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Zhu J, Cheng W, He TT, Hou BL, Lei LY, Wang Z, Liang YN. Exploring the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Tryptanthrin by Regulating TLR4/MyD88/ROS/NF-κB, JAK/STAT3, and Keap1/Nrf2 Signaling Pathways. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:30904-30918. [PMID: 39035974 PMCID: PMC11256115 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c03795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Tryptanthrin (TRYP) is the main active ingredient in Indigo Naturalis. Studies have shown that TRYP had excellent anti-inflammatory activity, but its specific mechanism has been unclear. In this work, the differentially expressed proteins resulting from TRYP intervention in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells were obtained based on tandem mass tag proteomics technology. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of TRYP was further validated by a combination of experiments using the LPS-induced RAW264.7 cell model in vitro and the DSS-induced UC mouse model (free drinking 2.5% DSS) in vivo. The results demonstrated that TRYP could inhibit levels of NO, IL-6, and TNF-α in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. Twelve differential proteins were screened out. And the results indicated that TRYP could inhibit upregulated levels of gp91phox, p22phox, FcεRIγ, IKKα/β, and p-IκBα and reduce ROS levels in vitro. Besides, after TRYP treatment, the health conditions of colitis mice were all improved. Furthermore, TRYP inhibited the activation of JAK/STAT3, nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65, and promoted the nuclear expression of Nrf2 in vitro and in vivo. This work preliminarily indicated that TRYP might suppress the TLR4/MyD88/ROS/NF-κB and JAK/STAT3 signaling pathways to exert anti-inflammatory effects. Additionally, TRYP could achieve antioxidant effects by regulating the Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhu
- Co-construction Collaborative Innovation
Center for Chinese Medicine Resources Industrialization by Shaanxi
& Education Ministry, State Key Laboratory of Research & Development
of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712083, China
| | - Wen Cheng
- Co-construction Collaborative Innovation
Center for Chinese Medicine Resources Industrialization by Shaanxi
& Education Ministry, State Key Laboratory of Research & Development
of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712083, China
| | - Tian-Tian He
- Co-construction Collaborative Innovation
Center for Chinese Medicine Resources Industrialization by Shaanxi
& Education Ministry, State Key Laboratory of Research & Development
of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712083, China
| | - Bao-Long Hou
- Co-construction Collaborative Innovation
Center for Chinese Medicine Resources Industrialization by Shaanxi
& Education Ministry, State Key Laboratory of Research & Development
of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712083, China
| | - Li-Yan Lei
- Co-construction Collaborative Innovation
Center for Chinese Medicine Resources Industrialization by Shaanxi
& Education Ministry, State Key Laboratory of Research & Development
of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712083, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Co-construction Collaborative Innovation
Center for Chinese Medicine Resources Industrialization by Shaanxi
& Education Ministry, State Key Laboratory of Research & Development
of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712083, China
| | - Yan-Ni Liang
- Co-construction Collaborative Innovation
Center for Chinese Medicine Resources Industrialization by Shaanxi
& Education Ministry, State Key Laboratory of Research & Development
of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712083, China
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Habean ML, Kaiser KE, Williams JL. Orchestrating Stress Responses in Multiple Sclerosis: A Role for Astrocytic IFNγ Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7524. [PMID: 39062765 PMCID: PMC11276796 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by the infiltration of peripheral immune cells into the central nervous system (CNS), secretion of inflammatory factors, demyelination, and axonal degeneration. Inflammatory mediators such as cytokines alter cellular function and activate resident CNS cells, including astrocytes. Notably, interferon (IFN)γ is a prominent pleiotropic cytokine involved in MS that contributes to disease pathogenesis. Astrocytes are dynamic cells that respond to changes in the cellular microenvironment and are highly responsive to many cytokines, including IFNγ. Throughout the course of MS, intrinsic cell stress is initiated in response to inflammation, which can impact the pathology. It is known that cell stress is pronounced during MS; however, the specific mechanisms relating IFNγ signaling to cell stress responses in astrocytes are still under investigation. This review will highlight the current literature regarding the impact of IFNγ signaling alone and in combination with other immune mediators on astrocyte synthesis of free oxygen radicals and cell death, and cover what is understood regarding astrocytic mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L. Habean
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue/NC30, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Kaitlin E. Kaiser
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue/NC30, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jessica L. Williams
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue/NC30, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Stykel MG, Ryan SD. Network analysis of S-nitrosylated synaptic proteins demonstrates unique roles in health and disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119720. [PMID: 38582237 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2024.119720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Nitric oxide can covalently modify cysteine thiols on target proteins to alter that protein's function in a process called S-nitrosylation (SNO). S-nitrosylation of synaptic proteins plays an integral part in neurotransmission. Here we review the function of the SNO-proteome at the synapse and whether clusters of SNO-modification may predict synaptic dysfunction associated with disease. We used a systematic search strategy to concatenate SNO-proteomic datasets from normal human or murine brain samples. Identified SNO-modified proteins were then filtered against proteins reported in the Synaptome Database, which provides a detailed and experimentally verified annotation of all known synaptic proteins. Subsequently, we performed an unbiased network analysis of all known SNO-synaptic proteins to identify clusters of SNO proteins commonly involved in biological processes or with known disease associations. The resulting SNO networks were significantly enriched in biological processes related to metabolism, whereas significant gene-disease associations were related to Schizophrenia, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease. Guided by an unbiased network analysis, the current review presents a thorough discussion of how clustered changes to the SNO-proteome influence health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan G Stykel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Scott D Ryan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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Zhang J, Guo H, Wang L, Zheng M, Kong S, Wu H, Zhao L, Zhao Q, Yang X, He Q, Chen X, Ding L, Yang B. Cediranib enhances the transcription of MHC-I by upregulating IRF-1. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 221:116036. [PMID: 38301967 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Diminished or lost Major Histocompatibility Complex class I (MHC-I) expression is frequently observed in tumors, which obstructs the immune recognition of tumor cells by cytotoxic T cells. Restoring MHC-I expression by promoting its transcription and improving protein stability have been promising strategies for reestablishing anti-tumor immune responses. Here, through cell-based screening models, we found that cediranib significantly upregulated MHC-I expression in tumor cells. This finding was confirmed in various non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines and primary patient-derived lung cancer cells. Furthermore, we discovered cediranib achieved MHC-I upregulation through transcriptional regulation. interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) was required for cediranib induced MHC-I transcription and the absence of IRF-1 eliminated this effect. Continuing our research, we found cediranib triggered STAT1 phosphorylation and promoted IRF-1 transcription subsequently, thus enhancing downstream MHC-I transcription. In vivo study, we further confirmed that cediranib increased MHC-I expression, enhanced CD8+ T cell infiltration, and improved the efficacy of anti-PD-L1 therapy. Collectively, our study demonstrated that cediranib could elevate MHC-I expression and enhance responsiveness to immune therapy, thereby providing a theoretical foundation for its potential clinical trials in combination with immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hongjie Guo
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Longsheng Wang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mingming Zheng
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shijia Kong
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Honghai Wu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qiong Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Shulan(Hangzhou)Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Xiaochun Yang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Nanhu Brain-computer Interface Institute, Hangzhou 311100, China
| | - Qiaojun He
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; The Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ling Ding
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Nanhu Brain-computer Interface Institute, Hangzhou 311100, China.
| | - Bo Yang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; The Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310015, China.
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Peixoto P, Vieira-Alves I, Couto GK, Lemos VS, Rossoni LV, Bissoli NS, Dos Santos RL. Sex differences in the participation of endothelial mediators and signaling pathways involved in the vasodilator effect of a selective GPER agonist in resistance arteries of gonadectomized Wistar rats. Life Sci 2022; 308:120917. [PMID: 36044974 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM Endothelial mechanisms underlying the vascular effects of estrogen modulated by the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) are not well understood, especially in gonadal sex hormone deprivation. Thus, we investigated vascular function and endothelial signaling pathways involved in the selective activation of GPER in resistance arteries of gonadectomized rats. METHODS Gonadectomy was performed in Wistar rats of both sexes. After 21 days, the animals were euthanized. Concentration-response curves were obtained by cumulative additions of G-1 in third-order mesenteric arteries. The vasodilatory effects of G-1 were evaluated before and after endothelium removal or incubation with pharmacological inhibitors. Tissue protein expression was measured by western blotting. Assays with 4-amino-5-methylamino-2',7'-difluorofluorescein diacetate (DAF-FM) and 2',7' dichlorodihydrofluorescein-diacetate (DCF-DA) were performed in the arteries investigated. Immunolocalization was assessed by immunofluorescence. RESULTS G-1 induced partially endothelium-dependent relaxation in both sexes. The three isoforms of the enzyme nitric oxide synthase contributed to the production and release of nitric oxide in both gonadectomized groups, but the role of inducible nitric oxide synthase is more expressive in males. The mechanistic pathway by which endothelial nitric oxide synthase is phosphorylated appears to differ between sexes, with the rapid signaling pathway phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B/endothelial nitric oxide synthase (PI3k-Akt-eNOS) being identified for males and mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase/endothelial nitric oxide synthase (MEK-ERK-eNOS) for females. The contribution of hydrogen peroxide as an endothelial relaxation mediator seems to be greater in females. CONCLUSION These results provide new insights into the effects of estrogen-induced responses via GPER on vascular function in gonadal sex hormone deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pollyana Peixoto
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Ildernandes Vieira-Alves
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gisele Kruger Couto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Virgínia Soares Lemos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Nazaré Souza Bissoli
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Roger Lyrio Dos Santos
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil.
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Gao C, Koko MYF, Ding M, Hong W, Li J, Dong N, Hui M. Intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP, IAP Enhancer) attenuates intestinal inflammation and alleviates insulin resistance. Front Immunol 2022; 13:927272. [PMID: 35958560 PMCID: PMC9359302 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.927272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effects of intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) in controlled intestinal inflammation and alleviated associated insulin resistance (IR). We also explored the possible underlying molecular mechanisms, showed the preventive effect of IAP on IR in vivo, and verified the dephosphorylation of IAP for the inhibition of intestinal inflammation in vitro. Furthermore, we examined the preventive role of IAP in IR induced by a high-fat diet in mice. We found that an IAP + IAP enhancer significantly ameliorated blood glucose, insulin, low-density lipoprotein, gut barrier function, inflammatory markers, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in serum. IAP could dephosphorylate LPS and nucleoside triphosphate in a pH-dependent manner in vitro. Firstly, LPS is inactivated by IAP and IAP reduces LPS-induced inflammation. Secondly, adenosine, a dephosphorylated product of adenosine triphosphate, elicited anti-inflammatory effects by binding to the A2A receptor, which inhibits NF-κB, TNF, and PI3K-Akt signalling pathways. Hence, IAP can be used as a natural anti-inflammatory agent to reduce intestinal inflammation-induced IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenzhe Gao
- The Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Immunity, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Food, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | | | | | - Weichen Hong
- The Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Immunity, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jianping Li
- College of Food, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Na Dong
- The Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Immunity, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Na Dong, ; Mizhou Hui,
| | - Mizhou Hui
- College of Food, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Na Dong, ; Mizhou Hui,
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Nair S, Guanzon D, Jayabalan N, Lai A, Scholz-Romero K, Kalita de Croft P, Ormazabal V, Palma C, Diaz E, McCarthy EA, Shub A, Miranda J, Gratacós E, Crispi F, Duncombe G, Lappas M, McIntyre HD, Rice G, Salomon C. Extracellular vesicle-associated miRNAs are an adaptive response to gestational diabetes mellitus. J Transl Med 2021; 19:360. [PMID: 34416903 PMCID: PMC8377872 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02999-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a serious public health issue affecting 9-15% of all pregnancies worldwide. Recently, it has been suggested that extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a role throughout gestation, including mediating a placental response to hyperglycaemia. Here, we investigated the EV-associated miRNA profile across gestation in GDM, assessed their utility in developing accurate, multivariate classification models, and determined the signaling pathways in skeletal muscle proteome associated with the changes in the EV miRNA profile. METHODS Discovery: A retrospective, case-control study design was used to identify EV-associated miRNAs that vary across pregnancy and clinical status (i.e. GDM or Normal Glucose Tolerance, NGT). EVs were isolated from maternal plasma obtained at early, mid and late gestation (n = 29) and small RNA sequencing was performed. Validation: A longitudinal study design was used to quantify expression of selected miRNAs. EV miRNAs were quantified by real-time PCR (cases = 8, control = 14, samples at three times during pregnancy) and their individual and combined classification efficiencies were evaluated. Quantitative, data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry was use to establish the protein profile in skeletal muscle biopsies from normal and GDM. RESULTS A total of 2822 miRNAs were analyzed using a small RNA library, and a total of 563 miRNAs that significantly changed (p < 0.05) across gestation and 101 miRNAs were significantly changed between NGT and GDM. Analysis of the miRNA changes in NGT and GDM separately identified a total of 256 (NGT-group), and 302 (GDM-group) miRNAs that change across gestation. A multivariate classification model was developed, based on the quantitative expression of EV-associated miRNAs, and the accuracy to correctly assign samples was > 90%. We identified a set of proteins in skeletal muscle biopsies from women with GDM associated with JAK-STAT signaling which could be targeted by the miRNA-92a-3p within circulating EVs. Interestingly, overexpression of miRNA-92a-3p in primary skeletal muscle cells increase insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. CONCLUSIONS During early pregnancy, differently-expressed, EV-associated miRNAs may be of clinical utility in identifying presymptomatic women who will subsequently develop GDM later in gestation. We suggest that miRNA-92a-3p within EVs might be a protected mechanism to increase skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity in GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyalekshmi Nair
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Building 71/918, Herston, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Dominic Guanzon
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Building 71/918, Herston, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Nanthini Jayabalan
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Building 71/918, Herston, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Andrew Lai
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Building 71/918, Herston, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Katherin Scholz-Romero
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Building 71/918, Herston, QLD, 4029, Australia
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pharmacology Department, University of Concepcion, Concepción, Chile
| | - Priyakshi Kalita de Croft
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Building 71/918, Herston, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Valeska Ormazabal
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pharmacology Department, University of Concepcion, Concepción, Chile
| | - Carlos Palma
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Building 71/918, Herston, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Emilio Diaz
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Concepcion, Concepción, Chile
| | - Elizabeth A McCarthy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Mercy Hospital for Women, 163 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - Alexis Shub
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Mercy Hospital for Women, 163 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - Jezid Miranda
- Fetal Medicine Research Center, BCNatal-Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), Institut Clínic de Ginecologia Obstetricia i Neonatologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Gratacós
- Fetal Medicine Research Center, BCNatal-Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), Institut Clínic de Ginecologia Obstetricia i Neonatologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fátima Crispi
- Fetal Medicine Research Center, BCNatal-Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), Institut Clínic de Ginecologia Obstetricia i Neonatologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gregory Duncombe
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Building 71/918, Herston, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Martha Lappas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Mercy Hospital for Women, 163 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - H David McIntyre
- Mater Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Mater Health, South Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gregory Rice
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Building 71/918, Herston, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Carlos Salomon
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Building 71/918, Herston, QLD, 4029, Australia.
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pharmacology Department, University of Concepcion, Concepción, Chile.
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The Janus Kinase Inhibitor Ruxolitinib Prevents Terminal Shock in a Mouse Model of Arenavirus Hemorrhagic Fever. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030564. [PMID: 33803310 PMCID: PMC8001354 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arenaviruses such as Lassa virus cause arenavirus hemorrhagic fever (AVHF), but protective vaccines and effective antiviral therapy remain unmet medical needs. Our prior work has revealed that inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) induction by IFN-γ represents a key pathway to microvascular leak and terminal shock in AVHF. Here we hypothesized that Ruxolitinib, an FDA-approved JAK inhibitor known to prevent IFN-γ signaling, could be repurposed for host-directed therapy in AVHF. We tested the efficacy of Ruxolitinib in MHC-humanized (HHD) mice, which develop Lassa fever-like disease upon infection with the monkey-pathogenic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus strain WE. Anti-TNF antibody therapy was tested as an alternative strategy owing to its expected effect on macrophage activation. Ruxolitinib but not anti-TNF antibody prevented hypothermia and terminal disease as well as pleural effusions and skin edema, which served as readouts of microvascular leak. As expected, neither treatment influenced viral loads. Intriguingly, however, and despite its potent disease-modifying activity, Ruxolitinib did not measurably interfere with iNOS expression or systemic NO metabolite levels. These findings suggest that the FDA-approved JAK-inhibitor Ruxolitinib has potential in the treatment of AVHF. Moreover, our observations indicate that besides IFN-γ-induced iNOS additional druggable pathways contribute essentially to AVHF and are amenable to host-directed therapy.
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Dao VTV, Elbatreek MH, Fuchß T, Grädler U, Schmidt HHHW, Shah AM, Wallace A, Knowles R. Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitors into the Clinic at Last. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 264:169-204. [PMID: 32797331 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The 1998 Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology for the discovery of nitric oxide, a nitrogen containing reactive oxygen species (also termed reactive nitrogen or reactive nitrogen/oxygen species) stirred great hopes. Clinical applications, however, have so far pertained exclusively to the downstream signaling of cGMP enhancing drugs such as phosphodiesterase inhibitors and soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators. All clinical attempts, so far, to inhibit NOS have failed even though preclinical models were strikingly positive and clinical biomarkers correlated perfectly. This rather casts doubt on our current way of target identification in drug discovery in general and our way of patient stratification based on correlating but not causal biomarkers or symptoms. The opposite, NO donors, nitrite and enhancing NO synthesis by eNOS/NOS3 recoupling in situations of NO deficiency, are rapidly declining in clinical relevance or hold promise but need yet to enter formal therapeutic guidelines, respectively. Nevertheless, NOS inhibition in situations of NO overproduction often jointly with enhanced superoxide (or hydrogen peroxide production) still holds promise, but most likely only in acute conditions such as neurotrauma (Stover et al., J Neurotrauma 31(19):1599-1606, 2014) and stroke (Kleinschnitz et al., J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1508-1512, 2016; Casas et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 116(14):7129-7136, 2019). Conversely, in chronic conditions, long-term inhibition of NOS might be too risky because of off-target effects on eNOS/NOS3 in particular for patients with cardiovascular risks or metabolic and renal diseases. Nitric oxide synthases (NOS) and their role in health (green) and disease (red). Only neuronal/type 1 NOS (NOS1) has a high degree of clinical validation and is in late stage development for traumatic brain injury, followed by a phase II safety/efficacy trial in ischemic stroke. The pathophysiology of NOS1 (Kleinschnitz et al., J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1508-1512, 2016) is likely to be related to parallel superoxide or hydrogen peroxide formation (Kleinschnitz et al., J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1508-1512, 2016; Casas et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 114(46):12315-12320, 2017; Casas et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 116(14):7129-7136, 2019) leading to peroxynitrite and protein nitration, etc. Endothelial/type 3 NOS (NOS3) is considered protective only and its inhibition should be avoided. The preclinical evidence for a role of high-output inducible/type 2 NOS (NOS2) isoform in sepsis, asthma, rheumatic arthritis, etc. was high, but all clinical development trials in these indications were neutral despite target engagement being validated. This casts doubt on the role of NOS2 in humans in health and disease (hence the neutral, black coloring).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Thao-Vi Dao
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mahmoud H Elbatreek
- Department of Pharmacology and Personalised Medicine, MeHNS, FHML, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Thomas Fuchß
- Takeda GmbH (former Nycomed/Altana Pharma), Konstanz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Grädler
- Takeda GmbH (former Nycomed/Altana Pharma), Konstanz, Germany
| | - Harald H H W Schmidt
- Department of Pharmacology and Personalised Medicine, MeHNS, FHML, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ajay M Shah
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, London, UK
| | - Alan Wallace
- Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Richard Knowles
- Knowles Consulting Ltd., The Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Stevenage, UK.
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10
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Su X, Zhang Q, Yue J, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Yang R. TRIM59 suppresses NO production by promoting the binding of PIAS1 and STAT1 in macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 89:107030. [PMID: 33045573 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages, which can secret various inflammation mediators, have an essential role in tumor growth and metastasis. However, the mechanism(s) to regulate the production of inflammation mediator is not completely clear. Here we found that TRIM 59 could inhibit the production of NO and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cytochrome c oxidase subunit2 (COX2) and TNFα. TRIM59 mediated suppression on nitric oxide (NO) production is through inhibiting the activation of JAK2-STAT1 signal pathway. In response to LPS, TRIM59 in macrophages was translocated from cytoplasm to nucleus and directly bound with STAT1. During this process, TRIM59 could recruit much more PIAS1 to bind with STAT1 to suppress the activation of STAT1. Finally, TRIM59 modified macrophages could promote tumor growth. Thus, TRIM59 mediated suppression on NO production by promoting the binding of PIAS1 and STAT1 in macrophages may regulate tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Su
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Qianjing Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianmei Yue
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yachen Wang
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Rongcun Yang
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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11
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Jiang M, Ye J, Wang X, Li N, Wang Y, Shi Y. Phosphatase SHP1 impedes mesenchymal stromal cell immunosuppressive capacity modulated by JAK1/STAT3 and P38 signals. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:65. [PMID: 32467752 PMCID: PMC7227316 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-00428-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are multiple stromal cells existing in various tissues and have already been employed in animal models and clinical trials to treat immune disorders through potent immunosuppressive capacity. Our previous reports have suggested that MSC immunosuppression is not intrinsic but is acquired upon combined inflammatory cytokine treatment. However, the understanding of detailed molecular mechanisms involved in MSC immunomodulation remains incomplete. Results In the study, we report that MSCs derived from viable motheaten (mev) mice, with deficiency in SH2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP1), exhibited remarkable increased suppressive effect on activated splenocyte proliferation. Consistently, when MSCs were treated with combined inflammatory cytokines, SHP1-deficient MSCs produced dramatically more iNOS expression compared with wild-type MSCs. SHP1 was found to suppress the phosphorylation of JAK1/STAT3 and P38 signals. The classical animal model of concanavalin A (ConA)-induced liver injury was applied to examine the role of SHP1 in modulation MSC-therapeutic effect in vivo. Consistent with the results in vitro, SHP1-deficient MSCs exhibited dramatically more effective protection against ConA-induced hepatitis, compared to WT MSCs. Conclusion Taken together, our study reveals a possible role for SHP1 in modulation of MSC immunosuppression regulated by JAK1/STAT3 and P38 signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghui Jiang
- 1School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiayin Ye
- 3Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- 2The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Na Li
- 3Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Ying Wang
- 3Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Yufang Shi
- 1School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,2The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,3Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
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12
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Cinelli MA, Do HT, Miley GP, Silverman RB. Inducible nitric oxide synthase: Regulation, structure, and inhibition. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:158-189. [PMID: 31192483 PMCID: PMC6908786 DOI: 10.1002/med.21599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A considerable number of human diseases have an inflammatory component, and a key mediator of immune activation and inflammation is inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which produces nitric oxide (NO) from l-arginine. Overexpressed or dysregulated iNOS has been implicated in numerous pathologies including sepsis, cancer, neurodegeneration, and various types of pain. Extensive knowledge has been accumulated about the roles iNOS plays in different tissues and organs. Additionally, X-ray crystal and cryogenic electron microscopy structures have shed new insights on the structure and regulation of this enzyme. Many potent iNOS inhibitors with high selectivity over related NOS isoforms, neuronal NOS, and endothelial NOS, have been discovered, and these drugs have shown promise in animal models of endotoxemia, inflammatory and neuropathic pain, arthritis, and other disorders. A major issue in iNOS inhibitor development is that promising results in animal studies have not translated to humans; there are no iNOS inhibitors approved for human use. In addition to assay limitations, both the dual modalities of iNOS and NO in disease states (ie, protective vs harmful effects) and the different roles and localizations of NOS isoforms create challenges for therapeutic intervention. This review summarizes the structure, function, and regulation of iNOS, with focus on the development of iNOS inhibitors (historical and recent). A better understanding of iNOS' complex functions is necessary before specific drug candidates can be identified for classical indications such as sepsis, heart failure, and pain; however, newer promising indications for iNOS inhibition, such as depression, neurodegenerative disorders, and epilepsy, have been discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maris A. Cinelli
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- Current address: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Ha T. Do
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- Current address: Mersana Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Galen P. Miley
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Richard B. Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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13
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Xun S, Zheng R. Retracted
: Dexmedetomidine alleviates neuropathic pain by regulating JAK/STAT pathway in rats. J Cell Biochem 2019; 121:2277-2283. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shining Xun
- First Department of Anesthesiology and Surgery Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Xianyang Shaanxi China
| | - Rongzhi Zheng
- First Department of Anesthesiology and Surgery Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Xianyang Shaanxi China
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Palikhe S, Ohashi W, Sakamoto T, Hattori K, Kawakami M, Andoh T, Yamazaki H, Hattori Y. Regulatory Role of GRK2 in the TLR Signaling-Mediated iNOS Induction Pathway in Microglial Cells. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:59. [PMID: 30778300 PMCID: PMC6369205 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is a ubiquitous member of the GRK family that restrains cellular activation by G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) phosphorylation leading to receptor desensitization and internalization, but has been identified to regulate a variety of signaling molecules, among which may be associated with inflammation. In this study, we attempted to establish the regulatory role of GRK2 in the Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in microglial cells. When mouse MG6 cells were stimulated with the TLR4 ligands lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and paclitaxel, we found that interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) protein expression and activation was upregulated, transcription of interferon-β (IFN-β) was accelerated, induction/activation of STAT1 and activation of STAT3 were promoted, and subsequently iNOS expression was upregulated. The ablation of GRK2 by small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) not only eliminated TLR4-mediated upregulation of IRF1 protein expression and nuclear translocation but also suppressed the activation of the STAT pathway, resulting in negating the iNOS upregulation. The TLR3-mediated changes in IRF1 and STAT1/3, leading to iNOS induction, were also abrogated by siRNA knockdown of GRK2. Furthermore, transfection of GRK2 siRNA blocked the exogenous IFN-β supplementation-induced increases in phosphorylation of STAT1 as well as STAT3 and abrogated the augmentation of iNOS expression in the presence of exogenous IFN-β. Taken together, our results show that GRK2 regulates the activation of IRF1 as well as the activation of the STAT pathway, leading to upregulated transcription of iNOS in activated microglial cells. Modulation of the TLR signaling pathway via GRK2 in microglia may be a novel therapeutic target for treatment of neuroinflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sailesh Palikhe
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Wakana Ohashi
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Takuya Sakamoto
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kohshi Hattori
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Relief Center, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kawakami
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Tsugunobu Andoh
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiromi Yamazaki
- Faculty of Nursing Science, Tsuruga Nursing University, Tsuruga, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hattori
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- The Research Institute of Cancer Prevention, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Tobetsu, Japan
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15
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Dincel GC, Kul O. First description of enhanced expression of transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-α) and glia maturation factor-beta (GMF-β) correlate with severity of neuropathology in border disease virus-infected small ruminants. Microb Pathog 2019; 128:301-310. [PMID: 30654008 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Border disease (BD) is caused by Pestivirus and characterized by severe neuropathology, and histopathologically observed severe hypomyelination. We have previously shown that small ruminants infected with border disease virus (BDV) play an important role for neuropathology and pathogenesis of severe oxidative damage in brain tissue, neuronal mtDNA; in the production of high pathologic levels of nitric oxide; in glial cell activation and stimulation of intrinsic apoptosis pathway. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between glia maturation factor beta (GMF-β) and transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α) expressions and the causes of BDV-induced neuropathology and to investigate their role in neuropathogenesis in a way that was not presented before. Expression levels of GMF-β and TGF-α were investigated. Results of the study revealed that the levels of GMF-β (P < 0.005) and TGF-α (P < 0.005) expression in the brain tissue markedly increased in the BDV-infected animals compared to the non-infected healthy control group. While TGF-α expressions were predominantly observed in neurons, GMF-β expressions were found in astrocytes, glial cells and neurons. These results were reasonable to suggest that BDV-mediated increased GMF-β might play a pivotal role neuropathogenesis and a different type of role in the mechanism of neurodegeneration/neuropathology in the process of BD. The results also indicated that increased levels of GMF up-regulation in glial cells and neurons causes neuronal destruction, suggesting pathological pathway involving GMF-mediated brain cell cytotoxicity. It is clearly indicated that the cause of astrogliosis is due to severe TGF-a expression. This is the first study to demonstrate the expression of GMF-β and TGF-α in neurons and reactive glial cells and its association with neuropathology in BD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oguz Kul
- Department of Pathology, University of Kirikkale, Kirikkale, Turkey
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16
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Fan J, Fong T, Chen X, Chen C, Luo P, Xie H. Glia maturation factor-β: a potential therapeutic target in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2018; 14:495-504. [PMID: 29445286 PMCID: PMC5810533 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s157099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glia maturation factor-β (GMFB) is considered to be a growth and differentiation factor for both glia and neurons. GMFB has been found to be upregulated in several neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration conditions. It may function by mediating apoptosis and by modulating the expression of superoxide dismutase, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and neurotrophin. In this review, we mainly discussed the role of GMFB in several neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. On review of the literature, we propose that GMFB may be a promising therapeutic target for neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsheng Fan
- Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tszhei Fong
- Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinjie Chen
- Second School of Clinic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuyun Chen
- Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Luo
- Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiting Xie
- Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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The Peptidylarginine Deiminase Inhibitor Cl-Amidine Suppresses Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression in Dendritic Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112258. [PMID: 29077055 PMCID: PMC5713228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The conversion of peptidylarginine into peptidylcitrulline by calcium-dependent peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of diseases, identifying PADs as therapeutic targets for various diseases. The PAD inhibitor Cl-amidine ameliorates the disease course, severity, and clinical manifestation in multiple disease models, and it also modulates dendritic cell (DC) functions such as cytokine production, antigen presentation, and T cell proliferation. The beneficial effects of Cl-amidine make it an attractive compound for PAD-targeting therapeutic strategies in inflammatory diseases. Here, we found that Cl-amidine inhibited nitric oxide (NO) generation in a time- and dose-dependent manner in maturing DCs activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This suppression of NO generation was independent of changes in NO synthase (NOS) enzyme activity levels but was instead dependent on changes in inducible NO synthase (iNOS) transcription and expression levels. Several upstream signaling pathways for iNOS expression, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase, nuclear factor-κB p65 (NF-κB p65), and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 pathways, were not affected by Cl-amidine. By contrast, the LPS-induced signal transducer and the activator of transcription (STAT) phosphorylation and activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcriptional activities (c-Fos, JunD, and phosphorylated c-Jun) were decreased in Cl-amidine-treated DCs. Inhibition of Janus kinase/STAT signaling dramatically suppressed iNOS expression and NO production, whereas AP-1 inhibition had no effect. These results indicate that Cl-amidine-inhibited STAT activation may suppress iNOS expression. Additionally, we found mildly reduced cyclooxygenase-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 production in Cl-amidine-treated DCs. Our findings indicate that Cl-amidine acts as a novel suppressor of iNOS expression, suggesting that Cl-amidine has the potential to ameliorate the effects of excessive iNOS/NO-linked immune responses.
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18
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Grimm EA. Immunology Comes Full Circle in Melanoma While Specific Immunity Is Unleashed to Eliminate Metastatic Disease, Inflammatory Products of Innate Immunity Promote Resistance. Crit Rev Oncog 2017; 21:57-63. [PMID: 27481002 DOI: 10.1615/critrevoncog.2016016901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma and many other cancers often express cells and molecular features of inflammation. Intrinsic to melanoma is the expression of a continuous cycle of cytokines and oxidative stress markers. The oxidative stress of inflammation is proposed to drive a metastatic process, not only of DNA adducts and crosslinks, but also of posttranslational oxidative modifications to lipids and proteins that we argue support growth and survival. Fortunately, numerous antioxidant agents are available clinically and we further propose that the pharmacological attenuation of these inflammatory processes, particularly the reactive nitrogen species, will restore the cancer cells to an apoptosis-permissive and growth-inhibitory state. Experimental model data using a small-molecule arginine antagonist that prevents enzymatic production of nitric oxide supports this view directly. I propose that the recognition, measurement, and regulation of such carcinogenic inflammation be considered as part of the approach to the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Grimm
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Avenue, Mail Unit 421, Room FC 11.2048, Houston, TX 77030
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19
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Kong Y, Zhang Y, Zhao X, Wang G, Liu Q. Carboxymethyl-chitosan attenuates inducible nitric oxide synthase and promotes interleukin-10 production in rat chondrocytes. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:5641-5646. [PMID: 29285104 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common age-related degenerative joint disease, which is caused by the breakdown of joint cartilage and the underlying bone. Carboxymethyl (CM)-chitosan is a soluble derivative of chitosan that has similar physicochemical properties to the extracellular proteoglycans identified in hyaline cartilage. Previous studies have demonstrated that CM-chitosan serves a protective role in a rabbit OA model. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of CM-chitosan on NO production and inflammation through its upregulation of interleukin (IL)-10, and the activation of the janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)/suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) signaling pathway. In the present study primary rat chondrocytes were induced to inflammation with 2 µg/ml lipopolysaccharide. The cells were subsequently subjected to increasing concentrations of CM-chitosan (50, 100 and 200 µg/ml) and the relative mRNA and protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), IL-10, JAK1, STAT3 and SOCS3 were measured by RT-qPCR and western blot analysis respectively. The results revealed that CM-chitosan attenuated inflammation by significantly reducing iNOS expression and upregulating the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). The expression of JAK1, STAT3 and SOCS3 were also significantly upregulated by CM-chitosan (all P<0.05). The protective role of CM-chitosan against NO production was due to its upregulation of IL-10 and its activation of the JAK/STAT/SOCS signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Kong
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, P.R. China
| | - Yuanmin Zhang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowei Zhao
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, P.R. China
| | - Guodong Wang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, P.R. China
| | - Qingkuan Liu
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, P.R. China
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Novel GM-CSF signals via IFN-γR/IRF-1 and AKT/mTOR license monocytes for suppressor function. Blood Adv 2017; 1:947-960. [PMID: 29296736 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017006858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) controls proliferation and survival of myeloid cells including monocytes. Here, we describe a time-dependent licensing process driven by GM-CSF in murine Ly6Chigh and human CD14+ monocytes that disables their inflammatory functions and promotes their conversion into suppressor cells. This 2-step licensing of monocytes requires activation of the AKT/mTOR/mTORC1 signaling cascade by GM-CSF followed by signaling through the interferon-γ receptor (IFN-γR)/interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) pathway. Only licensing-dependent adaptations in Toll-like receptor/inflammasome, IFN-γR, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT/mTOR signaling lead to stabilized expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase by mouse and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) by human monocytes, which accounts for their suppressor activity. This study suggests various myeloid cells with characteristics similar to those described for monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells, Mreg, or suppressor macrophages may arise from licensed monocytes. Markers of GM-CSF-driven monocyte licensing, including p-Akt, p-mTOR, and p-S6, distinguish inflammatory monocytes from potentially suppressive monocytes in peripheral blood of patients with high-grade glioma.
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21
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Zhou Y, Wang J, Yang W, Qi X, Lan L, Luo L, Yin Z. Bergapten prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 cells through suppressing JAK/STAT activation and ROS production and increases the survival rate of mice after LPS challenge. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 48:159-168. [PMID: 28511114 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Bergapten (BG) is a cumarine-derivate compound in many medicinal plants. Here, in vitro and in vivo experimental results indicated that BG possesses anti-inflammatory properties, Based on this, we further investigated the precise molecular mechanisms of BG in LPS-stimulated inflammation response. Studies revealed that BG inhibited LPS-stimulated productions of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, PGE2 and NO as well as the expression of iNOS and COX-2, and at the same time, it increased LPS-induced release of IL-10 in a dose-dependent manner in RAW264.7 cells. Mechanistically, BG suppressed the activations of JAK/STAT, but not that of MAPKs and NF-κB. In addition, BG, as an antioxidant, prevented the accumulation of ROS, which further exerted its anti-inflammatory function. In vivo researches revealed that BG decreased LPS-induced mortality in mice. In conclusions, BG may be a potential candidate for inflammation therapy via inhibiting JAK/STAT activation and ROS production in RAW264.7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jing Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Weidong Yang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiaowen Qi
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Lei Lan
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Lan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Zhimin Yin
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Zhang X, Wu J, Ye B, Wang Q, Xie X, Shen H. Protective effect of curcumin on TNBS-induced intestinal inflammation is mediated through the JAK/STAT pathway. Altern Ther Health Med 2016; 16:299. [PMID: 27544348 PMCID: PMC4992287 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1273-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Curcumin displays a protective role in rat models of intestinal inflammation. However, the mechanism of how curcumin affects on intestinal inflammation is less known. The purpose of the current study is to explore the signal pathway in which the curcumin protecting rat from intestinal inflammation. Methods The intestinal inflammation rat models were made by TNBS treatment. Curcumin was added to their diet 5 days before the TNBS instillation. After that, body weight change, score of macroscopic assessment of disease activity and microscopic scoring were utilized to analyse the severity of the induced inflammation. In addition, the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory were detected to determine the effect of curcumin on intestinal inflammation. The JAK/STAT pathway of pro-inflammation response was also evaluated. Finally, the impact of curcumin on apoptosis in intestinal inflammation was assessed by TUNEL staining. Results Rats pretreated with curcumin significantly reversed the decrease of body weight and increase of colon weight derived from TNBS-induced colitis. Histological improvement was observed in response to curcumin. In addition, curcumin attenuated TNBS-induced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and M1/M2 ratio, while stimulated the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines. The inhibition of pro-inflammation response was mediated by SOCS-1, which could efficiently suppress JAK/STAT pathways. Furthermore, curcumin efficiently suppressed the TNBS-induced apoptosis, and reduced the accumulation of cytochrome C in cytosol. Conclusion The anti-inflammatory effect of curcumin is realized by enhancing SOCS-1 expression and inhibiting JAK/STAT pathways. Curcumin also plays an anti-apoptotic role in TNBS-induced intestinal inflammation. We propose that curcumin may have therapeutic implications for human intestinal inflammation.
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Meng X, Kim I, Jeong YJ, Cho YM, Kang SC. Anti-inflammatory effects of Saururus chinensis aerial parts in murine macrophages via induction of heme oxygenase-1. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 241:396-408. [PMID: 26553125 DOI: 10.1177/1535370215614657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Saururus chinensis (Lour.) Baill. is a perennial plant distributed throughout Northeast Asia and its roots have been widely used as a traditional medicine for hepatitis, asthma, pneumonia, and gonorrhea. This study was designed to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of an extract of S. chinensis of the aerial parts (rather than the root), and the signaling pathway responsible for this effect in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine macrophages. The subfraction 4 (SCF4) from the n-hexane layer of the ethanol extract of the aerial parts of S. chinensis exhibited the highest nitrite-inhibitory activity. SCF4 significantly inhibited the production of nitrite and the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators via heme oxygenase-1 upregulation. SCF4 caused significant phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and Akt, which subsequently induced the nuclear translocation of p-p65 nuclear factor-κB and Nrf2. SCF4 also suppressed the phosphorylation of signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 (p-STAT1). The heme oxygenase-1 inhibitor zinc protoporphyrin attenuated the inhibitory effect of SCF4 on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated nitrite production and expression of inflammatory mediators, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and p-STAT1. We identified sauchinone as the active compound in S. chinensis extract and SCF4. Sauchinone was shown to significantly inhibit nitrite production and inflammatory mediators expression via heme oxygenase-1 upregulation. These results suggest that S. chinensis extract, SCF4, and its active compound, sauchinone, could be used as an anti-inflammatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Meng
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam 461-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Inhye Kim
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam 461-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Joon Jeong
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam 461-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Mi Cho
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam 461-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Chan Kang
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam 461-701, Republic of Korea
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24
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von Bernhardi R, Cornejo F, Parada GE, Eugenín J. Role of TGFβ signaling in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:426. [PMID: 26578886 PMCID: PMC4623426 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is the main risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD); being associated with conspicuous changes on microglia activation. Aged microglia exhibit an increased expression of cytokines, exacerbated reactivity to various stimuli, oxidative stress, and reduced phagocytosis of β-amyloid (Aβ). Whereas normal inflammation is protective, it becomes dysregulated in the presence of a persistent stimulus, or in the context of an inflammatory environment, as observed in aging. Thus, neuroinflammation can be a self-perpetuating deleterious response, becoming a source of additional injury to host cells in neurodegenerative diseases. In aged individuals, although transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) is upregulated, its canonical Smad3 signaling is greatly reduced and neuroinflammation persists. This age-related Smad3 impairment reduces protective activation while facilitating cytotoxic activation of microglia through several cellular mechanisms, potentiating microglia-mediated neurodegeneration. Here, we critically discuss the role of TGFβ-Smad signaling on the cytotoxic activation of microglia and its relevance in the pathogenesis of AD. Other protective functions, such as phagocytosis, although observed in aged animals, are not further induced by inflammatory stimuli and TGFβ1. Analysis in silico revealed that increased expression of receptor scavenger receptor (SR)-A, involved in Aβ uptake and cell activation, by microglia exposed to TGFβ, through a Smad3-dependent mechanism could be mediated by transcriptional co-factors Smad2/3 over the MSR1 gene. We discuss that changes of TGFβ-mediated regulation could at least partially mediate age-associated microglia changes, and, together with other changes on inflammatory response, could result in the reduction of protective activation and the potentiation of cytotoxicity of microglia, resulting in the promotion of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rommy von Bernhardi
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Cornejo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Guillermo E Parada
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Jaime Eugenín
- Laboratory of Neural Systems, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, Department of Biology, Universidad de Santiago de Chile Santiago, Chile
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Huang C, Lu X, Tong L, Wang J, Zhang W, Jiang B, Yang R. Requirement for endogenous heat shock factor 1 in inducible nitric oxide synthase induction in murine microglia. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:189. [PMID: 26467650 PMCID: PMC4607096 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0406-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) makes a great contribution to host defense and inflammation. In many settings, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces iNOS expression through activation of the inhibitor of κB-α (IκB-α)-nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) cascade, whereas interferon-γ (IFN-γ) acts through Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) signals. Heat shock factor 1 (HSF1), a major regulator of heat shock protein transcription, has been shown to regulate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), but it remains obscure whether and how HSF1 affects iNOS induction. Methods Western blot was used to measure the protein expression. The mRNA level was measured by real-time PCR. Silence of HSF1 was achieved by small interfering RNA. Nitric oxide (NO) content and NF-κB binding activity were assayed by commercial kits. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) was used to measure the binding activity of NF-κB and STAT1 to iNOS promoters. Results HSF1 inhibition or knockdown prevented the LPS- and/or IFN-γ-stimulated iNOS protein expression in cultured microglia. HSF1 inhibition blocked iNOS mRNA transcription. These inhibitory effects of HSF1 inhibition on iNOS expression were confirmed in brain tissues from endotoxemic mice. Further analysis showed that HSF1 inhibition had no effect on IκB-α degradation and NF-κB or STAT1 phosphorylation in LPS/IFN-γ-stimulated cells. The nuclear transport of active NF-κB or STAT1 was also not affected by HSF1 inhibition, but HSF1 inhibition reduced the binding of NF-κB and STAT1 to their DNA elements. In addition, HSF1 inhibition reduced NF-κB and STAT1 bindings to iNOS promoter inside the LPS/IFN-γ-stimulated cells. Conclusions This preventing effect of HSF1 inhibition on iNOS mRNA transcription presents the necessary role of HSF1 in iNOS induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China. .,Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Targets of Jiangsu Province, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China.
| | - Xu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China. .,Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Targets of Jiangsu Province, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China.
| | - Lijuan Tong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China. .,Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Targets of Jiangsu Province, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China.
| | - Jili Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China. .,Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Targets of Jiangsu Province, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China. .,Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Targets of Jiangsu Province, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China.
| | - Bo Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China. .,Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Targets of Jiangsu Province, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China.
| | - Rongrong Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu Province, #20Xisi Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China.
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26
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Huang C, Tong L, Lu X, Wang J, Yao W, Jiang B, Zhang W. Methylene Blue Attenuates iNOS Induction Through Suppression of Transcriptional Factor Binding Amid iNOS mRNA Transcription. J Cell Biochem 2015; 116:1730-40. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Pharmacy; Nantong University; #19 Qixiu Road Nantong Jiangsu Province 226001 China
| | - Lijuan Tong
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Pharmacy; Nantong University; #19 Qixiu Road Nantong Jiangsu Province 226001 China
| | - Xu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Pharmacy; Nantong University; #19 Qixiu Road Nantong Jiangsu Province 226001 China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Pharmacy; Nantong University; #19 Qixiu Road Nantong Jiangsu Province 226001 China
| | - Wenjuan Yao
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Pharmacy; Nantong University; #19 Qixiu Road Nantong Jiangsu Province 226001 China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Pharmacy; Nantong University; #19 Qixiu Road Nantong Jiangsu Province 226001 China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Pharmacy; Nantong University; #19 Qixiu Road Nantong Jiangsu Province 226001 China
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27
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Kuo YH, Chen YT, Tsai HP, Chai CY, Kwan AL. Nucleophosmin overexpression is associated with poor survival in astrocytoma. APMIS 2015; 123:515-22. [PMID: 25907517 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The multiple functions of the protein nucleophosmin (NPM) include the regulation and balance of cell growth, proliferation, and apoptosis. Many cancers have suspected associations with overexpression of NPM or with mutation of the NPM gene. Although NPM and anaplastic lymphoma kinase fusion proteins are known to be related to the Janus Kinase/Signal Transduction and Activator of Transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway, the relationships of NPM, JAK2, and STAT5 to astrocytoma remain unclear. Therefore, this study performed histochemical analyses of expressions of NPM, p-JAK2, and STAT5B proteins in patients with astrocytoma. The results showed that high NPM expression was significantly associated with high tumor grade (p = 0.000), old age (p = 0.000), low Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) score (p = 0.000), and tumor recurrence (p = 0.045). High p-JAK2 expression was significantly associated with old age (p = 0.000), high tumor grade (p = 0.000), low KPS score (p = 0.000), and tumor recurrence (p = 0.036). Expression of STAT5B was significantly correlated with tumor grade (p = 0.018) and KPS score (p = 0.002). High expressions of NPM, p-JAK2, and STAT5B were associated with a short survival time (p = 0.035, 0.003 and 0.002, respectively). In multivariable analysis, STAT5B expression was a significant predictor of survival time (p = 0.003). In conclusion, NPM and p-JAK2/STAT5B may have important roles in tumor progression, and STAT5B is an independent prognostic marker of astrocytoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Hsin Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Pei Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chee-Yin Chai
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Aij-Lie Kwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Cai B, Cai JP, Luo YL, Chen C, Zhang S. The Specific Roles of JAK/STAT Signaling Pathway in Sepsis. Inflammation 2015; 38:1599-608. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-015-0135-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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29
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Pathologic role of glial nitric oxide in adult and pediatric neuroinflammatory diseases. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 45:168-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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30
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Vauzour D. Effect of flavonoids on learning, memory and neurocognitive performance: relevance and potential implications for Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:1042-1056. [PMID: 24338740 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence has indicated that a group of plant-derived compounds known as flavonoids may exert particularly powerful actions on mammalian cognition and may reverse age-related declines in memory and learning. In addition, growing evidence is also suggestive that flavonoids may delay the development of Alzheimer's disease-like pathology, suggestive of potential dietary strategies in dementia. Although these low-molecular-weight phytochemicals are absorbed to only a limited degree, they have been found to counteract age-related cognitive declines possibly via their ability to interact with the cellular and molecular architecture of the brain responsible for memory. However, the majority of the research has been carried out at rather supraphysiological concentrations and only a few studies have investigated the neuromodulatory effects of physiologically attainable flavonoid concentrations. This review will summarize the evidence for the effects of flavonoids and their metabolites in age-related cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease. Mechanisms of actions will be discussed and include those activating signalling pathways critical in controlling synaptic plasticity, reducing neuroinflammation and inducing vascular effects potentially capable of causing new nerve cell growth in the hippocampus. Altogether, these processes are known to be important in maintaining optimal neuronal function, to limit neurodegeneration and to prevent or reverse age-dependent deteriorations in cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Vauzour
- Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
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31
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Dulbecco P, Savarino V. Therapeutic potential of curcumin in digestive diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:9256-9270. [PMID: 24409053 PMCID: PMC3882399 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i48.9256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Curcumin is a low-molecular-weight hydrophobic polyphenol that is extracted from turmeric, which possesses a wide range of biological properties including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-proliferative and anti-microbial activities. Despite its diverse targets and substantial safety, clinical applications of this molecule for digestive disorders have been largely limited to case series or small clinical trials. The poor bioavailability of curcumin is likely the major hurdle for its more widespread use in humans. However, complexation of curcumin into phytosomes has recently helped to bypass this problem, as it has been demonstrated that this new lecithin formulation enables increased absorption to a level 29-fold higher than that of traditional curcuminoid products. This allows us to achieve much greater tissue substance delivery using significantly lower doses of curcumin than have been used in past clinical studies. As curcumin has already been shown to provide good therapeutic results in some small studies of both inflammatory and neoplastic bowel disorders, it is reasonable to anticipate an even greater efficacy with the advent of this new technology, which remarkably improves its bioavailability. These features are very promising and may represent a novel and effective therapeutic approach to both functional and organic digestive diseases.
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Eghbalzadeh K, Brixius K, Bloch W, Brinkmann C. Skeletal muscle nitric oxide (NO) synthases and NO-signaling in "diabesity"--what about the relevance of exercise training interventions? Nitric Oxide 2013; 37:28-40. [PMID: 24368322 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus associated with obesity, or "diabesity", coincides with an altered nitric oxide (NO) metabolism in skeletal muscle. Three isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) exist in human skeletal muscle tissue. Both neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) are constitutively expressed under physiological conditions, producing low levels of NO, while the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is strongly up-regulated only under pathophysiological conditions, excessively increasing NO concentrations. Due to chronic inflammation, overweight/obese type 2 diabetic patients exhibit up-regulated protein contents of iNOS and concomitant elevated amounts of NO in skeletal muscle. Low muscular NO levels are important for attaining an adequate cellular redox state--thereby maintaining metabolic integrity--while high NO levels are believed to destroy cellular components and to disturb metabolic processes, e.g., through strongly augmented posttranslational protein S-nitrosylation. Physical training with submaximal intensity has been shown to attenuate inflammatory profiles and iNOS protein contents in the long term. The present review summarizes signaling pathways which induce iNOS up-regulation under pathophysiological conditions and describes molecular mechanisms by which high NO concentrations are likely to contribute to triggering skeletal muscle insulin resistance and to reducing mitochondrial capacity during the development and progression of type 2 diabetes. Based on this information, it discusses the beneficial effects of regular physical exercise on the altered NO metabolism in the skeletal muscle of overweight/obese type 2 diabetic subjects, thus unearthing new perspectives on training strategies for this particular patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Eghbalzadeh
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Germany
| | - Klara Brixius
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Brinkmann
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Germany.
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Dell'albani P, Rodolico M, Pellitteri R, Tricarichi E, Torrisi SA, D'Antoni S, Zappia M, Albanese V, Caltabiano R, Platania N, Aronica E, Catania MV. Differential patterns of NOTCH1-4 receptor expression are markers of glioma cell differentiation. Neuro Oncol 2013; 16:204-16. [PMID: 24305720 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/not168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Notch signaling is deregulated in human gliomas and may play a role in their malignancy. However, the role of each Notch receptor in glioma cell differentiation and progression is not clear. We examined the expression pattern of Notch receptors and compared it with differentiation markers in glioma cell lines, primary human cultures, and biopsies of different grades. Furthermore, the effects of a γ-secretase inhibitor (GSI) on cell survival were assessed. Methods Notch receptors and markers of cellular differentiation were analyzed by reverse transcriptase PCR, Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and immunocytochemistry. GSI sensitivity was assessed in both cell lines and primary cultures grown as monolayers or tumorspheres, by MTT assay. Results In cell lines, Notch1 and Notch2/4 levels paralleled those of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin, respectively. In human gliomas and primary cultures, Notch1 was moderate/strong in low-grade tumors but weak in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Conversely, Notch4 increased from astrocytoma grade II to GBM. Primary GBM cultures grown in serum (monolayer) showed moderate/high levels of CD133, nestin, vimentin, and Notch4 and very low levels of GFAP and Notch1, which were reduced in tumorspheres. This effect was drastic for Notch4. GSI reduced cell survival with stronger effect in serum, whilst human primary cultures showed different sensitivity. Conclusion Data from cell lines and human gliomas suggest a correlation between expression of Notch receptors and cell differentiation. Namely, Notch1 and Notch4 are markers of differentiated and less differentiated glioma cells, respectively. We propose Notch receptors as markers of glioma grading and possible prognostic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Dell'albani
- Corresponding authors: Paola Dell'Albani, PhD, Institute of Neurological Sciences, CNR, Via P. Gaifami, 18-95126 Catania, Italy. ); Maria Vincenza Catania, MD, Institute of Neurological Sciences, CNR, Via P. Gaifami, 18-95126 Catania, Italy (
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Cho SO, Lim JW, Kim H. Red ginseng extract inhibits the expression of MCP-1 and iNOS in Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric epithelial cells by suppressing the activation of NADPH oxidase and Jak2/Stat3. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 150:761-764. [PMID: 24055641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMCOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Helicobacter pylori induced oxidative stress represents an important mechanism leading to expression of inflammatory mediators. Korean red ginseng is used in traditional medicine to inhibit inflammation. However, the anti-inflammatory mechanism of red ginseng is still under investigation. Thus, we investigated whether Korean red ginseng extract (RGE) inhibits NADPH oxidase, a source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the Jak2/Stat3 pathway, which mediates the expression of inflammatory mediators, in Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric epithelial cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS A standardized RGE was supplied by the Korea Ginseng Corporation. Human gastric epithelial cells (AGS) were treated with RGE and stimulated with Helicobacter pylori. NADPH oxidase activity, ROS levels, activation of Jak2/Stat3, and induction of MCP-1 and iNOS were determined. RESULTS Helicobacter pylori infection resulted in an increase in ROS and activation of NADPH oxidase and Jak2/Stat3, which induced the expression of MCP-1 and iNOS in AGS cells. The induction of MCP-1 and iNOS was inhibited by both the Jak2/Stat3 inhibitor AG490 and RGE in Helicobacter pylori-infected cells. RGE suppressed NADPH oxidase activity by inhibiting translocation of cytosolic subunits p67phox and p47phox to the membrane and reduced ROS levels in Helicobacter pylori-infected cells. CONCLUSION RGE inhibits the expression of MCP-1 and iNOS by suppressing the activation of NADPH oxidase and Jak2/Stat3 in Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Ok Cho
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
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Carrasquel G, Camejo MI, Michelangeli F, Ruiz MC. IFN-gamma alters the human sperm membrane permeability to Ca(2+). Syst Biol Reprod Med 2013; 60:21-7. [PMID: 24067141 DOI: 10.3109/19396368.2013.833658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation in the male genitourinary tract has been associated with the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and elevated reactive oxygen species, which affects spermatozoa capacitation, motility, and the acrosome reaction, along with functions regulated by the concentration of cytoplasmic Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)]cyto). Though Ca(2+) signaling is of particular significance in sperm, the effect of IFN-γ intracellular calcium on these cells is still unknown. The present study evaluated the effect of IFN-γ on the [Ca(2+)]cyto and Ca(2+) permeability on human sperm. A cell suspension loaded with fura-2 was incubated with or without IFN-γ (from 0 to 2000 pg/ml) for 0, 30, 60, and 120 minutes, and the [Ca(2+)]cyto was measured. The permeability to Ca(2+) was evaluated by the change of the intracellular concentration following an extracellular Ca(2+) pulse. IFN-γ at low concentrations (≤ 500 pg/ml) did not affect the [Ca(2+)]cyto and Ca(2+) permeability of sperm. At a high concentration (2000 pg/ml), IFN-γ did not alter the [Ca(2+)](cyto), but significantly decreased the magnitude and velocity of Ca(2+) entry into the cell. This effect was dependent on incubation time and IFN-γ concentration. This alteration induced by IFN-γ was prevented by the simultaneous incubation of sperm with the antioxidant butylhydroxytoluene (BHT). In conclusion, in vitro, IFN-γ modifies Ca(2+) sperm membrane permeability, probably via lipid peroxidation. IFN-γ in high concentration, as observed in inflammation/infection, can affect [Ca(2+)](cyto) regulation and alter sperm fertilizing capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Carrasquel
- Laboratorio de Reproducción y Desarrollo Animal, Departamento de Biología de Organismos, Universidad Simón Bolívar , Caracas , Venezuela and
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Grimm EA, Sikora AG, Ekmekcioglu S. Molecular pathways: inflammation-associated nitric-oxide production as a cancer-supporting redox mechanism and a potential therapeutic target. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:5557-63. [PMID: 23868870 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-1554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that many cancers express features of inflammation, driven by both microenvironmental cells and factors, and the intrinsic production of inflammation-associated mediators from malignant cells themselves. Inflammation results in intracellular oxidative stress with the ultimate biochemical oxidants composed of reactive nitrogens and oxygens. Although the role of inflammation in carcinogensis is well accepted, we now present data showing that inflammatory processes are also active in the maintenance phase of many aggressive forms of cancer. The oxidative stress of inflammation is proposed to drive a continuous process of DNA adducts and crosslinks, as well as posttranslational modifications to lipids and proteins that we argue support growth and survival. In this perspective, we introduce data on the emerging science of inflammation-driven posttranslational modifications on proteins responsible for driving growth, angiogenesis, immunosuppression, and inhibition of apoptosis. Examples include data from human melanoma, breast, head and neck, lung, and colon cancers. Fortunately, numerous antioxidant agents are clinically available, and we further propose that the pharmacologic attenuation of these inflammatory processes, particularly the reactive nitrogen species, will restore the cancer cells to an apoptosis-permissive and growth-inhibitory state. Our mouse model data using an arginine antagonist that prevents enzymatic production of nitric oxide directly supports this view. We contend that selected antioxidants be considered as part of the cancer treatment approach, as they are likely to provide a novel and mechanistically justified addition for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Grimm
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; and Departments of Otolaryngology, Immunology, Oncological Science, and Dermatology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
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Shehzad A, Lee YS. Molecular mechanisms of curcumin action: signal transduction. Biofactors 2013; 39:27-36. [PMID: 23303697 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemoprevention represents one of the most highly effective anti-cancer strategies and is accompanied by minimal secondary effects as compared to conventional chemotherapies. Many new anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer drug candidates have been derived from chemical scaffolds engineered from natural products discovered just a few decades ago. This approach is widely utilized in drug discovery in order to produce novel molecular entities with enhanced drug activities mediated through various signal transduction pathways for the treatment of different diseases. Curcumin, a polyphenolic derivative of turmeric, is a naturally occurring compound isolated from Curcuma longa that suppresses and inverts carcinogenesis via multifaceted molecular targets. Several reports have demonstrated that curcumin inhibits animal and human cancers, suggesting that it may serve as a chemopreventive agent. Numerous in vitro and in vivo experimental models have also revealed that curcumin regulates several molecules in cell signal transduction pathway including NF-κB, Akt, MAPK, p53, Nrf2, Notch-1, JAK/STAT, β-catenin, and AMPK. Modulation of cell signaling pathways through the pleiotropic effects of curcumin likely activate cell death signals and induce apoptosis in cancer cells, thereby inhibiting the progression of disease. This article provides insights into the natural chemopreventive role of curcumin via cellular transduction pathways and provides an in depth assessment of its physiological activities in the management of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeeb Shehzad
- School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea
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Lopez-Arenas E, Mackay-Sim A, Bacigalupo J, Sulz L. Leukaemia inhibitory factor stimulates proliferation of olfactory neuronal progenitors via inducible nitric oxide synthase. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45018. [PMID: 23024784 PMCID: PMC3443199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis continues in the adult brain and in the adult olfactory epithelium. The cytokine, leukaemia inhibitory factor and nitric oxide are both known to stimulate neuronal progenitor cell proliferation in the olfactory epithelium after injury. Our aim here was to determine whether these observations are independent, specifically, whether leukaemia inhibitory factor triggers neural precursor proliferation via the inducible nitric oxide synthase pathway. We evaluated the effects of leukaemia inhibitory factor on inducible form of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, and cell proliferation in olfactory epithelial cell cultures and olfactory neurosphere-derived cells. Leukaemia inhibitory factor induced expression of iNOS and increased cell proliferation. An iNOS inhibitor and an anti-leukaemia inhibitory factor receptor blocking antibody inhibited leukaemia inhibitory factor-induced cell proliferation, an effect that was reversed by a NO donor. Altogether, the results strongly suggest that leukaemia inhibitory factor induces iNOS expression, increasing nitric oxide levels, to stimulate proliferation of olfactory neural precursor cells. This finding sheds light on neuronal regeneration occurring after injury of the olfactory epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefania Lopez-Arenas
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute for Cell Dynamics and Biotechnology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alan Mackay-Sim
- National Centre for Adult Stem Cell Research, Eskitis Institute for Cell and Molecular Therapies, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Juan Bacigalupo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute for Cell Dynamics and Biotechnology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lorena Sulz
- Laboratory of Embryology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Usach. Santiago, Chile
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Herrera-Molina R, Flores B, Orellana JA, von Bernhardi R. Modulation of interferon-γ-induced glial cell activation by transforming growth factor β1: a role for STAT1 and MAPK pathways. J Neurochem 2012; 123:113-23. [PMID: 22823229 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07887.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Overactivated glial cells can produce neurotoxic oxidant molecules such as nitric oxide (NO·) and superoxide anion (O(2)·(-)). We have previously reported that transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) released by hippocampal cells modulates interferon-γ (IFNγ)-induced production of O(2)·(-) and NO· by glial cells. However, underlying molecular mechanisms are not completely understood, thereby, the aim of this work was to study the effect of TGFβ1 on IFNγ-induced signaling pathways. We found that costimulation with TGFβ1 decreased IFNγ-induced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-type-1 (STAT1) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), which correlated with a reduced O(2)·(-) and NO· production in mixed and purified glial cultures. Moreover, IFNγ caused a decrease in TGFβ1-mediated phosphorylation of P38, whereas pre-treatment with ERK and P38 inhibitors decreased IFNγ-induced phosphorylation of STAT1 on serine727 and production of radical species. These results suggested that modulation of glial activation by TGFβ1 is mediated by deactivation of MAPKs. Notably, TGFβ1 increased the levels of MAPK phosphatase-1 (MKP-1), whose participation in TGFβ1-mediated modulation was confirmed by MKP-1 siRNA transfection in mixed and purified glial cultures. Our results indicate that the cross-talk between IFNγ and TGFβ1 might regulate the activation of glial cells and that TGFβ1 modulated IFNγ-induced production of neurotoxic oxidant molecules through STAT1, ERK, and P38 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Herrera-Molina
- Departamento de Neurología, Laboratorio de Neurosciencias, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Borner T, Pinkernell S, Lutz TA, Riediger T. Lipopolysaccharide inhibits ghrelin-excited neurons of the arcuate nucleus and reduces food intake via central nitric oxide signaling. Brain Behav Immun 2012; 26:867-79. [PMID: 22465682 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces anorexia and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (Arc). Peripheral administration of the iNOS inhibitor 1400 W counteracts the anorectic effects of LPS. Here we investigated the role of central NO signaling in LPS anorexia. In electrophysiological studies we tested whether 1400 W counteracts the iNOS-dependent inhibition of Arc neurons triggered by in vivo or in vitro stimulation with LPS. We used the hormone ghrelin as a functional reference stimulus because ghrelin is known to activate orexigenic Arc neurons. Further, we investigated whether in vitro LPS stimulation induces an iNOS-mediated formation of the second messenger cGMP. Since the STAT1 pathway contributes to the regulation of iNOS expression we investigated whether LPS treatment induces STAT1 phosphorylation in the Arc. Finally we tested the effect of intracerebroventricular injection of 1400 W on LPS-induced anorexia. Superfusion with 1400 W (10(-4) M) increased neuronal activity in 37% of neurons in Arc slices from LPS treated (100 μg/kg ip) but not from saline treated rats. Similarly, 1400 W excited 45% of Arc neurons after in vitro stimulation with LPS (100 ng/ml). In both approaches, a considerable percentage of 1400 W sensitive neurons were excited by ghrelin (10(-8)M; 50% and 75%, respectively). In vitro stimulation with LPS induced cGMP formation in the Arc, which was blocked by co-incubation with 1400 W. LPS treatment elicited a pSTAT1 response in the Arc of mice. Central 1400 W injection (4 μg/rat) attenuated LPS-induced anorexia and counteracted the LPS-dependent decrease in respiratory quotient and energy expenditure. In conclusion, the current findings substantiate a role of central iNOS dependent NO formation in LPS-induced effects on eating and energy homeostasis. A pharmacological blockade of NO formation might be a therapeutic approach to ameliorate disease-related anorexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tito Borner
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Centre of Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Dietary polyphenols as modulators of brain functions: biological actions and molecular mechanisms underpinning their beneficial effects. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:914273. [PMID: 22701758 PMCID: PMC3372091 DOI: 10.1155/2012/914273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that diet and lifestyle can play an important role in delaying the onset or halting the progression of age-related health disorders and to improve cognitive function. In particular, polyphenols have been reported to exert their neuroprotective actions through the potential to protect neurons against injury induced by neurotoxins, an ability to suppress neuroinflammation, and the potential to promote memory, learning, and cognitive function. Despite significant advances in our understanding of the biology of polyphenols, they are still mistakenly regarded as simply acting as antioxidants. However, recent evidence suggests that their beneficial effects involve decreases in oxidative/inflammatory stress signaling, increases in protective signaling and neurohormetic effects leading to the expression of genes that encode antioxidant enzymes, phase-2 enzymes, neurotrophic factors, and cytoprotective proteins. Specific examples of such pathways include the sirtuin-FoxO pathway, the NF-κB pathway, and the Nrf-2/ARE pathway. Together, these processes act to maintain brain homeostasis and play important roles in neuronal stress adaptation and thus polyphenols have the potential to prevent the progression of neurodegenerative pathologies.
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Spencer JPE, Vafeiadou K, Williams RJ, Vauzour D. Neuroinflammation: modulation by flavonoids and mechanisms of action. Mol Aspects Med 2012; 33:83-97. [PMID: 22107709 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2011.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammatory processes are known to contribute to the cascade of events culminating in the neuronal damage that underpins neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. Recently, there has been much interest in the potential neuroprotective effects of flavonoids, a group of plant secondary metabolites known to have diverse biological activity in vivo. With respect to the brain, flavonoids, such as those found in cocoa, tea, berries and citrus, have been shown to be highly effective in preventing age-related cognitive decline and neurodegeneration in both animals and humans. Evidence suggests that flavonoids may express such ability through a multitude of physiological functions, including an ability to modulate the brains immune system. This review will highlight the evidence for their potential to inhibit neuroinflammation through an attenuation of microglial activation and associated cytokine release, iNOS expression, nitric oxide production and NADPH oxidase activity. We will also detail the current evidence indicting that their regulation of these immune events appear to be mediated by their actions on intracellular signaling pathways, including the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) cascade and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. As such, flavonoids represent important precursor molecules in the quest to develop of a new generation of drugs capable of counteracting neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy P E Spencer
- Molecular Nutrition Group, Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Neurodynamics, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK.
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Murgas P, Godoy B, von Bernhardi R. Aβ potentiates inflammatory activation of glial cells induced by scavenger receptor ligands and inflammatory mediators in culture. Neurotox Res 2012; 22:69-78. [PMID: 22237943 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-011-9306-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of β amyloid (Aβ) aggregates. Aβ induces the inflammatory activation of glia, inducing secretion of Interleukin 1β (IL1β), nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide radicals. The specific receptor responsible for the induction of inflammatory activation by Aβ, is still an open question. We propose that scavenger receptors (SR) participate in the activation of glia by Aβ. We assessed production of NO, synthesis of IL1β and activation of ERK, JNK and NF-κB signaling pathways by Western blot, in primary rat glial cultures exposed to SR ligands (fucoidan and Poly I), LPS + IFNγ (LI), and Aβ. Poly I but not fucoidan nor fibrillar Aβ increased threefold NO production by astrocytes in a time-dependent manner. Fucoidan and Poly I increased 5.5- and 3.5-fold NO production by microglia, and co-stimulation with Aβ increased an additional 60% NO induced by SR ligands. Potentiation by Aβ was observed later for astrocytes than for microglia. In astrocytes, co-stimulation with Aβ potentiated ERK and JNK activation in response to Fucoidan and Poly I, whereas it reduced induction of JNK activation by LI and left unaffected NF-κB activation induced by LI. Levels of pro-IL1β in astrocytes increased with Aβ, SR ligands and LI, and were potentiated by co-stimulation with Aβ. Our results suggest that SRs play a role on inflammatory activation, inducing production of NO and IL1β, and show potentiation by Aβ. Potentiation of the inflammatory response of Aβ could be meaningful for the activation of glia observed in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Murgas
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 391, Santiago, Chile
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Kang SS, Ryu YH, Baik JE, Yun CH, Lee K, Chung DK, Han SH. Lipoteichoic acid from Lactobacillus plantarum induces nitric oxide production in the presence of interferon-γ in murine macrophages. Mol Immunol 2011; 48:2170-7. [PMID: 21835472 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is a major immuno-stimulating component of Gram-positive bacteria. LTA from the beneficial bacterium Lactobacillus plantarum induces weak nitric oxide (NO) production in murine macrophages. Currently, it is not clear if LTA from L. plantarum is able to stimulate the innate immune response, even in the presence of inflammation. In the present study, we prepared highly pure and structurally intact LTA from L. plantarum and investigated its ability to induce NO in the presence of interferon (IFN)-γ in the RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell line and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) from mice. L. plantarum LTA alone was unable to induce NO production, even at 30μg/ml. However, LTA in the presence of IFN-γ significantly induced NO production in RAW 264.7 cells. The observed NO production was inhibited by a NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor l-NAME and an inducible NOS (iNOS) inhibitor l-NIL, suggesting that iNOS is specifically required for this action. Western blot analysis and reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction further confirmed that L. plantarum LTA increased protein and mRNA levels of iNOS, respectively. However, such induction was substantially inhibited in BMMs from Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-deficient mice and the macrophages treated with an inhibitor blocking platelet-activating factor receptor. In addition, L. plantarum LTA plus IFN-γ induced IFN-β expression and STAT1 phosphorylation, which are key pathways for inducing iNOS expression. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay demonstrated that L. plantarum LTA in the presence of IFN-γ remarkably increased the DNA-binding activity of NF-κB transcription factor, which is known to be involved in the iNOS gene expression. Collectively, these results suggest that LTA from L. plantarum alone has no inflammatory potential but does induce NO production under conditions of inflammation, such as the presence of IFN-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Seong Kang
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Dental Research Institute, and BK21 Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Republic of Korea
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Kou X, Qi S, Dai W, Luo L, Yin Z. Arctigenin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced iNOS expression in RAW264.7 cells through suppressing JAK-STAT signal pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:1095-102. [PMID: 21426947 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Arctigenin has been demonstrated to have an anti-inflammatory function, but the precise mechanisms of its action remain to be fully defined. In the present study, we determined the effects of arctigenin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of proinflammatory mediators and the underlying mechanisms involved in RAW264.7 cells. Our results indicated that arctigenin exerted its anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting ROS-dependent STAT signaling through its antioxidant activity. Arctigenin also significantly reduced the phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT 3 as well as JAK2 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. The inhibitions of STAT1 and STAT 3 by arctigenin prevented their translocation to the nucleus and consequently inhibited expression of iNOS, thereby suppressing the expression of inflammation-associated genes, such as IL-1β, IL-6 and MCP-1, whose promoters contain STAT-binding elements. However, COX-2 expression was slightly inhibited at higher drug concentrations (50 μM). Our data demonstrate that arctigenin inhibits iNOS expression via suppressing JAK-STAT signaling pathway in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjuan Kou
- Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, PR China
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Kim DY, Hong GU, Ro JY. Signal pathways in astrocytes activated by cross-talk between of astrocytes and mast cells through CD40-CD40L. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:25. [PMID: 21410936 PMCID: PMC3068960 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Astrocytes, which play an active role in chronic inflammatory diseases like multiple sclerosis, exist close to mast cells with which they share perivascular localization. We previously demonstrated the possibility that astrocytes and mast cells interact in vitro and in vivo. This study aimed to investigate the signaling pathways and the role for astrocytes in the interaction of astrocytes and mast cells. Methods We co-cultured human U87 glioblastoma (U87) and human mast cell-1 (HMC-1) cell lines, and mouse cerebral cortices-derived astrocytes and mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs). Intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) was measured by confocal microscopy; CD40 siRNA by Silencer Express Kit; small GTPases by GTP-pull down assay; PKCs, MAPKs, CD40, CD40L, Jak1/2, STAT1, TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) by Western blot; NF-κB and AP-1 by EMSA; cytokines by RT-PCR. An experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) model was induced using myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide and pertussis toxin in mice. Co-localization of TNFR1 and astrocytes in EAE brain tissues was determined by immunohistochemistry. Results Each astrocyte co-culture had increases in [Ca2+]i levels, release of cytokines and chemokines; activities of Rho-family GTPases, NF-κB/AP-1/STAT1727, and Jack1/2, STAT1701. These effects were inhibited by anti-CD40 antibody or CD40 siRNA, and signaling pathways for Jak1/2 were inhibited by anti-TNFR1 antibody. EAE score, expression of TNFR1, and co-localization of TNFR1 and astrocytes were enhanced in brain of the EAE model. Anti-CD40 antibody or 8-oxo-dG pretreatment reduced these effects in EAE model. Conclusions These data suggest that astrocytes activated by the CD40-CD40L interaction in co-culture induce inflammatory cytokine production via small GTPases, and the secreted cytokines re-activate astrocytes via Jak/STAT1701 pathways, and then release more cytokines that contribute to exacerbating the development of EAE. These findings imply that the pro-inflammatory mediators produced by cell-to-cell cross-talk via interaction of CD40-CD40L may be as a promising therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases like MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Yong Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
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Endotoxin-activated microglia injure brain derived endothelial cells via NF-κB, JAK-STAT and JNK stress kinase pathways. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2011; 8:7. [PMID: 21385378 PMCID: PMC3061894 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-8-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background We previously showed that microglia damage blood brain barrier (BBB) components following ischemic brain insults, but the underlying mechanism(s) is/are not well known. Recent work has established the contribution of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation to several brain pathologies including ischemia, neurodegeneration and sepsis. The present study established the requirement of microglia for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) mediated endothelial cell death, and explored pathways involved in this toxicity. LPS is a classic TLR4 agonist, and is used here to model aspects of brain conditions where TLR4 stimulation occurs. Methods/Results In monocultures, LPS induced death in microglia, but not brain derived endothelial cells (EC). However, LPS increased EC death when cocultured with microglia. LPS led to nitric oxide (NO) and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) induction in microglia, but not in EC. Inhibiting microglial activation by blocking iNOS and other generators of NO or blocking reactive oxygen species (ROS) also prevented injury in these cocultures. To assess the signaling pathway(s) involved, inhibitors of several downstream TLR-4 activated pathways were studied. Inhibitors of NF-κB, JAK-STAT and JNK/SAPK decreased microglial activation and prevented cell death, although the effect of blocking JNK/SAPK was rather modest. Inhibitors of PI3K, ERK, and p38 MAPK had no effect. Conclusions We show that LPS-activated microglia promote BBB disruption through injury to endothelial cells, and the specific blockade of JAK-STAT, NF-κB may prove to be especially useful anti-inflammatory strategies to confer cerebrovascular protection.
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Liew CY, Lam KW, Kim MK, Harith HH, Tham CL, Cheah YK, Sulaiman MR, Lajis NH, Israf DA. Effects of 3-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-1-(5-methyl-furan-2-y-l) propenone (HMP) upon signalling pathways of lipopolysaccharide-induced iNOS synthesis in RAW 264.7 cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:85-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 10/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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The effects of a synthetic curcuminoid analogue, 2,6-bis-(4-hydroxyl-3-methoxybenzylidine)cyclohexanone on proinflammatory signaling pathways and CLP-induced lethal sepsis in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 652:136-44. [PMID: 21114991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.10.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We previously showed that 2,6-bis-(4-hydroxyl-3-methoxybenzylidine)cyclohexanone (BHMC), suppressed the synthesis of various proinflammatory mediators. In this study we explain the mechanism of action of BHMC in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced U937 monocytes and further show that BHMC prevents lethality of CLP-induced sepsis. BHMC showed dose-dependent inhibitory effects on p38, JNK and ERK 1/2 activity as determined by inhibition of phosphorylation of downstream transcription factors ATF-2, c-Jun and Elk-1 respectively. Inhibition of these transcription factors subsequently caused total abolishment of AP-1-DNA binding. BHMC inhibited p65 NF-κB nuclear translocation and DNA binding of p65 NF-κB only at the highest concentration used (12.5μM) but failed to alter phosphorylation of JNK, ERK1/2 and STAT-1. Since the inhibition of p38 activity was more pronounced we evaluated the possibility that BHMC may bind to p38. Molecular docking experiments confirmed that BHMC fits well in the highly conserved hydrophobic pocket of p38 MAP kinase. We also show that BHMC was able to improve survival from lethal sepsis in a murine caecal-ligation and puncture (CLP) model.
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Shen T, Park YC, Kim SH, Lee J, Cho JY. Nuclear factor-kappaB/signal transducers and activators of transcription-1-mediated inflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages are a major inhibitory target of kahweol, a coffee diterpene. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 33:1159-64. [PMID: 20606307 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.33.1159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diterpene kahweol, one of the major components in coffee, has anti-cancer, anti-oxidative, and anti-inflammatory activity. In this study, we explored the molecular mechanism of the anti-inflammatory activity of kahweol. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW264.7 cells were used to explore the modulatory role of kahweol on nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production and the activation of signaling proteins and transcription factors using immunoblotting and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Kahweol diminished both the production of NO and PGE(2) and the mRNA expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. Interestingly, this compound suppressed the phospho-signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT)-1 and p65/nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB levels in the nucleus but not c-Jun and c-fos. In conjunction, the phosphorylation of Akt and Janus kinase (JAK)2 also decreased. Therefore, our data suggest that kahweol in coffee may be an anti-inflammatory modulator with NF-kappaB/STAT-1-targeted inhibitory properties in LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Shen
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
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