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Lebrun F, Levard D, Lemarchand E, Yetim M, Furon J, Potzeha F, Marie P, Lesept F, Blanc M, Haelewyn B, Rubio M, Letourneur A, Violle N, Orset C, Vivien D. Improving stroke outcomes in hyperglycemic mice by modulating tPA/NMDAR signaling to reduce inflammation and hemorrhages. Blood Adv 2024; 8:1330-1344. [PMID: 38190586 PMCID: PMC10943589 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2023011744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The pharmacological intervention for ischemic stroke hinges on intravenous administration of the recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rtPA, Alteplase/Actilyse) either as a standalone treatment or in conjunction with thrombectomy. However, despite its clinical significance, broader use of rtPA is constrained because of the risk of hemorrhagic transformations (HTs). Furthermore, the presence of diabetes or chronic hyperglycemia is associated with an elevated risk of HT subsequent to thrombolysis. This detrimental impact of tPA on the neurovascular unit in patients with hyperglycemia has been ascribed to its capacity to induce endothelial N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) signaling, contributing to compromised blood-brain barrier integrity and neuroinflammatory processes. In a mouse model of thromboembolic stroke with chronic hyperglycemia, we assessed the effectiveness of rtPA and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) as thrombolytic agents. We also tested the effect of blocking tPA/NMDAR signaling using a monoclonal antibody, Glunomab. Magnetic resonance imaging, speckle contrast imaging, flow cytometry, and behavioral tasks were used to evaluate stroke outcomes. In hyperglycemic animals, treatment with rtPA resulted in lower recanalization rates and increased HTs. Conversely, NAC treatment reduced lesion sizes while mitigating HTs. After a single administration, either in standalone or combined with rtPA-induced thrombolysis, Glunomab reduced brain lesion volumes, HTs, and neuroinflammation after stroke, translating into improved neurological outcomes. Additionally, we demonstrated the therapeutic efficacy of Glunomab in combination with NAC or as a standalone strategy in chronic hyperglycemic animals. Counteracting tPA-dependent endothelial NMDAR signaling limits ischemic damages induced by both endogenous and exogenous tPA, including HTs and inflammatory processes after ischemic stroke in hyperglycemic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Lebrun
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, GIP Cyceron, Institute Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Caen, France
- STROK@LLIANCE, ETAP-Lab, Caen, France
| | - Damien Levard
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, GIP Cyceron, Institute Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Eloïse Lemarchand
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, GIP Cyceron, Institute Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Mervé Yetim
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, GIP Cyceron, Institute Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Jonathane Furon
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, GIP Cyceron, Institute Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Fanny Potzeha
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, GIP Cyceron, Institute Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Pauline Marie
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, GIP Cyceron, Institute Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Caen, France
| | | | | | - Benoit Haelewyn
- GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
- Experimental Stroke Research Platform, Normandie University, CURB, Caen, France
| | - Marina Rubio
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, GIP Cyceron, Institute Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Caen, France
| | | | | | - Cyrille Orset
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, GIP Cyceron, Institute Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Caen, France
- Experimental Stroke Research Platform, Normandie University, CURB, Caen, France
| | - Denis Vivien
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, GIP Cyceron, Institute Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Caen, France
- Experimental Stroke Research Platform, Normandie University, CURB, Caen, France
- Department of Clinical Research, Caen-Normandie University Hospital, Caen, France
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Dabbagh Ohadi MA, Maroufi SF, Mohammadi MR, Hosseini Siyanaki MR, Khorasanizadeh M, Kellner CP. Ferroptosis as a Therapeutic Target in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. World Neurosurg 2024; 182:52-57. [PMID: 37979679 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2023.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a cerebrovascular disorder with significant mortality and morbidity. Neural injury in SAH is mediated through a variety of pathophysiological processes. Currently available treatments are either nonspecific in targeting the basic pathophysiological mechanisms that result in neural damage in SAH, or merely focus on vasospasm. Ferroptosis is a type of programmed iron dependent cell death, which has received attention due to its possible role in neural injury in SAH. Herein, we review how intracellular iron overload mediates the production of reactive free radicals and lipid peroxidation through a variety of biochemical pathways in SAH. This in turn results in induction of ferroptosis, as well as exacerbation of vasospasm. We also discuss several therapeutic agents that have been shown to inhibit ferroptosis through targeting different steps of the process. Such agents have proven effective in ameliorating vasospasm, neural damage, and neurobehavioral outcomes in animal models of SAH. Human studies to test the safety and efficacy of intrathecal or parenteral administration of the inhibitors of ferroptosis in improving outcomes of SAH patients are warranted. There are currently a few ongoing clinical trials pursuing this therapeutic concept, the results of which will be critical to determine the value of ferroptosis as a novel therapeutic target in SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amin Dabbagh Ohadi
- Departments of Pediatric Neurosurgery Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Farzad Maroufi
- Neurosurgical Research Network (NRN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Department of Neurosurgery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - MirHojjat Khorasanizadeh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine, New York City, New York, USA.
| | - Christopher P Kellner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
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Vedaei F, Newberg AB, Alizadeh M, Zabrecky G, Navarreto E, Hriso C, Wintering N, Mohamed FB, Monti D. Treatment effects of N-acetyl cysteine on resting-state functional MRI and cognitive performance in patients with chronic mild traumatic brain injury: a longitudinal study. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1282198. [PMID: 38299014 PMCID: PMC10829764 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1282198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a significant public health concern, specially characterized by a complex pattern of abnormal neural activity and functional connectivity. It is often associated with a broad spectrum of short-term and long-term cognitive and behavioral symptoms including memory dysfunction, headache, and balance difficulties. Furthermore, there is evidence that oxidative stress significantly contributes to these symptoms and neurophysiological changes. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on brain function and chronic symptoms in mTBI patients. Fifty patients diagnosed with chronic mTBI participated in this study. They were categorized into two groups including controls (CN, n = 25), and patients receiving treatment with N-acetyl cysteine (NAC, n = 25). NAC group received 50 mg/kg intravenous (IV) medication once a day per week. In the rest of the week, they took one 500 mg NAC tablet twice per day. Each patient underwent rs-fMRI scanning at two timepoints including the baseline and 3 months later at follow-up, while the NAC group received a combination of oral and IV NAC over that time. Three rs-fMRI metrics were measured including fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuations (fALFF), degree centrality (DC), and functional connectivity strength (FCS). Neuropsychological tests were also assessed at the same day of scanning for each patient. The alteration of rs-fMRI metrics and cognitive scores were measured over 3 months treatment with NAC. Then, the correlation analysis was executed to estimate the association of rs-fMRI measurements and cognitive performance over 3 months (p < 0.05). Two significant group-by-time effects demonstrated the changes of rs-fMRI metrics particularly in the regions located in the default mode network (DMN), sensorimotor network, and emotional circuits that were significantly correlated with cognitive function recovery over 3 months treatment with NAC (p < 0.05). NAC appears to modulate neural activity and functional connectivity in specific brain networks, and these changes could account for clinical improvement. This study confirmed the short-term therapeutic efficacy of NAC in chronic mTBI patients that may contribute to understanding of neurophysiological effects of NAC in mTBI. These findings encourage further research on long-term neurobehavioral assessment of NAC assisting development of therapeutic plans in mTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Vedaei
- Department of Radiology, Jefferson Integrated Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Andrew B. Newberg
- Department of Radiology, Jefferson Integrated Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Nutritional Sciences, Marcus Institute of Integrative Health, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Mahdi Alizadeh
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Nutritional Sciences, Marcus Institute of Integrative Health, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - George Zabrecky
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Nutritional Sciences, Marcus Institute of Integrative Health, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Emily Navarreto
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Nutritional Sciences, Marcus Institute of Integrative Health, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Chloe Hriso
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Nutritional Sciences, Marcus Institute of Integrative Health, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Nancy Wintering
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Nutritional Sciences, Marcus Institute of Integrative Health, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Feroze B. Mohamed
- Department of Radiology, Jefferson Integrated Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Daniel Monti
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Nutritional Sciences, Marcus Institute of Integrative Health, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Aydin H, Bulmus O, Korkut O, Altun E, Ulusal AE. An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Melatonin and n-Acetylcysteine in Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Adult Rats. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:2026. [PMID: 38004075 PMCID: PMC10672847 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59112026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The purpose of this study was to apply histopathological and immunohistochemical methods to compare the protective efficacy of melatonin and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) application in rats with experimental brain ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury induced through occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA), and to evaluate the protective effect of their combined use. Materials and Methods: Forty-one young adult male Wistar albino rats were divided into five groups-control (n = 8), I/R group (n = 8), melatonin (n = 8), NAC (n = 8), and melatonin + NAC (n = 9). Results: All scores differed between the groups, apart from vascular congestion (p < 0.05). At two-way comparisons, all histological scores were significantly higher in the I/R group than in the control group (p < 0.05). No change occurred in the vascular congestion scores with the administration of melatonin, although decreases were determined in all other scores. These decreases were statistically significant for cellular eosinophilic pyknotic degeneration, vacuolization, and edema (p < 0.05). All histopathological scores in the group administered NAC together with melatonin were significantly lower than in the I/R group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The combined use of NAC and melatonin, the neuroprotective efficacy of which on histopathological parameters is shown in this study, now needs to be supported by further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilal Aydin
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Balikesir University, Balikesir 10145, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Bulmus
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Balikesir University, Balikesir 10145, Turkey;
| | - Oguzhan Korkut
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Balikesir University, Balikesir 10145, Turkey;
| | - Eren Altun
- Department of Medical Pathology, Health Sciences University, Istanbul Bağcılar Training and Research Hospital, Balikesir 10145, Turkey;
| | - Ali Engin Ulusal
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Balikesir University, Balikesir 10145, Turkey;
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Jin T, Leng B. Cynaropicrin Averts the Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation in Ischemic/Reperfusion Injury Through the Modulation of NF-kB. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:5424-5438. [PMID: 35838888 PMCID: PMC10457408 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04060-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia and successive reperfusion are the prevailing cause of cerebral stroke. Currently cerebral stroke is considered to be one of the prior causes for high mortality, disability, and morbidity. Cynaropicrin, a sesquiterpene lactone, exhibits various pharmacologic properties and also has an anti-inflammatory property associated with the suppression of the key pro-inflammatory NF-κB pathway. The protective effect of cynaropicrin against oxidative stress and neuroinflammation during CIR injury through the modulation of NF-κB pathway was studied in the current investigation. The experimental rats split into 5 groups as sham-operated control group (group 1), middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-induced rats (group 2), MCAO rats treated with cynaropicrin (diluted in saline) immediately 2 h after MCAO with 5, 10, and 25 mg/kg administration orally were designated as groups 3, 4, and 5, respectively. In MCAO-induced animals, the severity of ischemic was evident by the elevated level nitrate, MDA, MMPs, inflammatory mediators, Bax, caspase-3, and NF-κB. The level of Nrf-2, antioxidant enzymes, Bcl-2, and IL-10 was reduced in the MCAO-induced animals. Treatment with cynaropicrin in dosage-based manner increased the level of antioxidant enzymes, IL-10, Nrf-2, and Bcl-2 in the animals which indicates the antioxidative effect of cynaropicrin. The level of nitrate, MDA, MMPs, proinflammatory cytokines, inflammatory mediators, Bax, caspase-3, and NF-κB was reduced in the rats treated with cynaropicrin in a dosage-based manner. Experimental animals treated with cynaropicrin in a dosage-dependent way showed a defensive mechanism against oxidative stress and neuroinflammation by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jin
- Department of Interventional and Vascular Surgery, Affiliated Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, No. 12, Wulumuqi Middle Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Bing Leng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, No. 12, Wulumuqi Middle Road, Shanghai, 200040, China.
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Vongsfak J, Apaijai N, Chunchai T, Pintana H, Arunsak B, Maneechote C, Singhanat K, Wu D, Liang G, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. Acute administration of myeloid differentiation factor 2 inhibitor and N-acetyl cysteine attenuate brain damage in rats with cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 740:109598. [PMID: 37054769 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation and oxidative stress are mechanisms which potentially underlie the brain damage that can occur after cardiac ischemic and reperfusion (I/R) injury. 2i-10 is a new anti-inflammatory agent, acting via direct inhibition of myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD2). However, the effects of 2i-10 and the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on pathologic brain in cardiac I/R injury are unknown. We hypothesized that 2i-10 and NAC offer similar neuroprotection levels against dendritic spine reduction through attenuation of brain inflammation, loss of tight junction integrity, mitochondrial dysfunction, reactive gliosis, and suppression of AD protein expression in rats with cardiac I/R injury. Male rats were allocated to either sham or acute cardiac I/R group (30 min of cardiac ischemia and 120 min of reperfusion). Rats in cardiac I/R group were given one of following treatments intravenously at the onset of reperfusion: vehicle, 2i-10 (20 or 40 mg/kg), and NAC (75 or 150 mg/kg). The brain was then used to determine biochemical parameters. Cardiac I/R led to cardiac dysfunction with dendritic spine loss, loss of tight junction integrity, brain inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Treatment with 2i-10 (both doses) effectively reduced cardiac dysfunction, tau hyperphosphorylation, brain inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, dendritic spine loss, and improved tight junction integrity. Although both doses of NAC effectively reduced brain mitochondrial dysfunction, treatment using a high dose of NAC reduced cardiac dysfunction, brain inflammation, and dendritic spine loss. In conclusion, treatment with 2i-10 and a high dose of NAC at the onset of reperfusion alleviated brain inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction, consequently reducing dendritic spine loss in rats with cardiac I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirapong Vongsfak
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Nattayaporn Apaijai
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Titikorn Chunchai
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Hiranya Pintana
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Busarin Arunsak
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Chayodom Maneechote
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Kodchanan Singhanat
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Di Wu
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Guang Liang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Siriporn C Chattipakorn
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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Briyal S, Ranjan AK, Gulati A. Oxidative stress: A target to treat Alzheimer's disease and stroke. Neurochem Int 2023; 165:105509. [PMID: 36907516 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been established as a well-known pathological condition in several neurovascular diseases. It starts with increased production of highly oxidizing free-radicals (e.g. reactive oxygen species; ROS and reactive nitrogen species; RNS) and becomes too high for the endogenous antioxidant system to neutralize them, which results in a significantly disturbed balance between free-radicals and antioxidants levels and causes cellular damage. A number of studies have evidently shown that oxidative stress plays a critical role in activating multiple cell signaling pathways implicated in both progression as well as initiation of neurological diseases. Therefore, oxidative stress continues to remain a key therapeutic target for neurological diseases. This review discusses the mechanisms involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in the brain, oxidative stress, and pathogenesis of neurological disorders such as stroke and Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the scope of antioxidant therapies for these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Briyal
- College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA.
| | - Amaresh K Ranjan
- College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA
| | - Anil Gulati
- College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA; Pharmazz Inc. Research and Development, Willowbrook, IL, USA
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N-Acetylcysteine Administration Attenuates Sensorimotor Impairments Following Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416175. [PMID: 36555816 PMCID: PMC9783020 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic ischemic (HI) brain injury that occurs during neonatal period has been correlated with severe neuronal damage, behavioral deficits and infant mortality. Previous evidence indicates that N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a compound with antioxidant action, exerts a potential neuroprotective effect in various neurological disorders including injury induced by brain ischemia. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of NAC as a potential therapeutic agent in a rat model of neonatal HI brain injury and explore its long-term behavioral effects. To this end, NAC (50 mg/kg/dose, i.p.) was administered prior to and instantly after HI, in order to evaluate hippocampal and cerebral cortex damage as well as long-term functional outcome. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. The results revealed that NAC significantly alleviated sensorimotor deficits and this effect was maintained up to adulthood. These improvements in functional outcome were associated with a significant decrease in the severity of brain damage. Moreover, NAC decreased the short-term expression of iNOS, a finding implying that iNOS activity may be suppressed and that through this action NAC may exert its therapeutic action against neonatal HI brain injury.
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Lopes-Rocha A, Bezerra TO, Zanotto R, Lages Nascimento I, Rodrigues A, Salum C. The Antioxidant N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Restores the Behavioral Deficits in a Neurodevelopmental Model of Schizophrenia Through a Mechanism That Involves Nitric Oxide. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:924955. [PMID: 35903343 PMCID: PMC9315304 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.924955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The disruption of neurodevelopment is a hypothesis for the emergence of schizophrenia. Some evidence supports the hypothesis that a redox imbalance could account for the developmental impairments associated with schizophrenia. Additionally, there is a deficit in glutathione (GSH), a main antioxidant, in this disorder. The injection of metilazoximetanol acetate (MAM) on the 17th day of gestation in Wistar rats recapitulates the neurodevelopmental and oxidative stress hypothesis of schizophrenia. The offspring of rats exposed to MAM treatment present in early adulthood behavioral and neurochemical deficits consistent with those seen in schizophrenia. The present study investigated if the acute and chronic (250 mg/kg) treatment during adulthood with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), a GSH precursor, can revert the behavioral deficits [hyperlocomotion, prepulse inhibition (PPI), and social interaction (SI)] in MAM rats and if the NAC-chronic-effects could be canceled by L-arginine (250 mg/kg, i.p, for 5 days), nitric oxide precursor. Analyses of markers involved in the inflammatory response, such as astrocytes (glial fibrillary acid protein, GFAP) and microglia (binding adapter molecule 1, Iba1), and parvalbumin (PV) positive GABAergic, were conducted in the prefrontal cortex [PFC, medial orbital cortex (MO) and prelimbic cortex (PrL)] and dorsal and ventral hippocampus [CA1, CA2, CA3, and dentate gyrus (DG)] in rats under chronic treatment with NAC. MAM rats showed decreased time of SI and increased locomotion, and both acute and chronic NAC treatments were able to recover these behavioral deficits. L-arginine blocked NAC behavioral effects. MAM rats presented increases in GFAP density at PFC and Iba1 at PFC and CA1. NAC increased the density of Iba1 cells at PFC and of PV cells at MO and CA1 of the ventral hippocampus. The results indicate that NAC recovered the behavioral deficits observed in MAM rats through a mechanism involving nitric oxide. Our data suggest an ongoing inflammatory process in MAM rats and support a potential antipsychotic effect of NAC.
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Ferroptosis mediates selective motor neuron death in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:1187-1198. [PMID: 34857917 PMCID: PMC9177596 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00910-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is caused by selective degeneration of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord; however, the primary cell death pathway(s) mediating motor neuron demise remain elusive. We recently established that necroptosis, an inflammatory form of regulated cell death, was dispensable for motor neuron death in a mouse model of ALS, implicating other forms of cell death. Here, we confirm these findings in ALS patients, showing a lack of expression of key necroptotic effector proteins in spinal cords. Rather, we uncover evidence for ferroptosis, a recently discovered iron-dependent form of regulated cell death, in ALS. Depletion of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), an anti-oxidant enzyme and central repressor of ferroptosis, occurred in post-mortem spinal cords of both sporadic and familial ALS patients. GPX4 depletion was also an early and universal feature of spinal cords and brains of transgenic mutant superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1G93A), TDP-43 and C9orf72 mouse models of ALS. GPX4 depletion and ferroptosis were linked to impaired NRF2 signalling and dysregulation of glutathione synthesis and iron-binding proteins. Novel BAC transgenic mice overexpressing human GPX4 exhibited high GPX4 expression localised to spinal motor neurons. Human GPX4 overexpression in SOD1G93A mice significantly delayed disease onset, improved locomotor function and prolonged lifespan, which was attributed to attenuated lipid peroxidation and motor neuron preservation. Our study discovers a new role for ferroptosis in mediating motor neuron death in ALS, supporting the use of anti-ferroptotic therapeutic strategies, such as GPX4 pathway induction and upregulation, for ALS treatment.
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11
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Jurcau A, Ardelean AI. Oxidative Stress in Ischemia/Reperfusion Injuries following Acute Ischemic Stroke. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030574. [PMID: 35327376 PMCID: PMC8945353 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recanalization therapy is increasingly used in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. However, in about one third of these patients, recanalization is followed by ischemia/reperfusion injuries, and clinically to worsening of the neurological status. Much research has focused on unraveling the involved mechanisms in order to prevent or efficiently treat these injuries. What we know so far is that oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are significantly involved in the pathogenesis of ischemia/reperfusion injury. However, despite promising results obtained in experimental research, clinical studies trying to interfere with the oxidative pathways have mostly failed. The current article discusses the main mechanisms leading to ischemia/reperfusion injuries, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, and oxidative stress, and reviews the clinical trials with antioxidant molecules highlighting recent developments and future strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamaria Jurcau
- Department of Psycho-Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Municipal Hospital Oradea, Louis Pasteur Street nr 26, 410054 Oradea, Romania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-744-600-833
| | - Adriana Ioana Ardelean
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Universitatii Street nr 1, 410087 Oradea, Romania;
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical Emergency County Hospital Oradea, Gh. Doja Street nr 65, 410169 Oradea, Romania
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12
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Free Radicals and Neonatal Brain Injury: From Underlying Pathophysiology to Antioxidant Treatment Perspectives. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10122012. [PMID: 34943115 PMCID: PMC8698308 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10122012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Free radicals play a role of paramount importance in the development of neonatal brain injury. Depending on the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying free radical overproduction and upon specific neonatal characteristics, such as the GA-dependent maturation of antioxidant defenses and of cerebrovascular autoregulation, different profiles of injury have been identified. The growing evidence on the detrimental effects of free radicals on the brain tissue has led to discover not only potential biomarkers for oxidative damage, but also possible neuroprotective therapeutic approaches targeting oxidative stress. While a more extensive validation of free radical biomarkers is required before considering their use in routine neonatal practice, two important treatments endowed with antioxidant properties, such as therapeutic hypothermia and magnesium sulfate, have become part of the standard of care to reduce the risk of neonatal brain injury, and other promising therapeutic strategies are being tested in clinical trials. The implementation of currently available evidence is crucial to optimize neonatal neuroprotection and to develop individualized diagnostic and therapeutic approaches addressing oxidative brain injury, with the final aim of improving the neurological outcome of this population.
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γ-Glutamylcysteine Alleviates Ischemic Stroke-Induced Neuronal Apoptosis by Inhibiting ROS-Mediated Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:2961079. [PMID: 34824669 PMCID: PMC8610689 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2961079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a severe and acute neurological disorder with limited therapeutic strategies currently available. Oxidative stress is one of the critical pathological factors in ischemia/reperfusion injury, and high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) may drive neuronal apoptosis. Rescuing neurons in the penumbra is a potential way to recover from ischemic stroke. Endogenous levels of the potent ROS quencher glutathione (GSH) decrease significantly after cerebral ischemia. Here, we aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of γ-glutamylcysteine (γ-GC), an immediate precursor of GSH, on neuronal apoptosis and brain injury during ischemic stroke. Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) were used to mimic cerebral ischemia in mice, neuronal cell lines, and primary neurons. Our data indicated that exogenous γ-GC treatment mitigated oxidative stress, as indicated by upregulated GSH and decreased ROS levels. In addition, γ-GC attenuated ischemia/reperfusion-induced neuronal apoptosis and brain injury in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, transcriptomics approaches and subsequent validation studies revealed that γ-GC attenuated penumbra neuronal apoptosis by inhibiting the activation of protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) and inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling pathway in OGD/R-treated cells and ischemic brain tissues. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to report that γ-GC attenuates ischemia-induced neuronal apoptosis by suppressing ROS-mediated ER stress. γ-GC may be a promising therapeutic agent for ischemic stroke.
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Charoensaensuk V, Chen YC, Lin YH, Ou KL, Yang LY, Lu DY. Porphyromonas gingivalis Induces Proinflammatory Cytokine Expression Leading to Apoptotic Death through the Oxidative Stress/NF-κB Pathway in Brain Endothelial Cells. Cells 2021; 10:3033. [PMID: 34831265 PMCID: PMC8616253 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a periodontal pathogen, has been proposed to cause blood vessel injury leading to cerebrovascular diseases such as stroke. Brain endothelial cells compose the blood-brain barrier that protects homeostasis of the central nervous system. However, whether P. gingivalis causes the death of endothelial cells and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the impact and regulatory mechanisms of P. gingivalis infection in brain endothelial cells. We used bEnd.3 cells and primary mouse endothelial cells to assess the effects of P. gingivalis on endothelial cells. Our results showed that infection with live P. gingivalis, unlike heat-killed P. gingivalis, triggers brain endothelial cell death by inducing cell apoptosis. Moreover, P. gingivalis infection increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, activated NF-κB, and up-regulated the expression of IL-1β and TNF-α. Furthermore, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), a most frequently used antioxidant, treatment significantly reduced P. gingivalis-induced cell apoptosis and brain endothelial cell death. The enhancement of ROS production, NF-κB p65 activation, and proinflammatory cytokine expression was also attenuated by NAC treatment. The impact of P. gingivalis on brain endothelial cells was also confirmed using adult primary mouse brain endothelial cells (MBECs). In summary, our results showed that P. gingivalis up-regulates IL-1β and TNF-α protein expression, which consequently causes cell death of brain endothelial cells through the ROS/NF-κB pathway. Our results, together with the results of previous case-control studies and epidemiologic reports, strongly support the hypothesis that periodontal infection increases the risk of developing cerebrovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vichuda Charoensaensuk
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (V.C.); (Y.-H.L.)
| | - Yen-Chou Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
| | - Yun-Ho Lin
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (V.C.); (Y.-H.L.)
| | - Keng-Liang Ou
- 3D Global Biotech Inc., New Taipei City 22175, Taiwan;
| | - Liang-Yo Yang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Laboratory for Neural Repair, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Dah-Yuu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Photonics and Communication Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
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15
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Kyyriäinen J, Kajevu N, Bañuelos I, Lara L, Lipponen A, Balosso S, Hämäläinen E, Das Gupta S, Puhakka N, Natunen T, Ravizza T, Vezzani A, Hiltunen M, Pitkänen A. Targeting Oxidative Stress with Antioxidant Duotherapy after Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10555. [PMID: 34638900 PMCID: PMC8508668 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We assessed the effect of antioxidant therapy using the Food and Drug Administration-approved respiratory drug N-acetylcysteine (NAC) or sulforaphane (SFN) as monotherapies or duotherapy in vitro in neuron-BV2 microglial co-cultures and validated the results in a lateral fluid-percussion model of TBI in rats. As in vitro measures, we assessed neuronal viability by microtubule-associated-protein 2 immunostaining, neuroinflammation by monitoring tumor necrosis factor (TNF) levels, and neurotoxicity by measuring nitrite levels. In vitro, duotherapy with NAC and SFN reduced nitrite levels to 40% (p < 0.001) and neuroinflammation to -29% (p < 0.001) compared with untreated culture. The treatment also improved neuronal viability up to 72% of that in a positive control (p < 0.001). The effect of NAC was negligible, however, compared with SFN. In vivo, antioxidant duotherapy slightly improved performance in the beam walking test. Interestingly, duotherapy treatment decreased the plasma interleukin-6 and TNF levels in sham-operated controls (p < 0.05). After TBI, no treatment effect on HMGB1 or plasma cytokine levels was detected. Also, no treatment effects on the composite neuroscore or cortical lesion area were detected. The robust favorable effect of duotherapy on neuroprotection, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress in neuron-BV2 microglial co-cultures translated to modest favorable in vivo effects in a severe TBI model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Kyyriäinen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (J.K.); (N.K.); (I.B.); (L.L.); (A.L.); (E.H.); (S.D.G.); (N.P.)
| | - Natallie Kajevu
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (J.K.); (N.K.); (I.B.); (L.L.); (A.L.); (E.H.); (S.D.G.); (N.P.)
| | - Ivette Bañuelos
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (J.K.); (N.K.); (I.B.); (L.L.); (A.L.); (E.H.); (S.D.G.); (N.P.)
| | - Leonardo Lara
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (J.K.); (N.K.); (I.B.); (L.L.); (A.L.); (E.H.); (S.D.G.); (N.P.)
| | - Anssi Lipponen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (J.K.); (N.K.); (I.B.); (L.L.); (A.L.); (E.H.); (S.D.G.); (N.P.)
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Silvia Balosso
- Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, 20156 Milano, Italy; (S.B.); (T.R.); (A.V.)
| | - Elina Hämäläinen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (J.K.); (N.K.); (I.B.); (L.L.); (A.L.); (E.H.); (S.D.G.); (N.P.)
| | - Shalini Das Gupta
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (J.K.); (N.K.); (I.B.); (L.L.); (A.L.); (E.H.); (S.D.G.); (N.P.)
| | - Noora Puhakka
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (J.K.); (N.K.); (I.B.); (L.L.); (A.L.); (E.H.); (S.D.G.); (N.P.)
| | - Teemu Natunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (T.N.); (M.H.)
| | - Teresa Ravizza
- Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, 20156 Milano, Italy; (S.B.); (T.R.); (A.V.)
| | - Annamaria Vezzani
- Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, 20156 Milano, Italy; (S.B.); (T.R.); (A.V.)
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (T.N.); (M.H.)
| | - Asla Pitkänen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (J.K.); (N.K.); (I.B.); (L.L.); (A.L.); (E.H.); (S.D.G.); (N.P.)
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16
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Khordad E, Alipour F, Pourabbas M, Mansouri S, Salimnejad R. Hepatoprotective Impact of Ghrelin against Cyclophosphamide-Induced Toxicity in the Male Mice. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2021; 71:407-412. [PMID: 34282601 DOI: 10.1055/a-1508-5368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite its vast spectrum of clinical usage, cyclophosphamide (CP) exerts many adverse impacts, including hepatotoxicity. Antioxidant properties of ghrelin might protect the liver from CP-induced toxicity. The current study aimed to assess the protective impacts of ghrelin on CP-induced liver toxicity. METHODS Forty male mice were randomly divided into four groups (n=10) Group 1 as control received no intervention,group 2 received cyclophosphamide (CP) (100 mg/kg, i.p.) for five weeks and once a week. Group 3 received CP+ghrelin (CP+G), (80 µg/kg daily, i.p.) for five weeks. Group 4 received ghrelin with above-mentioned dose. At the end of the experiment, the mice were sacrificed to remove liver tissuesfor histological and biochemical examination. RESULTS Malondialdehyde (MDA) level increased after CP treatment but ghrelin administration significantly decreased the level of MDA (P<0.05). Measurement of the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) noted a significant decrease in the CP group against the control group (P<0.05). Ghrelin treatment in the CP+G group considerably increased the TAC activity when compared to the CP group (P<0.05). Histological examinations also confirmed the hepatocyte necrosis, local bleeding and inflammation, vacuolation, and sinusoidal dilation in the CP group, ghrelin administration reduced the destructive effects of CP on the liver significantly (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Our results reveal the hepatoprotective effect of ghrelin against CP. Therefore, ghrelin might be useful in protecting the body against the adverse impacts of injuries induced by chemotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Khordad
- Department of Physiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Alipour
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Pourabbas
- Student Research Committee, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Somaieh Mansouri
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Ramin Salimnejad
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Pathology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
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17
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Jenkins DD, Moss HG, Brown TR, Yazdani M, Thayyil S, Montaldo P, Vento M, Kuligowski J, Wagner C, Hollis BW, Wiest DB. NAC and Vitamin D Improve CNS and Plasma Oxidative Stress in Neonatal HIE and Are Associated with Favorable Long-Term Outcomes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10091344. [PMID: 34572976 PMCID: PMC8466838 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and vitamin D provide effective neuroprotection in animal models of severe or inflammation-sensitized hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). To translate these FDA-approved drugs to HIE neonates, we conducted an early phase, open-label trial of 10 days of NAC (25, 40 mg/kg q12h) + 1,25(OH)2D (calcitriol 0.05 mg/kg q12h, 0.03 mg/kg q24h), (NVD), for pharmacokinetic (PK) estimates during therapeutic hypothermia and normothermia. We paired PK samples with pharmacodynamic (PD) targets of plasma isoprostanoids, CNS glutathione (GSH) and total creatine (tCr) by serial MRS in basal ganglia (BG) before and after NVD infusion at five days. Infants had moderate (n = 14) or severe HIE (n = 16), funisitis (32%), and vitamin D deficiency (75%). NVD resulted in rapid, dose-responsive increases in CNS GSH and tCr that correlated positively with plasma [NAC], inversely with plasma isofurans, and was greater in infants with lower baseline [GSH] and [tCr], suggesting increases in these PD markers were titrated by neural demand. Hypothermia and normothermia altered NAC PK estimates. NVD was well tolerated. Excluding genetic syndromes (2), prolonged ECMO (2), lost-to-follow-up (1) and SIDS death (1), 24 NVD treated HIE infants have no evidence of cerebral palsy, autism or cognitive delay at 24–48 months. These data confirm that low, safe doses of NVD in HIE neonates decreased oxidative stress in plasma and CNS, improved CNS energetics, and are associated with favorable developmental outcomes at two to four years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea D Jenkins
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, 10 McClennan Banks Drive, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (C.W.); (B.W.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-843-792-2112
| | - Hunter G Moss
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (H.G.M.); (T.R.B.); (M.Y.)
| | - Truman R Brown
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (H.G.M.); (T.R.B.); (M.Y.)
| | - Milad Yazdani
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (H.G.M.); (T.R.B.); (M.Y.)
| | - Sudhin Thayyil
- Centre for Perinatal Neuroscience, Imperial College London, London W12 0HS, UK; (S.T.); (P.M.)
| | - Paolo Montaldo
- Centre for Perinatal Neuroscience, Imperial College London, London W12 0HS, UK; (S.T.); (P.M.)
| | - Maximo Vento
- Neonatal Research Group, Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (M.V.); (J.K.)
| | - Julia Kuligowski
- Neonatal Research Group, Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (M.V.); (J.K.)
| | - Carol Wagner
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, 10 McClennan Banks Drive, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (C.W.); (B.W.H.)
| | - Bruce W Hollis
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, 10 McClennan Banks Drive, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (C.W.); (B.W.H.)
| | - Donald B Wiest
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcomes Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
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18
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Agnes JP, Santos VWD, das Neves RN, Gonçalves RM, Delgobo M, Girardi CS, Lückemeyer DD, Ferreira MDA, Macedo-Júnior SJ, Lopes SC, Spiller F, Gelain DP, Moreira JCF, Prediger RD, Ferreira J, Zanotto-Filho A. Antioxidants Improve Oxaliplatin-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy in Tumor-Bearing Mice Model: Role of Spinal Cord Oxidative Stress and Inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2021; 22:996-1013. [PMID: 33774154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2021.03.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy (CIPN) is a common, difficult-to-treat, and dose-limiting side effect associated with Oxaliplatin (OXA) treatment. In this study, we evaluated the effect of three antioxidants - namely N-acetylcysteine, α-lipoic acid and vitamin E - upon nociceptive parameters and antitumor efficacy of OXA in a tumor-bearing Swiss mice model. Oral treatment with antioxidants inhibited both mechanical and cold allodynia when concomitantly administrated with OXA (preventive protocol), as well as in animals with previously established CIPN (therapeutic protocol). OXA increased Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production and lipoperoxidation, and augmented the content of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) and expression of the astrocytic marker Gfap mRNA in the spinal cord. Antioxidants decreased ROS production and lipoperoxidation, and abolished neuroinflammation in OXA-treated animals. Toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4) and inflammasome enzyme caspase-1/11 knockout mice treated with OXA showed reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (but not oxidative stress) in the spinal cord, which were associated with resistance to OXA-induced mechanical allodynia. Lastly, antioxidants affected neither antitumor activity nor hematological toxicity of OXA in vivo. The herein presented results are provocative for further evaluation of antioxidants in clinical management of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. PERSPECTIVE: This study reports preventive and therapeutic efficacy of orally administrated antioxidants (N-acetylcysteine, α-lipoic-acid and Vitamin-E) in alleviating oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy in tumor-bearing mice. Antioxidants' anti-nociceptive effects are associated with inhibition of ROS-dependent neuroinflammation, and occur at no detriment of OXA antitumor activity, therefore indicating a translational potential of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Paulo Agnes
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Bioquímica do Câncer, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Vitória Wibbelt Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Bioquímica do Câncer, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Raquel Nascimento das Neves
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Bioquímica do Câncer, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Rosângela Mayer Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Bioquímica do Câncer, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Marina Delgobo
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Bioquímica do Câncer, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Carolina Saibro Girardi
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquimica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Débora Denardin Lückemeyer
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Experimental, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Marcella de Amorim Ferreira
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Experimental, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Sérgio José Macedo-Júnior
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Experimental, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Samantha Cristiane Lopes
- Laboratório Experimental de Doenças Neurodegenerativas, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Fernando Spiller
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia (Lidi), Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Daniel Pens Gelain
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquimica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - José Cláudio Fonseca Moreira
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquimica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rui Daniel Prediger
- Laboratório Experimental de Doenças Neurodegenerativas, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Juliano Ferreira
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Experimental, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Alfeu Zanotto-Filho
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Bioquímica do Câncer, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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Khalil SS, Aziz JA, Ismail KA, El-Malkey NF. Comparative protective effects of N-acetylcysteine and melatonin against obesity-induced testicular dysfunction in rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 99:708-719. [PMID: 33201734 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2020-0499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and melatonin were reported to exert protective effects on testicular tissues. Thus, this study aimed to determine which of these is more efficient against obesity-induced testicular dysfunction in albino rats. A total of 32 adult male rats (195 ± 10 g) were divided into four groups: control, obese rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD), HFD+NAC (150 mg/kg per day, i.p.) and HFD+melatonin (10 mg/kg per day, i.p.), for 5 weeks. Testes and epididymis were weighed. Lipid profile, pituitary-testicular hormones, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), epididymal sperm parameters, testicular oxidant-antioxidant system, testicular and the epididymal histopathology and immunohistochemical localization for androgen receptors (AR) and Bax reaction were analyzed. Administration of NAC or melatonin significantly improved the lipid parameters, gonadal hormones, TNFα level, sperm count and abnormal morphology, oxidant-antioxidant system and the absolute testicular and epididymal mass with an enhancement of testicular architecture, AR expression and apoptosis as compared with that in the obese group. Additionally, as compared with the NAC group, the melatonin group had significantly reduced body mass index, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and TNFα and increased testosterone, sperm count, motility, superoxide dismutase activity, mitigated histomorphometrical changes, Bax expression, and increased testicular AR expression. Therefore, melatonin was more efficient than NAC in affording fortification against HFD-induced testicular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sama S Khalil
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Al-Sharquia, Egypt
| | - Joseph Amin Aziz
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Al-Sharquia, Egypt
| | - Khadiga Ahmed Ismail
- Clinical Laboratory Science Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif, Saudi Arabia
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nanees F El-Malkey
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Al-Sharquia, Egypt
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20
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Olesen HØ, Pors SE, Jensen LB, Grønning AP, Lemser CE, Nguyen Heimbürger MTH, Mamsen LS, Getreu N, Christensen ST, Andersen CY, Kristensen SG. N-acetylcysteine protects ovarian follicles from ischemia-reperfusion injury in xenotransplanted human ovarian tissue. Hum Reprod 2021; 36:429-443. [PMID: 33246336 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deaa291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Can antioxidant treatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) protect ovarian follicles from ischemia-reperfusion injury in xenotransplanted human ovarian tissue? SUMMARY ANSWER Daily administration of NAC for 7-12 days post-transplantation reduced ischemia-reperfusion injury and increased follicle survival in human ovarian xenografts by upregulating the antioxidant defense system and exerting anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Freezing of human ovarian tissue is performed with high follicular survival rates but up to 70% of follicles appear to be lost due to hypoxia and ischemia-reperfusion injury during ovarian tissue transplantation (OTT). NAC has been demonstrated to possess antioxidant and antiapoptotic properties, and studies in rodents have shown that intraperitoneal administration of NAC reduces ischemia-reperfusion injury and increases follicle survival in autotransplanted murine ovaries. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Pieces of frozen-thawed human ovarian tissue from 28 women aged 23-36 years were transplanted to immunodeficient mice in short- and long-term xenograft studies or cultured in vitro. Three short-term xenograft studies (1-week duration) were performed, in which saline or 150 mg/kg NAC was administered for 7 days post-transplantation (n = 12 patients per group). Two long-term xenograft studies (4 weeks of duration) were performed. In one of these studies, saline or 150 mg/kg NAC was administered for 12 days (n = 12 patients per group), while in the other study 50, 150 or 300 mg/kg NAC was administered for 7 days (n = 8 patients per group). In addition, human ovarian tissue (n = 12 pieces from three patients per group) was cultured with increasing concentrations of NAC (0, 5, 25 and 75 mM) for 4 days in vitro. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Donated ovarian tissue was obtained from women who had undergone ovarian tissue cryopreservation for fertility preservation at the University Hospital of Copenhagen. Cortical tissue pieces (5 × 5 × 1 mm) were transplanted subcutaneously to immunodeficient mice and NAC or saline was injected intraperitoneally. Grafts were retrieved after 1 or 4 weeks and follicle density was assessed. Gene expression analysis of antioxidant defense markers (superoxide dismutase; Sod1/SOD1, heme oxygenase-1; Hmox1/HMOX1, catalase; Cat/CAT), proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha; Tnf-α, interleukin-1-beta; Il1-β, interleukin 6; Il6), apoptotic factors (B-cell lymphoma 2; Bcl2/BCL2, Bcl-2-associated X protein; Bax/BAX) and angiogenic factors (vascular endothelial growth factor A; Vegfa/VEGFA, angiopoietin-like 4; Angptl4/ANGPTL4) was performed in 1-week-old human ovarian xenografts and in cultured human ovarian tissue. Grafts retrieved after 4 weeks were histologically processed and analyzed for vascularization by CD31 immunohistochemical staining, fibrosis by Masson's Trichrome staining and apoptosis by immunofluorescence using cleaved caspase-3. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE After 1-week grafting, the relative expression of Sod1, Hmox1 and Cat was significantly higher in the group receiving 150 mg/kg NAC (NAC150-treated group) compared to controls (P = 0.04, P = 0.03, and P = 0.01, respectively), whereas the expression levels of Tnf-α, Il1-β and Il6 were reduced. The Bax/Bcl2 ratio was also significantly reduced in the NAC150-treated group (P < 0.005). In vitro, the relative gene expression of SOD1, HMOX1 and CAT increased significantly in the human ovarian tissue with increasing concentrations of NAC (P < 0.001 for all genes). However, the expression of VEGFA and ANGPTL4 as well as the BAX/BCL2 ratio decreased significantly with increasing concentrations of NAC (P < 0.02, P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). After 4-week grafting, fibrosis measured by collagen content was similar in the NAC150-treated group compared to controls (control: 56.6% ± 2.2; NAC150: 57.6% ± 1.8), whereas a statistically significant reduction in the CD31-positive vessel area was found (control: 0.69% ± 0.08; NAC150: 0.51% ± 0.07; P < 0.02). Furthermore, a reduced immunoreactivity of cleaved caspase-3 was observed in follicles of the NAC150-treated xenografts compared to controls. Follicle density (follicles/mm3, mean ± SD) was higher in the NAC150-treated group compared to the control group in the 1-week xenografts (control: 19.5 ± 26.3; NAC150: 34.2 ± 53.5) and 4-week xenografts (control: 9.3 ± 11.0; NAC150: 14.4 ± 15.0). Overall, a 2-fold increase in follicle density was observed in the NAC150-group after 1-week grafting where fold changes in follicle density were calculated in relation to grafts from the same patient. Around a 5-fold increase in follicle density was observed in the NAC150 and NAC300 groups after 4-week grafting. LARGE SCALE DATA N/A. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Follicle density in the human ovarian cortex is highly heterogeneous and can vary 100-fold between cortex pieces from the same woman. A high variability in follicle density within and between treatment groups and patients was found in the current study. Thus, solid conclusions cannot be made. While intraperitoneal injections of NAC appeared to reduce ischemia-reperfusion injury in human ovarian xenografts, different administration routes should be investigated in order to optimize NAC for potential clinical use. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS This is the first study to demonstrate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic properties of NAC in xenotransplanted human ovarian tissue. Therefore, NAC appears to be a promising candidate for protecting ovarian follicles from ischemia-reperfusion injury. This provides the initial steps toward clinical application of NAC, which could potentially reduce the loss of ovarian follicles following OTT. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) We are grateful to the Danish Childhood Cancer Foundation, Hørslev Foundation, Aase and Einar Danielsen's Foundation (grant number: 10-001999), Dagmar Marshalls Foundation, Else and Mogens Wedell-Wedellsborgs Foundation, Knud and Edith Eriksens Mindefond, and Fabrikant Einar Willumsens Mindelegat for funding this study. None of the authors have any competing interests to declare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Ørnes Olesen
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Fertility Department, The Juliane Marie Centre for Women, Children and Reproduction, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Susanne Elisabeth Pors
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Fertility Department, The Juliane Marie Centre for Women, Children and Reproduction, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Lea Bejstrup Jensen
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Fertility Department, The Juliane Marie Centre for Women, Children and Reproduction, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Annika Patricia Grønning
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Fertility Department, The Juliane Marie Centre for Women, Children and Reproduction, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark.,Department of Technology, Faculty of Health, University College Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla Engel Lemser
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Fertility Department, The Juliane Marie Centre for Women, Children and Reproduction, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Maria Thai Hien Nguyen Heimbürger
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Fertility Department, The Juliane Marie Centre for Women, Children and Reproduction, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Linn Salto Mamsen
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Fertility Department, The Juliane Marie Centre for Women, Children and Reproduction, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Natalie Getreu
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London WC1E 6HU, UK
| | - Søren Tvorup Christensen
- Section of Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Claus Yding Andersen
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Fertility Department, The Juliane Marie Centre for Women, Children and Reproduction, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Stine Gry Kristensen
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Fertility Department, The Juliane Marie Centre for Women, Children and Reproduction, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
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Ahmadi S, Mehranjani MS. Taurine improves follicular survival and function of mice ovarian grafts through increasing CD31 and GDF9 expression and reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 903:174134. [PMID: 33940031 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is a major limitation of ovarian transplantation which threatens the follicular and graft survival. Taurine as a potent anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory agent, can prevent graft damages due to IR. We aimed to investigate the effect of taurine on the follicular survival and function of autotransplanted mouse ovaries. Female mice (4-5 weeks old) were divided into: control, autograft and autograft + taurine (200 mg/kg/day). The level of CD31 expression was evaluated two days (48 h) post transplantation. In addition, on day 7 post transplantation the serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were assessed. Also, 28 days post transplantation; ovaries were studied stereologically and the percentage of apoptotic follicles, level of GDF9 expression and the serum concentrations of progesterone and estradiol were measured. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test and the means were considered significantly different at P < 0.05. The total volume of the ovary (P < 0.01), volume of the cortex (P < 0.01) and medulla (P < 0.04), total number of different types of follicles, expression of GDF9 and CD31 and also the levels of progesterone, estradiol and TAC increased significantly in the autograft + taurine group compared to the autograft group (P < 0.001). The MDA level and apoptosis rate decreased significantly in the autograft + taurine group compared to the autograft group (P < 0.001). Taurine could significantly improve follicular survival and the function of grafted ovaries by accelerating the angiogenesis and reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Ahmadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak, 381-5688138, Iran
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22
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Adams LE, Moss HG, Lowe DW, Brown T, Wiest DB, Hollis BW, Singh I, Jenkins DD. NAC and Vitamin D Restore CNS Glutathione in Endotoxin-Sensitized Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Rats. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:489. [PMID: 33804757 PMCID: PMC8003885 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic hypothermia does not improve outcomes in neonatal hypoxia ischemia (HI) complicated by perinatal infection, due to well-described, pre-existing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation that shorten the therapeutic window. For effective neuroprotection post-injury, we must first define and then target CNS metabolomic changes immediately after endotoxin-sensitized HI (LPS-HI). We hypothesized that LPS-HI would acutely deplete reduced glutathione (GSH), indicating overwhelming oxidative stress in spite of hypothermia treatment in neonatal rats. Post-natal day 7 rats were randomized to sham ligation, or severe LPS-HI (0.5 mg/kg 4 h before right carotid artery ligation, 90 min 8% O2), followed by hypothermia alone or with N-acetylcysteine (25 mg/kg) and vitamin D (1,25(OH)2D3, 0.05 μg/kg) (NVD). We quantified in vivo CNS metabolites by serial 7T MR Spectroscopy before, immediately after LPS-HI, and after treatment, along with terminal plasma drug concentrations. GSH was significantly decreased in all LPS-HI rats compared with baseline and sham controls. Two hours of hypothermia alone did not improve GSH and allowed glutamate + glutamine (GLX) to increase. Within 1 h of administration, NVD increased GSH close to baseline and suppressed GLX. The combination of NVD with hypothermia rapidly improved cellular redox status after LPS-HI, potentially inhibiting important secondary injury cascades and allowing more time for hypothermic neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Adams
- Department of Pediatrics, 10 McLellan Banks Dr, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (L.E.A.); (B.W.H.); (I.S.)
| | - Hunter G. Moss
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Medical University of South Carolina, 68 President St. Room 205, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (H.G.M.); (T.B.)
| | - Danielle W. Lowe
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 Presidents St., MSC 861, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
| | - Truman Brown
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Medical University of South Carolina, 68 President St. Room 205, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (H.G.M.); (T.B.)
| | - Donald B. Wiest
- Department of Pharmacy and Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
| | - Bruce W. Hollis
- Department of Pediatrics, 10 McLellan Banks Dr, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (L.E.A.); (B.W.H.); (I.S.)
| | - Inderjit Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, 10 McLellan Banks Dr, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (L.E.A.); (B.W.H.); (I.S.)
| | - Dorothea D. Jenkins
- Department of Pediatrics, 10 McLellan Banks Dr, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (L.E.A.); (B.W.H.); (I.S.)
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23
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Ercan S, Aktaş A. Neuroprotective Effects of Sildenafil on Traumatic Brain Injury in an Experimental Rat Model. INDIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROTRAUMA 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1724148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective Not only primary injuries, secondary injuries such as posttraumatic biochemical cascades, ischemia, and hypoxia also affect the morbidity and mortality of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Sildenafil released the vasodilatation by relaxing the smooth muscle of the systemic artery and vein. Also, the effects of sildenafil are evidenced in multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and memory loss as a part of experimental studies. Sildenafil decreases oxidative stress by increasing the cGMP level. We aimed to examine the protective effects of sildenafil on TBI with histopathological and biochemical parameters.
Method 21 Sprague–Dawley rats were separated into three groups (n = 7). “The weight drop injury model,” which was described by Marmou, was used for the head injury. Group 1: nontraumatic sham group, Group 2: nontreated TBI group, Group 3: sildenafil (100 mg/kg) treated TBI group. The whole brain and serum were collected for histopathological and biochemical study. The histopathological sections were examined under a light microscope.
Results On comparison of total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), nitric oxide (NO), and plasma nitrite/nitrate (PNOx) between groups, NO level was significantly high in group 3 (p = 0.013). Even though the TAS level was significantly high in group 3 (p = 0.02), there were no significant differences in TOS level in groups (p = 0.225). Disappearing Nissle granules occurred in a pyknotic situation in the cell nucleus, and acidophilic staining in neuron cells, which describe the neuron degeneration observed in the trauma group. The neuron degeneration markers were not seen in the sildenafil-treated trauma group.
Conclusion Our study has shown that sildenafil decreases the oxygen radicals and affects the recovery of experimental TBI in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serdar Ercan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Eskisehir City Hospital, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Ayfer Aktaş
- Dicle University, Medical Faculty, Department of Histology & Embryology, Diyarbakir, Diyarbakir, Turkey
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24
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Frajewicki A, Laštůvka Z, Borbélyová V, Khan S, Jandová K, Janišová K, Otáhal J, Mysliveček J, Riljak V. Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic damage: review of the current treatment possibilities. Physiol Res 2020; 69:S379-S401. [PMID: 33464921 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is a disorder with heterogeneous manifestation due to asphyxia during perinatal period. It affects approximately 3-12 children per 1000 live births and cause death of 1 million neonates worldwide per year. Besides, motor disabilities, seizures, impaired muscle tone and epilepsy are few of the consequences of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Despite an extensive research effort regarding various treatment strategies, therapeutic hypothermia with intensive care unit supportive treatment remains the only approved method for neonates who have suffered from moderate to severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. However, these protocols are only partially effective given that many infants still suffer from severe brain damage. Thus, further research to systematically test promising neuroprotective treatments in combination with hypothermia is essential. In this review, we discussed the pathophysiology of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and delved into different promising treatment modalities, such as melatonin and erythropoietin. However, preclinical studies and clinical trials are still needed to further elucidate the mechanisms of action of these modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Frajewicki
- Institute of Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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25
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Mahumane GD, Kumar P, Pillay V, Choonara YE. Repositioning N-Acetylcysteine (NAC): NAC-Loaded Electrospun Drug Delivery Scaffolding for Potential Neural Tissue Engineering Application. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E934. [PMID: 33007830 PMCID: PMC7601117 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12100934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) presents a serious challenge for modern medicine due to the poor regenerative capabilities of the brain, complex pathophysiology, and lack of effective treatment for TBI to date. Tissue-engineered scaffolds have shown some experimental success in vivo; unfortunately, none have yielded consummate results of clinical efficacy. N-acetylcysteine has shown neuroprotective potential. To this end, we developed a N-acetylcysteine (NAC)-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) electrospun system for potential neural tissue application for TBI. Scanning electron microscopy showed nanofiber diameters ranging 72-542 nm and 124-592 nm for NAC-free and NAC-loaded PLGA nanofibers, respectively. NAC loading was obtained at 28%, and drug entrapment efficacy was obtained at 84%. A biphasic NAC release pattern that featured an initial burst release (13.9%) stage and a later sustained release stage was noted, thus enabling the prolonged replenishing of NAC and drastically improving cell viability and proliferation. This was evidenced by a significantly higher cell viability and proliferation on NAC-loaded nanofibers for rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) and human glioblastoma multiform (A172) cell lines in comparison to PLGA-only nanofibers. The increased cell viability and cell proliferation on NAC-loaded nanofiber substantiates for the repositioning of NAC as a pharmacological agent in neural tissue regeneration applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yahya E. Choonara
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; (G.D.M.); (P.K.); (V.P.)
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26
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Ren JX, Sun X, Yan XL, Guo ZN, Yang Y. Ferroptosis in Neurological Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:218. [PMID: 32754017 PMCID: PMC7370841 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is mechanism for non-apoptotic, iron-dependent, oxidative cell death that is characterized by glutathione consumption and lipid peroxides accumulation. Ferroptosis is crucially involved in neurological diseases, including neurodegeneration, stroke and neurotrauma. This review provides detailed discussions of the ferroptosis mechanisms in these neurological diseases. Moreover, it summarizes recent drugs that target ferroptosis for neurological disease treatment. Furthermore, it compares the differences and relationships among the various cell death mechanisms involved in neurological diseases. Elucidating the ferroptosis role in the brain can improve the understanding of neurological disease mechanism and provide potential prevention and treatment interventions for acute and chronic neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xin Ren
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiu-Li Yan
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhen-Ni Guo
- Clinical Trial and Research Center for Stroke, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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27
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di Michele F, Talamo A, Niolu C, Siracusano A. Vitamin D and N-Acetyl Cysteine Supplementation in Treatment-Resistant Depressive Disorder Patients: A General Review. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:2442-2459. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200406090051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
:
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is often a lifetime disabling mental illness as individuals with
MDD might not benefit from standard-therapy, including both pharmacological and psychosocial interventions.
Novel therapies are, therefore, required.
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It was shown by recent preclinical and clinical studies that the dysfunction of glutamatergic neurotransmission
might be involved in the pathophysiology of MDD. Furthermore, neuroimmune alterations could have a significant
role in the pathogenesis of MDD.
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Vitamin D is a neurosteroid hormone essential for several metabolic processes, immune responses, and for regulating
neurotrophic-neuroprotective processes, neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. Recent studies have also
shown Vitamin D deficiency in patients with severe psychiatric disorders, including MDD.
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Lately, clinical studies have shown the neuroprotective action of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) through the modulation
of inflammatory pathways and via the modulation of synaptic release of glutamate in cortico-subcortical
brain regions; the cysteine-glutamate antiporter.
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This paper reviews the therapeutic use of Vitamin D and NAC and among individuals with refractory MDD to the
first- line pharmacological interventions, reviewing the clinical studies published in the last decade.
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A detailed summary of the current evidence in this area aims to better inform psychiatrists and general practitioners
on the potential benefits of Vitamin D and NAC supplementation for this disorder.
:
Nutraceutical supplementation with Vitamin D and NAC in treatment-resistant MDD patients may be important
not only for improving depressive clinical manifestations but also for their safety and tolerability profile. This is
of great interest, especially considering the need for treating special populations affected by MDD, such as
youngsters and elders. Finally, the nutraceutical approach represents a good choice, considering its better compliance
by the patients compared to traditional psychopharmacological treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia di Michele
- Acute Psychiatric Unit, PTV Foundation - Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Talamo
- Acute Psychiatric Unit, PTV Foundation - Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Niolu
- Acute Psychiatric Unit, PTV Foundation - Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Siracusano
- Acute Psychiatric Unit, PTV Foundation - Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Sabetghadam M, Mazdeh M, Abolfathi P, Mohammadi Y, Mehrpooya M. Evidence for a Beneficial Effect of Oral N-acetylcysteine on Functional Outcomes and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2020; 16:1265-1278. [PMID: 32547030 PMCID: PMC7244239 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s241497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Numerous preclinical studies have demonstrated the potential neuroprotective effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in the treatment of brain ischemia. Accordingly, the present study aimed to assess the potential therapeutic effects of oral NAC in patients with acute ischemic stroke. PATIENTS AND METHODS In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial study, 68 patients with acute ischemic stroke with the onset of symptoms less than 24 hours were randomly assigned to either the NAC-treated group or placebo-treated group. NAC and matched placebo were administrated by a 72-hour oral protocol (initially 4 grams loading dose and after on, 4 g in 4 equal divided doses for more 2 days). The primary outcomes were quantification of any neurologic deficit by the use of the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score and functional disability by the use of the modified Rankin scale (mRS) at 90 days after stroke. Additionally, serum levels of markers of oxidative stress and inflammation as a main mechanism of its action were assessed at baseline and the end of 3-day treatment protocol. RESULTS NAC-treated patients in comparison with placebo-treated patients showed a significantly lower mean NIHSS scores at day 90 after stroke. A favorable functional outcome which was defined as an mRS score of 0 or 1, also in favor of NAC compared to placebo was noted on day 90 after stroke (57.6% in the NAC-treated group compared with 28.6% in the placebo-treated group). Further, compared to the placebo, NAC treatment significantly decreased serum levels of proinflammatory biomarkers such as interleukin 6 (IL-6), soluble intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and significantly increased serum levels of anti-oxidant biomarkers such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and total thiol groups (TTG). CONCLUSION The pattern of results suggests that oral NAC administration early after an acute ischemic stroke is associated with a better outcome profile in terms of acute neurological deficit and disability grade compared to placebo. NAC may improve neurological outcomes of patients with stroke at least in part by its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Sabetghadam
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Plants and Natural Products Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mehrdokht Mazdeh
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Parnaz Abolfathi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Plants and Natural Products Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Younes Mohammadi
- Modeling of Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Maryam Mehrpooya
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Plants and Natural Products Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Khan M, Dhammu TS, Qiao F, Kumar P, Singh AK, Singh I. S-Nitrosoglutathione Mimics the Beneficial Activity of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase-Derived Nitric Oxide in a Mouse Model of Stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2019; 28:104470. [PMID: 31680031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.104470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nitric oxide (NO)-producing activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) plays a significant role in maintaining endothelial function and protecting against the stroke injury. However, the activity of the eNOS enzyme and the metabolism of major NO metabolite S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) are dysregulated after stroke, causing endothelial dysfunction. We investigated whether an administration of exogenous of GSNO or enhancing the level of endogenous GSNO protects against neurovascular injury in wild-type (WT) and eNOS-null (endothelial dysfunction) mouse models of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (IR). METHODS Transient cerebral ischemic injury was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 60 minutes in male adult WT and eNOS null mice. GSNO (0.1 mg/kg body weight, intravenously) or N6022 (GSNO reductase inhibitor, 5.0 mg/kg body weight, intravenously) was administered 30 minutes before MCAO in preinjury and at the reperfusion in postinjury studies. Brain infarctions, edema, and neurobehavioral functions were evaluated at 24 hours after the reperfusion. RESULTS eNOS-null mice had a higher degree (P< .05) of injury than WT. Pre- or postinjury treatment with either GSNO or N6022 significantly reduced infarct volume, improved neurological and sensorimotor function in both WT and eNOS-null mice. CONCLUSION Reduced brain infarctions and edema, and improved neurobehavioral functions by pre- or postinjury GSNO treatment of eNOS knock out mice indicate that GSNO can attenuate IR injury, likely by mimicking the eNOS-derived NO-dependent anti-ischemic and anti-inflammatory functions. Neurovascular protection by GSNO/N6022 in both pre- and postischemic injury groups support GSNO as a promising drug candidate for the prevention and treatment of stroke injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mushfiquddin Khan
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
| | - Tajinder S Dhammu
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Fei Qiao
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Pavan Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Avtar K Singh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Ralph H Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Inderjit Singh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Ralph H Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina
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Abstract
Brain injury in the full-term and near-term neonates is a significant cause of mortality and long-term morbidity, resulting in injury patterns distinct from that seen in premature infants and older patients. Therapeutic hypothermia improves long-term outcomes for many of these infants, but there is a continued search for therapies to enhance the plasticity of the newborn brain, resulting in long-term repair. It is likely that a combination strategy utilizing both early and late interventions may have the most benefit, capitalizing on endogenous mechanisms triggered by hypoxia or ischemia. Optimizing care of these critically ill newborns in the acute setting is also vital for improving both short- and long-term outcomes.
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Mohamed DI, Khairy E, Khedr SA, Habib EK, Elayat WM, El-Kharashi OA. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) alleviates the peripheral neuropathy associated with liver cirrhosis via modulation of neural MEG3/PAR2/ NF-ҡB axis. Neurochem Int 2019; 132:104602. [PMID: 31751619 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Oxidative stress (OS) is accused in pathogenesis of many diseases, including liver cirrhosis by many mechanisms. One of them is the disturbance of long non coding maternally expressed 3 (MEG3)/protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2) downstream pathway. We aimed to investigate the role of this axis in cirrhotic neuropathy and whether an antioxidant compound such as N-acetylcysteine (NAC) could improve the peripheral nerve function through repression of MEG3/PAR2. METHODS Thirty Wistar rats were used and divided into 5 groups; naive, thiacetamide (TAA) (200 mg/kg 3 times/week. i.p. for 8 weeks) and TAA+NAC (50 or 100 or 200 mg/kg/day) groups. Von Frey (VF) test for mechanical nociceptive responses, hepatic& neural MEG3, NF-ҡB and neural PAR2 expression by PCR, histological studies for liver and sciatic nerve together with the dorsopedal skin thickness were done. RESULTS TAA induced significant decrease in liver function, negative VF test, an increase in the expression of hepatic& neural MEG3, NF-ҡB and neural PAR2. The histological studies showed cirrhotic changes with atrophy of the sciatic nerve and the dorsal skin. NAC improved the liver function together with reversal of the neural: functional, biochemical and histological changes in a dose dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS NAC could improve the peripheral neuropathy in cirrhotic rat through suppression of MEG3/PAR2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa I Mohamed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Eman Khairy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Sara A Khedr
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Eman K Habib
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Wael M Elayat
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Omnyah A El-Kharashi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Galkin A. Brain Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury and Mitochondrial Complex I Damage. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2019; 84:1411-1423. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297919110154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Lee YH, Lee SR. Neuroprotective effects of N-acetylcysteine via inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase in a mouse model of transient global cerebral ischemia. Brain Res Bull 2019; 154:142-150. [PMID: 31722253 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is known to serve many biological functions including acting as an antioxidant, and electing antiinflammatory effects. Previous reports have revealed that NAC may have neuroprotective effects against the deleterious effects of brain ischemia. Despite of this, the mechanism by which NAC prevents neuronal damage after brain ischemia remains unclear. The current study aimed to investigate this mechanism in a mouse model of transient global brain ischemia. In the present study, mice were subjected to 20 min of transient global brain ischemia, proceeded by intraperitoneal administration of NAC (150 mg/kg) in one group. The mice were then euthanized 72 h after this ischemic insult for collection of experimental tissues. The effect of NAC on neuronal damage and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 activity were assessed and immunofluorescence, and hippocampal terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay experiments were conducted and results compared between NAC- and vehicle-treated groups. Neuronal damage was primarily observed in the hippocampal CA1 and CA2 regions. In NAC-treated mice, neuronal damage was significantly reduced after ischemia when compared to vehicle-treated animals. NAC also inhibited increased MMP-9 activity after global brain ischemia. NAC increased laminin and NeuN expression and inhibited increases in TUNEL-positive cells, all in the hippocampus. These results suggest that NAC reduces hippocampal neuronal damage following transient global ischemia, potentially via reductions in MMP-9 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Hyung Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and ODR center, Brain Research Institute, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, South Korea; Department of Urology, Fatima Hospital, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Seong-Ryong Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and ODR center, Brain Research Institute, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, South Korea.
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Liu JH, Wang TW, Lin YY, Ho WC, Tsai HC, Chen SP, Lin AMY, Liu TY, Wang HT. Acrolein is involved in ischemic stroke-induced neurotoxicity through spermidine/spermine-N1-acetyltransferase activation. Exp Neurol 2019; 323:113066. [PMID: 31629858 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Ischemic stroke is the most common type of cerebrovascular event and is responsible for approximately 85% of all strokes in Taiwan. Neurons contain high concentrations of polyamines, which are prone to various pathological states in the brain and are perturbed after cerebral ischemia. Acrolein, an α,β-unsaturated aldehyde, has been suggested as the primary culprit of neuronal damage in stroke patients. However, the mechanism by which acrolein induces neuronal damage during ischemic stroke is not clear. METHODS Urinary 3-hydroxypropyl mercapturic acid (3-HPMA), an acrolein-glutathione (GSH) metabolite, plasma acrolein-protein conjugates (Acr-PC) and plasma GSH levels were analyzed to correlate disease severity and prognosis of stroke patients compared with control subjects. In vivo middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) animal models and an in vitro oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) stroke model were used to investigate the mechanisms of acrolein-induced neuronal damage. RESULTS A deregulated acrolein metabolism, including significantly increased plasma Acr-PC levels, decreased urinary 3-HPMA levels and decreased plasma GSH levels, was found in stroke patients compared to control subjects. We further observed that acrolein was produced during ischemia resulting in brain damage in in vivo MCAO animal model. The induction of acrolein in neuronal cells during OGD occurred due to the increased expression of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT) by NF-kB pathway activation. In addition, acrolein elicited a vicious cycling of oxidative stress resulting in neurotoxicity. Finally, N-acetylcysteine effectively prevented OGD-induced neurotoxicity by scavenging acrolein. CONCLUSION Overall, our current results demonstrate that acrolein is a culprit of neuronal damage through GSH depletion in stroke patients. The mechanism underlying the role of acrolein in stroke-related neuronal damage occurs through SSAT-induced polyamine oxidation by NF-kB pathway activation. These results provide a novel mechanism of neurotoxicity in stroke patients, aid in the development of neutralizing or preventive measures, and further our understanding of neural protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hui Liu
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang-Ming UniversRity, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Wen Wang
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang-Ming UniversRity, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Yang Lin
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of CritiWcal Care Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chien Ho
- Department of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Chieh Tsai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Pin Chen
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Anya Maan-Yuh Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Faculty of Pharmacy, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Taipei-Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Yun Liu
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang-Ming UniversRity, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Tsui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Shojafar E, Mehranjani MS, Shariatzadeh SM. Utilizing platelet-rich fibrin bioscaffold at the graft site improves the structure and function of mice ovarian grafts. Regen Med 2019; 14:409-422. [PMID: 31187701 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2018-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The effect of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) bioscaffold on the structure and function of mice-autotransplanted ovaries was investigated. Materials & methods: Mice were divided into three groups: control, autografted and autografted + PRF bioscaffold. Angiogenesis, ovary histology and serum biochemical factors were assessed. Results: The total volume of the ovary, the number of follicles and the level of superoxide dismutase activity, total antioxidant capacity, IL-10, progesterone and estradiol were significantly higher in the autografted + PRF bioscaffold group compared with the autografted group. In the autografted + PRF bioscaffold group, angiogenesis was accelerated and apoptosis rate, IL-6, TNF-α, malondialdehyde concentrations were significantly lower compared with the autografted group. Conclusion: PRF bioscaffold improves the structure and function of mice-autografted ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Shojafar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak 381-5688138, Iran
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Alam RT, Imam TS, Abo-Elmaaty AMA, Arisha AH. Amelioration of fenitrothion induced oxidative DNA damage and inactivation of caspase-3 in the brain and spleen tissues of male rats by N-acetylcysteine. Life Sci 2019; 231:116534. [PMID: 31173782 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has largely been used as an effective chemo- protective agent owing to their beneficial effect in restoring several physiological parameters and relieving oxidative stress. Interestingly, it has been suggested that NAC mechanisms of action extend beyond being a precursor to the antioxidant glutathione and that they may involve several neurotropic and inflammatory pathways. Exposure to fenitrothion, an organophosphorus insecticide, promotes oxidative stress and induces several deleterious changes in the immune response and various tissues including cerebrum and spleen. The main objective of our study was to investigate ameliorative efficacy of N-acetylcysteine for immunological and neurological alterations and oxidative DNA damage induced by fenitrothion toxicity in cerebrum and spleen tissues of male rats. Our results revealed that oral exposure to fenitrothion for 30 days caused a reduction in the erythrocyte count in addition to leukocytosis, lymphocytosis, and neutrophilia. Also, this route of administration increased the serum levels of LDH, TNF-α, and IL-2 with reduction in serum immunoglobulins (IgG & IgM) concentrations. Furthermore, a significant downregulation in the antioxidant markers (GSH & SOD) with an elevation of free radical (MDA) levels were noticed. Regarding the brain, fenitrothion administration inhibited AchE activity and increased brain GABA, serotonin and dopamine levels. Moreover, it induced an elevation in oxidative DNA damage indicated by 8-hydroxy 2-deoxyguanosine (8OH2dG) and mRNA expression of pro-apoptotic genes, including Bax, and p53, but Bcl-2 expression was reduced. N-acetylcysteine co-treatment restored the normal physiological tone in most of these parameters. Immunostaining for GFAP and Caspase-3 markers in the brain and spleen tissues were increased respectively. In conclusion, N-acetylcysteine supplementation has an ameliorative effect against immunotoxic, neurotoxic and oxidative DNA damage induced by fenitrothion exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha T Alam
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Sharkia, Egypt.
| | - Tamer S Imam
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Azza M A Abo-Elmaaty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Hamed Arisha
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Sharkia, Egypt
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Jones JI, Nguyen TT, Peng Z, Chang M. Targeting MMP-9 in Diabetic Foot Ulcers. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:E79. [PMID: 31121851 PMCID: PMC6630664 DOI: 10.3390/ph12020079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are significant complications of diabetes and an unmet medical need. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play important roles in the pathology of wounds and in the wound healing process. However, because of the challenge in distinguishing active MMPs from the two catalytically inactive forms of MMPs and the clinical failure of broad-spectrum MMP inhibitors in cancer, MMPs have not been a target for treatment of DFUs until recently. This review covers the discovery of active MMP-9 as the biochemical culprit in the recalcitrance of diabetic wounds to healing and targeting this proteinase as a novel approach for the treatment of DFUs. Active MMP-8 and MMP-9 were observed in mouse and human diabetic wounds using a batimastat affinity resin and proteomics. MMP-9 was shown to play a detrimental role in diabetic wound healing, whereas MMP-8 was beneficial. A new class of selective MMP-9 inhibitors shows clinical promise for the treatment of DFUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey I Jones
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Trung T Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Zhihong Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Mayland Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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Postnatal N‑acetylcysteine does not provide neuroprotection in extremely low birth weight infants: A follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Early Hum Dev 2019; 132:13-17. [PMID: 30927687 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Joy T, Rao MS, Madhyastha S, Pai K. Effect of N-Acetyl Cysteine on Intracerebroventricular Colchicine Induced Cognitive Deficits, Beta Amyloid Pathology, and Glial Cells. NEUROSCIENCE JOURNAL 2019; 2019:7547382. [PMID: 31139638 PMCID: PMC6500609 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7547382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Among the many factors responsible for the cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease, beta amyloid protein and plaque formation is crucial. This amyloid pathology is associated with activation of glial cells and oxidative stress but whether oxidative stress activates beta amyloid protein in the neurons is not clear. Further the expression of microglia is also known to vary during pathogenesis of beta amyloid plaques. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the antioxidant effect of NAC on amyloid pathology and cognition and also to investigate the link between amyloid pathology and glial cells activation. Intracerebroventricular colchicine in rats known mimics human AD in many aspects including memory loss, oxidative stress, and hyper phosphorylation of tau protein. The animal groups consisted of age matched control, sham operated, AD, and NAC treated in AD models of rats. Cognitive function was evaluated in active avoidance test; beta amyloid protein, beta amyloid plaques, astrocytes, and microglia cells were quantified using immunohistochemistry in hippocampal and prefrontal cortices. Colchicine has resulted in significant cognitive loss, increased intraneuronal beta amyloid protein expression, increased reactive astrocytes, and activated microglia in all the regions of the hippocampus and prefrontal cortices. The antioxidant NAC has reversed the cognitive deficits and inhibited microglia activation but failed to inhibit BAP expression and astrocytosis. Intraneuronal BAP accumulation is deleterious and known to adversely affect cognition, but in this study in spite of intraneuronal BAP accumulation, the cognition is restored. It can be postulated that NAC might have reversed the effect of intraneuronal beta amyloid protein by acting on some downstream compensatory mechanisms which needs to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Joy
- Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, India
| | - Muddanna S. Rao
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait
| | | | - Keshav Pai
- Department of Psychiatry, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, India
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Qin X, Cheng J, Zhong Y, Mahgoub OK, Akter F, Fan Y, Aldughaim M, Xie Q, Qin L, Gu L, Jian Z, Xiong X, Liu R. Mechanism and Treatment Related to Oxidative Stress in Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:88. [PMID: 31031592 PMCID: PMC6470360 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a type of neonatal brain injury, which occurs due to lack of supply and oxygen deprivation to the brain. It is associated with a high morbidity and mortality rate. There are several therapeutic strategies that can be used to improve outcomes in patients with HIE. These include cell therapies such as marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and umbilical cord blood stem cells (UCBCs), which are being incorporated into the new protocols for the prevention of ischemic brain damage. The focus of this review is to discuss the mechanism of oxidative stress in HIE and summarize the current available treatments for HIE. We hope that a better understanding of the relationship between oxidative stress and HIE will provide new insights on the potential therapy of this devastating condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingping Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jing Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Omer Kamal Mahgoub
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Farhana Akter
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yanqin Fan
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mohammed Aldughaim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Qiurong Xie
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lingxia Qin
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lijuan Gu
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihong Jian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Renzhong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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DeGregorio-Rocasolano N, Martí-Sistac O, Gasull T. Deciphering the Iron Side of Stroke: Neurodegeneration at the Crossroads Between Iron Dyshomeostasis, Excitotoxicity, and Ferroptosis. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:85. [PMID: 30837827 PMCID: PMC6389709 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In general, iron represents a double-edged sword in metabolism in most tissues, especially in the brain. Although the high metabolic demands of brain cells require iron as a redox-active metal for ATP-producing enzymes, the brain is highly vulnerable to the devastating consequences of excessive iron-induced oxidative stress and, as recently found, to ferroptosis as well. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) protects the brain from fluctuations in systemic iron. Under pathological conditions, especially in acute brain pathologies such as stroke, the BBB is disrupted, and iron pools from the blood gain sudden access to the brain parenchyma, which is crucial in mediating stroke-induced neurodegeneration. Each brain cell type reacts with changes in their expression of proteins involved in iron uptake, efflux, storage, and mobilization to preserve its internal iron homeostasis, with specific organelles such as mitochondria showing specialized responses. However, during ischemia, neurons are challenged with excess extracellular glutamate in the presence of high levels of extracellular iron; this causes glutamate receptor overactivation that boosts neuronal iron uptake and a subsequent overproduction of membrane peroxides. This glutamate-driven neuronal death can be attenuated by iron-chelating compounds or free radical scavenger molecules. Moreover, vascular wall rupture in hemorrhagic stroke results in the accumulation and lysis of iron-rich red blood cells at the brain parenchyma and the subsequent presence of hemoglobin and heme iron at the extracellular milieu, thereby contributing to iron-induced lipid peroxidation and cell death. This review summarizes recent progresses made in understanding the ferroptosis component underlying both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria DeGregorio-Rocasolano
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, Department of Neurosciences, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Octavi Martí-Sistac
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, Department of Neurosciences, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain.,Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Teresa Gasull
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, Department of Neurosciences, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
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Tardiolo G, Bramanti P, Mazzon E. Overview on the Effects of N-Acetylcysteine in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123305. [PMID: 30551603 PMCID: PMC6320789 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
N-acetylcysteine (NAC), which is an acetylated cysteine compound, has aroused scientific interest for decades due to its important medical applications. It also represents a nutritional supplement in the human diet. NAC is a glutathione precursor and shows antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. In addition to the uses quoted in the literature, NAC may be considered helpful in therapies to counteract neurodegenerative and mental health diseases. Furthermore, this compound has been evaluated for its neuroprotective potential in the prevention of cognitive aging dementia. NAC is inexpensive, commercially available and no relevant side effects were observed after its administration. The purpose of this paper is to give an overview on the effects and applications of NAC in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disorders and in neuropathic pain and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Tardiolo
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy.
| | - Placido Bramanti
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Mazzon
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy.
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Karuppagounder SS, Alin L, Chen Y, Brand D, Bourassa MW, Dietrich K, Wilkinson CM, Nadeau CA, Kumar A, Perry S, Pinto JT, Darley-Usmar V, Sanchez S, Milne GL, Pratico D, Holman TR, Carmichael ST, Coppola G, Colbourne F, Ratan RR. N-acetylcysteine targets 5 lipoxygenase-derived, toxic lipids and can synergize with prostaglandin E 2 to inhibit ferroptosis and improve outcomes following hemorrhagic stroke in mice. Ann Neurol 2018; 84:854-872. [PMID: 30294906 PMCID: PMC6519209 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Objectives N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) is a clinically approved thiol‐containing redox modulatory compound currently in trials for many neurological and psychiatric disorders. Although generically labeled as an “antioxidant,” poor understanding of its site(s) of action is a barrier to its use in neurological practice. Here, we examined the efficacy and mechanism of action of NAC in rodent models of hemorrhagic stroke. Methods Hemin was used to model ferroptosis and hemorrhagic stroke in cultured neurons. Striatal infusion of collagenase was used to model intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in mice and rats. Chemical biology, targeted lipidomics, arachidonate 5‐lipoxygenase (ALOX5) knockout mice, and viral‐gene transfer were used to gain insight into the pharmacological targets and mechanism of action of NAC. Results NAC prevented hemin‐induced ferroptosis by neutralizing toxic lipids generated by arachidonate‐dependent ALOX5 activity. NAC efficacy required increases in glutathione and is correlated with suppression of reactive lipids by glutathione‐dependent enzymes such as glutathione S‐transferase. Accordingly, its protective effects were mimicked by chemical or molecular lipid peroxidation inhibitors. NAC delivered postinjury reduced neuronal death and improved functional recovery at least 7 days following ICH in mice and can synergize with clinically approved prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Interpretation NAC is a promising, protective therapy for ICH, which acted to inhibit toxic arachidonic acid products of nuclear ALOX5 that synergized with exogenously delivered protective PGE2 in vitro and in vivo. The findings provide novel insight into a target for NAC, beyond the generic characterization as an antioxidant, resulting in neuroprotection and offer a feasible combinatorial strategy to optimize efficacy and safety in dosing of NAC for treatment of neurological disorders involving ferroptosis such as ICH. Ann Neurol 2018;84:854–872
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan S Karuppagounder
- Sperling Center for Hemorrhagic Stroke Recovery, Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY.,Brain and Mind Research Institute and Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Lauren Alin
- Sperling Center for Hemorrhagic Stroke Recovery, Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY.,Brain and Mind Research Institute and Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Yingxin Chen
- Sperling Center for Hemorrhagic Stroke Recovery, Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY.,Brain and Mind Research Institute and Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - David Brand
- Sperling Center for Hemorrhagic Stroke Recovery, Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY.,Brain and Mind Research Institute and Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Megan W Bourassa
- Sperling Center for Hemorrhagic Stroke Recovery, Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY.,Brain and Mind Research Institute and Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Kristen Dietrich
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Colby A Nadeau
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Amit Kumar
- Sperling Center for Hemorrhagic Stroke Recovery, Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY.,Brain and Mind Research Institute and Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Steve Perry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA
| | - John T Pinto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
| | - Victor Darley-Usmar
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Stephanie Sanchez
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Ginger L Milne
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Domenico Pratico
- Alzheimer's Center at Temple University, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Theodore R Holman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA
| | - S Thomas Carmichael
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Frederick Colbourne
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rajiv R Ratan
- Sperling Center for Hemorrhagic Stroke Recovery, Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY.,Brain and Mind Research Institute and Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
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Park JH, Kim D, Shin BS. Effects of propofol and isoflurane on excitatory amino acid carrier 1 mRNA and glutathione protein levels in rat hippocampus. J Int Med Res 2018; 46:4705-4716. [PMID: 30198359 PMCID: PMC6259380 DOI: 10.1177/0300060518795583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We compared the effects of two anesthetics, isoflurane and propofol, on the nuclear or cytosolic localization of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), mRNA expression levels of excitatory amino acid carrier 1 (EAAC1), and glutathione (GSH) protein levels in the rat hippocampus. METHODS Fifty-two adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: a control group, a group that received propofol for 240 minutes (P240), and a group that received isoflurane for 240 minutes (I240). We compared GSH protein and EAAC1 mRNA expression levels in the rat hippocampus and evaluated Nrf2 content in cytosolic and nuclear fractions in the three groups. RESULTS GSH protein and EAAC1 mRNA expression levels were significantly higher in the I240 and P240 groups compared with the control group. The I240 and P240 groups showed lower Nrf2 protein levels in the cytosolic fractions, but higher levels in the nuclear fractions compared with the control group. CONCLUSION Treatment with isoflurane or propofol may enhance GSH production by facilitating translocation of Nrf2 into the nucleus and increasing EAAC1mRNA expression in the rat hippocampus. Isoflurane and propofol show similar profiles in EAAC1 expression-associated GSH production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hyoung Park
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Doyeon Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Seop Shin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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45
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Santos P, Herrmann AP, Elisabetsky E, Piato A. Anxiolytic properties of compounds that counteract oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and glutamatergic dysfunction: a review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 41:168-178. [PMID: 30328963 PMCID: PMC6781690 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2018-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Anxiety disorders are highly prevalent and the efficacy of the available anxiolytic drugs is less than desired. Adverse effects also compromise patient quality of life and adherence to treatment. Accumulating evidence shows that the pathophysiology of anxiety and related disorders is multifactorial, involving oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and glutamatergic dysfunction. The aim of this review was to evaluate data from animal studies and clinical trials showing the anxiolytic effects of agents whose mechanisms of action target these multiple domains. Methods: The PubMed database was searched for multitarget agents that had been evaluated in animal models of anxiety, as well as randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trials of anxiety and/or anxiety related disorders. Results: The main multitarget agents that have shown consistent anxiolytic effects in various animal models of anxiety, as well in clinical trials, are agomelatine, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), and omega-3 fatty acids. Data from clinical trials are preliminary at best, but reveal good safety profiles and tolerance to adverse effects. Conclusion: Agomelatine, NAC and omega-3 fatty acids show beneficial effects in clinical conditions where mainstream treatments are ineffective. These three multitarget agents are considered promising candidates for innovative, effective, and better-tolerated anxiolytics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana P Herrmann
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Elaine Elisabetsky
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Angelo Piato
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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46
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França K, Kumar A, Castillo D, Jafferany M, Hyczy da Costa Neto M, Damevska K, Wollina U, Lotti T. Trichotillomania (hair pulling disorder): Clinical characteristics, psychosocial aspects, treatment approaches, and ethical considerations. Dermatol Ther 2018; 32:e12622. [DOI: 10.1111/dth.12622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katlein França
- Institute for Bioethics & Health Policy, Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery and Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Miami Florida
- Università G Marconi; Rome Italy
| | - Anagha Kumar
- Department of Medical Oncology; Mayo Clinic; Rochester Minnesota
| | - David Castillo
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Miami Florida
| | - Mohammad Jafferany
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine; Central Michigan University; Saginaw Michigan
| | | | - Katerina Damevska
- Clinic of Dermatology, Medical Faculty; University “Ss. Cyril and Methodius,”; Skopje Macedonia
| | - Uwe Wollina
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology; Dresden Germany
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Haber M, James J, Kim J, Sangobowale M, Irizarry R, Ho J, Nikulina E, Grin'kina NM, Ramadani A, Hartman I, Bergold PJ. Minocycline plus N-acteylcysteine induces remyelination, synergistically protects oligodendrocytes and modifies neuroinflammation in a rat model of mild traumatic brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:1312-1326. [PMID: 28685618 PMCID: PMC6092769 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17718106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury afflicts over 2 million people annually and little can be done for the underlying injury. The Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs Minocycline plus N-acetylcysteine (MINO plus NAC) synergistically improved cognition and memory in a rat mild controlled cortical impact (mCCI) model of traumatic brain injury.3 The underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of the drug combination are unknown. This study addressed the effect of the drug combination on white matter damage and neuroinflammation after mCCI. Brain tissue from mCCI rats given either sham-injury, saline, MINO alone, NAC alone, or MINO plus NAC was investigated via histology and qPCR at four time points (2, 4, 7, and 14 days post-injury) for markers of white matter damage and neuroinflammation. MINO plus NAC synergistically protected resident oligodendrocytes and decreased the number of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Activation of microglia/macrophages (MP/MG) was synergistically increased in white matter two days post-injury after MINO plus NAC treatment. Patterns of M1 and M2 MP/MG were also altered after treatment. The modulation of neuroinflammation is a potential mechanism to promote remyelination and improve cognition and memory. These data also provide new and important insights into how drug treatments can induce repair after traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margalit Haber
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Jessica James
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Justine Kim
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Michael Sangobowale
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Rachel Irizarry
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Johnson Ho
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Elena Nikulina
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Natalia M Grin'kina
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Albana Ramadani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Isabella Hartman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Peter J Bergold
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, NY, USA
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Kahl A, Stepanova A, Konrad C, Anderson C, Manfredi G, Zhou P, Iadecola C, Galkin A. Critical Role of Flavin and Glutathione in Complex I-Mediated Bioenergetic Failure in Brain Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Stroke 2018; 49:1223-1231. [PMID: 29643256 PMCID: PMC5916474 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.117.019687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background and Purpose— Ischemic brain injury is characterized by 2 temporally distinct but interrelated phases: ischemia (primary energy failure) and reperfusion (secondary energy failure). Loss of cerebral blood flow leads to decreased oxygen levels and energy crisis in the ischemic area, initiating a sequence of pathophysiological events that after reoxygenation lead to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) brain damage. Mitochondrial impairment and oxidative stress are known to be early events in I/R injury. However, the biochemical mechanisms of mitochondria damage in I/R are not completely understood. Methods— We used a mouse model of transient focal cerebral ischemia to investigate acute I/R-induced changes of mitochondrial function, focusing on mechanisms of primary and secondary energy failure. Results— Ischemia induced a reversible loss of flavin mononucleotide from mitochondrial complex I leading to a transient decrease in its enzymatic activity, which is rapidly reversed on reoxygenation. Reestablishing blood flow led to a reversible oxidative modification of mitochondrial complex I thiol residues and inhibition of the enzyme. Administration of glutathione-ethyl ester at the onset of reperfusion prevented the decline of complex I activity and was associated with smaller infarct size and improved neurological outcome, suggesting that decreased oxidation of complex I thiols during I/R-induced oxidative stress may contribute to the neuroprotective effect of glutathione ester. Conclusions— Our results unveil a key role of mitochondrial complex I in the development of I/R brain injury and provide the mechanistic basis for the well-established mitochondrial dysfunction caused by I/R. Targeting the functional integrity of complex I in the early phase of reperfusion may provide a novel therapeutic strategy to prevent tissue injury after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kahl
- From the Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (A.K., A.S., C.K., C.A., G.M., P.Z., C.I., A.G.)
| | - Anna Stepanova
- From the Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (A.K., A.S., C.K., C.A., G.M., P.Z., C.I., A.G.).,School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom (A.S., A.G.)
| | - Csaba Konrad
- From the Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (A.K., A.S., C.K., C.A., G.M., P.Z., C.I., A.G.)
| | - Corey Anderson
- From the Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (A.K., A.S., C.K., C.A., G.M., P.Z., C.I., A.G.)
| | - Giovanni Manfredi
- From the Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (A.K., A.S., C.K., C.A., G.M., P.Z., C.I., A.G.)
| | - Ping Zhou
- From the Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (A.K., A.S., C.K., C.A., G.M., P.Z., C.I., A.G.)
| | - Costantino Iadecola
- From the Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (A.K., A.S., C.K., C.A., G.M., P.Z., C.I., A.G.)
| | - Alexander Galkin
- From the Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (A.K., A.S., C.K., C.A., G.M., P.Z., C.I., A.G.).,School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom (A.S., A.G.)
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Abd-Ellah HF, Abou-Zeid NRA, Nasr NM. The possible protective effect of N-acetyl-L-cysteine and folic acid in combination against aspartame-induced cerebral cortex neurotoxicity in adult male rats: a light and transmission electron microscopic study. Ultrastruct Pathol 2018; 42:228-245. [DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2018.1440270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hala F. Abd-Ellah
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science & Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nadia R. A. Abou-Zeid
- Electron Microscope Lab., Ain Shams Specialized Hospital, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nadia M. Nasr
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science & Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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50
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Gomes LM, Scaini G, Carvalho-Silva M, Gomes ML, Malgarin F, Kist LW, Bogo MR, Rico EP, Zugno AI, Deroza PFP, Réus GZ, de Moura AB, Quevedo J, Ferreira GC, Schuck PF, Streck EL. Antioxidants Reverse the Changes in the Cholinergic System Caused by L-Tyrosine Administration in Rats. Neurotox Res 2018; 34:769-780. [PMID: 29417439 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9866-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosinemia type II is an inborn error of metabolism caused by a deficiency in the activity of the enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase, leading to tyrosine accumulation in the body. Although the mechanisms involved are still poorly understood, several studies have showed that higher levels of tyrosine are related to oxidative stress and therefore may affect the cholinergic system. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of chronic administration of L-tyrosine on choline acetyltransferase activity (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the brain of rats. Moreover, we also examined the effects of one antioxidant treatment (N-acetylcysteine (NAC) + deferoxamine (DFX)) on cholinergic system. Our results showed that the chronic administration of L-tyrosine decreases the ChAT activity in the cerebral cortex, while the AChE activity was increased in the hippocampus, striatum, and cerebral cortex. Moreover, we found that the antioxidant treatment was able to prevent the decrease in the ChAT activity in the cerebral cortex. However, the increase in AChE activity induced by L-tyrosine was partially prevented the in the hippocampus and striatum, but not in the cerebral cortex. Our results also showed no differences in the aversive and spatial memory after chronic administration of L-tyrosine. In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrated an increase in AChE activity in the hippocampus, striatum, and cerebral cortex and an increase of ChAT in the cerebral cortex, without cognitive impairment. Furthermore, the alterations in the cholinergic system were partially prevented by the co-administration of NAC and DFX. Thus, the restored central cholinergic system by antioxidant treatment further supports the view that oxidative stress may be involved in the pathophysiology of tyrosinemia type II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara M Gomes
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Av. Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Giselli Scaini
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Av. Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Milena Carvalho-Silva
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Av. Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Maria L Gomes
- Laboratório de Erros Inatos do Metabolismo, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Malgarin
- Laboratório de Erros Inatos do Metabolismo, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Luiza W Kist
- Laboratório de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maurício R Bogo
- Laboratório de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Pacheco Rico
- Laboratório de Sinalização Neural e Psicofarmacologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Alexandra I Zugno
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Pedro F P Deroza
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Z Réus
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Airam B de Moura
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - João Quevedo
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil.,Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gustavo C Ferreira
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Patrícia F Schuck
- Laboratório de Erros Inatos do Metabolismo, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Emilio L Streck
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Av. Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil.
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