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Azekawa S, Chubachi S, Asakura T, Namkoong H, Sato Y, Edahiro R, Lee H, Tanaka H, Otake S, Nakagawara K, Fukushima T, Watase M, Sakurai K, Kusumoto T, Masaki K, Kamata H, Ishii M, Hasegawa N, Okada Y, Koike R, Kitagawa Y, Kimura A, Imoto S, Miyano S, Ogawa S, Kanai T, Fukunaga K. Serum KL-6 levels predict clinical outcomes and are associated with MUC1 polymorphism in Japanese patients with COVID-19. BMJ Open Respir Res 2023; 10:10/1/e001625. [PMID: 37230764 DOI: 10.1136/bmjresp-2023-001625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6) is a known biomarker for diagnosis and monitoring of interstitial lung diseases. However, the role of serum KL-6 and the mucin 1 (MUC1) variant (rs4072037) in COVID-19 outcomes remains to be elucidated. We aimed to evaluate the relationships among serum KL-6 levels, critical outcomes and the MUC1 variant in Japanese patients with COVID-19. METHODS This is a secondary analysis of a multicentre retrospective study using data from the Japan COVID-19 Task Force collected from February 2020 to November 2021, including 2226 patients with COVID-19 whose serum KL-6 levels were measured. An optimal serum KL-6 level cut-off to predict critical outcomes was determined and used for multivariable logistic regression analysis. Furthermore, the relationship among the allele dosage of the MUC1 variant, calculated from single nucleotide polymorphism typing data of genome-wide association studies using the imputation method, serum KL-6 levels and COVID-19 critical outcomes was evaluated. RESULTS Serum KL-6 levels were significantly higher in patients with COVID-19 with critical outcomes (511±442 U/mL) than those without (279±204 U/mL) (p<0.001). Serum KL-6 levels ≥304 U/mL independently predicted critical outcomes (adjusted OR (aOR) 3.47, 95% CI 2.44 to 4.95). Moreover, multivariable logistic regression analysis with age and sex indicated that the MUC1 variant was independently associated with increased serum KL-6 levels (aOR 0.24, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.32) but not significantly associated with critical outcomes (aOR 1.11, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.54). CONCLUSION Serum KL-6 levels predicted critical outcomes in Japanese patients with COVID-19 and were associated with the MUC1 variant. Therefore, serum KL-6 level is a potentially useful biomarker of critical COVID-19 outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Azekawa
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shotaro Chubachi
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanori Asakura
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Clinical Medicine (Laboratory of Bioregulatory Medicine), Kitasato University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kitasato University, Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ho Namkoong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunori Sato
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuya Edahiro
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Ho Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromu Tanaka
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiro Otake
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensuke Nakagawara
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Fukushima
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayuko Watase
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaori Sakurai
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kusumoto
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsunori Masaki
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Kamata
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Ishii
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Faculty of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Naoki Hasegawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukinori Okada
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuji Koike
- Medical Innovation Promotion Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Kitagawa
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akinori Kimura
- Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiya Imoto
- Division of Health Medical Intelligence, Human Genome Center, the Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Miyano
- M&D Data Science Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seishi Ogawa
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takanori Kanai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Fukunaga
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Rai M, Parthasarathi A, Beeraka NM, Kaleem Ullah M, Malamardi S, Padukudru S, Siddaiah JB, Uthaiah CA, Vishwanath P, Chaya SK, Ramaswamy S, Upadhyay S, Ganguly K, Mahesh PA. Circulatory Serum Krebs von Den Lungen-6 and Surfactant Protein-D Concentrations Predict Interstitial Lung Disease Progression and Mortality. Cells 2023; 12:cells12091281. [PMID: 37174681 PMCID: PMC10177381 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a need for biomarkers to predict outcomes, including mortality, in interstitial lung disease (ILD). Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6) and surfactant protein D (SP-D) are associated with lung damage and fibrosis in all ILDs and are related to important clinical outcomes. Though these two biomarkers have been associated with ILD outcomes, there are no studies that have evaluated their predictive potential in combination. This study aims to determine whether KL-6 and SP-D are linked to poor disease outcomes and mortality. Additionally, we plan to examine whether changes in KL-6 and SP-D concentrations correspond with changes in lung function and whether serial measurements improve their predictive potential to identify disease progression and mortality. Forty-four patients with ILD participated in a prospective 6-month longitudinal observational study. ILD patients who succumbed had the highest KL-6 levels (3990.4 U/mL (3490.0-4467.6)) and highest SP-D levels (256.1 ng/mL (217.9-260.0)), followed by those who deteriorated: KL-6 levels 1357.0 U/mL (822.6-1543.4) and SP-D levels 191.2 ng/mL (152.8-210.5). The generalized linear model (GLM) analysis demonstrated that changes in forced vital capacity (FVC), diffusing capacity of lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), and partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) were correlated to changes in KL6 (p = 0.016, 0.014, 0.027, 0.047) and SP-D (p = 0.008, 0.012, 0.046, 0.020), respectively. KL-6 (odds ratio (OR): 2.87 (1.06-7.79)) and SPD (OR: 1.76 (1.05-2.97)) were independent predictors of disease progression, and KL-6 (hazard ratio (HR): 3.70 (1.46-9.41)) and SPD (HR: 2.58 (1.01-6.59)) were independent predictors of death by Cox regression analysis. Combined biomarkers (KL6 + SPD + CT + FVC) had the strongest ability to predict disease progression (AUC: 0.797) and death (AUC: 0.961), on ROC analysis. Elevated KL-6 and SPD levels are vital biomarkers for predicting the severity, progression, and outcomes of ILD. High baseline levels or an increase in levels over a six-month follow-up despite treatment indicate a poor prognosis. Combining KL6 and SPD with conventional measures yields a more potent prognostic indicator. Clinical studies are needed to test additional interventions, and future research will determine if this combined biomarker benefits different ethnicities globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghna Rai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570015, India
| | - Ashwaghosha Parthasarathi
- Allergy, Asthma, and Chest Centre, Krishnamurthypuram, Mysuru 570004, India
- Rutgers Centre for Pharmacoepidemiology and Treatment Science, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1293, USA
| | - Narasimha M Beeraka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570015, India
- Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (RIPER), Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu 515721, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Mohammed Kaleem Ullah
- Centre for Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (A DST-FIST Supported Center), Department of Biochemistry (A DST-FIST Supported Department), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore 570015, India
- Division of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sowmya Malamardi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570015, India
- School of Psychology & Public Health, College of Science Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
| | - Sunag Padukudru
- Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya University, Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Jayaraj Biligere Siddaiah
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570015, India
| | - Chinnappa A Uthaiah
- Centre for Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (A DST-FIST Supported Center), Department of Biochemistry (A DST-FIST Supported Department), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore 570015, India
| | - Prashant Vishwanath
- Centre for Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (A DST-FIST Supported Center), Department of Biochemistry (A DST-FIST Supported Department), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore 570015, India
| | - Sindaghatta Krishnarao Chaya
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570015, India
| | - Subramanian Ramaswamy
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570015, India
| | - Swapna Upadhyay
- Unit of Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Koustav Ganguly
- Unit of Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Padukudru Anand Mahesh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570015, India
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Transient Pneumonitis as a Possible Adverse Reaction to the BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine in a Patient with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Case Rep Rheumatol 2022; 2022:3124887. [PMID: 36052104 PMCID: PMC9427306 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3124887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has led to rapid progress in vaccine development to prevent the spread of the disease. Although COVID-19 vaccines have excellent effectiveness in reducing morbidity and disease severity with minor adverse reactions, some patients develop late hypersensitivity events as autoimmune reactions such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus nephritis, and vasculitis following COVID-19 vaccination. Herein, we describe a case of pneumonitis following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis, which resolved spontaneously.
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Krebs von den Lungen-6 as Disease Severity Marker for COVID-19 Patients: Analytical Verification and Quality Assessment of the Tosoh AIA-360 Compared to Lumipulse G600II. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19042176. [PMID: 35206372 PMCID: PMC8872393 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19042176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6) has been proposed as a disease severity marker of COVID-19. All research articles reported the KL-6 assay detected through Fujirebio reagents by Lumipulse G600/G1200 instrument. In the present study, KL-6 assay was analysed through Tosoh AIA-360 and compared with analytical results by Lumipulse G600 in a population of COVID-19 patients. Materials and methods: Sixty-four patients (median age, IQR 67 (58–76) years), all hospitalized for COVID-19 interstitial pneumonia at Siena COVID Unit. KL-6 was measured by two methods, chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay (CLEIA) and fluorescent enzyme immunoassay (FEIA) method by Lumipulse G600 II and AIA 360 systems, respectively. Results: KL-6 concentrations evaluated by Lumipulse G600II were significantly higher in severe than those in non-severe patients (p < 0.0001) as well as evaluating by AIA360 (p < 0.0001). Receiver operating curve (ROC) curve analysis showed that KL-6 concentrations, by Lumipuse G600II, distinguished severe from non-severe COVID-19 patients with an area under the curve (AUC) of 99.8% and the best cut-off value was 448 U/mL. AUROC between severe and non-severe COVID-19 patients using T0 KL-6 concentrations by AIA360 was 97.4% and the best cut-off value was 398 U/mL. According to T0 KL-6 concentrations in COVID-19 patients, Bland–Altman difference analysis revealed a mean bias of 78 ± 174.8; while using T1 KL-6 concentrations in COVID-19 patients, Bland–Altman difference analysis revealed a mean bias of 48 ± 126 (95% limits of agreement −199–295) between the Lumipulse G600 II and the AIA360 systems. Conclusions: In conclusion, our study demonstrated that CLEIA and FEIA methods for serum KL-6 detection are comparable and reliable. KL-6 was confirmed as an easily detectable and effective biomarker to identify severe COVID-19 patients.
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sFlt-1 and CA 15.3 are indicators of endothelial damage and pulmonary fibrosis in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19979. [PMID: 34620968 PMCID: PMC8497540 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99470-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic led to a worldwide increase of hospitalizations for interstitial pneumonia with thrombosis complications, endothelial injury and multiorgan disease. Common CT findings include lung bilateral infiltrates, bilateral ground-glass opacities and/or consolidation whilst no current laboratory parameter consents rapidly evaluation of COVID-19 risk and disease severity. In the present work we investigated the association of sFLT-1 and CA 15.3 with endothelial damage and pulmonary fibrosis. Serum sFlt-1 has been associated with endothelial injury and sepsis severity, CA 15.3 seems an alternative marker for KL-6 for fibrotic lung diseases and pulmonary interstitial damage. We analysed 262 SARS-CoV-2 patients with differing levels of clinical severity; we found an association of serum sFlt-1 (ROC AUC 0.902, decision threshold > 90.3 pg/mL, p < 0.001 Sens. 83.9% and Spec. 86.7%) with presence, extent and severity of the disease. Moreover, CA 15.3 appeared significantly increased in COVID-19 severe lung fibrosis (ICU vs NON-ICU patients 42.6 ± 3.3 vs 25.7 ± 1.5 U/mL, p < 0.0001) and was associated with lung damage severity grade (ROC AUC 0.958, decision threshold > 24.8 U/mL, p < 0.0001, Sens. 88.4% and Spec. 91.8%). In conclusion, serum levels of sFlt-1 and CA 15.3 appeared useful tools for categorizing COVID-19 clinical stage and may represent a valid aid for clinicians to better personalise treatment.
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d'Alessandro M, Bergantini L, Cameli P, Curatola G, Remediani L, Bennett D, Bianchi F, Perillo F, Volterrani L, Mazzei MA, Bargagli E. Serial KL-6 measurements in COVID-19 patients. Intern Emerg Med 2021; 16:1541-1545. [PMID: 33453011 PMCID: PMC7811154 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-020-02614-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV2-induced direct cytopathic effects against type II pneumocytes are suspected to play a role in mediating and perpetuating lung damage. The aim of this study was to evaluate serum KL-6 behavior in COVID-19 patients to investigate its potential role in predicting clinical course. Sixty patients (median age IQR, 65 (52-69), 43 males), hospitalized for COVID-19 at Siena COVID Unit University Hospital, were prospectively enrolled. Twenty-six patients were selected (median age IQR, 63 (55-71), 16 males); all of them underwent follow-up evaluations, including clinical, radiological, functional, and serum KL-6 assessments, after 6 (t1) and 9 (t2) months from hospital discharge. At t0, KL-6 concentrations were significantly higher than those at t1 (760 (311-1218) vs. 309 (210-408) p = 0.0208) and t2 (760 (311-1218) vs 324 (279-458), p = 0.0365). At t0, KL-6 concentrations were increased in patients with fibrotic lung alterations than in non-fibrotic group (755 (370-1023) vs. 305 (225-608), p = 0.0225). Area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) analysis showed that basal KL-6 levels showed good accuracy in discriminating patients with fibrotic sequelae radiologically documented (AUC 85%, p = 0.0404). KL-6 concentrations in patients with fibrotic involvement were significantly reduced at t1 (755 (370-1023) vs. 290 (197-521), p = 0.0366) and t2 (755 (370-1023) vs. 318 (173-435), p = 0.0490). Serum concentrations of KL-6 in hospitalized COVID-19 patients may contribute to identify severe patients requiring mechanical ventilation and to predict those who will develop pulmonary fibrotic sequelae in the follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriana d'Alessandro
- Respiratory Diseases and Lung Transplantation, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences & Neurosciences, Siena University Hospital, Siena, Italy.
- Diagnostic Imaging Section, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences & Neurosciences, Siena University Hospital, Siena, Italy.
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica E Scienze Immunologiche, UOC Malattie Respiratorie, Policlinico Le Scotte, Viale Bracci, 53100, Siena, Italy.
| | - Laura Bergantini
- Respiratory Diseases and Lung Transplantation, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences & Neurosciences, Siena University Hospital, Siena, Italy
- Diagnostic Imaging Section, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences & Neurosciences, Siena University Hospital, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Curatola
- Respiratory Diseases and Lung Transplantation, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences & Neurosciences, Siena University Hospital, Siena, Italy
- Diagnostic Imaging Section, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences & Neurosciences, Siena University Hospital, Siena, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Remediani
- Respiratory Diseases and Lung Transplantation, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences & Neurosciences, Siena University Hospital, Siena, Italy
- Diagnostic Imaging Section, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences & Neurosciences, Siena University Hospital, Siena, Italy
| | - David Bennett
- Respiratory Diseases and Lung Transplantation, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences & Neurosciences, Siena University Hospital, Siena, Italy
- Diagnostic Imaging Section, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences & Neurosciences, Siena University Hospital, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesco Bianchi
- Respiratory Diseases and Lung Transplantation, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences & Neurosciences, Siena University Hospital, Siena, Italy
- Diagnostic Imaging Section, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences & Neurosciences, Siena University Hospital, Siena, Italy
| | - Felice Perillo
- Respiratory Diseases and Lung Transplantation, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences & Neurosciences, Siena University Hospital, Siena, Italy
- Diagnostic Imaging Section, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences & Neurosciences, Siena University Hospital, Siena, Italy
| | - Luca Volterrani
- Respiratory Diseases and Lung Transplantation, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences & Neurosciences, Siena University Hospital, Siena, Italy
- Diagnostic Imaging Section, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences & Neurosciences, Siena University Hospital, Siena, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Mazzei
- Respiratory Diseases and Lung Transplantation, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences & Neurosciences, Siena University Hospital, Siena, Italy
- Diagnostic Imaging Section, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences & Neurosciences, Siena University Hospital, Siena, Italy
| | - Elena Bargagli
- Respiratory Diseases and Lung Transplantation, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences & Neurosciences, Siena University Hospital, Siena, Italy
- Diagnostic Imaging Section, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences & Neurosciences, Siena University Hospital, Siena, Italy
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Arnold DT, Donald C, Lyon M, Hamilton FW, Morley AJ, Attwood M, Dipper A, Barratt SL. Krebs von den Lungen 6 (KL-6) as a marker for disease severity and persistent radiological abnormalities following COVID-19 infection at 12 weeks. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249607. [PMID: 33914762 PMCID: PMC8084211 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute presentations of COVID-19 infection vary, ranging from asymptomatic carriage through to severe clinical manifestations including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Longer term sequelae of COVID-19 infection includes lung fibrosis in a proportion of patients. Krebs von den Lungen 6 (KL-6) is a mucin like glycoprotein that has been proposed as a marker of pulmonary epithelial cell injury. We sought to determine whether KL-6 was a marker of 1) the severity of acute COVID-19 infection, or 2) the persistence of symptoms/radiological abnormalities at medium term follow up. METHODS Prospective single centre observational study. RESULTS Convalescent KL-6 levels were available for 93 patients (male 63%, mean age 55.8 years) who attended an 12-week follow up appointment after being admitted to hospital with COVID-19. For 67 patients a baseline KL-6 result was available for comparison. There was no significant correlations between baseline KL-6 and the admission CXR severity score or clinical severity NEWS score. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the baseline KL-6 level and an initial requirement for oxygen on admission or the severity of acute infection as measured at 28 days. There was no significant difference in the 12-week KL-6 level and the presence or absence of subjective breathlessness but patients with abnormal CT scans at 12 weeks had significantly higher convalescent KL-6 levels compared to the remainder of the cohort (median 1101 IU/ml vs 409 IU/ml). CONCLUSIONS The association between high KL-6 levels at 12 weeks and persisting CT abnormalities (GGO/fibrosis), is a finding that requires further exploration. Whether KL-6 may help differentiate those patients with persisting dyspnoea due to complications rather than deconditioning or dysfunctional breathing alone, is an important future research question.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T. Arnold
- Academic Respiratory Unit, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Charmaine Donald
- Department of Immunology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Max Lyon
- Bristol Interstitial Lung Disease Service, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Fergus W. Hamilton
- Academic Respiratory Unit, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Anna J. Morley
- Academic Respiratory Unit, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Attwood
- Bristol Centre for Antimicrobial Research (BCARE), North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Dipper
- Academic Respiratory Unit, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Shaney L. Barratt
- Academic Respiratory Unit, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Bristol Interstitial Lung Disease Service, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom
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d'Alessandro M, Cameli P, Refini RM, Bergantini L, Alonzi V, Lanzarone N, Bennett D, Rana GD, Montagnani F, Scolletta S, Franchi F, Frediani B, Valente S, Mazzei MA, Bonella F, Bargagli E. Serum KL-6 concentrations as a novel biomarker of severe COVID-19. J Med Virol 2020; 92:2216-2220. [PMID: 32470148 PMCID: PMC7283867 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-induced direct cytopathic effects against type I and II pneumocytes mediate lung damage. Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6) is mainly produced by damaged or regenerating alveolar type II pneumocytes. This preliminary study analyzed serum concentrations of KL-6 in patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) to verify its potential as a prognostic biomarker of severity. Twenty-two patients (median age [interquartile range] 63 [59-68] years, 16 males) with COVID-19 were enrolled prospectively. Patients were divided into mild-moderate and severe groups, according to respiratory impairment and clinical management. KL-6 serum concentrations and lymphocyte subset were obtained. Peripheral natural killer (NK) cells/µL were significantly higher in nonsevere patients than in the severe group (P = .0449) and the best cut-off value was 119 cells/µL. KL-6 serum concentrations were significantly higher in severe patients than the nonsevere group (P = .0118). Receiver operating characteristic analysis distinguished severe and nonsevere patients according to KL-6 serum levels and the best cut-off value was 406.5 U/mL. NK cell analysis and assay of KL-6 in serum can help identify severe COVID-19 patients. Increased KL-6 serum concentrations were observed in patients with severe pulmonary involvement, revealing a prognostic value and supporting the potential usefulness of KL-6 measurement to evaluate COVID-19 patients' prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriana d'Alessandro
- Respiratory Diseases and Lung Transplantation, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences & NeurosciencesSiena University HospitalSienaItaly
| | - Paolo Cameli
- Respiratory Diseases and Lung Transplantation, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences & NeurosciencesSiena University HospitalSienaItaly
| | - Rosa Metella Refini
- Respiratory Diseases and Lung Transplantation, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences & NeurosciencesSiena University HospitalSienaItaly
| | - Laura Bergantini
- Respiratory Diseases and Lung Transplantation, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences & NeurosciencesSiena University HospitalSienaItaly
| | - Valerio Alonzi
- Respiratory Diseases and Lung Transplantation, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences & NeurosciencesSiena University HospitalSienaItaly
| | - Nicola Lanzarone
- Respiratory Diseases and Lung Transplantation, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences & NeurosciencesSiena University HospitalSienaItaly
| | - David Bennett
- Respiratory Diseases and Lung Transplantation, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences & NeurosciencesSiena University HospitalSienaItaly
| | - Giuseppe Domenico Rana
- Respiratory Diseases and Lung Transplantation, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences & NeurosciencesSiena University HospitalSienaItaly
| | - Francesca Montagnani
- Department of Specialized and Internal Medicine, Tropical and Infectious Diseases UnitUniversity Hospital of SienaSienaItaly
- Department of Medical BiotechnologiesUniversity of SienaSienaItaly
| | - Sabino Scolletta
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Anesthesia and Intensive Care UnitUniversity of SienaSienaItaly
| | - Federico Franchi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Anesthesia and Intensive Care UnitUniversity of SienaSienaItaly
| | - Bruno Frediani
- Research Center of Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases and Behçet's Disease and Rheumatology‐Ophthalmology Collaborative Uveitis Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and NeurosciencesUniversity of SienaSienaItaly
| | - Serafina Valente
- Department of Cardiovascular DiseasesUniversity of SienaSienaItaly
| | - Maria Antonietta Mazzei
- Diagnostic Imaging Section, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences & NeurosciencesSiena University HospitalSienaItaly
| | - Francesco Bonella
- Center for Interstitial and Rare Lung Disease, Department of PulmonologyRuhrlandklinik University HospitalEssenGermany
| | - Elena Bargagli
- Respiratory Diseases and Lung Transplantation, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences & NeurosciencesSiena University HospitalSienaItaly
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9
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Hancock DG, Cavallaro EC, Doecke E, Reynolds M, Charles-Britton B, Dixon DL, Forsyth KD. Immune biomarkers predicting bronchiolitis disease severity: A systematic review. Paediatr Respir Rev 2019; 32:82-90. [PMID: 31128878 DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bronchiolitis is one of the leading causes of hospitalisation in infancy, with highly variable clinical presentations ranging from mild disease safely managed at home to severe disease requiring invasive respiratory support. Identifying immune biomarkers that can predict and stratify this variable disease severity has important implications for clinical prognostication/disposition. A systematic literature search of the databases Embase, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Wiley Online Library was performed. English language studies that assessed the association between an immune biomarker and bronchiolitis disease severity among children aged less than 24 months were included. 252 distinct biomarkers were identified across 90 studies. A substantial degree of heterogeneity was observed in the bronchiolitis definitions, measures of disease severity, and study designs. 99 biomarkers showed some significant association with disease severity, but only 18 were significant in multiple studies. However, all of these candidate biomarkers had comparable studies that reported conflicting results. Conclusion: The heterogeneity among included studies and the lack of a consistently significant biomarker highlight the need for consensus on bronchiolitis definitions and severity measures, as well as further studies assessing their clinical utility both in isolation and in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Hancock
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia.
| | - Elena C Cavallaro
- Intensive and Critical Care Unit, Flinders University and Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Australia.
| | - Elizabeth Doecke
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia.
| | - Molly Reynolds
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia.
| | - Billie Charles-Britton
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia.
| | - Dani-Louise Dixon
- Intensive and Critical Care Unit, Flinders University and Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Australia.
| | - Kevin D Forsyth
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia.
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10
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Turi KN, Romick-Rosendale L, Ryckman KK, Hartert TV. A review of metabolomics approaches and their application in identifying causal pathways of childhood asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 141:1191-1201. [PMID: 28479327 PMCID: PMC5671382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Because asthma is a disease that results from host-environment interactions, an approach that allows assessment of the effect of the environment on the host is needed to understand the disease. Metabolomics has appealing potential as an application to study pathways to childhood asthma development. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of metabolomics methods and their application to understanding host-environment pathways in asthma development. We reviewed recent literature on advances in metabolomics and their application to study pathways to childhood asthma development. We highlight the (1) potential of metabolomics in understanding the pathogenesis of disease and the discovery of biomarkers; (2) choice of metabolomics techniques, biospecimen handling, and data analysis; (3) application to studying the role of the environment on asthma development; (4) review of metabolomics applied to the outcome of asthma; (5) recommendations for application of metabolomics-based -omics data integration in understanding disease pathogenesis; and (6) limitations. In conclusion, metabolomics allows use of biospecimens to identify useful biomarkers and pathways involved in disease development and subsequently to inform a greater understanding of disease pathogenesis and endotypes and prediction of the clinical course of childhood asthma phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kedir N Turi
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Lindsey Romick-Rosendale
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Kelli K Ryckman
- Departments of Epidemiology and Pediatrics, College of Public Health and Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Tina V Hartert
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tenn.
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11
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Suginobe H, Nawa N, Ishida H, Kogaki S. Converting everolimus to mycophenolate mofetil ameliorated prolonged respiratory syncytial virus infection in a child after heart transplantation. BMJ Case Rep 2017; 2017:bcr-2017-220342. [PMID: 28775087 PMCID: PMC5747614 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2017-220342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In immunocompromised patients, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections are known to be severe and prolonged, and have significant mortality and morbidity. However, little is known about the clinical courses and treatment strategy of RSV infection in heart transplant recipients. Here, we report a 6-year-old female with heart transplantation who had exhibited prolonged respiratory symptoms and shedding of RSV. She had received everolimus as an immunosuppressant. As immunosuppressants could have been responsible for the prolonged activation of RSV, we converted everolimus to mycophenolate mofetil. After the conversion, RSV promptly disappeared, and her symptoms improved. We speculate that converting the immunosuppressant may be effective for prolonged RSV infection due to the different immunosuppressive mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiro Suginobe
- Department of Paeditatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Nobutoshi Nawa
- Department of Paeditatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Ishida
- Department of Paeditatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Shigetoyo Kogaki
- Department of Paeditatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
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12
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Russell CD, Unger SA, Walton M, Schwarze J. The Human Immune Response to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2017; 30:481-502. [PMID: 28179378 PMCID: PMC5355638 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00090-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important etiological agent of respiratory infections, particularly in children. Much information regarding the immune response to RSV comes from animal models and in vitro studies. Here, we provide a comprehensive description of the human immune response to RSV infection, based on a systematic literature review of research on infected humans. There is an initial strong neutrophil response to RSV infection in humans, which is positively correlated with disease severity and mediated by interleukin-8 (IL-8). Dendritic cells migrate to the lungs as the primary antigen-presenting cell. An initial systemic T-cell lymphopenia is followed by a pulmonary CD8+ T-cell response, mediating viral clearance. Humoral immunity to reinfection is incomplete, but RSV IgG and IgA are protective. B-cell-stimulating factors derived from airway epithelium play a major role in protective antibody generation. Gamma interferon (IFN-γ) has a strongly protective role, and a Th2-biased response may be deleterious. Other cytokines (particularly IL-17A), chemokines (particularly CCL-5 and CCL-3), and local innate immune factors (including cathelicidins and IFN-λ) contribute to pathogenesis. In summary, neutrophilic inflammation is incriminated as a harmful response, whereas CD8+ T cells and IFN-γ have protective roles. These may represent important therapeutic targets to modulate the immunopathogenesis of RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clark D Russell
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stefan A Unger
- Department of Child Life and Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marc Walton
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jürgen Schwarze
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Child Life and Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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13
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Tomita M, Ayabe T, Chosa E, Nose N, Nakamura K. Prognostic Significance of a Tumor Marker Index Based on Preoperative Serum Carcinoembryonic Antigen and Krebs von den Lungen-6 Levels in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:287-291. [PMID: 28240848 PMCID: PMC5563114 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.1.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We retrospectively analysed the prognostic significance of a tumor marker index (TMI) based on
preoperative serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6) levels in nonsmall cell
lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Materials and Methods: We enrolled 176 NSCLC patients who had preoperative
serum CEA and KL-6 level measurements and had undergone curative surgery between 2009 and 2011. Results: The
5-year disease-specific survival of patients with high serum CEA levels was significantly poorer compared with that of
patients with normal levels. The value for patients with high serum KL-6 levels was also poor. Patients with both normal
serum CEA and KL-6 levels had a favourable prognosis, whereas those with both high serum CEA and KL-6 levels
had a poor outcome. The5-year disease-specific survival rate was 82.9% for patients in the low TMI group compared
to 47.5% in the high TMI group (p<0.01). Both univariate and multivariate analyses revealed prognostic significance
for TMI. Conclusions: TMI based on preoperative serum CEA and KL-6 levels might be useful for the prediction of
the prognosis of NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Tomita
- Department of Thoracic and Breast Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Japan.
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14
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Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is common among mechanically ventilated children and accompanies up to 30% of all pediatric intensive care unit deaths. Though ARDS diagnosis is based on clinical criteria, biological markers of acute lung damage have been extensively studied in adults and children. Biomarkers of inflammation, alveolar epithelial and capillary endothelial disruption, disordered coagulation, and associated derangements measured in the circulation and other body fluids, such as bronchoalveolar lavage, have improved our understanding of pathobiology of ARDS. The biochemical signature of ARDS has been increasingly well described in adult populations, and this has led to the identification of molecular phenotypes to augment clinical classifications. However, there is a paucity of data from pediatric ARDS (pARDS) patients. Biomarkers and molecular phenotypes have the potential to identify patients at high risk of poor outcomes, and perhaps inform the development of targeted therapies for specific groups of patients. Additionally, because of the lower incidence of and mortality from ARDS in pediatric patients relative to adults and lack of robust clinical predictors of outcome, there is an ongoing interest in biological markers as surrogate outcome measures. The recent definition of pARDS provides additional impetus for the measurement of established and novel biomarkers in future pediatric studies in order to further characterize this disease process. This chapter will review the currently available literature and discuss potential future directions for investigation into biomarkers in ARDS among children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E. Orwoll
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anil Sapru
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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15
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Moreira A, Sapru A, Rimensberger PC. What's new about circulating biomarkers in pediatric acute lung disease. Intensive Care Med 2016; 42:803-805. [PMID: 26969672 PMCID: PMC5253181 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-016-4304-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amélia Moreira
- Service of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anil Sapru
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, Box 0106, San Francisco, CA USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, 12-475 MDCC, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Peter C. Rimensberger
- Service of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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16
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Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 inhibits lung injury induced by respiratory syncytial virus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19840. [PMID: 26813885 PMCID: PMC4728398 DOI: 10.1038/srep19840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is a major cause of severe lower respiratory illness in infants and young children, but the underlying mechanisms responsible for viral pathogenesis have not been fully elucidated. To date, no drugs or vaccines have been employed to improve clinical outcomes for RSV-infected patients. In this paper, we report that angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) protected against severe lung injury induced by RSV infection in an experimental mouse model and in pediatric patients. Moreover, ACE2 deficiency aggravated RSV-associated disease pathogenesis, mainly by its action on the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R). Furthermore, administration of a recombinant ACE2 protein alleviated the severity of RSV-induced lung injury. These findings demonstrate that ACE2 plays a critical role in preventing RSV-induced lung injury, and suggest that ACE2 is a promising potential therapeutic target in the management of RSV-induced lung disease.
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17
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Shah SS, Ambroggio L, Florin TA. Biomarkers for Predicting Illness Severity in Children With Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infections. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2015; 4:189-91. [PMID: 26336602 PMCID: PMC4554202 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piu041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samir S. Shah
- Division of Infectious Diseases;,Division of Hospital Medicine
| | - Lilliam Ambroggio
- Division of Hospital Medicine;,Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology
| | - Todd A. Florin
- Division of Emergency Medicine,Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Ohio
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18
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Abstract
The unique characteristics of pulmonary circulation and alveolar-epithelial capillary-endothelial barrier allow for maintenance of the air-filled, fluid-free status of the alveoli essential for facilitating gas exchange, maintaining alveolar stability, and defending the lung against inhaled pathogens. The hallmark of pathophysiology in acute respiratory distress syndrome is the loss of the alveolar capillary permeability barrier and the presence of protein-rich edema fluid in the alveoli. This alteration in permeability and accumulation of fluid in the alveoli accompanies damage to the lung epithelium and vascular endothelium along with dysregulated inflammation and inappropriate activity of leukocytes and platelets. In addition, there is uncontrolled activation of coagulation along with suppression of fibrinolysis and loss of surfactant. These pathophysiological changes result in the clinical manifestations of acute respiratory distress syndrome, which include hypoxemia, radiographic opacities, decreased functional residual capacity, increased physiologic deadspace, and decreased lung compliance. Resolution of acute respiratory distress syndrome involves the migration of cells to the site of injury and re-establishment of the epithelium and endothelium with or without the development of fibrosis. Most of the data related to acute respiratory distress syndrome, however, originate from studies in adults or in mature animals with very few studies performed in children or juvenile animals. The lack of studies in children is particularly problematic because the lungs and immune system are still developing during childhood and consequently the pathophysiology of pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome may differ in significant ways from that seen in acute respiratory distress syndrome in adults. This article describes what is known of the pathophysiologic processes of pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome as we know it today while also presenting the much greater body of evidence on these processes as elucidated by adult and animal studies. It is also our expressed intent to generate enthusiasm for larger and more in-depth investigations of the mechanisms of disease and repair specific to children in the years to come.
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19
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Larkin EK, Gebretsadik T, Moore ML, Anderson LJ, Dupont WD, Chappell JD, Minton PA, Peebles RS, Moore PE, Valet RS, Arnold DH, Rosas-Salazar C, Das SR, Polack FP, Hartert TV. Objectives, design and enrollment results from the Infant Susceptibility to Pulmonary Infections and Asthma Following RSV Exposure Study (INSPIRE). BMC Pulm Med 2015; 15:45. [PMID: 26021723 PMCID: PMC4506623 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-015-0040-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) lower respiratory tract infection (LRI) during infancy has been consistently associated with an increased risk of childhood asthma. In addition, evidence supports that this relationship is causal. However, the mechanisms through which RSV contributes to asthma development are not understood. The INSPIRE (Infant Susceptibility to Pulmonary Infections and Asthma Following RSV Exposure) study objectives are to: 1) characterize the host phenotypic response to RSV infection in infancy and the risk of recurrent wheeze and asthma, 2) identify the immune response and lung injury patterns of RSV infection that are associated with the development of early childhood wheezing illness and asthma, and 3) determine the contribution of specific RSV strains to early childhood wheezing and asthma development. This article describes the INSPIRE study, including study aims, design, recruitment results, and enrolled population characteristics. Methods/design The cohort is a population based longitudinal birth cohort of term healthy infants enrolled during the first months of life over a two year period. Respiratory infection surveillance was conducted from November to March of the first year of life, through surveys administered every two weeks. In-person illness visits were conducted if infants met pre-specified criteria for a respiratory illness visit. Infants will be followed annually to ages 3-4 years for assessment of the primary endpoint: wheezing illness. Nasal, urine, stool and blood samples were collected at various time points throughout the study for measurements of host and viral factors that predict wheezing illness. Nested case-control studies will additionally be used to address other primary and secondary hypotheses. Discussion In the INSPIRE study, 1952 infants (48% female) were enrolled during the two enrollment years and follow-up will continue through 2016. The mean age of enrollment was 60 days. During winter viral season, more than 14,000 surveillance surveys were carried out resulting in 2,103 respiratory illness visits on 1189 infants. First year follow-up has been completed on over 95% percent of participants from the first year of enrollment. With ongoing follow-up for wheezing and childhood asthma outcomes, the INSPIRE study will advance our understanding of the complex causal relationship between RSV infection and early childhood wheezing and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma K Larkin
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Tebeb Gebretsadik
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Martin L Moore
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Larry J Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - William D Dupont
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - James D Chappell
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Patricia A Minton
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - R Stokes Peebles
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Paul E Moore
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Robert S Valet
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Donald H Arnold
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | | | - Suman R Das
- Virology Department, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Fernando P Polack
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Tina V Hartert
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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20
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Amat F, Henquell C, Verdan M, Roszyk L, Mulliez A, Labbé A. Predicting the severity of acute bronchiolitis in infants: should we use a clinical score or a biomarker? J Med Virol 2013; 86:1944-52. [PMID: 24374757 PMCID: PMC7167168 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Krebs von den Lungen 6 antigen (KL-6) has been shown to be a useful biomarker of the severity of Respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. To assess the correlation between the clinical severity of acute bronchiolitis, serum KL-6, and the causative viruses, 222 infants with acute bronchiolitis presenting at the Pediatric Emergency Department of Estaing University Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand, France, were prospectively enrolled from October 2011 to May 2012. Disease severity was assessed with a score calculated from oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, and respiratory effort. A nasopharyngeal aspirate was collected to screen for a panel of 20 respiratory viruses. Serum was assessed and compared with a control group of 38 bronchiolitis-free infants. No significant difference in KL-6 levels was found between the children with bronchiolitis (mean 231 IU/mL ± 106) and those without (230 IU/mL ± 102), or between children who were hospitalized or not, or between the types of virus. No correlation was found between serum KL-6 levels and the disease severity score. The absence of Human Rhinovirus was a predictive factor for hospitalization (OR 3.4 [1.4-7.9]; P = 0.006). Older age and a higher oxygen saturation were protective factors (OR 0.65[0.55-0.77]; P < 0.0001 and OR 0.67 [0.54-0.85] P < 0.001, respectively). These results suggest that in infants presenting with bronchiolitis for the first time, clinical outcome depends more on the adaptive capacities of the host than on epithelial dysfunction intensity. Many of the features of bronchiolitis are affected by underlying disease and by treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flore Amat
- Pediatric Emergency Department, CHU-Estaing, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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21
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Carmona EM, Limper AH. Update on the diagnosis and treatment of Pneumocystis pneumonia. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2010; 5:41-59. [PMID: 20736243 DOI: 10.1177/1753465810380102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumocystis is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes an often-lethal pneumonia in immunocompromised hosts. Although the organism was discovered in the early 1900s, the first cases of Pneumocystis pneumonia in humans were initially recognized in Central Europe after the Second World War in premature and malnourished infants. This unusual lung infection was known as plasma cellular interstitial pneumonitis of the newborn, and was characterized by severe respiratory distress and cyanosis with little or no fever and no pathognomic physical signs. At that time, only anecdotal cases were reported in adults and usually these patients had a baseline malignancy that led to a malnourished state. In the 1960-1970s additional cases were described in adults and children with hematological malignancies, but Pneumocystis pneumonia was still considered a rare disease. However, in the 1980s, with the onset of the HIV epidemic, Pneumocystis prevalence increased dramatically and became widely recognized as an opportunistic infection that caused potentially life-treating pneumonia in patients with impaired immunity. During this time period, prophylaxis against this organism was more generally instituted in high-risk patients. In the 1990s, with widespread use of prophylaxis and the initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in the treatment of HIV-infected patients, the number of cases in this specific population decreased. However, Pneumocystis pneumonia still remains an important cause of severe pneumonia in patients with HIV infection and is still considered a principal AIDS-defining illness. Despite the decreased number of cases among HIV-infected patients over the past decade, Pneumocystis pneumonia continues to be a serious problem in immunodeficient patients with other immunosuppressive conditions. This is mostly due to increased use of immunosuppressive medications to treat patients with autoimmune diseases, following bone marrow and solid organ transplantation, and in patients with hematological and solid malignancies. Patients with hematologic disorders and solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation are currently the most vulnerable groups at risk for developing this infection. However, any patient with an impaired immunity, such as those receiving moderate doses of oral steroids for greater than 4 weeks or those receiving other immunosuppressive medications are at also at significant risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Carmona
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care and Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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