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D’Apolito E, Sisalli MJ, Tufano M, Annunziato L, Scorziello A. Oxidative Metabolism in Brain Ischemia and Preconditioning: Two Sides of the Same Coin. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:547. [PMID: 38790652 PMCID: PMC11117774 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain ischemia is one of the major causes of chronic disability and death worldwide. It is related to insufficient blood supply to cerebral tissue, which induces irreversible or reversible intracellular effects depending on the time and intensity of the ischemic event. Indeed, neuronal function may be restored in some conditions, such as transient ischemic attack (TIA), which may be responsible for protecting against a subsequent lethal ischemic insult. It is well known that the brain requires high levels of oxygen and glucose to ensure cellular metabolism and energy production and that damage caused by oxygen impairment is tightly related to the brain's low antioxidant capacity. Oxygen is a key player in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), during which reactive oxygen species (ROS) synthesis can occur as a physiological side-product of the process. Indeed, besides producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) under normal physiological conditions, mitochondria are the primary source of ROS within the cell. This is because, in 0.2-2% of cases, the escape of electrons from complex I (NADPH-dehydrogenase) and III of the electron transport chain occurring in mitochondria during ATP synthesis leads to the production of the superoxide radical anion (O2•-), which exerts detrimental intracellular effects owing to its high molecular instability. Along with ROS, reactive nitrosative species (RNS) also contribute to the production of free radicals. When the accumulation of ROS and RNS occurs, it can cause membrane lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. Here, we describe the intracellular pathways activated in brain tissue after a lethal/sub lethal ischemic event like stroke or ischemic tolerance, respectively, highlighting the important role played by oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in the onset of the two different ischemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena D’Apolito
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (E.D.); (M.T.)
| | - Maria Josè Sisalli
- Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Michele Tufano
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (E.D.); (M.T.)
| | | | - Antonella Scorziello
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (E.D.); (M.T.)
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Palestra F, Poto R, Ciardi R, Opromolla G, Secondo A, Tedeschi V, Ferrara AL, Di Crescenzo RM, Galdiero MR, Cristinziano L, Modestino L, Marone G, Fiorelli A, Varricchi G, Loffredo S. SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Activates Human Lung Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3036. [PMID: 36769357 PMCID: PMC9917796 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24033036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a viral disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. This disease is characterized primarily, but not exclusively, by respiratory tract inflammation. SARS-CoV-2 infection relies on the binding of spike protein to ACE2 on the host cells. The virus uses the protease TMPRSS2 as an entry activator. Human lung macrophages (HLMs) are the most abundant immune cells in the lung and fulfill a variety of specialized functions mediated by the production of cytokines and chemokines. The aim of this project was to investigate the effects of spike protein on HLM activation and the expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in HLMs. Spike protein induced CXCL8, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β release from HLMs; promoted efficient phagocytosis; and induced dysfunction of intracellular Ca2+ concentration by increasing lysosomal Ca2+ content in HLMs. Microscopy experiments revealed that HLM tracking was affected by spike protein activation. Finally, HLMs constitutively expressed mRNAs for ACE2 and TMPRSS2. In conclusion, during SARS-CoV-2 infection, macrophages seem to play a key role in lung injury, resulting in immunological dysfunction and respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Palestra
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Remo Poto
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence (CoE), 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Renato Ciardi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giorgia Opromolla
- Translational Medical and Surgical Science, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Agnese Secondo
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Tedeschi
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Anne Lise Ferrara
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Di Crescenzo
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Galdiero
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence (CoE), 80131 Naples, Italy
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Leonardo Cristinziano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Modestino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gianni Marone
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence (CoE), 80131 Naples, Italy
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alfonso Fiorelli
- Translational Medical and Surgical Science, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence (CoE), 80131 Naples, Italy
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Loffredo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence (CoE), 80131 Naples, Italy
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
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3
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Marcella S, Apicella B, Secondo A, Palestra F, Opromolla G, Ciardi R, Tedeschi V, Ferrara AL, Russo C, Rosaria Galdiero M, Cristinziano L, Modestino L, Spadaro G, Fiorelli A, Loffredo S. Size-based effects of anthropogenic ultrafine particles on activation of human lung macrophages. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 166:107395. [PMID: 35839670 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The anthropogenic particulate matter (PM), suspended air dust that can be inhaled by humans and deposited in the lungs, is one of the main pollutants in the industrialized cities atmosphere. Recent studies have shown that PM has adverse effects on respiratory diseases. These effects are mainly due to the ultrafine particles (PM0.1, PM < 100 nm), which, thanks to their PM size, are efficiently deposited in nasal, tracheobronchial, and alveolar regions. Pulmonary macrophages are a heterogeneous cell population distributed in different lung compartments, whose role in inflammatory response to injury is of particular relevance. In this study, we investigated the effect of PM0.1 on Human Lung Macrophages (HLMs) activation evaluated as proinflammatory cytokines and chemokine release, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production and intracellular Ca2+concentration ([Ca2+]i). Furthermore, PM0.1, after removal of organic fraction, was fractionated in nanoparticles both smaller (NP20) and bigger (NP100) than 20 nm by a properlydeveloped analytical protocol, allowed isolating their individual contribution. Interestingly, while PM0.1 and NP20 induced stimulatory effects on HLM cytokines release, NP100 had not effect. In particular, PM0.1 induced IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, but not CXCL8, release from HLMs. Moreover, PM0.1, NP20 and NP100 did not induce β-glucuronidase release, a preformed mediator contained in HLMs. The long time necessary for cytokines release (18 h) suggested that PM0.1 and NP20 could induce ex-novo production of the tested mediators. Accordingly, after 6 h of incubation, PM0.1 and NP20 induced mRNA expression of IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β. Moreover, NP20 induced ROS production and [Ca2+]i increase in a time-dependent manner, without producing cytotoxicity. Collectively, the present data highlight the main proinflammatory role of NP20 among PM fractions. This is particularly of concern because this fraction is not currently covered by legal limits as it is not easily measured at the exhausts by the available technical methodologies, suggesting that it is mandatory to search for new monitoring techniques and strategies for limiting NP20 formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Marcella
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, WAO Center of Excellence, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Barbara Apicella
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie per l'Energia e la Mobilità Sostenibili (STEMS)-CNR, 80125 Naples, Italy.
| | - Agnese Secondo
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Francesco Palestra
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, WAO Center of Excellence, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Giorgia Opromolla
- Translational Medical and Surgical Science, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Renato Ciardi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, WAO Center of Excellence, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Valentina Tedeschi
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Anne Lise Ferrara
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, WAO Center of Excellence, 80131 Naples, Italy; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Carmela Russo
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie per l'Energia e la Mobilità Sostenibili (STEMS)-CNR, 80125 Naples, Italy.
| | - Maria Rosaria Galdiero
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, WAO Center of Excellence, 80131 Naples, Italy; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Leonardo Cristinziano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, WAO Center of Excellence, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Luca Modestino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, WAO Center of Excellence, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Spadaro
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, WAO Center of Excellence, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Alfonso Fiorelli
- Translational Medical and Surgical Science, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Stefania Loffredo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, WAO Center of Excellence, 80131 Naples, Italy; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Glutamate as a potential "survival factor" in an in vitro model of neuronal hypoxia/reoxygenation injury: leading role of the Na +/Ca 2+ exchanger. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:731. [PMID: 29955038 PMCID: PMC6023866 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0784-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In brain ischemia, reduction in oxygen and substrates affects mitochondrial respiratory chain and aerobic metabolism, culminating in ATP production impairment, ionic imbalance, and cell death. The restoration of blood flow and reoxygenation are frequently associated with exacerbation of tissue injury, giving rise to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. In this setting, the imbalance of brain bioenergetics induces important metabolic adaptations, including utilization of alternative energy sources, such as glutamate. Although glutamate has long been considered as a neurotoxin, it can also be used as intermediary metabolite for ATP synthesis, and both the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) and the Na+-dependent excitatory amino-acid transporters (EAATs) are essential in this pathway. Here we analyzed the role of NCX in the potential of glutamate to improve metabolism and survival of neuronal cells subjected to hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R). In SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells differentiated into a neuron-like state, H/R produced a significant cell damage, a decrease in ATP cellular content, and intracellular Ca2+ alterations. Exposure to glutamate at the onset of the reoxygenation phase attenuated H/R-induced cell damage and evoked a significant raise in intracellular ATP levels. Furthermore, we found that in H/R cells NCX reverse-mode activity was reduced, and that glutamate limited such reduction. All the effects induced by glutamate supplementation were lost when cells were transfected with small interfering RNA against NCX1 and EAAT3, suggesting the need of a specific functional interplay between these proteins for glutamate-induced protection. Collectively, our results revealed the potential beneficial effect of glutamate in an in vitro model of H/R injury and focused on the essential role exerted by NCX1. Although preliminary, these findings could be a starting point to further investigate in in vivo systems such protective effect in ischemic settings, shedding a new light on the classical view of glutamate as detrimental factor.
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Bhowmick S, Drew KL. Arctic ground squirrel resist peroxynitrite-mediated cell death in response to oxygen glucose deprivation. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 113:203-211. [PMID: 28962873 PMCID: PMC5699938 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury initiates a cascade of events, generating nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide(O2•-) to form peroxynitrite (ONOO-), a potent oxidant. Arctic ground squirrels (AGS; Urocitellus parryii) show high tolerance to I/R injury. However, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. We hypothesize that tolerance to I/R modeled in an acute hippocampal slice preparation in AGS is modulated by reduced oxidative and nitrative stress. Hippocampal slices (400µm) from rat and AGS were subjected to oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) using a novel microperfusion technique. Slices were exposed to NO, O2.- donors with and without OGD; pretreatment with inhibitors of NO, O2.- and ONOO- followed by OGD. Perfusates collected every 15min were analyzed for LDH release, a marker of cell death. 3-nitrotyrosine (3NT) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE) were measured to assess oxidative and nitrative stress. Results show that NO/O2.- alone is not sufficient to cause ischemic-like cell death, but with OGD enhances cell death more in rat than in AGS. A NOS inhibitor, SOD mimetic and ONOO- inhibitor attenuates OGD injury in rat but has no effect in AGS. Rats also show a higher level of 3NT and 4HNE with OGD than AGS suggesting the greater level of injury in rat is via formation of ONOO-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurav Bhowmick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA; Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Kelly L Drew
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA; Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA.
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6
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Qiao Y, Badduke C, Tang F, Cowieson D, Martell S, Lewis SME, Peñaherrera MS, Robinson WP, Volchuk A, Rajcan-Separovic E. Whole exome sequencing of families with 1q21.1 microdeletion or microduplication. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 173:1782-1791. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Qiao
- Department of Pathology; University of British Columbia (UBC); Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Chansonette Badduke
- Department of Pathology; University of British Columbia (UBC); Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Flamingo Tang
- Department of Pathology; University of British Columbia (UBC); Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - David Cowieson
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics-Metabolism Toronto General Research Institute; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Sally Martell
- Department of Pathology; University of British Columbia (UBC); Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | | | - Maria S. Peñaherrera
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics; UBC; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Wendy P. Robinson
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics; UBC; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Allen Volchuk
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science; St. Michael's Hospital; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Evica Rajcan-Separovic
- Department of Pathology; University of British Columbia (UBC); Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
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Peng J, Rao Y, Yang X, Jia J, Wu Y, Lu J, Tao Y, Tu W. Targeting neuronal nitric oxide synthase by a cell penetrating peptide Tat-LK15/siRNA bioconjugate. Neurosci Lett 2017; 650:153-160. [PMID: 28450191 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We developed a cell penetrating peptide (CPP) Tat-LK15, as a siRNA carrier to target nNOS. The feasibility, stability, efficiency and selectivity of this peptide-siRNA complex were evaluated in rat neuronal cells. We also compared the new method with conventional siRNA carrier Lipofectamine™. It was found that the CPP Tat-LK15 effectively and specifically delivered nNOS-siRNA into Rat retinal ganglia (RGC-5) cells and silenced the expression of nNOS. The CPP Tat-LK15 can conjugate with siRNA to form stable complex at a ratio of 2:1 (peptide/siRNA, w/w), which maintained stable in serum for as long as 4h. The CPP Tat-LK15 was low-toxicity to cells, as the apoptosis rate of treat cells was not increased significantly when the used peptide lower than 10μg/mL. Moreover, the cellular uptake of nNOS siRNA by Rat Neurons-dorsal spinal cord (RNdsc) cells was also significantly more than naked siRNA by RNdsc cells. The CPP Tat-LK15 was an efficient and stable, and non-cytotoxic siRNA delivery to neurons and effectively silenced the nNOS expression. The CPP Tat-LK15 mediated siRNA delivery was a potential tool to treat neuropathic diseases involving NO or nNOS neurotoxic cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, 510010, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yun Rao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, 510010, Guangdong Province, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, 330000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, 510010, Guangdong Province, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ji Jia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, 510010, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Youping Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, 510010, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jianhua Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, 510010, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Yuanxiang Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07013, USA
| | - Weifeng Tu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, 510010, Guangdong Province, China
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Marcelino TB, de Lemos Rodrigues PI, Miguel PM, Netto CA, Pereira Silva LO, Matté C. Effect of maternal exercise on biochemical parameters in rats submitted to neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. Brain Res 2015; 1622:91-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Ziemińska E, Stafiej A, Toczyłowska B, Lazarewicz JW. Synergistic neurotoxicity of oxygen-glucose deprivation and tetrabromobisphenol A in vitro: role of oxidative stress. Pharmacol Rep 2013; 64:1166-78. [PMID: 23238473 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(12)70913-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is a toxic brominated flame retardant. Previous studies have demonstrated that exposure of primary cultures of rat cerebellar granule cells (CGC) to ≥ 10 μM TBBPA induces toxicity and excitotoxicity, and the underlying mechanism may involve calcium imbalance and oxidative stress. Here we examined whether the application of TBBPA at subtoxic concentrations may exacerbate acute damage of CGC challenged with oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), and evaluated with fluorescent indicators the involvement of calcium imbalance, mitochondrial depolarization and oxidative stress. METHODS Survival of CGC was assessed 24 h after OGD/TBBPA using fluorescent dyes. An OGD challenge lasting for 45, 60 or 75 min induced a duration-dependent injury to the neurons. RESULTS Application of 2.5, 5 or 7.5 μM TBBPA for 45 min to normoxic and glucose-containing incubation medium did not reduce the viability of cultured CGC, but this compound exacerbated the toxic effects of OGD in a concentration-dependent way. Moreover, TBBPA had a slight effect on calcium homeostasis and mitochondrial membrane potential, but significantly activated the production of reactive oxygen species in CGC. The application of H(2)O(2) at 5, 10 and 25 μM mimicked the effects of TBBPA on OGD toxicity, while 0.1 mM ascorbic acid or 1 mM glutathione ameliorated this toxicity. CONCLUSION These results suggest the involvement of oxidative stress in the synergistic neurotoxic effects of TBBPA and OGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Ziemińska
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, PL 02-106 Warszawa, Poland.
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10
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Contestabile A. Role of nitric oxide in cerebellar development and function: focus on granule neurons. THE CEREBELLUM 2012; 11:50-61. [PMID: 21104176 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-010-0234-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
More than 20 years of research have firmly established important roles of the diffusible messenger molecule, nitric oxide (NO), in cerebellar development and function. Granule neurons are main players in every NO-related mechanism involving cerebellar function and dysfunction. Granule neurons are endowed with remarkable amounts of the Ca(2+)-dependent neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase and can directly respond to endogenously produced NO or induce responses in neighboring cells taking advantage of the high diffusibility of the molecule. Nitric oxide acts as a negative regulator of granule cell precursor proliferation and promotes survival and differentiation of these neurons. Nitric oxide is neuroprotective towards granule neurons challenged with toxic insults. Nitric oxide is a main regulator of bidirectional plasticity at parallel fiber-Purkinje neuron synapses, inducing long-term depression (LTD) or long-term potentiation (LTP) depending on postsynaptic Ca(2+) levels, thus playing a central role in cerebellar learning related to motor control. Granule neurons cooperate with glial cells, in particular with microglia, in the regulation of NO production through the respective forms of NOS present in the two cellular types. Aim of the present paper is to review the state of the art and the improvement of our understanding of NO functions in cerebellar granule neurons obtained during the last two decades and to outline possible future development of the research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Contestabile
- Department of Biology, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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11
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Enciu AM, Constantinescu SN, Popescu LM, Mureşanu DF, Popescu BO. Neurobiology of vascular dementia. J Aging Res 2011; 2011:401604. [PMID: 21876809 PMCID: PMC3160011 DOI: 10.4061/2011/401604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular dementia is, in its current conceptual form, a distinct type of dementia with a spectrum of specific clinical and pathophysiological features. However, in a very large majority of cases, these alterations occur in an already aged brain, characterized by a milieu of cellular and molecular events common for different neurodegenerative diseases. The cell signaling defects and molecular dyshomeostasis might lead to neuronal malfunction prior to the death of neurons and the alteration of neuronal networks. In the present paper, we explore some of the molecular mechanisms underlying brain malfunction triggered by cerebrovascular disease and risk factors. We suggest that, in the age of genetic investigation and molecular diagnosis, the concept of vascular dementia needs a new approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Maria Enciu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroilor Sanitari, Sector 5, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
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Isaev NK, Stelmashook EV, Dirnagl U, Plotnikov EY, Kuvshinova EA, Zorov DB. Mitochondrial free radical production induced by glucose deprivation in cerebellar granule neurons. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2011; 73:149-55. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297908020053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Pamenter ME, Hogg DW, Buck LT. Endogenous reductions inN-methyl-d-aspartate receptor activity inhibit nitric oxide production in the anoxic freshwater turtle cortex. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:1738-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Revised: 04/21/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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14
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Carlucci A, Adornetto A, Scorziello A, Viggiano D, Foca M, Cuomo O, Annunziato L, Gottesman M, Feliciello A. Proteolysis of AKAP121 regulates mitochondrial activity during cellular hypoxia and brain ischaemia. EMBO J 2008; 27:1073-84. [PMID: 18323779 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2008.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2007] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A-kinase anchor protein 121 (AKAP121) assembles a multivalent signalling complex on the outer mitochondrial membrane that controls persistence and amplitude of cAMP and src signalling to mitochondria, and plays an essential role in oxidative metabolism and cell survival. Here, we show that AKAP121 levels are regulated post-translationally by the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway. Seven In-Absentia Homolog 2 (Siah2), an E3-ubiquitin ligase whose expression is induced in hypoxic conditions, formed a complex and degraded AKAP121. In addition, we show that overexpression of Siah2 or oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) promotes Siah2-mediated ubiquitination and proteolysis of AKAP121. Upregulation of Siah2, by modulation of the cellular levels of AKAP121, significantly affects mitochondrial activity assessed as mitochondrial membrane potential and oxidative capacity. Also during cerebral ischaemia, AKAP121 is degraded in a Siah2-dependent manner. These findings reveal a novel mechanism of attenuation of cAMP/PKA signaling, which occurs at the distal sites of signal generation mediated by proteolysis of an AKAP scaffold protein. By regulating the stability of AKAP121-signalling complex at mitochondria, cells efficiently and rapidly adapt oxidative metabolism to fluctuations in oxygen availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Carlucci
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy
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15
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Neuron is the primary target of Ca2+ paradox-type insult-induced cell injury in neuron/astrocyte co-cultures. Neurochem Int 2008; 52:887-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2007] [Revised: 10/02/2007] [Accepted: 10/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Scorziello A, Santillo M, Adornetto A, Dell'aversano C, Sirabella R, Damiano S, Canzoniero LMT, Renzo GFD, Annunziato L. NO-induced neuroprotection in ischemic preconditioning stimulates mitochondrial Mn-SOD activity and expression via RAS/ERK1/2 pathway. J Neurochem 2007; 103:1472-80. [PMID: 17680990 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04845.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To identify the transductional mechanisms responsible for the neuroprotective effect of nitric oxide (NO) during ischemic preconditioning (IPC), we investigated the effects of this gaseous mediator on mitochondrial Mn-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) expression and activity. In addition, the possible involvement of Ras/extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) ERK1/2 pathway in preserving cortical neurons exposed to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) followed by reoxygenation was also examined. Ischemic preconditioning was obtained by exposing neurons to a 30-min sublethal OGD (95% N(2) and 5% CO(2)). Then, after a 24-h interval, neurons were exposed to 3 h of OGD followed by 24 h of reoxygenation (OGD/Rx). Our results revealed that IPC reduced cytochrome c (cyt c) release into the cytosol, improved mitochondrial function, and decreased free radical production. Moreover, it induced an increase in nNOS expression and NO production and promoted ERK1/2 activation. These effects were paralleled by an increase in Mn-SOD expression and activity that persisted throughout the following OGD phase. When the neurons were treated with L-NAME, a well known NOS inhibitor, the increase in Mn-SOD expression occurring during IPC was reduced and, as a result, IPC-induced neuroprotection was prevented. Similarly, when ERK1/2 was inhibited by its selective inhibitor PD98059, the increase in Mn-SOD expression observed during IPC was almost completely abolished. As a result, its neuroprotective effect on cellular survival was thwarted. The present findings indicate that during IPC the increase in Mn-SOD expression and activity are paralleled by NO production. This suggests that NO neuroprotective role occurs through the stimulation of Mn-SOD expression and activity. In particular, NO via Ras activation stimulates downstream ERK1/2 cascade. This pathway, in turn, post-transcriptionally activates Mn-SOD expression and activity, thus promoting neuroprotection during preconditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Scorziello
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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17
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Jekabsone A, Neher JJ, Borutaite V, Brown GC. Nitric oxide from neuronal nitric oxide synthase sensitises neurons to hypoxia-induced death via competitive inhibition of cytochrome oxidase. J Neurochem 2007; 103:346-56. [PMID: 17623038 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04765.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia/ischaemia is known to trigger neuronal death, but the role of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in this process is controversial. Nitric oxide (NO) inhibits cytochrome oxidase in competition with oxygen. We tested whether NO derived from nNOS synergises with hypoxia to induce neuronal death by inhibiting mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase. Sixteen hours of hypoxia (2% oxygen) plus deoxyglucose (an inhibitor of glycolysis) caused extensive, excitotoxic death of neurons in rat cerebellar granule cell cultures. Three different nNOS inhibitors (including the selective inhibitor N-4S-4-amino-5-2-aminoethyl-aminopentyl-N'-nitroguanidine) decreased this neuronal death by half, indicating a contribution of nNOS to hypoxic death. The selective nNOS inhibitor did not, however, block neuronal death induced either by added glutamate or by added azide (an uncompetitive inhibitor of cytochrome oxidase), indicating that nNOS does not act downstream of glutamate or cytochrome oxidase. Hypoxia plus deoxyglucose-induced glutamate release and neuronal depolarisation, and the nNOS inhibitor decreased this. Hypoxia inhibited cytochrome oxidase activity in the cultures, but a selective nNOS inhibitor prevented this inhibition, indicating NO from nNOS was inhibiting cytochrome oxidase in competition with oxygen. These data indicate that hypoxia synergises with NO from nNOS to induce neuronal death via cytochrome oxidase inhibition causing neuronal depolarisation. This mechanism might contribute to ischaemia/stroke-induced neuronal death in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiste Jekabsone
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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18
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Canzoniero LMT, Adornetto A, Secondo A, Magi S, Dell'aversano C, Scorziello A, Amoroso S, Di Renzo G. Involvement of the nitric oxide/protein kinase G pathway in polychlorinated biphenyl-induced cell death in SH-SY 5Y neuroblastoma cells. J Neurosci Res 2006; 84:692-7. [PMID: 16791854 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) are persistent environmental contaminants whose chronic exposure can affect nervous system development and function. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying neuronal damage are not yet clear. In the present study, we investigated whether nitric oxide (NO) could be involved in aroclor 1254 (A1254; a PCB mixture)-induced cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Prolonged exposure (24 hr) to A1254 (10-100 microg/ml) caused a dose-dependent reduction of cell viability that was attenuated in the presence of a calcium entry blocker, gadolinum (Gd(3+)) at 10 microM, a concentration able to block voltage-sensitive calcium channels. In addition, A1254 caused an increase of cytosolic calcium that was dependent on extracellular calcium, as measured by fura-2 videomicroscopy. A1254-induced calcium rise may stimulate NO production through an activation of neuronal NOS (nNOS). Indeed, the concomitant addition of the selective nNOS inhibitor N(omega)-propyl-L-arginine (NPLA) and A1254 prevented cell injury, suggesting that NO production plays a major role in A1254-evoked cell injury. Furthermore, the exposure (14 hr) to A1254 (30 microg/ml) produced an up-regulation of the expression of beta isoform of nNOS. This up-regulation was calcium dependent and was accompanied by an enhancement of NO production as demonstrated by an increase of nitrite formation. Moreover, A1254-induced cell injury was prevented when KT 5823, a selective cGMP/PKG inhibitor, was added concomitantly to 30 microg/ml A1254. These results suggest that PCB-induced cell death in neuroblastoma cells is mediated by an activation of the cGMP/PKG pathway triggered by NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorella M T Canzoniero
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
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Choi JS, Kim D, Hong YM, Mizuno S, Joo CK. Inhibition of nNOS and COX-2 expression by lutein in acute retinal ischemia. Nutrition 2006; 22:668-71. [PMID: 16631350 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2005.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2005] [Accepted: 08/17/2005] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lutein is a major nutrient in the retina. Lutein has an antioxidative effect and protects against macular degeneration and retinal degenerative disease. However, the mechanism of lutein is not clear in retinal degeneration, and a role for lutein is not known in ischemic injury. In this study, an ischemia-induced rat retina was examined to determine the effect of the lutein on ischemic retinal cell death. METHODS We used a transient ischemia model of high intraocular pressure in the rat. Lutein (Kemin Foods, LC) was injected into the intraperitoneal or intravitreous before ischemia. Retinal degeneration was observed by light microscopy 24 h after ischemia. Expressions of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) were detected by western blot analysis at various times after retinal ischemia. RESULTS The nNOS and COX-2 expression levels were increased early in ischemic control retinas, but these increases were inhibited by lutein. In addition, the inhibitory effect of lutein was observed to be dose dependent. Further, ischemia-induced cell death was inhibited by lutein. Lutein-injected ischemic retina appeared similar to normal retina. CONCLUSION This study investigated the protective effect of lutein on retinal ischemia and the inhibitory effect of nNOS and COX-2 expressions. These results suggest that a supplement with lutein may have the potential to inhibit ischemic cell death by this mechanism in the neural retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Sub Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Retamal MA, Cortés CJ, Reuss L, Bennett MVL, Sáez JC. S-nitrosylation and permeation through connexin 43 hemichannels in astrocytes: induction by oxidant stress and reversal by reducing agents. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:4475-80. [PMID: 16537412 PMCID: PMC1450196 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0511118103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Marked increase in cell permeability ascribed to open connexin (Cx)43 hemichannels is induced by metabolic inhibition (MI) of cortical astrocytes in culture, but the molecular mechanisms are not established. Dephosphorylation and/or oxidation of Cx43 hemichannels was proposed as a potential mechanism to increase their open probability. We now demonstrate that MI increases the number of hemichannels on the cell surface assayed by biotinylation and Western blot, and that this change is followed by increased dephosphorylation and S-nitrosylation. The increase in rate of dye uptake caused by MI is comparable to the increase in surface expression; thus, open probability and permeation per hemichannel may be unchanged. Reducing agents did not affect dephosphorylation of Cx43 hemichannels but reduced dye uptake and S-nitrosylation. Uptake was also reduced by elevated intracellular but not extracellular levels of reduced glutathione. Moreover, nitric oxide donors induced dye uptake and nitrosylation of surface Cx43 but did not affect its abundance or phosphorylation. Thus, permeability per channel is increased, presumably because of increase in open probability. We propose that increased dye uptake induced by MI is mediated by an increased number of Cx43 hemichannels in the surface and is associated with multiple molecular changes, among which nitrosylation of intracellular Cx43 cysteine residues may be a critical factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio A. Retamal
- *Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 6513492, Chile
| | - Constanza J. Cortés
- *Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 6513492, Chile
| | - Luis Reuss
- Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Michael V. L. Bennett
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461; and
| | - Juan C. Sáez
- *Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 6513492, Chile
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