of the THERAFLEX MB-Plasma System for Pathogen Reduction. Transfus Med Hemother 2011; 38:55-64. [PMID: 21779206 PMCID: PMC3132980 DOI: 10.1159/000323786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylene blue (MB) treated plasma has been in clinical use for 18 years. The current THERAFLEX MB-Plasma has a number of improved features compared with the original Springe methodology. This overview embodies: the biochemical characteristics of MB, the mechanism of the technology, toxicology, pathogen reduction capacity, current position in clinical setting and status within Europe. The THERAFLEX MB (TMB) procedure is a robust, well standardised system lending itself to transfusion setting and meets the current guidelines. The pathogen kill power of the TMB system, like the other available technologies, is not limitless, probably in order of 6 log for most enveloped viruses and considerably less for non-enveloped ones. It does not induce either new antigen or grossly reducing the function and life span of active principle in fresh frozen plasma (FFP). The removal of the residual MB at the end of the process has the beneficial effect of reducing potential toxic impacts. Clinical haemovigilance data, so far, indicate that cell-free MB plasma is effective in all therapeutic setting requiring FFP, besides inconsistent thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura data, without serious side-effects or toxicity. The current system is in continuous improvement e.g. regarding virus reduction range, illumination device, software used, and process integration in the blood bank setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerard Seghatchian
- Blood Components Technology & Haemostasis/Thrombosis Consultancy, London, UK
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29
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Wong TW, Huang HJ, Wang YF, Lee YP, Huang CC, Yu CK. Methylene blue-mediated photodynamic inactivation as a novel disinfectant of enterovirus 71. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010; 65:2176-82. [PMID: 20719762 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkq301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We tested whether methylene blue, an inexpensive and safe photosensitizer, is feasible for photodynamic inactivation of enterovirus 71 (EV71) in the environment. METHODS By escalating light doses and photosensitizer concentrations, photoinactivation of EV71 and other enteroviruses was examined in vitro. Viral transmission in the environment was simulated with a neonatal mouse model in vivo. Possible mechanisms were analysed with alterations of viral DNA and proteins after treatments. RESULTS Photodynamic inactivation of EV71 in suspensions occurred in a dose-dependent manner. The optimal condition for photoinactivating EV71 required a light dose of 200 J/cm(2) in the presence of methylene blue. This photodynamic condition was also able to inactivate other enteroviruses, including poliovirus 1 and coxsackieviruses A2, A3, A16 and B3. In an imitation environment, EV71 spread on a solid surface was inactivated by methylene blue-mediated photodynamic inactivation and prevented EV71 transmission to mice. Western blot and RT-PCR analysis indicated that both the viral proteins and the genome were disrupted after photodynamic inactivation. CONCLUSIONS Methylene blue-mediated photodynamic inactivation may provide a novel way to eliminate environmentally contaminated sources of EV71 to prevent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tak-Wah Wong
- Department of Dermatology, Graduated Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Medical College and Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Choi SS, Lee HK, Chae HS. In vitro photodynamic antimicrobial activity of methylene blue and endoscopic white light against Helicobacter pylori 26695. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2010; 101:206-9. [PMID: 20692848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Revised: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a method for inactivating cells (viral, bacterial and cancer cells) using photosensitizers (PS) and light of various wavelengths. Helicobacter pylori might be easily affected by light because it has few genes to repair light-induced DNA damage. In vitro PDT against H. pylori was conducted using endoscopic white light and methylene blue (MB) as the PS before application to in vivo study. The bactericidal effects were measured by counting viable cells after PDT. The degree of oxidative damage of DNA was confirmed using alkaline gel electrophoresis, real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and an assay of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). In the control group, the number of viable cells was maintained constantly during the experiment. In the groups treated with either 0.2mg/mlMB alone or white light with 0.02mg/mlMB for 10min, bacteria decreased approximately a hundredfold. The killing effect increased proportionally to the PS concentration and the duration of irradiation. DNA damage by PDT proven by alkaline gel electrophoresis, RT-PCR and assay of 8-OHdG, was greater in PDT-treated groups than in control. PDT using MB and endoscopic white light showed effective bactericidal activity in vitro by oxidative DNA damage of H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Sook Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul, South Korea
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31
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Yin H, Li Y, Zheng Y, Ye X, Li C, Zou Z, Zhao Y. Retraction: ANTI-HIV-1 Activities of Photodynamic Therapy Using Hematoporphyrin Monomethyl Ether. Photochem Photobiol 2010; 86:994. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00698.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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Hossain M, Suresh Kumar G. DNA intercalation of methylene blue and quinacrine: new insights into base and sequence specificity from structural and thermodynamic studies with polynucleotides. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2009; 5:1311-22. [PMID: 19823747 DOI: 10.1039/b909563b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The binding of the known DNA intercalators methylene blue and quinacrine with four sequence specific polynucleotides, viz. poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC), poly(dG).poly(dC), poly(dA-dT).poly(dA-dT) and poly(dA).poly(dT), have been compared using absorbance, fluorescence, competition dialysis and thermal melting and the thermodynamic aspects of the interaction studied. In all the cases, non-cooperative binding phenomena obeying neighbor exclusion principle was observed though the affinity was remarkably higher for quinacrine and the nature of the binding was characterized to be true intercalation. The data on the salt dependence of binding derived from the plot of log Kvs. log[Na(+)] revealed a slope of around 1.0, consistent with the values predicted by the theories for the binding of monovalent cations, and contained contributions from polyelectrolytic and non-polyelectrolytic forces. The bindings were characterized by strong stabilization of the polynucleotides against thermal strand separation in both optical melting as well as differential scanning calorimetry studies. The data analyzed from the thermal melting and isothermal titration calorimetry studies were in close proximity to those obtained from absorption spectral titration data. Isothermal titration calorimetry results revealed the bindings to poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC), poly(dG).poly(dC) and poly(dA-dT).poly(dA-dT) to be exothermic and favoured by both negative enthalpy and large favourable positive entropy changes, while that to poly(dA).poly(dT) was endothermic and entropy driven. The heat capacity changes obtained from temperature dependence of enthalpy gave negative values to all polynucleotides. New insights on the molecular aspects of interaction of these molecules to DNA have emerged from these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maidul Hossain
- Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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Inactivation of bacterial pathogens following exposure to light from a 405-nanometer light-emitting diode array. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:1932-7. [PMID: 19201962 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01892-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This study demonstrates the susceptibility of a variety of medically important bacteria to inactivation by 405-nm light from an array of light-emitting diodes (LEDs), without the application of exogenous photosensitizer molecules. Selected bacterial pathogens, all commonly associated with hospital-acquired infections, were exposed to the 405-nm LED array, and the results show that both gram-positive and gram-negative species were successfully inactivated, with the general trend showing gram-positive species to be more susceptible than gram-negative bacteria. Detailed investigation of the bactericidal effect of the blue-light treatment on Staphylococcus aureus suspensions, for a range of different population densities, demonstrated that 405-nm LED array illumination can cause complete inactivation at high population densities: inactivation levels corresponding to a 9-log(10) reduction were achieved. The results, which show the inactivation of a wide range of medically important bacteria including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, demonstrate that, with further development, narrow-spectrum 405-nm visible-light illumination from an LED source has the potential to provide a novel decontamination method with a wide range of potential applications.
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34
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Seghatchian J, Walker WH, Reichenberg S. Updates on pathogen inactivation of plasma using Theraflex methylene blue system. Transfus Apher Sci 2008; 38:271-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2008.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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35
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Song C, Aiken C. Analysis of human cell heterokaryons demonstrates that target cell restriction of cyclosporine-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 mutants is genetically dominant. J Virol 2007; 81:11946-56. [PMID: 17715216 PMCID: PMC2168785 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00620-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The host cell protein cyclophilin A (CypA) binds to CA of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and promotes HIV-1 infection of target cells. Disruption of the CypA-CA interaction, either by mutation of the CA residue at G89 or P90 or with the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine (CsA), reduces HIV-1 infection. Two CA mutants, A92E and G94D, previously were identified by selection for growth of wild-type HIV-1 in cultures of CD4(+) HeLa cell cultures containing CsA. Interestingly, infection of some cell lines by these mutants is enhanced in the presence of CsA, while in other cell lines these mutants are minimally affected by the drug. Little is known about this cell-dependent phenotype of the A92E and G94D mutants, except that it is not dependent on expression of the host factor TRIM5alpha. Here, we show that infection by the A92E and G94D mutants is restricted at an early post-entry stage of the HIV-1 life cycle. Analysis of heterokaryons between CsA-dependent HeLa-P4 cells and CsA-independent 293T cells indicated that the CsA-dependent infection by A92E and G94D mutants is due to a dominant cellular restriction. We also show that addition of CsA to target cells inhibits infection by wild-type HIV-1 prior to reverse transcription. Collectively, these results support the existence of a cell-specific human cellular factor capable of restricting HIV-1 at an early post-entry step by a CypA-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisu Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, A-5301 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232-2363, USA
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36
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Mohammad T, Morrison H. Simultaneous Photoconjugation of Methylene Blue and cis-Rh(phen)2Cl2+ to DNA via a Synergistic Effect †. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)0710369spomba2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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37
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Gábor F, Szolnoki J, Tóth K, Fekete A, Maillard P, Csík G. Photoinduced Inactivation of T7 Phage Sensitized by Symmetrically and Asymmetrically Substituted Tetraphenyl Porphyrin: Comparison of Efficiency and Mechanism of Action¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)0730304piotps2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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38
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Hirayama J, Wagner SJ, Gomez C, Macdonald VW, Abe H, Ikeda H, Ikebuchi K, Sekiguchi S. Virus Photoinactivation in Stroma-free Hemoglobin with Methylene Blue or 1,9-dimethylmethylene Blue. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)0710090vpisfh2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Wainwright M, Mohr H, Walker WH. Phenothiazinium derivatives for pathogen inactivation in blood products. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2007; 86:45-58. [PMID: 16979899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2006.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2006] [Revised: 06/29/2006] [Accepted: 07/04/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Phenothiazine-based photosensitisers have been employed in photoantimicrobial research for nearly 80 years, both as lead and novel compounds. However, the main structural variations have mainly involved the auxochromic side chains and little has been reported concerning either peripheral substitution or structures with chromophores other than those of the phenothiazinium or annelated benzo[a]phenothiazinium type. In terms of application, the phenothiazinium series has featured commonly in cytology and cytopathology, as well as in haematological staining. The current work covers the evolution of improved photosensitisers based on the phenothiazine ring system, with particular reference to the field of pathogen inactivation, and the structural alteration of lead compounds such as methylene blue and Nile blue to yield improved photosensitisers for this important aspect of blood product safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Wainwright
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, James Parsons Building, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.
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40
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Tardivo JP, Del Giglio A, de Oliveira CS, Gabrielli DS, Junqueira HC, Tada DB, Severino D, de Fátima Turchiello R, Baptista MS. Methylene blue in photodynamic therapy: From basic mechanisms to clinical applications. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2005; 2:175-91. [PMID: 25048768 DOI: 10.1016/s1572-1000(05)00097-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2005] [Revised: 09/09/2005] [Accepted: 09/12/2005] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Methylene blue (MB) is a molecule that has been playing important roles in microbiology and pharmacology for some time. It has been widely used to stain living organisms, to treat methemoglobinemia, and lately it has been considered as a drug for photodynamic therapy (PDT). In this review, we start from the fundamental photophysical, photochemical and photobiological characteristics of this molecule and evolved to show in vitro and in vivo applications related to PDT. The clinical cases shown include treatments of basal cell carcinoma, Kaposi's Sarcoma, melanoma, virus and fungal infections. We concluded that used together with a recently developed continuous light source (RL50(®)), MB has the potential to treat a variety of cancerous and non-cancerous diseases, with low toxicity and no side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Tardivo
- Faculdade de Medicina ABC, Av. Príncipe de Gales, 821, C.P. 106, CEP 09060-650, Brazil
| | - Auro Del Giglio
- Faculdade de Medicina ABC, Av. Príncipe de Gales, 821, C.P. 106, CEP 09060-650, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Dayane Batista Tada
- Departamento de Bioquímica, IQ-USP, C.P. 26077, 05513-970 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Divinomar Severino
- Departamento de Bioquímica, IQ-USP, C.P. 26077, 05513-970 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Mauricio S Baptista
- Departamento de Bioquímica, IQ-USP, C.P. 26077, 05513-970 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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41
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Richardson TB, Porter CD. Inactivation of murine leukaemia virus by exposure to visible light. Virology 2005; 341:321-9. [PMID: 16099012 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2005] [Revised: 07/12/2005] [Accepted: 07/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged storage of murine leukaemia virus in ambient light leads to a loss of infectivity. Particle integrity and envelope incorporation are unaffected; rather, the defect is functional and intrinsic to the viral core. Light in the violet part of the visible spectrum (wavelength 420-430 nm) is responsible for virus inactivation. Reduced reverse transcriptase-dependent cDNA generation post-entry accounts for the loss in infectivity and is likely due to a polymerase processivity defect. The virion-associated reverse transcription complex is thus photolabile. The phenomenon could be important in certain experimental situations, notably at elevated temperatures or when exposure to light is extensive. Additionally, our study suggests that the reverse transcription complex is a suitable target for an anti-retroviral strategy; identification of the nature of the lesion and the mechanism of its induction may inform the design of novel inhibitors.
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Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) employs a non-toxic dye termed a photosensitizer (PS) together with low intensity visible light, which, in the presence of oxygen, produce cytotoxic species. PS can be targeted to its destination cell or tissue and, in addition, the irradiation can be spatially confined to the lesion giving PDT the advantage of dual selectivity. This promising approach can be used for various applications including microbial inactivation and the treatment of infections. Resistance to PDT has not been shown and multiantibiotic-resistant strains are as easily killed as naive strains. It is known that Gram (+) bacteria are more sensitive to PDT as compared to Gram (-) species. However, the use of cationic PS or agents that increase the permeability of the outer membrane allows for the effective killing of Gram (-) organisms. Some PS have an innate positive charge, but our approach is to link PS to a cationic molecular vehicle such as poly-L-lysine. This modification dramatically increases PS binding to and penetrating through the negatively charged bacterial permeability barrier. Due to focused light delivery the use of PDT is possible only for localized infections. Nonetheless numerous diseases can be treated. Selectivity of the PS for microbes over host cells, accurate delivery of the PS into the infected area, and PDT dose adjustment help minimize side effects and give PDT an advantage over conventional therapy. There are only a few reports about the use of antimicrobial PDT in animal models and clinical trials. We have used genetically modified bioluminescent bacteria to follow the effect of PDT in infected wounds, burns, and soft tissue infections in mice. Not only were bacteria infecting wounds, burns, and abscesses killed, but mice were saved from death due to sepsis and wound healing was improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N Demidova
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Mohr H, Knüver-Hopf J, Gravemann U, Redecker-Klein A, Müller TH. West Nile virus in plasma is highly sensitive to methylene blue-light treatment. Transfusion 2004; 44:886-90. [PMID: 15157256 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2004.03424.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidemic of West Nile virus (WNV) in the US resulted in cases of transfusion-transmitted WNV. Effective pathogen reduction methods could have removed this infectious agent from the blood supply We have evaluated the efficacy of photodynamic treatment of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) with methylene blue (MB), a decontamination method applied in several European countries. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS FFP units (300 ml each) were spiked with WNV. MB was added, and the units were illuminated with white or monochromatic yellow light. WNV infectivity was determined by bioassay. WNV-RNA was quantitated by real-time PCR. The inactivation of WNV was investigated under standard and under suboptimal conditions, respectively. In addition, rechallenge experiments with multiple addition of WNV at maximal load (approx. 105 CFU/ml) and repeated illumination without replenishing MB were performed. RESULTS Complete inactivation of WNV was achieved by MB (0.8-1 mmol/l) and illumination with white light (30,000-45,000 Lux) within 2 min. White yellow light 20-40 J/cm(2) (2.5-5 min) were sufficient for inactivation by 5.75 log10-steps. The rechallenge experiments revealed the substantial reserve capacity of the procedure to inactivate WNV. Quantitative PCR indicated that the viral RNA was rapidly destroyed. CONCLUSION All experimental data demonstrate the enormous potency of phototreatment with MB to inactivate WNV in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Mohr
- Blood Center of the German Red Cross Chapters of NSTOB, Institute Springe, Germany.
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Hamblin MR, Hasan T. Photodynamic therapy: a new antimicrobial approach to infectious disease? Photochem Photobiol Sci 2004; 3:436-50. [PMID: 15122361 PMCID: PMC3071049 DOI: 10.1039/b311900a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1314] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) employs a non-toxic dye, termed a photosensitizer (PS), and low intensity visible light which, in the presence of oxygen, combine to produce cytotoxic species. PDT has the advantage of dual selectivity, in that the PS can be targeted to its destination cell or tissue and, in addition, the illumination can be spatially directed to the lesion. PDT has previously been used to kill pathogenic microorganisms in vitro, but its use to treat infections in animal models or patients has not, as yet, been much developed. It is known that Gram-(-) bacteria are resistant to PDT with many commonly used PS that will readily lead to phototoxicity in Gram-(+) species, and that PS bearing a cationic charge or the use of agents that increase the permeability of the outer membrane will increase the efficacy of killing Gram-(-) organisms. All the available evidence suggests that multi-antibiotic resistant strains are as easily killed by PDT as naive strains, and that bacteria will not readily develop resistance to PDT. Treatment of localized infections with PDT requires selectivity of the PS for microbes over host cells, delivery of the PS into the infected area and the ability to effectively illuminate the lesion. Recently, there have been reports of PDT used to treat infections in selected animal models and some clinical trials: mainly for viral lesions, but also for acne, gastric infection by Helicobacter pylori and brain abcesses. Possible future clinical applications include infections in wounds and burns, rapidly spreading and intractable soft-tissue infections and abscesses, infections in body cavities such as the mouth, ear, nasal sinus, bladder and stomach, and surface infections of the cornea and skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Abstract
Although reports of the photodynamic inactivation of viruses appeared in 1928, long before chemotherapeutic antiviral drugs, the first clinical trial in humans-the topical treatment of herpes genitalis-did not take place until the early 1970s. Trials were discontinued due to the transformation of healthy cells and concomitant incidence of Bowen's disease in some patients, probably due to the migration of infective sections of photodamaged viral nucleic acid. With the modern development of photodynamic therapy as a cancer treatment and the use of photosensitisers in the photodecontamination of blood products, a great deal of experience has been gained, both in the minimisation of side effects in humans and in the targeting and eradication of viruses. This suggests that the photodynamic approach to a range of virus-associated infections, lesions and cancer might now be revisited with greater success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Wainwright
- Department of Colour Chemistry, Centre for Photobiology and Photodynamic Therapy, The University, LS2 9JT, Leeds, UK.
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Lim DS, Ko SH, Kim SJ, Park YJ, Park JH, Lee WY. Photoinactivation of vesicular stomatitis virus by a photodynamic agent, chlorophyll derivatives from silkworm excreta. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2002; 67:149-56. [PMID: 12167313 DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(02)00318-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of chlorophyll derivatives from silkworm excreta (CpD) in photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) was studied. An enveloped animal virus, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), was used as a target organism. For CpD mediated PACT, the viruses in suspensions were treated with various doses of CpD (15-60 microg/ml) and visible red light was fixed at 120 mJ/cm(2). The antiviral effect of the CpD-PACT was measured 1 h after light irradiation by the extent of suppression of plaque forming units (pfu). In cultures inoculated with PACT-treated VSV, suppression of pfu was prominent and the results were demonstrated in a dose-dependent manner. In assays of RT-PCR, a single dose of 30 microg/ml CpD and light caused complete inhibition of viral RNA synthesis in the host cells, which agreed with the complete loss of plaque forming activity observed in pfu assays. An in vitro transcription assay for viral RNA using [3H]UTP and gel electrophoresis for the level of M protein was conducted. A gradual decrease in viral RNA transcription and an immediate decrease in M protein levels were observed in cells inoculated with the CpD-PACT-treated virus. These results demonstrated that CpD is a potential photodynamic antiviral agent, which causes inactivation of the matrix protein as well as transcription mechanisms involved in VSV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Seog Lim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, CPO Box 8044, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
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Owada T, Motomura T, Miyashita-Ogawa Y, Kawada-Homma M, Onishi M, Matondo P, Terunuma H, Numazaki Y, Yamashita S, Yamamoto N. Antibody masking renders HIV-1 resistant to cationic membrane filtration through alteration of its electrostatic characteristics. J Virol Methods 2001; 94:15-24. [PMID: 11337036 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(01)00262-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Previously, it was demonstrated that any human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strain proliferating in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in vitro, and resuspended in seronegative plasma, could be captured efficiently (mean > 95%) by a porous polypropylene (PP) membrane modified cationically. We investigated if this cationic membrane could capture HIV-1 obtained from seropositive plasma, and confirmed whether this membrane was effective for the preparation of safe plasma products against HIV-1 transmission. Thirty-six seropositive plasma samples derived from HIV-1 positive cohorts in New York and Lusaka (Republic of Zambia), including 18 cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) related complex, AIDS and five terminal cases of AIDS, were filtered through the cationic membrane to determine the reduction of RNA concentration, the gag p24 concentration, and infectious titer. Only a small reduction in RNA concentration (mean < 20%) and almost no decrease in gag concentration (mean < 2%) were obtained, despite the fact that the infectivity was eliminated entirely by the filtration. Due to the possibility that anti-HIV-1 antibodies in patients' plasma combine with HIV-1, laboratory-adapted HIV-1(HTLV-IIIB) was mixed with seropositive plasma to test the effect of antibodies on HIV-1 adsorption, and also to investigate the interfacial electrokinetic potential (zeta-potential) of both intact and plasma-treated HIV-1. The zeta-potential of HIV-1(HTLV-IIIB) in the presence of seropositive plasma was neutral as opposed to negative when stored in seronegative plasma or culture medium. Also the rate of HIV-1 capture by the membrane, as determined by the reduction in RNA concentration, sank from 95% to 20%, the same capture percentage observed when filtering plasma of patients. These findings suggested that in patients' plasma, the antibody-masked HIV-1 comprise most of the viral population, and was not trapped on the cationic membrane because of its electrostatic character. Conversely, the cationic membrane was thought to adsorb antibody-free HIV-1 exclusively. It was suggested that each viral swarm had its own zeta-potential, and this difference in electrostatic character determined the extent of the viral adsorption by the cationic membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Owada
- Department of New Materials Section, Terumo Research and Development Center, Hadano, 259-0151, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Gábor F, Szolnoki J, Tóth K, Fekete A, Maillard P, Csík G. Photoinduced inactivation of T7 phage sensitized by symmetrically and asymmetrically substituted tetraphenyl porphyrin: comparison of efficiency and mechanism of action. Photochem Photobiol 2001; 73:304-11. [PMID: 11281028 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)073<0304:piotps>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the efficiency and the mechanism of action of two--one symmetrically and one asymmetrically substituted--glycoconjugated tetraphenyl porphyrins in their photoreaction with T7 phage as a model of nucleoprotein (NP) complexes. A correlation was found between the dark inactivation of T7 and the binding of porphyrins determined by fluorescence spectroscopy. Both types of porphyrin sensitized the photoinactivation of T7, but the slopes of inactivation kinetics were markedly different. There was no correlation between the dark binding and the photosensitizing efficacy of the two derivatives. Inactivation was moderated by 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran and 1,3-dimethyl-2-thiourea; however, neither of them inhibited T7 inactivation completely. This result suggests that both Type-I and Type-II reactions play a role in the virus inactivation. Optical melting studies revealed structural changes in the protein part but not in the DNA of the photochemically treated NP complex. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of a 555 bp segment of gene 1 and a 3826 bp segment of genes 3 and 4 failed to demonstrate any DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gábor
- Institute of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, P.O. 263, H-1444, Budapest, Hungary
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Wainwright M. Methylene blue derivatives--suitable photoantimicrobials for blood product disinfection? Int J Antimicrob Agents 2000; 16:381-94. [PMID: 11118846 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(00)00207-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic antimicrobial agents based on the well-established phenothiazinium biological stain methylene blue offer a simple method for the inactivation or destruction of pathogens contained in donated blood and blood products. The technique is currently concentrated on viruses and the disinfective procedure can be carried out in blood bags using basic low-power light sources. Pathogens of the bacterial, yeast and protozoal classes are also susceptible to phenothiaziniums. The photoantimicrobial mode of action is usually via oxidative damage to cellular components, either due to redox reactions between the agent and a biomolecular target or by the action of reactive oxygen species generated in situ by photodynamic action. The targeting of various microbial species is discussed in relation to the physicochemical make-up of the photosensitizers, and future directions are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wainwright
- Photochemotherapy Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK.
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