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Thomas RA, Sirois J, Li S, Gestin A, Deyab G, Piscopo VE, Lépine P, Mathur M, Chen CXQ, Soubannier V, Goldsmith TM, Fawaz L, Durcan TM, Fon EA. CelltypeR: A flow cytometry pipeline to characterize single cells from brain organoids. iScience 2024; 27:110613. [PMID: 39224516 PMCID: PMC11367488 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Motivated by the cellular heterogeneity in complex tissues, particularly in brain and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived brain models, we developed a complete workflow to reproducibly characterize cell types in complex tissues. Our approach combines a flow cytometry (FC) antibody panel with our computational pipeline CelltypeR, enabling dataset aligning, unsupervised clustering optimization, cell type annotating, and statistical comparisons. Applied to human iPSC derived midbrain organoids, it successfully identified the major brain cell types. We performed fluorescence-activated cell sorting of CelltypeR-defined astrocytes, radial glia, and neurons, exploring transcriptional states by single-cell RNA sequencing. Among the sorted neurons, we identified subgroups of dopamine neurons: one reminiscent of substantia nigra cells most vulnerable in Parkinson's disease. Finally, we used our workflow to track cell types across a time course of organoid differentiation. Overall, our adaptable analysis framework provides a generalizable method for reproducibly identifying cell types across FC datasets in complex tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhalena A. Thomas
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- The Neuro's Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Julien Sirois
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- The Neuro's Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Shuming Li
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- The Neuro's Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Alexandre Gestin
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Ghislaine Deyab
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Valerio E.C. Piscopo
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- The Neuro's Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Paula Lépine
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- The Neuro's Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Meghna Mathur
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- The Neuro's Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Carol X.-Q. Chen
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- The Neuro's Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Vincent Soubannier
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- The Neuro's Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Taylor M. Goldsmith
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- The Neuro's Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Lama Fawaz
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Thomas M. Durcan
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- The Neuro's Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Edward A. Fon
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- The Neuro's Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
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Qi L, Baxter P, Kogiso M, Zhang H, Braun FK, Lindsay H, Zhao S, Xiao S, Abdallah AS, Suarez M, Huang Z, Teo WY, Yu L, Zhao X, Liu Z, Huang Y, Su JM, Man TK, Lau CC, Perlaky L, Du Y, Li XN. Direct Implantation of Patient Brain Tumor Cells into Matching Locations in Mouse Brains for Patient-Derived Orthotopic Xenograft Model Development. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1716. [PMID: 38730671 PMCID: PMC11083000 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16091716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Despite multimodality therapies, the prognosis of patients with malignant brain tumors remains extremely poor. One of the major obstacles that hinders development of effective therapies is the limited availability of clinically relevant and biologically accurate (CRBA) mouse models. Methods: We have developed a freehand surgical technique that allows for rapid and safe injection of fresh human brain tumor specimens directly into the matching locations (cerebrum, cerebellum, or brainstem) in the brains of SCID mice. Results: Using this technique, we successfully developed 188 PDOX models from 408 brain tumor patient samples (both high-and low-grade) with a success rate of 72.3% in high-grade glioma, 64.2% in medulloblastoma, 50% in ATRT, 33.8% in ependymoma, and 11.6% in low-grade gliomas. Detailed characterization confirmed their replication of the histopathological and genetic abnormalities of the original patient tumors. Conclusions: The protocol is easy to follow, without a sterotactic frame, in order to generate large cohorts of tumor-bearing mice to meet the needs of biological studies and preclinical drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Qi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 510080, China;
- Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (P.B.); (M.K.); (H.Z.); (F.K.B.); (H.L.); (S.Z.); (W.Y.T.); (L.Y.); (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (Y.H.); (J.M.S.); (T.-K.M.); (C.C.L.); (L.P.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (S.X.); (A.S.A.); (M.S.); (Z.H.)
| | - Patricia Baxter
- Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (P.B.); (M.K.); (H.Z.); (F.K.B.); (H.L.); (S.Z.); (W.Y.T.); (L.Y.); (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (Y.H.); (J.M.S.); (T.-K.M.); (C.C.L.); (L.P.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mari Kogiso
- Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (P.B.); (M.K.); (H.Z.); (F.K.B.); (H.L.); (S.Z.); (W.Y.T.); (L.Y.); (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (Y.H.); (J.M.S.); (T.-K.M.); (C.C.L.); (L.P.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Huiyuan Zhang
- Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (P.B.); (M.K.); (H.Z.); (F.K.B.); (H.L.); (S.Z.); (W.Y.T.); (L.Y.); (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (Y.H.); (J.M.S.); (T.-K.M.); (C.C.L.); (L.P.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Frank K. Braun
- Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (P.B.); (M.K.); (H.Z.); (F.K.B.); (H.L.); (S.Z.); (W.Y.T.); (L.Y.); (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (Y.H.); (J.M.S.); (T.-K.M.); (C.C.L.); (L.P.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Holly Lindsay
- Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (P.B.); (M.K.); (H.Z.); (F.K.B.); (H.L.); (S.Z.); (W.Y.T.); (L.Y.); (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (Y.H.); (J.M.S.); (T.-K.M.); (C.C.L.); (L.P.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sibo Zhao
- Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (P.B.); (M.K.); (H.Z.); (F.K.B.); (H.L.); (S.Z.); (W.Y.T.); (L.Y.); (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (Y.H.); (J.M.S.); (T.-K.M.); (C.C.L.); (L.P.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sophie Xiao
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (S.X.); (A.S.A.); (M.S.); (Z.H.)
| | - Aalaa Sanad Abdallah
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (S.X.); (A.S.A.); (M.S.); (Z.H.)
| | - Milagros Suarez
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (S.X.); (A.S.A.); (M.S.); (Z.H.)
| | - Zilu Huang
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (S.X.); (A.S.A.); (M.S.); (Z.H.)
| | - Wan Yee Teo
- Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (P.B.); (M.K.); (H.Z.); (F.K.B.); (H.L.); (S.Z.); (W.Y.T.); (L.Y.); (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (Y.H.); (J.M.S.); (T.-K.M.); (C.C.L.); (L.P.)
- The Laboratory of Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Office, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Center, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Litian Yu
- Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (P.B.); (M.K.); (H.Z.); (F.K.B.); (H.L.); (S.Z.); (W.Y.T.); (L.Y.); (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (Y.H.); (J.M.S.); (T.-K.M.); (C.C.L.); (L.P.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiumei Zhao
- Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (P.B.); (M.K.); (H.Z.); (F.K.B.); (H.L.); (S.Z.); (W.Y.T.); (L.Y.); (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (Y.H.); (J.M.S.); (T.-K.M.); (C.C.L.); (L.P.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhigang Liu
- Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (P.B.); (M.K.); (H.Z.); (F.K.B.); (H.L.); (S.Z.); (W.Y.T.); (L.Y.); (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (Y.H.); (J.M.S.); (T.-K.M.); (C.C.L.); (L.P.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yulun Huang
- Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (P.B.); (M.K.); (H.Z.); (F.K.B.); (H.L.); (S.Z.); (W.Y.T.); (L.Y.); (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (Y.H.); (J.M.S.); (T.-K.M.); (C.C.L.); (L.P.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jack M. Su
- Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (P.B.); (M.K.); (H.Z.); (F.K.B.); (H.L.); (S.Z.); (W.Y.T.); (L.Y.); (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (Y.H.); (J.M.S.); (T.-K.M.); (C.C.L.); (L.P.)
| | - Tsz-Kwong Man
- Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (P.B.); (M.K.); (H.Z.); (F.K.B.); (H.L.); (S.Z.); (W.Y.T.); (L.Y.); (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (Y.H.); (J.M.S.); (T.-K.M.); (C.C.L.); (L.P.)
| | - Ching C. Lau
- Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (P.B.); (M.K.); (H.Z.); (F.K.B.); (H.L.); (S.Z.); (W.Y.T.); (L.Y.); (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (Y.H.); (J.M.S.); (T.-K.M.); (C.C.L.); (L.P.)
| | - Laszlo Perlaky
- Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (P.B.); (M.K.); (H.Z.); (F.K.B.); (H.L.); (S.Z.); (W.Y.T.); (L.Y.); (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (Y.H.); (J.M.S.); (T.-K.M.); (C.C.L.); (L.P.)
| | - Yuchen Du
- Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (P.B.); (M.K.); (H.Z.); (F.K.B.); (H.L.); (S.Z.); (W.Y.T.); (L.Y.); (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (Y.H.); (J.M.S.); (T.-K.M.); (C.C.L.); (L.P.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (S.X.); (A.S.A.); (M.S.); (Z.H.)
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Xiao-Nan Li
- Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (P.B.); (M.K.); (H.Z.); (F.K.B.); (H.L.); (S.Z.); (W.Y.T.); (L.Y.); (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (Y.H.); (J.M.S.); (T.-K.M.); (C.C.L.); (L.P.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (S.X.); (A.S.A.); (M.S.); (Z.H.)
- The Laboratory of Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Office, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Center, Singapore 169856, Singapore
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Xavier G, Navarrete Santos A, Hartmann C, Santoro ML, Flegel N, Reinsch J, Majer A, Ehrhardt T, Pfeifer J, Simm A, Hollemann T, Belangero SI, Rujescu D, Jung M. Comparison of Extracellular Vesicles from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Brain Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3575. [PMID: 38612385 PMCID: PMC11011287 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of many neuropsychiatric disorders is still poorly understood. Identification of biomarkers for these diseases could benefit patients due to better classification and stratification. Exosomes excreted into the circulatory system can cross the blood-brain barrier and carry a cell type-specific set of molecules. Thus, exosomes are a source of potential biomarkers for many diseases, including neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we investigated exosomal proteins produced from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and iPSC-derived neural stem cells, neural progenitors, neurons, astrocytes, microglia-like cells, and brain capillary endothelial cells. Of the 31 exosome surface markers analyzed, a subset of biomarkers were significantly enriched in astrocytes (CD29, CD44, and CD49e), microglia-like cells (CD44), and neural stem cells (SSEA4). To identify molecular fingerprints associated with disease, circulating exosomes derived from healthy control (HC) individuals were compared against schizophrenia (SCZ) patients and late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) patients. A significant epitope pattern was identified for LOAD (CD1c and CD2) but not for SCZ compared to HC. Thus, analysis of cell type- and disease-specific exosome signatures of iPSC-derived cell cultures may provide a valuable model system to explore proteomic biomarkers for the identification of novel disease profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Xavier
- LiNC—Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo CEP 05039-032, Brazil
- Genetics Division, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo CEP 04023-900, Brazil
| | - Alexander Navarrete Santos
- Centre for Medical Basic Research, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Carla Hartmann
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle (Saale), Germany; (C.H.)
| | - Marcos L. Santoro
- LiNC—Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo CEP 05039-032, Brazil
- Genetics Division, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo CEP 04023-900, Brazil
| | - Nicole Flegel
- Institute for Biochemistry, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Jessica Reinsch
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle (Saale), Germany; (C.H.)
| | - Annika Majer
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle (Saale), Germany; (C.H.)
| | - Toni Ehrhardt
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle (Saale), Germany; (C.H.)
| | - Jenny Pfeifer
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle (Saale), Germany; (C.H.)
| | - Andreas Simm
- Clinic for Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Thomas Hollemann
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle (Saale), Germany; (C.H.)
| | - Sintia I. Belangero
- LiNC—Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo CEP 05039-032, Brazil
- Genetics Division, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo CEP 04023-900, Brazil
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Jung
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle (Saale), Germany; (C.H.)
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Smolinska A, Chodkowska M, Kominek A, Janiec J, Piwocka K, Sulejczak D, Sarnowska A. Stemness properties of SSEA-4+ subpopulation isolated from heterogenous Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem/stromal cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1227034. [PMID: 38455073 PMCID: PMC10917976 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1227034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: High heterogeneity of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) due to different degrees of differentiation of cell subpopulations poses a considerable challenge in preclinical studies. The cells at a pluripotent-like stage represent a stem cell population of interest for many researchers worldwide, which is worthy of identification, isolation, and functional characterization. In the current study, we asked whether Wharton's jelly-derived MSCs (WJ-MSCs) which express stage-specific embryonic antigen-4 (SSEA-4) can be considered as a pluripotent-like stem cell population. Methods: SSEA-4 expression in different culture conditions was compared and the efficiency of two cell separation methods were assessed: Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting (MACS) and Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS). After isolation, SSEA-4+ cells were analyzed for the following parameters: the maintenance of the SSEA-4 antigen expression after cell sorting, stem cell-related gene expression, proliferation potential, clonogenicity, secretome profiling, and the ability to form spheres under 3D culture conditions. Results: FACS allowed for the enrichment of SSEA-4+ cell content in the population that lasted for six passages after sorting. Despite the elevated expression of stemness-related genes, SSEA-4+ cells neither differed in their proliferation and clonogenicity potential from initial and negative populations nor exhibited pluripotent differentiation repertoire. SSEA-4+ cells were observed to form smaller spheroids and exhibited increased survival under 3D conditions. Conclusion: Despite the transient expression of stemness-related genes, our findings could not fully confirm the undifferentiated pluripotent-like nature of the SSEA-4+ WJ-MSC population cultured in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Smolinska
- Translational Platform for Regenerative Medicine, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Chodkowska
- Translational Platform for Regenerative Medicine, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Kominek
- Laboratory of Cytometry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Janiec
- Laboratory of Cytometry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Piwocka
- Laboratory of Cytometry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Sulejczak
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Sarnowska
- Translational Platform for Regenerative Medicine, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Sandhoff R, Sandhoff K. Neuronal Ganglioside and Glycosphingolipid (GSL) Metabolism and Disease : Cascades of Secondary Metabolic Errors Can Generate Complex Pathologies (in LSDs). ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 29:333-390. [PMID: 36255681 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-12390-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are a diverse group of membrane components occurring mainly on the surfaces of mammalian cells. They and their metabolites have a role in intercellular communication, serving as versatile biochemical signals (Kaltner et al, Biochem J 476(18):2623-2655, 2019) and in many cellular pathways. Anionic GSLs, the sialic acid containing gangliosides (GGs), are essential constituents of neuronal cell surfaces, whereas anionic sulfatides are key components of myelin and myelin forming oligodendrocytes. The stepwise biosynthetic pathways of GSLs occur at and lead along the membranes of organellar surfaces of the secretory pathway. After formation of the hydrophobic ceramide membrane anchor of GSLs at the ER, membrane-spanning glycosyltransferases (GTs) of the Golgi and Trans-Golgi network generate cell type-specific GSL patterns for cellular surfaces. GSLs of the cellular plasma membrane can reach intra-lysosomal, i.e. luminal, vesicles (ILVs) by endocytic pathways for degradation. Soluble glycoproteins, the glycosidases, lipid binding and transfer proteins and acid ceramidase are needed for the lysosomal catabolism of GSLs at ILV-membrane surfaces. Inherited mutations triggering a functional loss of glycosylated lysosomal hydrolases and lipid binding proteins involved in GSL degradation cause a primary lysosomal accumulation of their non-degradable GSL substrates in lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs). Lipid binding proteins, the SAPs, and the various lipids of the ILV-membranes regulate GSL catabolism, but also primary storage compounds such as sphingomyelin (SM), cholesterol (Chol.), or chondroitin sulfate can effectively inhibit catabolic lysosomal pathways of GSLs. This causes cascades of metabolic errors, accumulating secondary lysosomal GSL- and GG- storage that can trigger a complex pathology (Breiden and Sandhoff, Int J Mol Sci 21(7):2566, 2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Sandhoff
- Lipid Pathobiochemistry Group, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Konrad Sandhoff
- LIMES, c/o Kekule-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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Lopez-Lozano AP, Arevalo-Niño K, Gutierrez-Puente Y, Montiel-Hernandez JL, Urrutia-Baca VH, Del Angel-Mosqueda C, De la Garza-Ramos MA. SSEA-4 positive dental pulp stem cells from deciduous teeth and their induction to neural precursor cells. Head Face Med 2022; 18:9. [PMID: 35236383 PMCID: PMC8889676 DOI: 10.1186/s13005-022-00313-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stage-specific embryonic antigen-4 (SSEA-4) is a marker for the identification of multipotent embryonic cells. It is also positive in neuroepithelial cells, precursor neural cells (NPC), and human dental pulp cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential morphodifferentiation and histodifferentiation to NPC of SSEA-4 positive stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED). METHODS A SHED population in culture, positive to SSEA-4, was obtained by magnetic cell separation. The cells were characterized by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Subsequently, a neurosphere assay was performed in a medium supplemented with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF); afterward, cells were neurodifferenciated with a neurobasal medium. Finally, indirect immunohistochemistry was performed to identify neuronal markers. RESULTS The morphological and histological changes in the SSEA-4 positive SHEDs were observed after induction with epidermal and fibroblast growth factors in neurobasal culture medium. At the end of induction, the markers Nestin, TuJ-1, and GFAP were identified. CONCLUSIONS The findings show that SSEA-4 positive SHEDs have a behavior similar to neuronal precursor cells. Our findings indicate that the dental pulp of deciduous teeth is a promising source for regeneration therapies associated with neurodegenerative diseases or peripheral nerve alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Pricila Lopez-Lozano
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo Leon, San Nicolas de los Garza, Mexico.,Unidad de Odontología Integral y Especialidades, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Katiushka Arevalo-Niño
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo Leon, San Nicolas de los Garza, Mexico
| | - Yolanda Gutierrez-Puente
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo Leon, San Nicolas de los Garza, Mexico
| | - Jose Luis Montiel-Hernandez
- Facultad De Farmacia, Coordinacion De Posgrado, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Morelos, Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Victor Hugo Urrutia-Baca
- Unidad de Odontología Integral y Especialidades, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Mexico
| | | | - Myriam Angelica De la Garza-Ramos
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo Leon, San Nicolas de los Garza, Mexico. .,Unidad de Odontología Integral y Especialidades, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Mexico. .,Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Mexico. .,Facultad de Odontología/CIDICS, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon Monterrey, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico.
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7
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Diana A, Setzu MD, Kokaia Z, Nat R, Maxia C, Murtas D. SmartFlare TM is a reliable method for assessing mRNA expression in single neural stem cells. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:1918-1927. [PMID: 35069990 PMCID: PMC8727230 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i12.1918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the most challenging tasks of modern biology concerns the real-time tracking and quantification of mRNA expression in living cells. On this matter, a novel platform called SmartFlareTM has taken advantage of fluorophore-linked nanoconstructs for targeting RNA transcripts. Although fluorescence emission does not account for the spatial mRNA distribution, NanoFlare technology has grown a range of theranostic applications starting from detecting biomarkers related to diseases, such as cancer, neurodegenerative pathologies or embryonic developmental disorders.
AIM To investigate the potential of SmartFlareTM in determining time-dependent mRNA expression of prominin 1 (CD133) and octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4) in single living cells through differentiation.
METHODS Brain fragments from the striatum of aborted human fetuses aged 8 wk postconception were processed to obtain neurospheres. For the in vitro differentiation, neurospheres were gently dissociated with Accutase solution. Single cells were resuspended in a basic medium enriched with fetal bovine serum, plated on poly-L-lysine-coated glass coverslips, and grown in a lapse of time from 1 to 4 wk. Live cell mRNA detection was performed using SmartFlareTM probes (CD133, Oct4, Actin, and Scramble). All the samples were incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. For nuclear staining, Hoechst 33342 was added. SmartFlareTM CD133- and OCT4-specific fluorescence signal was assessed using a semiquantitative visual approach, taking into account the fluorescence intensity and the number of labeled cells.
RESULTS In agreement with previous PCR experiments, a unique expression trend was observed for CD133 and OCT4 genes until 7 d in vitro (DIV). Fluorescence resulted in a mixture of diffuse cytoplasmic and spotted-like pattern, also detectable in the contacting neural branches. From 15 to 30 DIV, only few cells showed a scattered fluorescent pattern, in line with the differentiation progression and coherent with mRNA downregulation of these stemness-related genes.
CONCLUSION SmartFlareTM appears to be a reliable, easy-to-handle tool for investigating CD133 and OCT4 expression in a neural stem cell model, preserving cell biological properties in anticipation of downstream experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Diana
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato 09042, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Dolores Setzu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato 09042, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Zaal Kokaia
- Laboratory of Stem Cells & Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Roxana Nat
- Institute of Neuroscience, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Cristina Maxia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato 09042, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Daniela Murtas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato 09042, Cagliari, Italy
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8
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SSEA-4 Antigen Is Expressed on Rabbit Lymphocyte Subsets. MAGNETOCHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/magnetochemistry7070094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
SSEA-4 antigen can be mainly found in embryos and embryonic stem cells. However, its expression has been observed also in adult stem and progenitor cells, or even in some differentiated cells. Moreover, we found a considerable number of SSEA-4 positive (SSEA-4+) cells within the rabbit peripheral blood and bone marrow mononuclear cells (PBMCs and BMMCs) in our previous study. Since no information about such cells can be found anywhere in the literature, the aim of this study was to identify their origin. At first, phenotypic analyses of fresh rabbit PBMCs and BMMCs were performed using flow cytometry and specific antibodies against SSEA-4 and leukocyte subsets. Then, SSEA-4+ were enriched using magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS) and analyzed for their phenotype using qPCR. We found significant SSEA-4+ cell population in PBMCs (~50%) and BMMCs (~20%). All those cells co-expressed CD45 and a majority of them also expressed B-cell marker (IgM; 50% of SSEA-4+ PBMCs and 60% of SSEA-4+ BMMCs). Increased (p < 0.05) expression of SSEA-4, CD45 and B-cell markers (IgM, CD79α and MHCII) were also noticed by qPCR in SSEA-4+ cells enriched via MACS (with efficiency over 80%). Both methods did not detect significant expression of monocyte or T-cell markers. In conclusion, SSEA-4+ cells in rabbit blood and bone marrow are of hematopoietic origin and probably belong to B-lineage cells as possessing the phenotype of B lymphocytes. However, the true function of SSEA-4 antigen in these cells should be explored by further studies.
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9
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Effect of Long-Term 3D Spheroid Culture on WJ-MSC. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040719. [PMID: 33804895 PMCID: PMC8063822 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of our work was to develop a protocol enabling a derivation of mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC) subpopulation with increased expression of pluripotent and neural genes. For this purpose we used a 3D spheroid culture system optimal for neural stem cells propagation. Although 2D culture conditions are typical and characteristic for MSC, under special treatment these cells can be cultured for a short time in 3D conditions. We examined the effects of prolonged 3D spheroid culture on MSC in hope to select cells with primitive features. Wharton Jelly derived MSC (WJ-MSC) were cultured in 3D neurosphere induction medium for about 20 days in vitro. Then, cells were transported to 2D conditions and confront to the initial population and population constantly cultured in 2D. 3D spheroids culture of WJ-MSC resulted in increased senescence, decreased stemness and proliferation. However long-termed 3D spheroid culture allowed for selection of cells exhibiting increased expression of early neural and SSEA4 markers what might indicate the survival of cell subpopulation with unique features.
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10
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Olatz C, Patricia GG, Jon L, Iker B, Carmen DLH, Fernando U, Gaskon I, Ramon PJ. Is There Such a Thing as a Genuine Cancer Stem Cell Marker? Perspectives from the Gut, the Brain and the Dental Pulp. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9120426. [PMID: 33260962 PMCID: PMC7760753 DOI: 10.3390/biology9120426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The conversion of healthy stem cells into cancer stem cells (CSCs) is believed to underlie tumor relapse after surgical removal and fuel tumor growth and invasiveness. CSCs often arise from the malignant transformation of resident multipotent stem cells, which are present in most human tissues. Some organs, such as the gut and the brain, can give rise to very aggressive types of cancers, contrary to the dental pulp, which is a tissue with a very remarkable resistance to oncogenesis. In this review, we focus on the similarities and differences between gut, brain and dental pulp stem cells and their related CSCs, placing a particular emphasis on both their shared and distinctive cell markers, including the expression of pluripotency core factors. We discuss some of their similarities and differences with regard to oncogenic signaling, telomerase activity and their intrinsic propensity to degenerate to CSCs. We also explore the characteristics of the events and mutations leading to malignant transformation in each case. Importantly, healthy dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) share a great deal of features with many of the so far reported CSC phenotypes found in malignant neoplasms. However, there exist literally no reports about the contribution of DPSCs to malignant tumors. This raises the question about the particularities of the dental pulp and what specific barriers to malignancy might be present in the case of this tissue. These notable differences warrant further research to decipher the singular properties of DPSCs that make them resistant to transformation, and to unravel new therapeutic targets to treat deadly tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crende Olatz
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain; (C.O.); (G.-G.P.); (L.J.); (B.I.); (d.l.H.C.); (U.F.)
| | - García-Gallastegui Patricia
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain; (C.O.); (G.-G.P.); (L.J.); (B.I.); (d.l.H.C.); (U.F.)
| | - Luzuriaga Jon
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain; (C.O.); (G.-G.P.); (L.J.); (B.I.); (d.l.H.C.); (U.F.)
| | - Badiola Iker
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain; (C.O.); (G.-G.P.); (L.J.); (B.I.); (d.l.H.C.); (U.F.)
| | - de la Hoz Carmen
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain; (C.O.); (G.-G.P.); (L.J.); (B.I.); (d.l.H.C.); (U.F.)
| | - Unda Fernando
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain; (C.O.); (G.-G.P.); (L.J.); (B.I.); (d.l.H.C.); (U.F.)
| | - Ibarretxe Gaskon
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain; (C.O.); (G.-G.P.); (L.J.); (B.I.); (d.l.H.C.); (U.F.)
- Correspondence: (I.G.); (P.J.R.); Tel.: +34-946-013-218 (I.G.); +34-946-012-426 (P.J.R.)
| | - Pineda Jose Ramon
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain; (C.O.); (G.-G.P.); (L.J.); (B.I.); (d.l.H.C.); (U.F.)
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience Fundazioa, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Correspondence: (I.G.); (P.J.R.); Tel.: +34-946-013-218 (I.G.); +34-946-012-426 (P.J.R.)
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11
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Takayama Y, Akagi Y, Shibuya Y, Kida YS. Exposure to small molecule cocktails allows induction of neural crest lineage cells from human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241125. [PMID: 33104750 PMCID: PMC7588063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural crest cells (NCCs) are a promising source for cell therapy and regenerative medicine owing to their multipotency, self-renewability, and capability to secrete various trophic factors. However, isolating NCCs from adult organs is challenging, because NCCs are broadly distributed throughout the body. Hence, we attempted to directly induce NCCs from human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs), which can be isolated easily, using small molecule cocktails. We established a controlled induction protocol with two-step application of small molecule cocktails for 6 days. The induction efficiency was evaluated based on mRNA and protein expression of neural crest markers, such as nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR) and sex-determining region Y-box 10 (SOX10). We also found that various trophic factors were significantly upregulated following treatment with the small molecule cocktails. Therefore, we performed global profiling of cell surface makers and identified distinctly upregulated markers, including the neural crest-specific cell surface markers CD271 and CD57. These results indicate that our chemical treatment can direct human ADSCs to developing into the neural crest lineage. This offers a promising experimental platform to study human NCCs for applications in cell therapy and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzo Takayama
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
- * E-mail: (YT); (YSK)
| | - Yuka Akagi
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
- Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Shibuya
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki S. Kida
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
- Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
- * E-mail: (YT); (YSK)
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12
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Bowles KR, Tcw J, Qian L, Jadow BM, Goate AM. Reduced variability of neural progenitor cells and improved purity of neuronal cultures using magnetic activated cell sorting. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213374. [PMID: 30917153 PMCID: PMC6436701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic and epigenetic variability between iPSC-derived neural progenitor cells (NPCs) combined with differences in investigator technique and selection protocols contributes to variability between NPC lines, which subsequently impacts the quality of differentiated neuronal cultures. We therefore sought to develop an efficient method to reduce this variability in order to improve the purity of NPC and neuronal cultures. Here, we describe a magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS) method for enriching NPC cultures for CD271-/CD133+ cells at both early (<2–3) and late (>10) passage. MACS results in a similar sorting efficiency to fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), while achieving an increased yield of live cells and reduced cellular stress. Furthermore, neurons derived from MACS NPCs showed greater homogeneity between cell lines compared to those derived from unsorted NPCs. We conclude that MACS is a cheap technique for incorporation into standard NPC differentiation and maintenance protocols in order to improve culture homogeneity and consistency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn R Bowles
- Department of Neuroscience & Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America.,Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Julia Tcw
- Department of Neuroscience & Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America.,Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Lu Qian
- Department of Neuroscience & Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America.,Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Benjamin M Jadow
- Department of Neuroscience & Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America.,Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Alison M Goate
- Department of Neuroscience & Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America.,Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America.,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
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13
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Vincent PH, Benedikz E, Uhlén P, Hovatta O, Sundström E. Expression of Pluripotency Markers in Nonpluripotent Human Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2017; 26:876-887. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Per Henrik Vincent
- Division of Neurodegeneration, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eirikur Benedikz
- Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Per Uhlén
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Outi Hovatta
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Sundström
- Division of Neurodegeneration, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholms Sjukhem, Stockholm, Sweden
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14
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Aleksandrova MA, Poltavtseva RA, Marei MV, Sukhikh GT. Analysis of Neural Stem Cells from Human Cortical Brain Structures In Vitro. Bull Exp Biol Med 2016; 161:197-208. [PMID: 27279101 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-016-3375-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Comparative immunohistochemical analysis of the neocortex from human fetuses showed that neural stem and progenitor cells are present in the brain throughout the gestation period, at least from week 8 through 26. At the same time, neural stem cells from the first and second trimester fetuses differed by the distribution, morphology, growth, and quantity. Immunocytochemical analysis of neural stem cells derived from fetuses at different gestation terms and cultured under different conditions showed their differentiation capacity. Detailed analysis of neural stem cell populations derived from fetuses on gestation weeks 8-9, 18-20, and 26 expressing Lex/SSEA1 was performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Aleksandrova
- N. K. Kol'tsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,V. I. Kulakov Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - R A Poltavtseva
- V. I. Kulakov Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
| | - M V Marei
- V. I. Kulakov Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - G T Sukhikh
- V. I. Kulakov Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
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15
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Contribution and Mobilization of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a mouse model of carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17762. [PMID: 26643997 PMCID: PMC4672342 DOI: 10.1038/srep17762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is associated with bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs). In this study, we aimed to determine what role MSCs play in the process and how they mobilize from bone marrow (BM). We employed a mouse model of carbon tetrachloride(CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis. Frozen section was used to detect MSCs recruited to mice and human fibrotic liver. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was detected to assess liver function. It was found that MSCs of both exogenous and endogenous origin could aggravate liver fibrosis and attenuate liver damage as indicated by lower serum ALT and AST levels. Stromal cell–derived factor-1 (SDF-1α)/ CXCR4 was the most important chemotactic axis regulating MSCs migration from BM to fibrotic liver. Frozen section results showed that the migration did not start from the beginning of liver injury but occured when the expression balance of SDF-1α between liver and BM was disrupted, where SDF-1α expression in liver was higher than that in BM. Our findings provide further evidence to show the role of BM-MSCs in liver fibrosis and to elucidate the mechanism underlying MSCs mobilization in our early liver fibrosis mice model induced by CCl4.
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16
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Brøchner CB, Møllgård K. SSEA-4 and YKL-40 positive progenitor subtypes in the subventricular zone of developing human neocortex. Glia 2015; 64:90-104. [PMID: 26295543 PMCID: PMC5049638 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The glycosphingolipid SSEA-4 and the glycoprotein YKL-40 have both been associated with human embryonic and neural stem cell differentiation. We investigated the distribution of SSEA-4 and YKL-40 positive cells in proliferative zones of human fetal forebrain using immunohistochemistry and double-labeling immunofluorescence. A few small rounded SSEA-4 and YKL-40 labeled cells were present in the radial glial BLBP positive proliferative zones adjacent to the lateral ganglionic eminence from 12th week post conception. With increasing age, a similarly stained cell population appeared more widespread in the subventricular zone. At midgestation, the entire subventricular zone showed patches of SSEA-4, YKL-40, and BLBP positive cells. Co-labeling with markers for radial glial cells (RGCs) and neuronal, glial, and microglial markers tested the lineage identity of this subpopulation of radial glial descendants. Adjacent to the ventricular zone, a minor fraction showed overlap with GFAP but not with nestin, Olig2, NG2, or S100. No co-localization was found with neuronal markers NeuN, calbindin, DCX or with markers for microglial cells (Iba-1, CD68). Moreover, the SSEA-4 and YKL-40 positive cell population in subventricular zone was largely devoid of Tbr2, a marker for intermediate neuronal progenitor cells descending from RGCs. YKL-40 has recently been found in astrocytes in the neuron-free fimbria, and both SSEA-4 and YKL-40 are present in malignant astroglial brain tumors. We suggest that the population of cells characterized by immunohistochemical combination of antibodies against SSEA-4 and YKL-40 and devoid of neuronal and microglial markers represent a yet unexplored astrogenic lineage illustrating the complexity of astroglial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian B Brøchner
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Kjeld Møllgård
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen, DK-2200, Denmark
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17
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Brøchner CB, Holst CB, Møllgård K. Outer brain barriers in rat and human development. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:75. [PMID: 25852456 PMCID: PMC4360706 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex barriers at the brain's surface, particularly in development, are poorly defined. In the adult, arachnoid blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier separates the fenestrated dural vessels from the CSF by means of a cell layer joined by tight junctions. Outer CSF-brain barrier provides diffusion restriction between brain and subarachnoid CSF through an initial radial glial end feet layer covered with a pial surface layer. To further characterize these interfaces we examined embryonic rat brains from E10 to P0 and forebrains from human embryos and fetuses (6–21st weeks post-conception) and adults using immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy. Antibodies against claudin-11, BLBP, collagen 1, SSEA-4, MAP2, YKL-40, and its receptor IL-13Rα2 and EAAT1 were used to describe morphological characteristics and functional aspects of the outer brain barriers. Claudin-11 was a reliable marker of the arachnoid blood-CSF barrier. Collagen 1 delineated the subarachnoid space and stained pial surface layer. BLBP defined radial glial end feet layer and SSEA-4 and YKL-40 were present in both leptomeningeal cells and end feet layer, which transformed into glial limitans. IL-13Rα2 and EAAT1 were present in the end feet layer illustrating transporter/receptor presence in the outer CSF-brain barrier. MAP2 immunostaining in adult brain outlined the lower border of glia limitans; remnants of end feet were YKL-40 positive in some areas. We propose that outer brain barriers are composed of at least 3 interfaces: blood-CSF barrier across arachnoid barrier cell layer, blood-CSF barrier across pial microvessels, and outer CSF-brain barrier comprising glial end feet layer/pial surface layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian B Brøchner
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla B Holst
- Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kjeld Møllgård
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
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Pan S, Chen W, Liu X, Xiao J, Wang Y, Liu J, Du Y, Wang Y, Zhang Y. Application of a novel population of multipotent stem cells derived from skin fibroblasts as donor cells in bovine SCNT. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0114423. [PMID: 25602959 PMCID: PMC4300223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Undifferentiated stem cells are better donor cells for somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), resulting in more offspring than more differentiated cells. While various stem cell populations have been confirmed to exist in the skin, progress has been restricted due to the lack of a suitable marker for their prospective isolation. To address this fundamental issue, a marker is required that could unambiguously prove the differentiation state of the donor cells. We therefore utilized magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS) to separate a homogeneous population of small SSEA-4+ cells from a heterogeneous population of bovine embryonic skin fibroblasts (BEF). SSEA-4+ cells were 8-10 μm in diameter and positive for alkaline phosphatase (AP). The percentage of SSEA-4+ cells within the cultured BEF population was low (2-3%). Immunocytochemistry and PCR analyses revealed that SSEA-4+ cells expressed pluripotency-related markers, and could differentiate into cells comprising all three germ layers in vitro. They remained undifferentiated over 20 passages in suspension culture. In addition, cloned embryos derived from SSEA-4 cells showed significant differences in cleavage rate and blastocyst development when compared with those from BEF and SSEA-4− cells. Moreover, blastocysts derived from SSEA-4+ cells showed a higher total cell number and lower apoptotic index as compared to BEF and SSEA-4– derived cells. It is well known that nuclei from pluripotent stem cells yield a higher cloning efficiency than those from adult somatic cells, however, pluripotent stem cells are relatively difficult to obtain from bovine. The SSEA-4+ cells described in the current study provide an attractive candidate for SCNT and a promising platform for the generation of transgenic cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohui Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wuju Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xu Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiajia Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanqin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yue Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yongsheng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- * E-mail: (YW); (YZ)
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- * E-mail: (YW); (YZ)
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Wei PC, Chao A, Peng HH, Chao AS, Chang YL, Chang SD, Wang HS, Chang YJ, Tsai MS, Sieber M, Chen HC, Chen SJ, Lee YS, Hwang SM, Wang TH. SOX9 as a Predictor for Neurogenesis Potentiality of Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:1138-47. [PMID: 25154783 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical studies of amniotic fluid-derived cell therapy have been successful in the research of neurodegenerative diseases, peripheral nerve injury, spinal cord injury, and brain ischemia. Transplantation of human amniotic fluid stem cells (AFSCs) into rat brain ventricles has shown improvement in symptoms of Parkinson's disease and also highlighted the minimal immune rejection risk of AFSCs, even between species. Although AFSCs appeared to be a promising resource for cell-based regenerative therapy, AFSCs contain a heterogeneous pool of distinct cell types, rendering each preparation of AFSCs unique. Identification of predictive markers for neuron-prone AFSCs is necessary before such stem cell-based therapeutics can become a reality. In an attempt to identify markers of AFSCs to predict their ability for neurogenesis, we performed a two-phase study. In the discovery phase of 23 AFSCs, we tested ZNF521/Zfp521, OCT6, SOX1, SOX2, SOX3, and SOX9 as predictive markers of AFSCs for neural differentiation. In the validation phase, the efficacy of these predictive markers was tested in independent sets of 18 AFSCs and 14 dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). We found that high expression of SOX9 in AFSCs is associated with good neurogenetic ability, and these positive correlations were confirmed in independent sets of AFSCs and DPSCs. Furthermore, knockdown of SOX9 in AFSCs inhibited their neuronal differentiation. In conclusion, the discovery of SOX9 as a predictive marker for neuron-prone AFSCs could expedite the selection of useful clones for regenerative medicine, in particular, in neurological diseases and injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Cih Wei
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China; Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bionet Corp., Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Genomic Medicine Research Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Biotechnology, Ming-Chuan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Angel Chao
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China; Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bionet Corp., Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Genomic Medicine Research Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Biotechnology, Ming-Chuan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hsiu-Huei Peng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China; Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bionet Corp., Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Genomic Medicine Research Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Biotechnology, Ming-Chuan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - An-Shine Chao
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China; Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bionet Corp., Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Genomic Medicine Research Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Biotechnology, Ming-Chuan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yao-Lung Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China; Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bionet Corp., Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Genomic Medicine Research Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Biotechnology, Ming-Chuan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shuenn-Dyh Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China; Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bionet Corp., Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Genomic Medicine Research Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Biotechnology, Ming-Chuan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hsin-Shih Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China; Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bionet Corp., Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Genomic Medicine Research Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Biotechnology, Ming-Chuan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Jen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China; Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bionet Corp., Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Genomic Medicine Research Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Biotechnology, Ming-Chuan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ming-Song Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China; Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bionet Corp., Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Genomic Medicine Research Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Biotechnology, Ming-Chuan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Martin Sieber
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China; Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bionet Corp., Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Genomic Medicine Research Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Biotechnology, Ming-Chuan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hua-Chien Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China; Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bionet Corp., Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Genomic Medicine Research Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Biotechnology, Ming-Chuan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shu-Jen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China; Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bionet Corp., Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Genomic Medicine Research Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Biotechnology, Ming-Chuan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yun-Shien Lee
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China; Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bionet Corp., Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Genomic Medicine Research Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Biotechnology, Ming-Chuan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shiaw-Min Hwang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China; Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bionet Corp., Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Genomic Medicine Research Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Biotechnology, Ming-Chuan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tzu-Hao Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China; Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Bionet Corp., Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Genomic Medicine Research Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Biotechnology, Ming-Chuan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Ho TJ, Chan TM, Ho LI, Lai CY, Lin CH, Macdonald I, Harn HJ, Lin JG, Lin SZ, Chen YH. The possible role of stem cells in acupuncture treatment for neurodegenerative diseases: a literature review of basic studies. Cell Transplant 2014; 23:559-66. [PMID: 24636189 DOI: 10.3727/096368914x678463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This review reports on recent findings concerning the effects of acupuncture and electroacupuncture (EA) on stem cell mobilization and differentiation, in particular with regard to neurogenesis. Traditional Chinese acupuncture has a history of over 2,500 years and is becoming more popular worldwide. Evidence has demonstrated that acupuncture may be of benefit in stroke rehabilitation, parkinsonism, dementia, and depression. This article reviews recent studies concerning the effects of acupuncture/EA on stem cell mobilization and on progenitor cell proliferation in the CNS. The reviewed evidence indicates that acupuncture/EA has beneficial effects in several neurodegenerative diseases, and it may prove to be a nondrug method for mobilizing stem cells in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Jung Ho
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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21
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Bjørnbak C, Brøchner CB, Larsen LA, Johansen JS, Møllgård K. Brain barriers and a subpopulation of astroglial progenitors of developing human forebrain are immunostained for the glycoprotein YKL-40. J Histochem Cytochem 2014; 62:369-88. [PMID: 24595665 DOI: 10.1369/0022155414528514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
YKL-40, a glycoprotein involved in cell differentiation, has been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders, angiogenesis, neuroinflammation and glioblastomas. We evaluated YKL-40 protein distribution in the early human forebrain using double-labeling immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. Immunoreactivity was detected in neuroepithelial cells, radial glial end feet, leptomeningeal cells and choroid plexus epithelial cells. The subpial marginal zone was YKL-40-positive, particularly in the hippocampus, from an early beginning stage in its development. Blood vessels in the intermediate and subventricular zones showed specific YKL-40 reactivity confined to pericytes. Furthermore, a population of YKL-40-positive, small, rounded cells was identified in the ventricular and subventricular zones. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed strong YKL-40 mRNA expression in the leptomeninges and the choroid plexuses, and weaker expression in the telencephalic wall. Immunohistochemistry revealed a differential distribution of YKL-40 across the zones of the developing telencephalic wall. We show that YKL-40 is associated with sites of the brain barrier systems and propose that it is involved in controlling local angiogenesis and access of peripheral cells to the forebrain via secretion from leptomeningeal cells, choroid plexus epithelium and pericytes. Furthermore, we suggest that the small, rounded, YKL-40-positive cells represent a subpopulation of astroglial progenitors, and that YKL-40 could be involved in the differentiation of a particular astrocytic lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Bjørnbak
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (CB,CBB,LAL,KM), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Luo J, Baranov P, Patel S, Ouyang H, Quach J, Wu F, Qiu A, Luo H, Hicks C, Zeng J, Zhu J, Lu J, Sfeir N, Wen C, Zhang M, Reade V, Patel S, Sinden J, Sun X, Shaw P, Young M, Zhang K. Human retinal progenitor cell transplantation preserves vision. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:6362-6371. [PMID: 24407289 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.513713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell transplantation is a potential therapeutic strategy for retinal degenerative diseases involving the loss of photoreceptors. However, it faces challenges to clinical translation due to safety concerns and a limited supply of cells. Human retinal progenitor cells (hRPCs) from fetal neural retina are expandable in vitro and maintain an undifferentiated state. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of hRPCs transplanted into a Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rat model of retinal degeneration. At 12 weeks, optokinetic response showed that hRPC-grafted eyes had significantly superior visual acuity compared with vehicle-treated eyes. Histological evaluation of outer nuclear layer (ONL) characteristics such as ONL thickness, spread distance, and cell count demonstrated a significantly greater preservation of the ONL in hRPC-treated eyes compared with both vehicle-treated and control eyes. The transplanted hRPCs arrested visual decline over time in the RCS rat and rescued retinal morphology, demonstrating their potential as a therapy for retinal diseases. We suggest that the preservation of visual acuity was likely achieved through host photoreceptor rescue. We found that hRPC transplantation into the subretinal space of RCS rats was well tolerated, with no adverse effects such as tumor formation noted at 12 weeks after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Xiangya Hospital and International Academy of Translational Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; Institute for Genomic Medicine and Shiley Eye Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Petr Baranov
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Sherrina Patel
- Institute for Genomic Medicine and Shiley Eye Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Hong Ouyang
- Institute for Genomic Medicine and Shiley Eye Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - John Quach
- Institute for Genomic Medicine and Shiley Eye Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Frances Wu
- Institute for Genomic Medicine and Shiley Eye Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Austin Qiu
- Institute for Genomic Medicine and Shiley Eye Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; Molecular Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Hongrong Luo
- Institute for Genomic Medicine and Shiley Eye Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; Molecular Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Caroline Hicks
- ReNeuron Ltd., Guildford, Surrey GU2 7AF, United Kingdom
| | - Jing Zeng
- Institute for Genomic Medicine and Shiley Eye Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Institute for Genomic Medicine and Shiley Eye Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; Molecular Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jessica Lu
- Institute for Genomic Medicine and Shiley Eye Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Nicole Sfeir
- Institute for Genomic Medicine and Shiley Eye Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Cindy Wen
- Institute for Genomic Medicine and Shiley Eye Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Meixia Zhang
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | | | - Sara Patel
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - John Sinden
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 200080, China; Eye Research Institute, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 200080, China.
| | - Peter Shaw
- Institute for Genomic Medicine and Shiley Eye Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Michael Young
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Kang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Xiangya Hospital and International Academy of Translational Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; Institute for Genomic Medicine and Shiley Eye Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; Molecular Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, California 92161.
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Human Stem/Progenitor Cell-Based Assays for Neurodevelopmental Toxicity Testing. METHODS IN PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0521-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Gil-Perotín S, Duran-Moreno M, Cebrián-Silla A, Ramírez M, García-Belda P, García-Verdugo JM. Adult neural stem cells from the subventricular zone: a review of the neurosphere assay. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013; 296:1435-52. [PMID: 23904071 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The possibility of obtaining large numbers of cells with potential to become functional neurons implies a great advance in regenerative medicine. A source of cells for therapy is the subventricular zone (SVZ) where adult neural stem cells (NSCs) retain the ability to proliferate, self-renew, and differentiate into several mature cell types. The neurosphere assay, a method to isolate, maintain, and expand these cells has been extensively utilized by research groups to analyze the biological properties of aNSCs and to graft into injured brains from animal models. In this review we briefly describe the neurosphere assay and its limitations, the methods to optimize culture conditions, the identity and the morphology of aNSC-derived neurospheres (including new ultrastructural data). The controversy regarding the identity and "stemness" of cells within the neurosphere is revised. The fine morphology of neurospheres, described thoroughly, allows for phenotypical characterization of cells in the neurospheres and may reveal slight changes that indirectly inform about cell integrity, cell damage, or oncogenic transformation. Along this review we largely highlight the critical points that researchers have to keep in mind before extrapolating results or translating experimental transplantation of neurosphere-derived cells to the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gil-Perotín
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, University of Valencia, C/Catedratico Jose Beltran no 2, Paterna, Valencia, CIBERNED, Spain
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Chaubey S, Wolfe JH. Transplantation of CD15-enriched murine neural stem cells increases total engraftment and shifts differentiation toward the oligodendrocyte lineage. Stem Cells Transl Med 2013; 2:444-54. [PMID: 23681951 PMCID: PMC3673756 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2012-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation is a promising therapeutic approach for neurological diseases. However, only a limited number of cells can be transplanted into the brain, resulting in relatively low levels of engraftment. This study investigated the potential of using a cell surface marker to enrich a primary NSC population to increase stable engraftment in the recipient brain. NSCs were enriched from the neonatal mouse forebrain using anti-CD15 (Lewis X antigen, or SSEA-1) in a "gentle" fluorescence-activated cell sorting protocol, which yielded >98% CD15-positive cells. The CD15-positive cells differentiated into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes in vitro, after withdrawal of growth factors, demonstrating multipotentiality. CD15-positive cells were expanded in vitro and injected bilaterally into the ventricles of neonatal mice. Cells from enriched and unenriched donor populations were found throughout the neuraxis, in both neurogenic and non-neurogenic regions. Total engraftment was similar at 7 days postinjection, but by 28 days postinjection, after brain organogenesis was complete, the survival of donor cells was significantly increased in CD15-enriched grafts over the unenriched cell grafts. The engrafted cells were heterogeneous in morphology and differentiated into all three neural lineages. Furthermore, in the CD15-enriched grafts, there was a significant shift toward differentiation into oligodendrocytes. This strategy may allow better delivery of therapeutic cells to the developing central nervous system and may be particularly useful for treating diseases involving white matter lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Chaubey
- Research Institute of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John H. Wolfe
- Research Institute of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- W.F. Goodman Center for Comparative Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, and
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Spatial distribution of prominin-1 (CD133)-positive cells within germinative zones of the vertebrate brain. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63457. [PMID: 23723983 PMCID: PMC3664558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In mammals, embryonic neural progenitors as well as adult neural stem cells can be prospectively isolated based on the cell surface expression of prominin-1 (CD133), a plasma membrane glycoprotein. In contrast, characterization of neural progenitors in non-mammalian vertebrates endowed with significant constitutive neurogenesis and inherent self-repair ability is hampered by the lack of suitable cell surface markers. Here, we have investigated whether prominin-1-orthologues of the major non-mammalian vertebrate model organisms show any degree of conservation as for their association with neurogenic geminative zones within the central nervous system (CNS) as they do in mammals or associated with activated neural progenitors during provoked neurogenesis in the regenerating CNS. METHODS We have recently identified prominin-1 orthologues from zebrafish, axolotl and chicken. The spatial distribution of prominin-1-positive cells--in comparison to those of mice--was mapped in the intact brain in these organisms by non-radioactive in situ hybridization combined with detection of proliferating neural progenitors, marked either by proliferating cell nuclear antigen or 5-bromo-deoxyuridine. Furthermore, distribution of prominin-1 transcripts was investigated in the regenerating spinal cord of injured axolotl. RESULTS Remarkably, a conserved association of prominin-1 with germinative zones of the CNS was uncovered as manifested in a significant co-localization with cell proliferation markers during normal constitutive neurogenesis in all species investigated. Moreover, an enhanced expression of prominin-1 became evident associated with provoked, compensatory neurogenesis during the epimorphic regeneration of the axolotl spinal cord. Interestingly, significant prominin-1-expressing cell populations were also detected at distinct extraventricular (parenchymal) locations in the CNS of all vertebrate species being suggestive of further, non-neurogenic neural function(s). CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION Collectively, our work provides the first data set describing a comparative analysis of prominin-1-positive progenitor cells across species establishing a framework for further functional characterization in the context of regeneration.
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Afrikanova I, Kayali A, Lopez A, Hayek A. Is stage-specific embryonic antigen 4 a marker for human ductal stem/progenitor cells? Biores Open Access 2013; 1:184-91. [PMID: 23515456 PMCID: PMC3559232 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2012.0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of pancreatic stem cells (PnSCs) has not been firmly demonstrated in the human or animal pancreas. Previous reports have suggested that ductal and acinar structures in the exocrine pancreas can be a potential source of progenitor cells. More recently, immature insulin precursors in the periphery of human islets have been found to self-replicate and differentiate to endocrine cells in vitro. Transplantation of these cells under the kidney capsule improves the diabetic state in mice. The controversy surrounding where PnSCs reside could be resolved if a specific marker were to be found that allowed their identification, purification, and directed differentiation to endocrine cells. We have identified in human pancreas cells positive for the stage-specific embryonic antigen 4 (SSEA4), a stem cell marker. These cells also express ductal, pancreatic progenitor, and stem cell protein markers. Interestingly, some of the SSEA4(+) cells scattered in the ducts do not show a ductal cell phenotype. SSEA4(+)-sorted cells formed aggregate-like spheres in culture and robustly differentiated to pancreatic hormone-expressing cells in conditions of high glucose concentration and B27 supplementation. We hypothesize that SSEA4(+) cells or a subpopulation of those cells residing in the pancreatic ducts may be the elusive PnSCs, and in this case, SSEA4 may represent a potential surface antigen marker for human PnSCs. The discovery of specific markers for the identification and purification of human PnSCs would greatly facilitate studies aimed at the expansion of these cells and the development of targeting tools for their potential induction to insulin-producing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivka Afrikanova
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California , San Diego, California
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Optimized surface markers for the prospective isolation of high-quality hiPSCs using flow cytometry selection. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1179. [PMID: 23378912 PMCID: PMC3560358 DOI: 10.1038/srep01179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
hiPSC derivation and selection remains inefficient; with selection of high quality clones dependent on extensive characterization which is not amenable to high-throughput (HTP) approaches. We recently described the use of a cocktail of small molecules to enhance hiPSC survival and stability in single cell culture and the use of flow cytometry cell sorting in the HTP-derivation of hiPSCs. Here we report an enhanced protocol for the isolation of bona fide hiPSCs in FACS-based selection using an optimized combination of cell surface markers including CD30. Depletion of CD30(+) cells from reprogramming cultures almost completely abolished the NANOG and OCT4 positive sub-population, suggesting it is a pivotal marker of pluripotent cells. Combining CD30 to SSEA4 and TRA-1-81 in FACS greatly enhanced specificity and efficiency of hiPSC selection and derivation. The current method allows for the efficient and automated, prospective isolation of high-quality hiPSC from the reprogramming cell milieu.
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Rosu-Myles M, McCully J, Fair J, Mehic J, Menendez P, Rodriguez R, Westwood C. The globoseries glycosphingolipid SSEA-4 is a marker of bone marrow-derived clonal multipotent stromal cells in vitro and in vivo. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:1387-97. [PMID: 23330736 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of multipotent stromal cells (MSC) may be enhanced by the identification of markers that allow their discrimination and enumeration both in vivo and in vitro. Here, we investigated the ability of embryonic stem cell-associated glycosphingolipids to isolate human MSC from both whole-bone-marrow (BM) and stromal cell cultures. Only SSEA-4 was consistently expressed on cells within the CD45loCD105hi marrow fraction and could be used to isolate cells with the capacity to give rise to stromal cultures containing MSC. Human stromal cultures, generated in either the presence or absence of serum, contained heterogeneous cell populations discriminated by the quantity of SSEA-4 epitopes detected on their surface. A low level of surface SSEA-4 (SSEA-4lo) correlated with undetectable levels of the α2,3-sialyltransferase-II enzyme required to synthesize SSEA-4; a reduced proliferative potential; and the loss of fat-, bone-, and cartilage-forming cells during long-term culture. In vitro, single cells with the capacity to generate multipotent stromal cultures were detected exclusively in the SSEA-4hi fraction. Our data demonstrate that a high level of surface epitopes for SSEA-4 provides a definitive marker of MSC from human BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rosu-Myles
- Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch , Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
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Nichols JE, Niles JA, DeWitt D, Prough D, Parsley M, Vega S, Cantu A, Lee E, Cortiella J. Neurogenic and neuro-protective potential of a novel subpopulation of peripheral blood-derived CD133+ ABCG2+CXCR4+ mesenchymal stem cells: development of autologous cell-based therapeutics for traumatic brain injury. Stem Cell Res Ther 2013; 4:3. [PMID: 23290300 PMCID: PMC3707064 DOI: 10.1186/scrt151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nervous system injuries comprise a diverse group of disorders that include traumatic brain injury (TBI). The potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to differentiate into neural cell types has aroused hope for the possible development of autologous therapies for central nervous system injury. METHODS In this study we isolated and characterized a human peripheral blood derived (HPBD) MSC population which we examined for neural lineage potential and ability to migrate in vitro and in vivo. HPBD CD133+, ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 (ABCG2)+, C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4)+ MSCs were differentiated after priming with β-mercaptoethanol (β-ME) combined with trans-retinoic acid (RA) and culture in neural basal media containing basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) or co-culture with neuronal cell lines. Differentiation efficiencies in vitro were determined using flow cytometry or fluorescent microscopy of cytospins made of FACS sorted positive cells after staining for markers of immature or mature neuronal lineages. RA-primed CD133+ABCG2+CXCR4+ human MSCs were transplanted into the lateral ventricle of male Sprague-Dawley rats, 24 hours after sham or traumatic brain injury (TBI). All animals were evaluated for spatial memory performance using the Morris Water Maze (MWM) Test. Histological examination of sham or TBI brains was done to evaluate MSC survival, migration and differentiation into neural lineages. We also examined induction of apoptosis at the injury site and production of MSC neuroprotective factors. RESULTS CD133+ABCG2+CXCR4+ MSCs consistently expressed markers of neural lineage induction and were positive for nestin, microtubule associated protein-1β (MAP-1β), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), neuron specific nuclear protein (NEUN) or type III beta-tubulin (Tuj1). Animals in the primed MSC treatment group exhibited MWM latency results similar to the uninjured (sham) group with both groups showing improvements in latency. Histological examination of brains of these animals showed that in uninjured animals the majority of MSCs were found in the lateral ventricle, the site of transplantation, while in TBI rats MSCs were consistently found in locations near the injury site. We found that levels of apoptosis were less in MSC treated rats and that MSCs could be shown to produce neurotropic factors as early as 2 days following transplantation of cells. In TBI rats, at 1 and 3 months post transplantation cells were generated which expressed markers of neural lineages including immature as well as mature neurons. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that PBD CD133+ABCG2+CXCR4+ MSCs have the potential for development as an autologous treatment for TBI and neurodegenerative disorders and that MSC derived cell products produced immediately after transplantation may aid in reducing the immediate cognitive defects of TBI.
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Chu PM, Ma HI, Chen LH, Chen MT, Huang PI, Lin SZ, Chiou SH. Deregulated microRNAs identified in isolated glioblastoma stem cells: an overview. Cell Transplant 2012; 22:741-53. [PMID: 23127968 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x655190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor, is extremely resistant to current treatment paradigms and has a high rate of tumor recurrence. Recent progress in the field of tumor-initiating cells suggests that GBM stem cells (GBMSCs) may be responsible for tumor progression, resistance to treatment, and tumor relapse. Therefore, understanding the biologically significant pathways involved in modulating GBMSC-specific characteristics offers great promise for development of novel therapeutics, which may improve therapeutic efficacy and overcome present drug resistance. In addition, targeting deregulated microRNA (miRNA) has arisen as a new therapeutic strategy in treating malignant gliomas. In GBMSCs, miRNAs regulate a wide variety of tumorigenic processes including cellular proliferation, stemness maintenance, migration/invasion, apoptosis, and tumorigenicity. Nevertheless, the latest progress with GBMSCs and subsequent miRNA profiling is limited by the identification and isolation of GBMSCs. In this review, we thus summarize current markers and known features for isolation as well as the aberrant miRNAs that have been identified in GBM and GBMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ming Chu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
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Brosnan K, Want A, Coopman K, Hewitt CJ. Multiparameter flow cytometry for the characterization of human embryonic stem cells. Biotechnol Lett 2012; 35:55-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-012-1052-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Kim DS, Lee DR, Kim HS, Yoo JE, Jung SJ, Lim BY, Jang J, Kang HC, You S, Hwang DY, Leem JW, Nam TS, Cho SR, Kim DW. Highly pure and expandable PSA-NCAM-positive neural precursors from human ESC and iPSC-derived neural rosettes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39715. [PMID: 22911689 PMCID: PMC3401209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Homogeneous culture of neural precursor cells (NPCs) derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) would provide a powerful tool for biomedical applications. However, previous efforts to expand mechanically dissected neural rosettes for cultivation of NPCs remain concerns regarding non-neural cell contamination. In addition, several attempts to purify NPCs using cell surface markers have not demonstrated the expansion capability of the sorted cells. In the present study, we show that polysialic acid-neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) is detected in neural rosette cells derived from hPSCs, and employ PSA-NCAM as a marker for purifying expandable primitive NPCs from the neural rosettes. PSA-NCAM-positive NPCs (termed hNPCPSA-NCAM+) were isolated from the heterogeneous cell population of mechanically harvested neural rosettes using magnetic-based cell sorting. The hNPCPSA-NCAM+ extensively expressed neural markers such as Sox1, Sox2, Nestin, and Musashi-1 (80∼98% of the total cells) and were propagated for multiple passages while retaining their primitive characteristics in our culture condition. Interestingly, PSA-NCAM-negative cells largely exhibited characteristics of neural crest cells. The hNPCPSA-NCAM+ showed multipotency and responsiveness to instructive cues towards region-specific neuronal subtypes in vitro. When transplanted into the rat striatum, hNPCPSA-NCAM+ differentiated into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes without particular signs of tumorigenesis. Furthermore, Ki67-positive proliferating cells and non-neural lineage cells were rarely detected in the grafts of hNPCPSA-NCAM+ compared to those of neural rosette cells. Our results suggest that PSA-NCAM-mediated cell isolation provides a highly expandable population of pure primitive NPCs from hPSCs that will lend themselves as a promising strategy for drug screening and cell therapy for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Sung Kim
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dongjin R. Lee
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han-Soo Kim
- Center for Cell Therapy and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Yoo
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Jun Jung
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bo Young Lim
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiho Jang
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hoon-Chul Kang
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children’s Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seungkwon You
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Youn Hwang
- CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joong Woo Leem
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Taick Sang Nam
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Rae Cho
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Kim
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Severance Biomedical Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are found in a variety of adult tissues including human dermis. These MSCs are morphologically similar to bone marrow-derived MSCs, but are of unclear phenotype. To shed light on the characteristics of human dermal MSCs, this study was designed to identify and isolate dermal MSCs by a specific marker expression profile, and subsequently rate their mesenchymal differentiation potential. Immunohistochemical staining showed that MSC markers CD73/CD90/CD105, as well as CD271 and SSEA-4, are expressed on dermal cells in situ. Flow cytometric analysis revealed a phenotype similar to bone marrow-derived MSCs. Human dermal cells isolated by plastic adherence had a lower differentiation capacity as compared with bone marrow-derived MSCs. To distinguish dermal MSCs from differentiated fibroblasts, we immunoselected CD271(+) and SSEA-4(+) cells from adherent dermal cells and investigated their mesenchymal differentiation capacity. This revealed that cells with increased adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic potential were enriched in the dermal CD271(+) population. The differentiation potential of dermal SSEA-4(+) cells, in contrast, appeared to be limited to adipogenesis. These results indicate that specific cell populations with variable mesenchymal differentiation potential can be isolated from human dermis. Moreover, we identified three different subsets of dermal mesenchymal progenitor cells.
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Comprehensive transcriptome and immunophenotype analysis of renal and cardiac MSC-like populations supports strong congruence with bone marrow MSC despite maintenance of distinct identities. Stem Cell Res 2011; 8:58-73. [PMID: 22099021 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells resembling bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have been isolated from many organs but their functional relationships have not been thoroughly examined. Here we compared the immunophenotype, gene expression, multipotency and immunosuppressive potential of MSC-like colony-forming cells from adult murine bone marrow (bmMSC), kidney (kCFU-F) and heart (cCFU-F), cultured under uniform conditions. All populations showed classic MSC morphology and in vitro mesodermal multipotency. Of the two solid organ-specific CFU-F, only kCFU-F displayed suppression of T-cell alloreactivity in vitro, albeit to a lesser extent than bmMSC. Quantitative immunophenotyping using 81 phycoerythrin-conjugated CD antibodies demonstrated that all populations contained high percentages of cells expressing diagnostic MSC surface markers (Sca1, CD90.2, CD29, CD44), as well as others noted previously on murine MSC (CD24, CD49e, CD51, CD80, CD81, CD105). Illumina microarray expression profiling and bioinformatic analysis indicated a correlation of gene expression of 0.88-0.92 between pairwise comparisons. All populations expressed approximately 66% of genes in the pluripotency network (Plurinet), presumably reflecting their stem-like character. Furthermore, all populations expressed genes involved in immunomodulation, homing and tissue repair, suggesting these as conserved functions for MSC-like cells in solid organs. Despite this molecular congruence, strong biases in gene and protein expression and pathway activity were seen, suggesting organ-specific functions. Hence, tissue-derived MSC may also retain unique properties potentially rendering them more appropriate as cellular therapeutic agents for their organ of origin.
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Truong TT, Huynh K, Nakatsu MN, Deng SX. SSEA4 is a potential negative marker for the enrichment of human corneal epithelial stem/progenitor cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:6315-20. [PMID: 21685344 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-7518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the expression of stage-specific embryonic antigen-4 (SSEA4) in the epithelium of the human ocular surface and characterize SSEA4(+) and SSEA4(-) limbal epithelial cells. METHODS SSEA4 expression in the human cornea and limbus was examined by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. SSEA4(+) and SSEA4(-) cells were then separated by using magnetic beads. The phenotypes of these two cell populations were evaluated on the basis of cell size, clonogenic assay, and expression of putative limbal stem cell (LSC) and corneal epithelial differentiation markers. RESULTS SSEA4 was expressed in all layers of the corneal and anterior limbal epithelia. Discrete clusters of SSEA4(+) cells were present in the central and posterior limbal epithelia. SSEA4(+) cells accounted for an average of 40% of the total limbal epithelial cells. The SSEA4(-) population contained five times more small cells (≤11 μm in diameter) than did the SSEA4(+) population. The expression levels of the putative LSC markers ABCG2, ΔNp63α, and cytokeratin (K)14 were significantly higher in the SSEA4(-) population than in the SSEA4(+) population. The SSEA4(-) cells also expressed a significantly higher level of N-cadherin, but a lower level of the differentiation marker K12. The colony-forming efficiency in the SSEA4(-) population was 25.2% (P = 0.04) and 1.6-fold (P < 0.05) higher than in the unsorted population and the SSEA4(+) population, respectively. CONCLUSIONS SSEA4 is highly expressed in differentiated corneal epithelial cells, and SSEA4(-) limbal epithelial cells contain a higher proportion of limbal stem/progenitor cells. SSEA4 could be used as a negative marker to enrich the isolation of LSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy T Truong
- Cornea and Uveitis Division, Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Sadikovic B, Graham C, Ho M, Zielenska M, Somers GR. Immunohistochemical expression and cluster analysis of mesenchymal and neural stem cell-associated proteins in pediatric soft tissue sarcomas. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2011; 14:259-72. [PMID: 21162641 DOI: 10.2350/10-08-0890-oa.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric undifferentiated soft tissue sarcomas (USTSs) are a group of malignancies composed predominantly of primitive round cell sarcomas, the histogenesis of which is uncertain. Thus, diagnosis and therapy remain a challenge. The aims of the current study were to determine whether differential expression of stem cell-associated proteins could be used to aid in determining the histogenesis of pediatric USTSs and to determine whether pediatric USTSs expressed a unique panel of stem cell-associated proteins to aid diagnosis. Tumors included 28 Ewing sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumors (ESs), 22 embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas (ERMSs), 8 alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas (ARMSs), 5 synovial sarcomas (SSs), 5 malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs), and 13 USTSs. Stem cell antibodies included 3 mesenchymal stem cell markers (CD44, CD105, and CD166) and 5 neural stem cell markers (CD15, CD29, CD56, CD133, and nestin). Sections were scored followed by statistical analysis, clustering analysis, and visualizations using Partek Genomic Suite Software. The Euclidean clustering divided the tumors into 2 major groups. ESs and USTSs formed the majority of the 1st group, whereas ERMSs, ARMSs, MPNSTs, and SSs formed the 2nd group. Reduced expression of CD56 was strongly associated with the ES/USTS cluster (P < 0.0001). ESs and USTSs were further separated by CD166 staining, wherein increased expression was associated with ES (P < 0.0001). The 2nd group included the majority of other sarcomas, with no consistent separation between subtypes. The current study demonstrates the usefulness of applying stem cell markers to pediatric sarcomas and indicates that USTSs and ESs are closely related and may share a common histogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bekim Sadikovic
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Byskov AG, Høyer PE, Yding Andersen C, Kristensen SG, Jespersen A, Møllgård K. No evidence for the presence of oogonia in the human ovary after their final clearance during the first two years of life. Hum Reprod 2011; 26:2129-39. [PMID: 21572085 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/der145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conflicting results of studies on mouse and human have either verified or refuted the presence of oogonia/primordial germ cells in the post-natal ovary. The aim of this study was to trace whether oogonia recognized by immunohistochemical methods in the first trimester human ovary were present also in peri- and post-natal ovaries. METHODS For this study, 82 human ovaries were collected: 25 from embryos from 5 to 10 weeks post conception (wpc), 2 at 18 wpc, 32 from 32 wpc to 2 years and 23 from 2 to 32 years. Of these, 80 ovaries were fixed and paraffin-embedded and 2 (8 year-old) ovaries were processed for plastic sections. Serial sections were prepared for immunohistochemical detection of markers for oogonia: tyrosine kinase receptor for stem cell factor (SCF)(C-KIT), stage-specific embryonic antigen-4 (SSEA4), homeobox gene transcription factor (NANOG), octamer binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4) and melanoma antigen-4 (Mage-A4), while noting that C-KIT also stains diplotene oocytes. RESULTS Almost all oogonia exclusively stained for SSEA4, NANOG, OCT4 and C-KIT, whereas MAGE-A4 only stained a small fraction. At birth only a few oogonia were stained. These disappeared before 2 years, leaving only diplotene oocytes stained for C-KIT. From 18 wpc to 2 years, the medulla contained conglomerates of healthy and degenerating oogonia and small follicles, waste baskets (WBs) and oogonia enclosed in growing follicles (FWB). Medulla of older ovaries contained groups of primordial, healthy follicles. CONCLUSIONS We found no evidence for the presence of oogonia in the human ovary after their final clearing during the first 2 years. We suggest that perinatal medullary WB and FWB give rise to the groups of small, healthy follicles in the medulla.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Byskov
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Section 5712, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Section 5712, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Bukovsky A. Immune maintenance of self in morphostasis of distinct tissues, tumour growth and regenerative medicine. Scand J Immunol 2011; 73:159-89. [PMID: 21204896 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2010.02497.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Morphostasis (tissue homeostasis) is a complex process consisting of three circumstances: (1) tissue renewal from stem cells, (2) preservation of tissue cells in a proper differentiated state and (3) maintenance of tissue quantity. This can be executed by a tissue control system (TCS) consisting of vascular pericytes, immune system-related components--monocyte-derived cells (MDC), T cells and immunoglobulins and autonomic innervation. Morphostasis is established epigenetically, during the critical developmental period corresponding to the morphogenetic immune adaptation. Subsequently, the tissues are maintained in a state of differentiation reached during the adaptation by a 'stop effect' of MDC influencing markers of differentiating tissue cells and presenting self-antigens to T cells. Retardation or acceleration of certain tissue differentiation during adaptation results in its persistent functional immaturity or premature ageing. The tissues being absent during adaptation, like ovarian corpus luteum, are handled as a 'graft.' Morphostasis is altered with age advancement, because of the degenerative changes of the immune system. That is why the ageing of individuals and increased incidence of neoplasia and degenerative diseases occur. Hybridization of tumour stem cells with normal tissue cells causes an augmentation of neoplasia by host pericytes and MDC stimulating a 'regeneration' of depleted functional cells. Degenerative diseases are associated with apoptosis. If we are able to change morphostasis in particular tissue, we may disrupt apoptotic process of the cell. An ability to manage the 'stop effect' of MDC may provide treatment for early post-natal tissue disorders, improve regenerative medicine and delay physical, mental and hormonal ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bukovsky
- Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Yuan SH, Martin J, Elia J, Flippin J, Paramban RI, Hefferan MP, Vidal JG, Mu Y, Killian RL, Israel MA, Emre N, Marsala S, Marsala M, Gage FH, Goldstein LSB, Carson CT. Cell-surface marker signatures for the isolation of neural stem cells, glia and neurons derived from human pluripotent stem cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17540. [PMID: 21407814 PMCID: PMC3047583 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neural induction of human pluripotent stem cells often yields heterogeneous cell populations that can hamper quantitative and comparative analyses. There is a need for improved differentiation and enrichment procedures that generate highly pure populations of neural stem cells (NSC), glia and neurons. One way to address this problem is to identify cell-surface signatures that enable the isolation of these cell types from heterogeneous cell populations by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). Methodology/Principal Findings We performed an unbiased FACS- and image-based immunophenotyping analysis using 190 antibodies to cell surface markers on naïve human embryonic stem cells (hESC) and cell derivatives from neural differentiation cultures. From this analysis we identified prospective cell surface signatures for the isolation of NSC, glia and neurons. We isolated a population of NSC that was CD184+/CD271−/CD44−/CD24+ from neural induction cultures of hESC and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC). Sorted NSC could be propagated for many passages and could differentiate to mixed cultures of neurons and glia in vitro and in vivo. A population of neurons that was CD184−/CD44−/CD15LOW/CD24+ and a population of glia that was CD184+/CD44+ were subsequently purified from cultures of differentiating NSC. Purified neurons were viable, expressed mature and subtype-specific neuronal markers, and could fire action potentials. Purified glia were mitotic and could mature to GFAP-expressing astrocytes in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions/Significance These findings illustrate the utility of immunophenotyping screens for the identification of cell surface signatures of neural cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells. These signatures can be used for isolating highly pure populations of viable NSC, glia and neurons by FACS. The methods described here will enable downstream studies that require consistent and defined neural cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shauna H. Yuan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jody Martin
- BD Biosciences, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jeanne Elia
- BD Biosciences, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jessica Flippin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | | | - Mike P. Hefferan
- Anesthesiology Research Laboratory, Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jason G. Vidal
- BD Biosciences, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Yangling Mu
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Rhiannon L. Killian
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Mason A. Israel
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Nil Emre
- BD Biosciences, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Silvia Marsala
- Anesthesiology Research Laboratory, Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Martin Marsala
- Anesthesiology Research Laboratory, Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Institute of Neurobiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Fred H. Gage
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Lawrence S. B. Goldstein
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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Thirant C, Bessette B, Varlet P, Puget S, Cadusseau J, Dos Reis Tavares S, Studler JM, Silvestre DC, Susini A, Villa C, Miquel C, Bogeas A, Surena AL, Dias-Morais A, Léonard N, Pflumio F, Bièche I, Boussin FD, Sainte-Rose C, Grill J, Daumas-Duport C, Chneiweiss H, Junier MP. Clinical relevance of tumor cells with stem-like properties in pediatric brain tumors. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16375. [PMID: 21297991 PMCID: PMC3030582 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 12/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primitive brain tumors are the leading cause of cancer-related death in children. Tumor cells with stem-like properties (TSCs), thought to account for tumorigenesis and therapeutic resistance, have been isolated from high-grade gliomas in adults. Whether TSCs are a common component of pediatric brain tumors and are of clinical relevance remains to be determined. Methodology/Principal Findings Tumor cells with self-renewal properties were isolated with cell biology techniques from a majority of 55 pediatric brain tumors samples, regardless of their histopathologies and grades of malignancy (57% of embryonal tumors, 57% of low-grade gliomas and neuro-glial tumors, 70% of ependymomas, 91% of high-grade gliomas). Most high-grade glioma-derived oncospheres (10/12) sustained long-term self-renewal akin to neural stem cells (>7 self-renewals), whereas cells with limited renewing abilities akin to neural progenitors dominated in all other tumors. Regardless of tumor entities, the young age group was associated with self-renewal properties akin to neural stem cells (P = 0.05, chi-square test). Survival analysis of the cohort showed an association between isolation of cells with long-term self-renewal abilities and a higher patient mortality rate (P = 0.013, log-rank test). Sampling of low- and high-grade glioma cultures showed that self-renewing cells forming oncospheres shared a molecular profile comprising embryonic and neural stem cell markers. Further characterization performed on subsets of high-grade gliomas and one low-grade glioma culture showed combination of this profile with mesenchymal markers, the radio-chemoresistance of the cells and the formation of aggressive tumors after intracerebral grafting. Conclusions/Significance In brain tumors affecting adult patients, TSCs have been isolated only from high-grade gliomas. In contrast, our data show that tumor cells with stem cell-like or progenitor-like properties can be isolated from a wide range of histological sub-types and grades of pediatric brain tumors. They suggest that cellular mechanisms fueling tumor development differ between adult and pediatric brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Thirant
- Inserm, UMR894, Team Glial Plasticity, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Barbara Bessette
- Inserm, UMR894, Team Glial Plasticity, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Pascale Varlet
- Inserm, UMR894, Team Glial Plasticity, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Department of Neuropathology, Hospital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Puget
- Pediatric Neurosurgical Department. Hospital Necker, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 8203, Vectorology and Anticancer Therapeutics, Gustave Roussy Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
| | | | | | - Jeanne-Marie Studler
- Inserm, UMR894, Team Glial Plasticity, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - David Carlos Silvestre
- Laboratoire de Radiopathologie UMR 967, CEA-INSERM-Université Paris VII, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Aurélie Susini
- Laboratoire d'Oncogénétique - INSERM U735, Institut Curie/Hôpital René Huguenin, St-Cloud, France
| | - Chiara Villa
- Inserm, UMR894, Team Glial Plasticity, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Department of Neuropathology, Hospital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Miquel
- Inserm, UMR894, Team Glial Plasticity, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Department of Neuropathology, Hospital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Bogeas
- Inserm, UMR894, Team Glial Plasticity, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Laure Surena
- Inserm, UMR894, Team Glial Plasticity, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Amélia Dias-Morais
- Inserm, UMR894, Team Glial Plasticity, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Nadine Léonard
- Inserm, UMR894, Team Glial Plasticity, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Department of Neuropathology, Hospital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Pflumio
- Laboratoire des Cellules Souches Hématopoïétiques et Leucémiques, UMR U967, CEA-INSERM-Université Paris VII, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Ivan Bièche
- Laboratoire d'Oncogénétique - INSERM U735, Institut Curie/Hôpital René Huguenin, St-Cloud, France
| | - François D. Boussin
- Laboratoire de Radiopathologie UMR 967, CEA-INSERM-Université Paris VII, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Christian Sainte-Rose
- Pediatric Neurosurgical Department. Hospital Necker, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Grill
- CNRS UMR 8203, Vectorology and Anticancer Therapeutics, Gustave Roussy Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Catherine Daumas-Duport
- Inserm, UMR894, Team Glial Plasticity, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Department of Neuropathology, Hospital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Chneiweiss
- Inserm, UMR894, Team Glial Plasticity, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Junier
- Inserm, UMR894, Team Glial Plasticity, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Department of Neuropathology, Hospital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Mutnal MB, Cheeran MCJ, Hu S, Lokensgard JR. Murine cytomegalovirus infection of neural stem cells alters neurogenesis in the developing brain. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16211. [PMID: 21249143 PMCID: PMC3020957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) brain infection causes serious neuro-developmental sequelae including: mental retardation, cerebral palsy, and sensorineural hearing loss. But, the mechanisms of injury and pathogenesis to the fetal brain are not completely understood. The present study addresses potential pathogenic mechanisms by which this virus injures the CNS using a neonatal mouse model that mirrors congenital brain infection. This investigation focused on, analysis of cell types infected with mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) and the pattern of injury to the developing brain. Methodology/Principal Findings We used our MCMV infection model and a multi-color flow cytometry approach to quantify the effect of viral infection on the developing brain, identifying specific target cells and the consequent effect on neurogenesis. In this study, we show that neural stem cells (NSCs) and neuronal precursor cells are the principal target cells for MCMV in the developing brain. In addition, viral infection was demonstrated to cause a loss of NSCs expressing CD133 and nestin. We also showed that infection of neonates leads to subsequent abnormal brain development as indicated by loss of CD24(hi) cells that incorporated BrdU. This neonatal brain infection was also associated with altered expression of Oct4, a multipotency marker; as well as down regulation of the neurotrophins BDNF and NT3, which are essential to regulate the birth and differentiation of neurons during normal brain development. Finally, we report decreased expression of doublecortin, a marker to identify young neurons, following viral brain infection. Conclusions MCMV brain infection of newborn mice causes significant loss of NSCs, decreased proliferation of neuronal precursor cells, and marked loss of young neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manohar B. Mutnal
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Translational Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Maxim C-J. Cheeran
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Shuxian Hu
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Translational Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - James R. Lokensgard
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Translational Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
AbstractHuman neurospheres are free-floating spherical clusters generated from a single neural stem cell and comprising cells at different stages of maturation in the neuronal and glial lineages. Although recent findings have disproved the original idea of clonally derived neurospheres according to the paradigm of one stem cell — one neurosphere, they still represent a valid model for growing neural stem cell cultures in vitro. While the immunocytochemical approach to the identification of stem cells, progenitor cells, and mature cells has been extensively used, scant data are available about the ultrastructural arrangement of different cell types within the neurosphere. This paper provides, by means of scanning electron microscopy, some new insights into the three-dimensional assembly of human neurospheres, trying to correlate some parameters such as cell density, shape and growing strategies with the immunolocalization of some antigens such as nestin, GFAP, α-internexin and βIII-tubulin. The major findings from this study are: a) regardless of the stage of in vitro maturation, the growth of the spheres is the result of mitotic divisions producing the aspect of an irregular budding mechanism in the outermost layer look like; b) analysis of the volumetric composition of the inner core has revealed the presence of two alternative shape pattern (pyramidal vs rounded cells) possibly related to both the ongoing maturation stages and GFAP and internexin expression.
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45
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Gilbert CA, Ross AH. Cancer stem cells: cell culture, markers, and targets for new therapies. J Cell Biochem 2010; 108:1031-8. [PMID: 19760641 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A cancer stem cell (CSC) is defined as an undifferentiated cell with the ability to self-renew, differentiate to multiple lineages and initiate tumors that mimic the parent tumor. In this review, we focus on glioblastomas, describing recent progress and problems in characterizing these cells. There have been advances in CSC culture, but tumor cell heterogeneity has made purification of CSCs difficult. Indeed, it may be that CSCs significantly vary from tumor to tumor. We also discuss the proposal that CSCs are resistant to radiotherapy and chemotherapy and play a major role in repopulating tumors following treatment. To overcome their resistance to conventional therapies, we may be able to use our extensive knowledge of the signaling pathways essential for stem cells during development. These pathways have potential as targets for new glioblastoma therapies. Hence, although there is an ongoing debate on the nature of CSCs, the theory continues to suggest new ideas for both the lab and the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace A Gilbert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
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Moldenhauer S, Burgauner M, Hellweg R, Lun A, Hohenböken M, Dietz E, Kiesewetter H, Salama A, Moldenhauer A. Mobilization of CD133(+)CD34(-) cells in healthy individuals following whole-body acupuncture for spinal cord injuries. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:1645-50. [PMID: 20029964 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Acupuncture can alleviate symptoms of spinal cord injuries (SCI). The underlying mechanism, however, is unknown. We hypothesized that stem cells could be mobilized by acupuncture. Therefore, we enrolled 14 healthy study participants using acupuncture points for the treatment of SCI. The frequency of CD133 and CD34 cells in peripheral blood and the serum concentrations of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), and interleukin-6 were determined before and after acupuncture (<1 hr, 24 hr, and 48 hr). CD133(+)34(-) cells were doubled 48 hr after acupuncture, with concomitant decreases in BDNF and MMP-9 levels. Interleukin-6 remained below detectable levels, eliminating a stress-induced cell release. Individuals acupunctured on control counterpoints showed no changes in CD133(+) cells. Our results indicate that acupuncture for SCI can mobilize human CD133(+)34(-) cells. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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47
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Riekstina U, Cakstina I, Parfejevs V, Hoogduijn M, Jankovskis G, Muiznieks I, Muceniece R, Ancans J. Embryonic stem cell marker expression pattern in human mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow, adipose tissue, heart and dermis. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2010; 5:378-86. [PMID: 20058201 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-009-9094-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been isolated from a variety of human tissues, e.g., bone marrow, adipose tissue, dermis, hair follicles, heart, liver, spleen, dental pulp. Due to their immunomodulatory and regenerative potential MSCs have shown promising results in preclinical and clinical studies for a variety of conditions, such as graft versus host disease (GvHD), Crohn's disease, osteogenesis imperfecta, cartilage damage and myocardial infarction. MSC cultures are composed of heterogeneous cell populations. Complications in defining MSC arise from the fact that different laboratories have employed different tissue sources, extraction, and cultivation methods. Although cell-surface antigens of MSCs have been extensively explored, there is no conclusive evidence that unique stem cells markers are associated with these adult cells. Therefore the aim of this study was to examine expression of embryonic stem cell markers Oct4, Nanog, SOX2, alkaline phosphatase and SSEA-4 in adult mesenchymal stem cell populations derived from bone marrow, adipose tissue, dermis and heart. Furthermore, we tested whether human mesenchymal stem cells preserve tissue-specific differences under in vitro culture conditions. We found that bone marrow MSCs express embryonic stem cell markers Oct4, Nanog, alkaline phosphatase and SSEA-4, adipose tissue and dermis MSCs express Oct4, Nanog, SOX2, alkaline phosphatase and SSEA-4, whereas heart MSCs express Oct4, Nanog, SOX2 and SSEA-4. Our results also indicate that human adult mesenchymal stem cells preserve tissue-specific differences under in vitro culture conditions during early passages, as shown by distinct germ layer and embryonic stem cell marker expression patterns. Studies are now needed to determine the functional role of embryonic stem cell markers Oct4, Nanog and SOX2 in adult human MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Una Riekstina
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga LV-1001, Latvia.
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King FW, Ritner C, Liszewski W, Kwan HCK, Pedersen A, Leavitt AD, Bernstein HS. Subpopulations of human embryonic stem cells with distinct tissue-specific fates can be selected from pluripotent cultures. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 18:1441-50. [PMID: 19254177 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) has generated much interest in the field of regenerative medicine. While subpopulations of hESCs within pluripotent cultures have been identified based on expression of specific surface antigens, their significance and fates are not well understood. To determine whether such subpopulations indicate specific tissue fates or represent stochastic antigen distributions within proliferating cultures, we isolated CD133(+) or CD135(+) hESCs from proliferating cultures constitutively expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP), and co-cultured these with unselected GFP(-) hESCs. After passage in culture, GFP(+) hESCs reanalyzed for the persistence of CD133 or CD135 expression, as well as other surface antigens (Tra-1-60, SSEA-4, FGFR-1), demonstrated that these two subpopulations continued to express CD133 or CD135 over serial passage, and that CD133(+) hESCs were enriched for SSEA-4 expression as well. Upon differentiation in vitro, CD133(+)GFP(+) hESCs gave rise solely to ectoderm, as detected by expression of nestin. Tissues representing endoderm (alpha-fetoprotein(+)) and mesoderm (smooth muscle actin(+)) were not seen among GFP(+) tissues. In contrast, selection against CD133 gave rise almost exclusively to mesoderm and endoderm. In contrast, CD135(+)GFP(+) hESCs gave rise to tissues representing all three embryonic germ layers, and were virtually indistinguishable from CD135(-)-derived tissues. Similar results were obtained by in vivo differentiation in teratomas. These data establish that subpopulations of proliferating hESCs whose tissue fate is predetermined exist, and challenge the notion that all cells within proliferating hESC cultures are truly "pluripotent." This co-culture approach also will enable identification of other distinct hESC subpopulations, and selection for these should prove valuable in generating tissue-specific reagents for cell-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank W King
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-1346, USA
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Wexler EM, Paucer A, Kornblum HI, Palmer TD, Plamer TD, Geschwind DH. Endogenous Wnt signaling maintains neural progenitor cell potency. Stem Cells 2009; 27:1130-41. [PMID: 19418460 DOI: 10.1002/stem.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signaling regulates neural stem cell (NSC) function and development throughout an individual's lifetime. Intriguingly, adult hippocampal progenitors (AHPs) produce several Wnts, and the intracellular machinery necessary to respond to them, creating the potential for an active autocrine-signaling loop within this stem cell niche. However, the standard luciferase-based Wnt assay failed to detect this signaling loop. This assay is inherently less temporally sensitive to activity among a population of unsynchronized proliferating cells because it relies on the rapidly degrading reporter luciferase. We circumvented this limitation using a promoter assay that employs green fluorescent protein (GFP), as a relatively long-lived reporter of canonical Wnt activity. We found that at baseline, AHPs secreted functional Wnt that self-stimulates low-level canonical Wnt signaling. Elimination baseline Wnt activity, via application of an extracellular Wnt antagonist promoted neurogenesis, based on a combination of unbiased gene expression analysis and cell-fate analysis. A detailed clonal analysis of progenitors transduced with specific intracellular antagonists of canonical signaling, either Axin or truncated cadherin (beta-catenin sequestering), revealed that loss of baseline signaling depletes the population of multipotent precursors, thereby driving an increasing fraction to assume a committed cell fate (i.e., unipotent progenitors). Similarly, baseline Wnt signaling repressed differentiation of human NSCs. Although the specific Wnts produced by neural precursors vary with age and between species, their effects remain remarkably consistent. In sum, this study establishes that autonomous Wnt signaling is a conserved feature of the neurogenic niche that preserves the delicate balance between NSC maintenance and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Wexler
- Department of Psychiatry, The Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1759, USA.
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Balasubramaniam B, Carter DA, Mayer EJ, Dick AD. Microglia derived IL-6 suppresses neurosphere generation from adult human retinal cell suspensions. Exp Eye Res 2009; 89:757-66. [PMID: 19596318 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2009.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Following retinal degeneration or inflammation that disrupts tissue architecture, there is limited evidence of tissue regeneration, despite evidence of cells with progenitor properties in the adult human retina at all ages. With the prospect of tissue/cell transplantation, redressing homeostasis whilst overcoming glial barrier or gliosis remains key to successful graft versus host integration and functional recovery. Activated human retinal microglia (MG) secrete cytokines, including IL-6, which may suppress neurogenesis or cellular (photoreceptor) replacement. To investigate this hypothesis, adult human retinal explants were cultured in cytokine-conditioned media (TNFalpha, TGFbeta, LPS/IFNgamma) to activate microglia in situ. Following culture of retinal explants for 4 days, supernatant conditioned by resulting migrated microglia was collected after a further 3 days and fed to retinal cell suspensions (RCS). Neurosphere (NS) generation and survival analysis was performed after 7 and 14 days in culture, with or without addition of conditioned media and with or without concomitant IL-6 neutralisation. Neurosphere phenotype was analysed by immunohistochemistry and cell morphology. Migratory MG from retinal explants were activated (iNOS-positive) and expressed CD45, CD11b, and CD11c. LPS/IFNgamma-activated MG conditioned media (MG-CM) contained significant levels of IL-6 (1265 +/- 143) pg/ml, which inhibited neurosphere generation within RCS in the presence of optimal neurosphere generating N2-FGF2 culture medium. Neutralising IL-6 activity reinstated NS generation and the differentiation capacity was maintained in the spheres that formed. Even in the presence of high levels of IL-6, those few NS that did form demonstrated a capacity to differentiate. The data supports activated MG-derived IL-6 influence retinal cell turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balini Balasubramaniam
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Sciences South Bristol, University of Bristol, Bristol Eye Hospital (BEH), Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LX, UK.
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