1
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Tonnis K, Kasting GB, Jaworska J. Impact of solvent dry down, phase change, vehicle pH and slowly reversible keratin binding on skin penetration of cosmetic relevant compounds: II. Solids. Int J Pharm 2024; 661:124451. [PMID: 38992735 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
We extended a mechanistic, physics-based framework of the dry down process, previously developed for liquids and electrolytes, to solids and coded it into the latest UB/UC/P&G skin permeation model, herein renamed DigiSkin. The framework accounts for the phase change of the permeant from dissolved in a solvent (liquid) to precipitated on the skin surface (solid). The evaporation rate for the solid is reduced due to lower vapor pressure for the solid state versus subcooled liquid. These vapor pressures may differ by two orders of magnitude. The solid may gradually redissolve and penetrate the skin. The framework was tested by simulating the in vitro human skin permeation of the 38 cosmetically relevant solid compounds reported by Hewitt et al., J. Appl. Toxicol. 2019, 1-13. The more detailed handling of the evaporation process greatly improved DigiSkin evaporation predictions (r2 = 0.89). Further, we developed a model reliability prediction score classification using diverse protein reactivity data and identified that 15 of 38 compounds are out of model scope. Dermal delivery predictions for the remaining chemicals have excellent agreement with experimental data. The analysis highlighted the sensitivity of water solubility and equilibrium vapor pressure values on the DigiSkin predictions outcomes influencing agreement with the experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Tonnis
- College of Engineering and Applied Science, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Gerald B Kasting
- The James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA
| | - Joanna Jaworska
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Discovery Innovation Platforms, Brussels Innovation Center, Belgium.
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2
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Xu L, Kasting GB. Solvent and Crystallization Effects on the Dermal Absorption of Hydrophilic and Lipophilic Compounds. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:948-960. [PMID: 37797884 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
This study probes the mechanisms by which volatile solvents (water, ethanol) and a nonionic surfactant (Triton X-100) influence the skin permeation of dissolved solutes following deposition of small doses onto unoccluded human skin. A secondary objective was to sharpen guidelines for the use of these and other simple solvent systems for dermal safety testing of cosmetic ingredients at finite doses. Four solutes were studied - niacinamide, caffeine, testosterone and geraniol - at doses close to that estimated to saturate the upper layers of the stratum corneum. Methods included tensiometry, visualization of spreading on skin, polarized light microscopy and in vitro permeation testing using radiolabeled solutes. Ethanol, aqueous ethanol and dilute aqueous Triton solutions all yielded surface tensions below 36 mN/m, allowing them to spread easily on the skin, unlike water (72.4 mN/m) which did not spread. Deposition onto skin of niacinamide (32 μg·cm-2) or caffeine (3.2 μg·cm-2) from water and ethanol led to crystalline deposits on the skin surface, whereas the same amounts applied from aqueous ethanol and 2 % Triton did not. Skin permeation of these compounds was inversely correlated to the extent of crystallization. A separate study with caffeine showed the absence of a dose-related skin permeability increase with Triton. Permeation of testosterone (8.2 μg·cm-2) was modestly increased when dosed from aqueous ethanol versus ethanol. Permeation of geraniol (2.9 μg·cm-2) followed the order aqueous ethanol > water ∼ 2 % Triton >> ethanol and was inversely correlated with evaporative loss. We conclude that, under the conditions tested, aqueous ethanol and Triton serve primarily as deposition aids and do not substantially disrupt stratum corneum lipids. Implications for the design of in vitro skin permeability tests are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijing Xu
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA
| | - Gerald B Kasting
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA.
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3
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Fisher HA, Evans MV, Bunge AL, Hubal EAC, Vallero DA. A compartment model to predict in vitro finite dose absorption of chemicals by human skin. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140689. [PMID: 37963497 PMCID: PMC10842870 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Dermal uptake is an important and complex exposure route for a wide range of chemicals. Dermal exposure can occur due to occupational settings, pharmaceutical applications, environmental contamination, or consumer product use. The large range of both chemicals and scenarios of interest makes it difficult to perform generalizable experiments, creating a need for a generic model to simulate various scenarios. In this study, a model consisting of a series of four well-mixed compartments, representing the source solution (vehicle), stratum corneum, viable tissue, and receptor fluid, was developed for predicting dermal absorption. The model considers experimental conditions including small applied doses as well as evaporation of the vehicle and chemical. To evaluate the model assumptions, we compare model predictions for a set of 26 chemicals to finite dose in-vitro experiments from a single laboratory using steady-state permeability coefficient and equilibrium partition coefficient data derived from in-vitro experiments of infinite dose exposures to these same chemicals from a different laboratory. We find that the model accurately predicts, to within an order of magnitude, total absorption after 24 h for 19 of these chemicals. In combination with key information on experimental conditions, the model is generalizable and can advance efficient assessment of dermal exposure for chemical risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Fisher
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Assigned to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - M V Evans
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - A L Bunge
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
| | - E A Cohen Hubal
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - D A Vallero
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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4
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Alsheddi L, Wanasathop A, Li SK. Dose-dependent effect on skin permeation of polar and non-polar compounds. Int J Pharm 2024; 649:123601. [PMID: 37956723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The study of the relationship between the amount of drug applied to the skin and fraction of drug absorbed can improve our understanding of finite-dose percutaneous absorption in the development of topical products and risk assessment of hazardous chemical exposure. It has been previously shown that an increase in the dose applied to the skin leads to a decrease in the fraction of drug permeated the skin (dose-dependent effect). The objective of this research was to examine the dose-dependent effect using permeants of varying physiochemical properties. The dose-dependent effect was studied using human epidermal membrane under finite dose conditions in Franz diffusion cell with model permeants at doses ranging from 0.1 to 200 μg. The dose-dependent effect was evident with model permeants caffeine, corticosterone, dexamethasone, and estradiol, consistent with the relationship of decreasing fraction of dose permeated the skin at increasing the applied dose. However, no significant dose-dependent effect was observed for the polar model permeants urea, mannitol, tetraethyl ammonium, and ethylene glycol, suggesting different transport mechanisms for these permeants. It was also found that, at relatively high doses, estradiol, dexamethasone, and corticosterone could increase the permeation of polar and lipophilic permeants, which could counter the dose-dependent effect under the conditions studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lama Alsheddi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
| | - Apipa Wanasathop
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - S Kevin Li
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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5
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Simon L. Estimation of volatile organic compound exposure concentrations and time to reach a specific dermal absorption using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2024; 21:1-12. [PMID: 37698510 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2023.2257774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
A procedure was proposed to estimate dermal exposures based on a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model developed in rats. The study examined vapor concentrations ranging from 500 to 10,000 ppm for dibromomethane and 2,500 to 40,000 ppm for bromochloromethane. These concentrations were reconstructed based on chemical blood levels measured in 4 hr, with errors varying from 0.0% to 52.0%. The PBPK approach adequately predicted the blood concentrations and helped simulate contaminant transport through the stratum corneum and distribution in the body compartments. The proposed technique made it possible to estimate the skin absorption time (SAT) obtained from acute inhalation toxicity data. An inverse relationship exists between the SAT and exposure concentration. The method can be helpful in toxicology and risk assessment of hazardous volatile organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Simon
- Otto H. York Department and Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey
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6
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Tonnis K, Jaworska J, Kasting GB. Modeling the percutaneous absorption of solvent-deposited solids over a wide dose range: II. Weak electrolytes. J Control Release 2024; 365:435-447. [PMID: 37996054 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Dermal absorption of weak electrolytes applied to skin from pharmaceutical and cosmetic compositions is an important consideration for both their efficacy and skin safety. We developed a mechanistic, physics-based framework that simulates this process for leave on applications following solvent deposition. We incorporated this framework into our finite dose computational skin permeation model previously tested with nonelectrolytes to generate quantitative predictions for weak electrolytes. To test the model, we analyzed experimental data from an in vitro human skin permeation study of a weak acid (benzoic acid) and a weak base (propranolol) and their sodium and hydrochloride salts from simple, ethanol/water vehicles as a function of dose and ionization state. Key factors controlling absorption are the pH and buffer capacity of the dose solution, the dissolution rate of precipitated solids into a lipid boundary layer and the rate of conversion of the deposited solid to its conjugate form as the nonionized component permeates and (sometimes) evaporates from the skin surface. The resulting framework not only describes the current test data but has the potential to predict the absorption of other weak electrolytes following topical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Tonnis
- College of Engineering and Applied Science, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Joanna Jaworska
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Data and Modeling Sciences, Brussels Innovation Center, Belgium
| | - Gerald B Kasting
- The James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA.
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7
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Evans MV, Moxon TE, Lian G, Deacon BN, Chen T, Adams LD, Meade A, Wambaugh JF. A regression analysis using simple descriptors for multiple dermal datasets: Going from individual membranes to the full skin. J Appl Toxicol 2023; 43:940-950. [PMID: 36609694 PMCID: PMC10367137 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In silico methods to estimate and/or quantify skin absorption of chemicals as a function of chemistry are needed to realistically predict pharmacological, occupational, and environmental exposures. The Potts-Guy equation is a well-established approach, using multi-linear regression analysis describing skin permeability (Kp) in terms of the octanol/water partition coefficient (logP) and molecular weight (MW). In this work, we obtained regression equations for different human datasets relevant to environmental and cosmetic chemicals. Since the Potts-Guy equation was published in 1992, we explored recent datasets that include different skin layers, such as dermatomed (including dermis to a defined thickness) and full skin. Our work was consistent with others who have observed that fits to the Potts-Guy equation are stronger for experiments focused on the epidermis. Permeability estimates for dermatomed skin and full skin resulted in low regression coefficients when compared to epidermis datasets. An updated regression equation uses a combination of fitted permeability values obtained with a published 2D compartmental model previously evaluated. The resulting regression equation was: logKp = -2.55 + 0.65logP - 0.0085MW, R2 = 0.91 (applicability domain for all datasets: MW ranges from 18 to >584 g/mol and -4 to >5 for logP). This approach demonstrates the advantage of combining mechanistic with structural activity relationships in a single modeling approach. This combination approach results in an improved regression fit when compared to permeability estimates obtained using the Potts-Guy approach alone. The analysis presented in this work assumes a one-compartment skin absorption route; future modeling work will consider adding multiple compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina V. Evans
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, ORD, RTP, US EPA, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thomas E. Moxon
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Bedfordshire, UK
| | | | - Benjamin N. Deacon
- Department of Chemical and Processing Engineering, UK University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Chemical and Processing Engineering, UK University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Linda D. Adams
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, ORD, RTP, US EPA, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - John F. Wambaugh
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, ORD, RTP, US EPA, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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8
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Lynch HN, Gloekler LE, Allen LH, Maskrey JR, Bevan C, Maier A. Analysis of dermal exposure assessment in the US Environmental Protection Agency Toxic Substances Control Act risk evaluations of chemical manufacturing. Toxicol Ind Health 2023; 39:49-65. [PMID: 36420912 PMCID: PMC9817111 DOI: 10.1177/07482337221140946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates chemical manufacture, import, processing, distribution, use, and disposal under the 2016 amended Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) for the purposes of protecting the public and sensitive populations-including workers-from chemical exposure risk. The publication of several TSCA risk evaluations provided a unique opportunity to evaluate the evolving regulatory approach for assessing the dermal exposure pathway in occupational settings. In this analysis, the occupational dermal exposure assessment methods employed in several TSCA risk evaluations were assessed. Specifically, a methodology review was conducted for the occupational dermal scenarios of manufacturing and feedstock use in the risk evaluations of three chlorinated organic chemicals: trichloroethylene, carbon tetrachloride, and perchloroethylene. Additionally, alternative exposure estimates were generated using the exposure model IH SkinPermTM. The review and alternative exposure analyses indicate that the current TSCA modeling approach may generate total dermal absorbed doses for chlorinated chemical manufacturing and feedstock use scenarios that are 2- to 20-fold higher than those generated by IH SkinPerm. Best-practice recommendations developed in the methodology review support a tiered, integrated approach to dermal exposure assessment that emphasizes collecting qualitative data; employing validated, peer-reviewed models that align with current industrial practices; and gathering empirical sampling data where needed. Collaboration among industry, EPA, and other stakeholders to share information and develop a standard approach to exposure assessment under TSCA would improve the methodological rigor of, and increase confidence in, the risk evaluation results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather N Lynch
- Stantec
(ChemRisk), Boston, MA, USA,Heather N Lynch, Stantec (ChemRisk), 607
Boylston Street, Boston, MA 02116, USA.
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9
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Lear K, Simon L. A method to assess dermal absorption dynamics of chemical warfare agents: Finite doses of volatile compounds. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2022; 19:603-614. [PMID: 35969798 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2022.2112684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chemical warfare agents are absorbed into the body from various entry routes and may have detrimental effects on human health. As many chemical compounds in this group are lipophilic, the outer layer of the skin is at an elevated risk. This contribution explores the dynamics of skin penetration for risk assessment. A previously validated model was applied to describe how an agent is transported across the stratum corneum following dermal exposure to a finite dose of a chemical. A mathematical construct was implemented for estimating the time constants and the cumulative amount of permeant entering the bloodstream or being released into the environment. Empirical equations were selected to determine the ratio of the steady-state evaporation rate to the steady-state dermal absorption rate and the physicochemical properties of the chemical warfare agents. Wolfram Mathematica was employed to run the simulations. The results from the newly derived expressions for the time constants matched those directly obtained from the validated model. For example, sarin gas had steady-state evaporation to an absorption rate of 991.25, and a total fractional absorption and evaporation of 5.1% and 94.9%, respectively. Combined with occupational exposure limits, the findings can help researchers assess an individual's risk level and develop protection programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koko Lear
- Otto H. York Department and Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Laurent Simon
- Otto H. York Department and Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey
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10
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Simon L. Analysis of the absorption kinetics following dermal exposure to large doses of volatile organic compounds. Math Biosci 2022; 351:108889. [PMID: 35988791 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2022.108889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
A mathematical method was developed to study the skin penetration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) after exposure to a high dose of the substance. While closed-form solutions exist to describe the diffusion and evaporation from small amounts, numerical approaches are often implemented to predict dermal transport involving large doses. This work offers a Laplace transform-based method to estimate the time constant and dynamic and steady-state behaviors. First, the process was divided into two stages, separated by the time it took for excess chemicals to be depleted from the skin surface. Series solutions were written for the percutaneous VOC concentration, absorption and evaporation in the first stage. Application of Laplace transform methods yielded transient profiles after the compound dissipated from the surface of the stratum corneum. In addition, the procedure facilitated the calculation of the time constant and steady-state values. The method was validated using benchtop and fume hood experiments conducted with N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) and air velocities of 0.165 m/s and 0.72 m/s, respectively. The increase in the flow rate decreased the total amount of VOC absorbed and reduced the period required for the surface fluid to disappear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Simon
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark NJ 07102, USA.
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11
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Wei W, Little JC, Nicolas M, Ramalho O, Mandin C. Modeling Primary Emissions of Chemicals from Liquid Products Applied on Indoor Surfaces. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10122. [PMID: 36011756 PMCID: PMC9407831 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Liquid products applied on material surfaces and human skin, including many household cleaning products and personal care products, can lead to intermittent emissions of chemicals and peak concentrations in indoor air. The existing case-based models do not allow inter-comparison of different use scenarios and emission mechanisms. In this context, the present work developed a mechanistic model based on mass transfer theories, which allowed emissions into the air from the liquid product to be characterized. It also allowed for diffusion into the applied surface during product use and re-emission from the applied surface after the depletion of the liquid product. The model was validated using literature data on chemical emissions following floor cleaning and personal care product use. A sensitivity analysis of the model was then conducted. The percentage of the chemical mass emitted from the liquid to the air varied from 45% (applied on porous material) to 99% (applied on human skin), and the rest was absorbed into the applied material/skin. The peak gas-phase concentration, the time to reach the peak concentration, and the percentage of the liquid-to-air emission depended significantly on the chemical's octanol/gas and material/gas partition coefficients and the diffusion coefficient of the chemical in the applied material/skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Wei
- Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), University of Paris-Est, CEDEX 2, 77447 Marne la Vallée, France
| | - John C. Little
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Mélanie Nicolas
- Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), University of Paris-Est, CEDEX 2, 77447 Marne la Vallée, France
| | - Olivier Ramalho
- Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), University of Paris-Est, CEDEX 2, 77447 Marne la Vallée, France
| | - Corinne Mandin
- Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), University of Paris-Est, CEDEX 2, 77447 Marne la Vallée, France
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12
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Liu X, Cheruvu HS, Anissimov YG, van der Hoek J, Tsakalozou E, Ni Z, Ghosh P, Grice JE, Roberts MS. Percutaneous absorption of steroids from finite doses: Predicting urinary excretion from in vitro skin permeation testing. Int J Pharm 2022; 625:122095. [PMID: 35961420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic (PK) models are widely used to describe drug permeation across the epidermal membrane barrier, the stratum corneum (SC). Here, we extend our previously reported diffusion and compartment-in-series models to describe plasma concentrations, urinary excretion-time profiles and exposure estimates after topically applied finite doses of solvent deposited solids. In vivo models were derived by convolution of a skin absorption input function for finite dosing with that for in vivo disposition PK. In vitro skin permeation test (IVPT) and in vivo urinary excretion data for cortisone, desoxycorticosterone, and testosterone were extracted from literature for model validation and establishment of in vitro - in vivo relationships (IVIVR). Both SC diffusion and SC 3-compartment-in-series PK models adequately described experimental in vitro and in vivo permeation data, with similar model parameter estimates for SC diffusion time and bioavailability. A satisfactory IVIVR was generated for cortisone, whereas testosterone and desoxycorticosterone showed higher bioavailability in vitro compared to in vivo. In recognising that future prospective studies need to both have an adequate sampling schedule and be harmonized for robust IVIVRs, we developed expressions for predicting extent of absorption and time for peak absorption for both in vitro and in vivo studies. Other study parameters, such as application site, applied dose, and application techniques, can also affect drug permeability through skin during dosage form metamorphosis after finite dose application, and a lack of correlation may result if these are poorly matched.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Therapeutics Research Centre, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Hanumanth S Cheruvu
- Therapeutics Research Centre, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Yuri G Anissimov
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - John van der Hoek
- UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Adelaide SA5011, Australia
| | - Eleftheria Tsakalozou
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Zhanglin Ni
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Priyanka Ghosh
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey E Grice
- Therapeutics Research Centre, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Michael S Roberts
- Therapeutics Research Centre, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia and Therapeutics Research Centre, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Medical Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia
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13
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Tonnis K, Nitsche JM, Xu L, Haley A, Jaworska J, Kasting GB. Impact of solvent dry down, vehicle pH and slowly reversible keratin binding on skin penetration of cosmetic relevant compounds: I. Liquids. Int J Pharm 2022; 624:122030. [PMID: 35863596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To measure progress and evaluate performance of the newest UB/UC/P&G skin penetration model we simulated an 18-compound subset of finite dose in vitro human skin permeation data taken from a solvent-deposition study of cosmetic-relevant compounds (Hewitt et al., J. Appl. Toxicol. 2019, 1-13). The recent model extension involved slowly reversible binding of solutes to stratum corneum keratins. The selected subset was compounds that are liquid at skin temperature. This set was chosen to distinguish between slow binding and slow dissolution effects that impact solid phase compounds. To adequately simulate the physical experiments there was a need to adjust the evaporation mass transfer coefficient to better represent the diffusion cell system employed in the study. After this adjustment the model successfully predicted both dermal delivery and skin surface distribution of 12 of the 18 compounds. Exceptions involved compounds that were cysteine-reactive, highly water-soluble or highly ionized in the dose solution. Slow binding to keratin, as presently parameterized, was shown to significantly modify the stratum corneum kinetics and diffusion lag times, but not the ultimate disposition, of the more lipophilic compounds in the dataset. Recommendations for further improvement of both modeling methods and experimental design are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Tonnis
- College of Engineering and Applied Science, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Johannes M Nitsche
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-4200, USA
| | - Lijing Xu
- The James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA
| | - Alison Haley
- College of Engineering and Applied Science, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Joanna Jaworska
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Data and Modeling Sciences, Brussels Innovation Center, Belgium
| | - Gerald B Kasting
- The James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA.
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14
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Compartmental modeling of skin absorption and desorption kinetics: Donor solvent evaporation, variable diffusion/partition coefficients, and slow equilibration process within stratum corneum. Int J Pharm 2022; 623:121902. [PMID: 35691525 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This work expands the recently developed compartmental model for skin transport to model variable diffusion and/or partition coefficients, and the presence of slow equilibration/slow binding kinetics within stratum corneum. The model was validated by comparing it with the diffusion model which was solved numerically using the finite element method. It was found that the new compartmental model predictions agreed well with that of the diffusion model, providing a sufficient number of compartments was used. The compartmental model was applied to two previously published experimental data sets: water penetration and desorption data and the finite dose dermal penetration of testosterone. Significant improvement of the fitting quality for all these data sets was achieved using the compartmental model.
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15
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Miller MA, Kasting GB. Absorption of solvent-deposited weak electrolytes and their salts through human skin in vitro. Int J Pharm 2022; 620:121753. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Hamadeh A, Troutman J, Najjar A, Edginton A. A Mechanistic Bayesian Inferential Workflow for Estimation of In Vivo Skin Permeation from In Vitro Measurements. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:838-851. [PMID: 34871561 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Computational models can play an integral role in the chemical risk assessment of dermatological products. However, a limitation on the ability of mathematical models to extrapolate from in vitro measurements to in human predictions arises from context-dependence: modeling assumptions made in one setting may not carry over to another scenario. Mechanistic models of dermal absorption relate the skin penetration kinetics of permeants to their partitioning and diffusion across elementary sub-compartments of the skin. This endows them with a flexibility through which specific model components can be adjusted to better reflect dermal absorption in contexts that differ from the in vitro setting, while keeping fixed any context-invariant parameters that remain unchanged in the two scenarios. This paper presents a workflow for predicting in vivo dermal absorption by integrating a mechanistic model of skin penetration with in vitro permeation test (IVPT) measurements. A Bayesian approach is adopted to infer a joint posterior distribution of context-invariant model parameters. By populating the model with samples of context-invariant parameters from this distribution and adjusting context-dependent parameters to suit the in vivo setting, simulations of the model yield estimates of the likely range of in vivo dermal absorption given the IVPT data. This workflow is applied to five compounds previously tested in vivo. In each case, the range of in vivo predictions encompassed the range observed experimentally. These studies demonstrate that the proposed workflow enables the derivation of mechanistically derived upper bounds on dermal absorption for the purposes of chemical risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Hamadeh
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, ON N2G 1C5, Canada
| | - John Troutman
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, OH 45040, United States of America
| | | | - Andrea Edginton
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, ON N2G 1C5, Canada.
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17
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Yun YE, Calderon-Nieva D, Hamadeh A, Edginton AN. Development and Evaluation of an In Silico Dermal Absorption Model Relevant for Children. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14010172. [PMID: 35057066 PMCID: PMC8780349 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The higher skin surface area to body weight ratio in children and the prematurity of skin in neonates may lead to higher chemical exposure as compared to adults. The objectives of this study were: (i) to provide a comprehensive review of the age-dependent anatomical and physiological changes in pediatric skin, and (ii) to construct and evaluate an age-dependent pediatric dermal absorption model. A comprehensive review was conducted to gather data quantifying the differences in the anatomy and physiology of child and adult skin. Maturation functions were developed for model parameters that were found to be age-dependent. A pediatric dermal absorption model was constructed by updating a MoBi implementation of the Dancik et al. 2013 skin permeation model with these maturation functions. Using a workflow for adult-to-child model extrapolation, the predictive performance of the model was evaluated by comparing its predicted rates of flux of diamorphine, phenobarbital and buprenorphine against experimental observations using neonatal skin. For diamorphine and phenobarbital, the model provided reasonable predictions. The ratios of predicted:observed flux in neonates for diamorphine ranged from 0.55 to 1.40. For phenobarbital, the ratios ranged from 0.93 to 1.26. For buprenorphine, the model showed acceptable predictive performance. Overall, the physiologically based pediatric dermal absorption model demonstrated satisfactory prediction accuracy. The prediction of dermal absorption in neonates using a model-based approach will be useful for both drug development and human health risk assessment.
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18
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Yu F, Tonnis K, Xu L, Jaworska J, Kasting GB. Modeling the Percutaneous Absorption of Solvent-deposited Solids Over a Wide Dose Range. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:769-779. [PMID: 34627876 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The transient absorption of two skin care agents, niacinamide (nicotinamide, NA) and methyl nicotinate (MN), solvent-deposited on ex vivo human skin mounted in Franz diffusion cells has been analyzed according to a new variation on a recently published mechanistic skin permeability model (Yu et al. 2020. J Pharm Sci 110:2149-56). The model follows the absorption and evaporation of two components, solute and solvent, and it includes both a follicular transport component and a dissolution rate limitation for high melting, hydrophilic solids deposited on the skin. Explicit algorithms for improving the simulation of transient diffusion of solvent-deposited solids are introduced. The simulations can account for the ex vivo skin permeation time course of both NA and MN over a dose range exceeding 4.5 orders of magnitude. The model allows one to describe on a mechanistic basis why the percutaneous absorption rate of NA is approximately 60-fold lower than that of its lower melting, more lipophilic analog, MN. It furthermore suggests that MN perturbs stratum corneum barrier lipids and increases their permeability while NA does not, presenting a challenge to molecular modelers engaged in simulating biological lipid barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yu
- College of Engineering and Applied Science, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Kevin Tonnis
- College of Engineering and Applied Science, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Lijing Xu
- The James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Joanna Jaworska
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Data and Modeling Sciences, Brussels Innovation Center, Belgium
| | - Gerald B Kasting
- The James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
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19
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Kasting GB, Miller MA, Xu L, Yu F, Jaworska J. In Vitro Human Skin Absorption of Solvent-deposited Solids: Niacinamide and Methyl Nicotinate. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:727-733. [PMID: 34600943 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative understanding of the dose dependence of topical delivery is important to cosmetic and dermatological product development and to risk assessment for hazardous chemicals contacting the skin. Despite considerable research, predictive capability in this area remains limited. To this end we conducted an experimental skin absorption study of two closely related skin care agents, niacinamide (nicotinamide, NA) and methyl nicotinate (MN), and analyzed the results quantitatively using a transient diffusion model described separately (Yu et al. submitted for publication). Radiolabeled test compounds were solvent-deposited onto ex vivo human skin mounted in Franz diffusion cells over a dose range exceeding 4.5 orders of magnitude, and permeation was measured over a 1-4 day period. At low doses, the permeation rate of NA was approximately 60-fold lower than that of its lower melting, more lipophilic analog, MN; at high doses an even greater difference was observed. The difference can be qualitatively explained based on higher lipid solubility and lower crystallinity of MN relative to NA. Dissolution-limited mass transfer through a lipid layer at the SC surface is suggested. Relevance of the results to practical skin care formulations was confirmed by a parallel study of NA in an o/w emulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald B Kasting
- The James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Matthew A Miller
- The James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Lijing Xu
- The James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Fang Yu
- College of Engineering and Applied Science, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Joanna Jaworska
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Data and Modeling Sciences, Brussels Innovation Center, Belgium
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20
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Somayaji MR, Das D, Garimella HT, German CL, Przekwas AJ, Simon L. An Integrated Biophysical Model for Predicting the Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Transdermally Delivered Compounds. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 167:105924. [PMID: 34289340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The delivery of therapeutic drugs through the skin is a promising alternative to oral or parenteral delivery routes because dermal drug delivery systems (D3S) offer unique advantages such as controlled drug release over sustained periods and a significant reduction in first-pass effects, thus reducing the required dosing frequency and level of patient noncompliance. Furthermore, D3S find applications in multiple therapeutic areas, including drug repurposing. This article presents an integrated biophysical model of dermal absorption for simulating the permeation and absorption of compounds delivered transdermally. The biophysical model is physiologically/biologically inspired and combines a holistic model of healthy skin with whole-body physiology-based pharmacokinetics through dermis microcirculation. The model also includes the effects of chemical penetration enhancers and hair follicles on transdermal transport. The model-predicted permeation and pharmacokinetics of select compounds were validated using in vivo data reported in the literature. We conjecture that the integrated model can be used to gather insights into the permeation and systemic absorption of transdermal formulations (including cosmetic products) released from novel depots and optimize delivery systems. Furthermore, the model can be adapted to diseased skin with parametrization and structural adjustments specific to skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahadevabharath R Somayaji
- Manager, Computational Medicine and Biology, CFD Research Corporation, Huntsville, AL 35806, United States.
| | - Debarun Das
- Manager, Computational Medicine and Biology, CFD Research Corporation, Huntsville, AL 35806, United States
| | - Harsha Teja Garimella
- Manager, Computational Medicine and Biology, CFD Research Corporation, Huntsville, AL 35806, United States
| | - Carrie L German
- Manager, Computational Medicine and Biology, CFD Research Corporation, Huntsville, AL 35806, United States
| | - Andrzej J Przekwas
- Manager, Computational Medicine and Biology, CFD Research Corporation, Huntsville, AL 35806, United States
| | - Laurent Simon
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, United States
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21
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Assessment of Vehicle Volatility and Deposition Layer Thickness in Skin Penetration Models. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13060807. [PMID: 34071572 PMCID: PMC8226736 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic disposition of dermally applied chemicals is often formulation-dependent. Rapid evaporation of the vehicle can result in crystallization of active compounds, limiting their degree of skin penetration. In addition, the choice of vehicle can affect the permeant’s degree of penetration into the stratum corneum. The aim of this study is to build a predictive, mechanistic, dermal absorption model that accounts for vehicle-specific effects on the kinetics of permeant transport into skin. An existing skin penetration model is extended to explicitly include the effect of vehicle volatility over time. Using in vitro measurements of skin penetration by chemicals applied in both a saline and an ethanol solvent, the model is optimized to learn two vehicle-specific quantities: the solvent evaporation rate and the extent of permeant deposition into the upper stratum corneum immediately following application. The dermal disposition estimates of the trained model are subsequently compared against those of the original model using further in vitro measurements. The trained model showed a 1.5-fold improvement and a 19-fold improvement in overall goodness of fit among compounds tested in saline and ethanol solvents, respectively. The proposed model structure can thus form a basis for in vitro to in vivo extrapolations of dermal disposition for skin formulations containing volatile components.
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22
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Almeida RN, Hartz JGM, Costa PF, Rodrigues AE, Vargas RMF, Cassel E. Permeability coefficients and vapour pressure determination for fragrance materials. Int J Cosmet Sci 2021; 43:225-234. [PMID: 33452685 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to correlate new experimental data relevant to the description of the combined evaporation/permeation process of a perfume applied onto the skin. METHODS The vapour pressure data were measured by thermogravimetric analysis (TG-DTA). The Antoine constants and the Clarke and Glew parameters were determined for the same set of fragrance molecules to describe its low vapour pressures at new temperature ranges. The permeability coefficient of a set of 14 fragrance molecules in ethanolic solution was determined by Franz diffusion cell experiments, using porcine skin. The samples were analysed by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC/FID) and high-performance liquid chromatography with UV visible detector (HPLC/UV). A QSAR model was proposed to correlate the experimental data. RESULTS The Antoine constants were determined and presented low standard deviations. The Clarke and Glew physically significant parameters were obtained along with its statistical analysis. The fitting is good since the magnitude order is in accordance with the literature, associated with the low correlation between the estimated parameters and low standard deviations. The presented correlation, based on a mixture using only ethanol as solvent, showed better results than previous QSAR models with a standard relative deviation ( σ r ) of 0.190, a standard error (SE) of 0.397 and a determination coefficient (R2 ) of 0.7786. CONCLUSION The dataset is still small compared to larger and more general QSAR models; however, it is much more specific as to the type of solvent and class of materials studied. This work represents an advance for the modelling of the perfume diffusion process since it specifies important properties that until then had been treated in a more general way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael N Almeida
- Unit Operations Lab, Polytechnic School, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - João G M Hartz
- Unit Operations Lab, Polytechnic School, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Patrícia F Costa
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alírio E Rodrigues
- LSRE-Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering, Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rubem M F Vargas
- Unit Operations Lab, Polytechnic School, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Cassel
- Unit Operations Lab, Polytechnic School, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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23
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Yu F, Tonnis K, Kasting GB, Jaworska J. Computer Simulation of Skin Permeability of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Chemicals - Influence of Follicular Pathway. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:2149-2156. [PMID: 33359309 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A recently published mechanistic skin permeability model (Kasting et al., 2019. J Pharm Sci 108:337-349) that included a follicular diffusion pathway has been extended to describe transient diffusion and finite dose applications. The model follows the disposition of two components, solute and solvent, so that solvent deposition processes can be explicitly represented. Experimentally-calibrated permeability characteristics of the follicular pathway leading to the permeation of highly hydrophilic permeants are further refined. Details of the refinements and a comparison with the earlier model using two large experimental datasets are presented. An example calculation shows the marked difference between the time scales for achievement of near steady-state diffusion for large hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds, with the former being more than 100-fold faster than the latter. However, the true steady state for the hydrophilic compound is not reached until much later due to the very slow filling of the corneocyte phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yu
- College of Engineering and Applied Science, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kevin Tonnis
- College of Engineering and Applied Science, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Gerald B Kasting
- The James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Joanna Jaworska
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Data and Modeling Sciences, Brussels Innovation Center, Belgium
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24
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Wu Q, Bai P, Xia Y, Xia Y, Xu B, Dai K, Zheng Z, Guo MSS, Fung KWC, Dong TTX, Tsim KWK. Capsaicin Inhibits the Expression of Melanogenic Proteins in Melanocyte via Activation of TRPV1 Channel: Identifying an Inhibitor of Skin Melanogenesis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:14863-14873. [PMID: 33280383 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chili pepper belongs to the genus Capsicum of Solanaceae family. Capsaicin is the primary capsaicinoid in placenta and flesh of chili pepper fruit, which has been shown to have various pharmacological functions, including gastric protection, anti-inflammation, and obesity treatment. Here, we revealed that capsaicin as well as chilli extract was able to inhibit synthesis of melanin in melanocytes. In cultured melanocytes, the melanin content was reduced to 54 ± 6.55% and 42 ± 7.41% with p < 0.001 under treatment of 50 μM capsaicin for 24 and 72 h, respectively. In parallel, the protein levels of tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein-1 were reduced to 62 ± 8.35% and 48 ± 8.92% with p < 0.001. Such an inhibitory effect of capsaicin was mediated by activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase. This resulted in a degradation of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, leading to reduction of melanogenic enzymes and melanin. These results revealed that capsaicin could be an effective inhibitor for skin melanogenesis. Hence, chili pepper, as our daily food, has potential in dermatological application, and capsaicin should be considered as a safe agent in treating hyperpigmentation problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyun Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Hi-Tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Panzhu Bai
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Hi-Tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yiteng Xia
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Hi-Tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yingjie Xia
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Hi-Tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bowen Xu
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kun Dai
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhongyu Zheng
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Maggie S S Guo
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kelly W C Fung
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tina T X Dong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Hi-Tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Karl W K Tsim
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Hi-Tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Hong Kong, China
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25
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Ellison CA, Tankersley KO, Obringer CM, Carr GJ, Manwaring J, Rothe H, Duplan H, Géniès C, Grégoire S, Hewitt NJ, Jamin CJ, Klaric M, Lange D, Rolaki A, Schepky A. Partition coefficient and diffusion coefficient determinations of 50 compounds in human intact skin, isolated skin layers and isolated stratum corneum lipids. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 69:104990. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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26
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Law RM, Ngo MA, Maibach HI. Twenty Clinically Pertinent Factors/Observations for Percutaneous Absorption in Humans. Am J Clin Dermatol 2020; 21:85-95. [PMID: 31677110 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-019-00480-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
At least 20 clinically relevant factors affect percutaneous absorption of drugs and chemicals: relevant physico-chemical properties, vehicle/formulation, drug exposure conditions (dose, duration, surface area, exposure frequency), skin appendages (hair follicles, glands) as sub-anatomical pathways, skin application sites (regional variation in penetration), population variability (premature, infants, and aged), skin surface conditions (hydration, temperature, pH), skin health and integrity (trauma, skin diseases), substantivity and binding to different skin components, systemic distribution and systemic toxicity, stratum corneum exfoliation, washing-off and washing-in, rubbing/massaging, transfer to others (human to human and hard surface to human), volatility, metabolic biotransformation/cutaneous metabolism, photochemical transformation and photosensitivity, excretion pharmacokinetics, lateral spread, and chemical method of determining percutaneous absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Law
- School of Pharmacy, Memorial University of Newfoundland, H3440, 300 Prince Phillip Dr., St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada.
- Department of Dermatology, UCSF School of Medicine, N461 2340 Sutter Street, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA.
| | - Mai A Ngo
- California Department of Toxic Substances Control, 8800 Cal Center Drive, Sacramento, CA, 95826, USA
| | - Howard I Maibach
- Department of Dermatology, UCSF School of Medicine, N461 2340 Sutter Street, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
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27
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Hewitt NJ, Grégoire S, Cubberley R, Duplan H, Eilstein J, Ellison C, Lester C, Fabian E, Fernandez J, Géniès C, Jacques-Jamin C, Klaric M, Rothe H, Sorrell I, Lange D, Schepky A. Measurement of the penetration of 56 cosmetic relevant chemicals into and through human skin using a standardized protocol. J Appl Toxicol 2019; 40:403-415. [PMID: 31867769 PMCID: PMC7027575 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OECD test guideline 428 compliant protocol using human skin was used to test the penetration of 56 cosmetic‐relevant chemicals. The penetration of finite doses (10 μL/cm2) of chemicals was measured over 24 hours. The dermal delivery (DD) (amount in the epidermis, dermis and receptor fluid [RF]) ranged between 0.03 ± 0.02 and 72.61 ± 8.89 μg/cm2. The DD of seven chemicals was comparable with in vivo values. The DD was mainly accounted for by the amount in the RF, although there were some exceptions, particularly of low DD chemicals. While there was some variability due to cell outliers and donor variation, the overall reproducibility was very good. As six chemicals had to be applied in 100% ethanol due to low aqueous solubility, we compared the penetration of four chemicals with similar physicochemical properties applied in ethanol and phosphate‐buffered saline. Of these, the DD of hydrocortisone was the same in both solvents, while the DD of propylparaben, geraniol and benzophenone was lower in ethanol. Some chemicals displayed an infinite dose kinetic profile; whereas, the cumulative absorption of others into the RF reflected the finite dosing profile, possibly due to chemical volatility, total absorption, chemical precipitation through vehicle evaporation or protein binding (or a combination of these). These investigations provide a substantial and consistent set of skin penetration data that can help improve the understanding of skin penetration, as well as improve the prediction capacity of in silico skin penetration models. The penetration of 56 chemicals was tested in human skin using a standard protocol. Dermal delivery correlated with the amount in the receptor fluid (RF). The impact of solvent on penetration was evaluated. Despite finite doses being applied, different profiles of cumulative absorption kinetics into the RF were observed. These data may help understand skin penetration and improve the prediction capacity of in silico skin penetration models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Joan Eilstein
- L'Oreal Research and Innovation, Aulnay-Sous-Bois, France
| | | | - Cathy Lester
- The Procter and Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Helga Rothe
- Procter and Gamble (currently Coty), Darmstadt, Germany
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28
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Modeling of Drug Diffusion Based on Concentration Profiles in Healthy and Damaged Human Skin. Biophys J 2019; 117:998-1008. [PMID: 31400921 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on experimental drug concentration profiles in healthy as well as tape-stripped ex vivo human skin, we model the penetration of the antiinflammatory drug dexamethasone into the skin layers by the one-dimensional generalized diffusion equation. We estimate the position-dependent free-energy and diffusivity profiles by solving the conjugated minimization problem, in which the only inputs are concentration profiles of dexamethasone in skin at three consecutive penetration times. The resulting free-energy profiles for damaged and healthy skin show only minor differences. In contrast, the drug diffusivity in the first 10 μm of the upper skin layer of damaged skin is 200-fold increased compared to healthy skin, which reflects the corrupted barrier function of tape-stripped skin. For the case of healthy skin, we examine the robustness of our method by analyzing the behavior of the extracted skin parameters when the number of input and output parameters are reduced. We also discuss techniques for the regularization of our parameter extraction method.
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Almeida RN, Costa P, Pereira J, Cassel E, Rodrigues AE. Evaporation and Permeation of Fragrance Applied to the Skin. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b01004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael N. Almeida
- LSRE-Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering, Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Costa
- LSRE-Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering, Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Pereira
- LSRE-Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering, Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Cassel
- Unit Operations Lab, Polytechnic School, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 6681 - Prédio 30, Bloco F, Sala 208, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Alírio E. Rodrigues
- LSRE-Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering, Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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Basketter D, Pease C, Kasting G, Kimber I, Casati S, Cronin M, Diembeck W, Gerberick F, Hadgraft J, Hartung T, Marty JP, Nikolaidis E, Patlewicz G, Roberts D, Roggen E, Rovida C, van de Sandt J. Skin Sensitisation and Epidermal Disposition: The Relevance of Epidermal Disposition for Sensitisation Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment. Altern Lab Anim 2019; 35:137-54. [PMID: 17411362 DOI: 10.1177/026119290703500124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Basketter
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Bedfordshire, UK
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31
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Compartmental modeling of skin transport. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 130:336-344. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Frasch HF, Lee L, Barbero AM. Spectral Reflectance Measurement of Evaporating Chemical Films: Initial Results and Application to Skin Permeation. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:2251-2258. [PMID: 29709488 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study has 2 aims. First, the method of spectral reflectance was used to measure evaporation rates of thin (∼25-300 μm) films of neat liquid volatile organic chemicals exposed to a well-regulated wind speed u. Gas-phase evaporation mass transfer coefficient (kevap) measurements of 10 chemicals, 9 of which were measured at similar u, are predicted (slope of log-log data = 1.01; intercept = 0.08; R2 = 0.996) by a previously proposed mass transfer correlation. For one chemical, isoamyl alcohol, the dependence of kevap on u0.52 was measured, in support of the predicted exponent value of ½. Second, measured kevap of nicotine was used as an input in analytical models based on diffusion theory to estimate the absorbed fraction (Fabs) of a small dose (5 μL/cm2) applied to human epidermis in vitro. The measured Fabs was 0.062 ± 0.023. Model-estimated values are 0.066 and 0.115. Spectral reflectance is a precise method of measuring kevap of liquid chemicals, and the data are well described by a simple gas-phase mass transfer coefficient. For nicotine under the single exposure condition measured herein, Fabs is well-predicted from a theoretical model that requires knowledge of kevap, maximal dermal flux, and membrane lag time.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Frederick Frasch
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26508.
| | - Larry Lee
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26508
| | - Ana M Barbero
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26508
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Frasch HF, Barbero AM. In vitro human skin permeation of benzene in gasoline: Effects of concentration, multiple dosing and skin preparation. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2018; 28:193-201. [PMID: 28792002 PMCID: PMC6531855 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2017.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In vitro human skin benzene permeation was measured from gasoline formulations with benzene concentrations ranging from 0.8 to 10 vol% and from neat benzene. Steady-state fluxes (JSS), permeability coefficients (kp) and lag times (tlag) were calculated from infinite dose exposures. Permeation of benzene from small gasoline doses administered over a two-day period was also studied. The thermodynamic activity of benzene in gasoline at 30 °C was determined and the solution is near-ideal over the range from 0.8 to 100 vol%. JSS through human epidermal membranes were linear (R2=0.92) with concentration over the range from 0.8 to 10 vol%. JSS (μg/cm2/h) from gasoline (0.8 vol% benzene=6.99 mg/ml) through epidermis and full-thickness skin were 9.37±1.41 and 1.82±0.44, respectively. Neat benzene JSS was 566±138. Less than 0.25% of the total applied benzene mass from finite doses (10 μl/cm2) of gasoline was detected in receptor cells, and a small reduction of barrier function was observed from six total doses administered over 2 days. Application of these results to dermal exposure assessment examples demonstrates a range of systemic benzene uptakes that can be expected from occupational and consumer dermal exposures to gasoline, depending on the type and extent of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Frederick Frasch
- Health Effects Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Ana M Barbero
- Health Effects Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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34
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Goyal N, Thatai P, Sapra B. Surging footprints of mathematical modeling for prediction of transdermal permeability. Asian J Pharm Sci 2017; 12:299-325. [PMID: 32104342 PMCID: PMC7032208 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo skin permeation studies are considered gold standard but are difficult to perform and evaluate due to ethical issues and complexity of process involved. In recent past, a useful tool has been developed by combining the computational modeling and experimental data for expounding biological complexity. Modeling of percutaneous permeation studies provides an ethical and viable alternative to laboratory experimentation. Scientists are exploring complex models in magnificent details with advancement in computational power and technology. Mathematical models of skin permeability are highly relevant with respect to transdermal drug delivery, assessment of dermal exposure to industrial and environmental hazards as well as in developing fundamental understanding of biotransport processes. Present review focuses on various mathematical models developed till now for the transdermal drug delivery along with their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bharti Sapra
- Pharmaceutics Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
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Simon L, Ospina J. Two-Dimensional Description of Absorption in Humans after Dermal Exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2017.1306519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Simon
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Juan Ospina
- Logic and Computation Group, Physics Engineering Program, School of Sciences and Humanities, EAFIT University, Medellin, Colombia
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Data-based modeling of drug penetration relates human skin barrier function to the interplay of diffusivity and free-energy profiles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:3631-3636. [PMID: 28320932 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1620636114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on experimental concentration depth profiles of the antiinflammatory drug dexamethasone in human skin, we model the time-dependent drug penetration by the 1D general diffusion equation that accounts for spatial variations in the diffusivity and free energy. For this, we numerically invert the diffusion equation and thereby obtain the diffusivity and the free-energy profiles of the drug as a function of skin depth without further model assumptions. As the only input, drug concentration profiles derived from X-ray microscopy at three consecutive times are used. For dexamethasone, skin barrier function is shown to rely on the combination of a substantially reduced drug diffusivity in the stratum corneum (the outermost epidermal layer), dominant at short times, and a pronounced free-energy barrier at the transition from the epidermis to the dermis underneath, which determines the drug distribution in the long-time limit. Our modeling approach, which is generally applicable to all kinds of barriers and diffusors, allows us to disentangle diffusivity from free-energetic effects. Thereby we can predict short-time drug penetration, where experimental measurements are not feasible, as well as long-time permeation, where ex vivo samples deteriorate, and thus span the entire timescales of biological barrier functioning.
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37
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Saadatmand M, Stone KJ, Vega VN, Felter S, Ventura S, Kasting G, Jaworska J. Skin hydration analysis by experiment and computer simulations and its implications for diapered skin. Skin Res Technol 2017; 23:500-513. [DOI: 10.1111/srt.12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Saadatmand
- UC-P&G Simulation Center; University of Cincinnati; Cincinnati OH USA
| | - K. J. Stone
- Procter and Gamble Company; Cincinnati OH USA
| | - V. N. Vega
- Procter and Gamble Company; Cincinnati OH USA
| | - S. Felter
- Procter and Gamble Company; Cincinnati OH USA
| | - S. Ventura
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy; University of Cincinnati; Cincinnati OH USA
| | - G. Kasting
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy; University of Cincinnati; Cincinnati OH USA
| | - J. Jaworska
- Procter & Gamble Company; Strombeek-Bever Belgium
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Ernstoff AS, Fantke P, Csiszar SA, Henderson AD, Chung S, Jolliet O. Multi-pathway exposure modeling of chemicals in cosmetics with application to shampoo. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 92-93:87-96. [PMID: 27062422 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel multi-pathway, mass balance based, fate and exposure model compatible with life cycle and high-throughput screening assessments of chemicals in cosmetic products. The exposures through product use as well as post-use emissions and environmental media were quantified based on the chemical mass originally applied via a product, multiplied by the product intake fractions (PiF, the fraction of a chemical in a product that is taken in by exposed persons) to yield intake rates. The average PiFs for the evaluated chemicals in shampoo ranged from 3×10(-4) up to 0.3 for rapidly absorbed ingredients. Average intake rates ranged between nano- and micrograms per kilogram bodyweight per day; the order of chemical prioritization was strongly affected by the ingredient concentration in shampoo. Dermal intake and inhalation (for 20% of the evaluated chemicals) during use dominated exposure, while the skin permeation coefficient dominated the estimated uncertainties. The fraction of chemical taken in by a shampoo user often exceeded, by orders of magnitude, the aggregated fraction taken in by the population through post-use environmental emissions. Chemicals with relatively high octanol-water partitioning and/or volatility, and low molecular weight tended to have higher use stage exposure. Chemicals with low intakes during use (<1%) and subsequent high post-use emissions, however, may yield comparable intake for a member of the general population. The presented PiF based framework offers a novel and critical advancement for life cycle assessments and high-throughput exposure screening of chemicals in cosmetic products demonstrating the importance of consistent consideration of near- and far-field multi-pathway exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexi S Ernstoff
- Quantitative Sustainability Assessment Division, Department of Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet 424, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA.
| | - Peter Fantke
- Quantitative Sustainability Assessment Division, Department of Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet 424, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Susan A Csiszar
- Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA
| | - Andrew D Henderson
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Sustainable Technology Division, Systems Analysis Branch, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA; Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA
| | - Susie Chung
- Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA
| | - Olivier Jolliet
- Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA
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39
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What determines skin sensitization potency: Myths, maybes and realities. The 500 molecular weight cut-off: An updated analysis. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 37:105-116. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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40
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On the Variation of Water Diffusion Coefficient in Stratum Corneum With Water Content. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:1141-7. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3549(15)00173-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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41
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Gorman Ng M, Milon A, Vernez D, Lavoué J. A Web-based Tool to Aid the Identification of Chemicals Potentially Posing a Health Risk through Percutaneous Exposure. ANNALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE 2015; 60:276-89. [PMID: 26721263 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mev091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Occupational hygiene practitioners typically assess the risk posed by occupational exposure by comparing exposure measurements to regulatory occupational exposure limits (OELs). In most jurisdictions, OELs are only available for exposure by the inhalation pathway. Skin notations are used to indicate substances for which dermal exposure may lead to health effects. However, these notations are either present or absent and provide no indication of acceptable levels of exposure. Furthermore, the methodology and framework for assigning skin notation differ widely across jurisdictions resulting in inconsistencies in the substances that carry notations. The UPERCUT tool was developed in response to these limitations. It helps occupational health stakeholders to assess the hazard associated with dermal exposure to chemicals. UPERCUT integrates dermal quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) and toxicological data to provide users with a skin hazard index called the dermal hazard ratio (DHR) for the substance and scenario of interest. The DHR is the ratio between the estimated 'received' dose and the 'acceptable' dose. The 'received' dose is estimated using physico-chemical data and information on the exposure scenario provided by the user (body parts exposure and exposure duration), and the 'acceptable' dose is estimated using inhalation OELs and toxicological data. The uncertainty surrounding the DHR is estimated with Monte Carlo simulation. Additional information on the selected substances includes intrinsic skin permeation potential of the substance and the existence of skin notations. UPERCUT is the only available tool that estimates the absorbed dose and compares this to an acceptable dose. In the absence of dermal OELs it provides a systematic and simple approach for screening dermal exposure scenarios for 1686 substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Gorman Ng
- University of Montréal Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, Québec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Antoine Milon
- Institute for Work and Health, University of Lausanne and Geneva, Lausanne 1066, Switzerland
| | - David Vernez
- Institute for Work and Health, University of Lausanne and Geneva, Lausanne 1066, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Lavoué
- University of Montréal Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, Québec H2X 0A9, Canada;
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42
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Li X, Johnson R, Weinstein B, Wilder E, Smith E, Kasting GB. Dynamics of water transport and swelling in human stratum corneum. Chem Eng Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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43
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Rush AK, Miller MA, Smith ED, Kasting GB. A quantitative radioluminographic imaging method for evaluating lateral diffusion rates in skin. J Control Release 2015; 216:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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44
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45
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Selzer D, Neumann D, Schaefer UF. Mathematical models for dermal drug absorption. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2015; 11:1567-83. [PMID: 26166490 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2015.1063615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mathematical models of dermal transport offer the advantages of being much faster and less expensive than in vitro or in vivo studies. The number of methods used to create such models has been increasing rapidly, probably due to the steady rise in computational power. Although each of the various approaches has its own virtues and limitations, it may be difficult to decide which approach is best suited to address a given problem. AREAS COVERED Here we outline the basic ideas, drawbacks and advantages of compartmental and quantitative structure-activity relationship models, as well as of analytical and numerical approaches for solving the diffusion equation. Examples of special applications of the different approaches are given. EXPERT OPINION Although some models are sophisticated and might be used in future to predict transport through damaged or diseased skin, the comparatively low availability of suitable and accurate experimental data limits extensive usage of these models and their predictive accuracy. Due to the lack of experimental data, the possibility of validating mathematical models is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Selzer
- a 1 Saarland University, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology , 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany.,b 2 Scientific Consilience GmbH, Saarland University , Bldg. 30, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany +49 681 302 71230 ; +49 681 302 64956 ;
| | - Dirk Neumann
- a 1 Saarland University, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology , 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany.,b 2 Scientific Consilience GmbH, Saarland University , Bldg. 30, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany +49 681 302 71230 ; +49 681 302 64956 ;
| | - Ulrich F Schaefer
- c 3 Saarland University, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology , 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
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46
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Miller MA, Kasting GB. A Spreadsheet-Based Method for Simultaneously Estimating the Disposition of Multiple Ingredients Applied to Skin. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:2047-2055. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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47
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Frasch HF, Bunge AL. The transient dermal exposure II: post-exposure absorption and evaporation of volatile compounds. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:1499-507. [PMID: 25611182 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The transient dermal exposure is one where the skin is exposed to chemical for a finite duration, after which the chemical is removed and no residue remains on the skin's surface. Chemical within the skin at the end of the exposure period can still enter the systemic circulation. If it has some volatility, a portion of it will evaporate from the surface before it has a chance to be absorbed by the body. The fate of this post-exposure "skin depot" is the focus of this theoretical study. Laplace domain solutions for concentration distribution, flux, and cumulative mass absorption and evaporation are presented, and time domain results are obtained through numerical inversion. The Final Value Theorem is applied to obtain the analytical solutions for the total fractional absorption by the body and evaporation from skin at infinite time following a transient exposure. The solutions depend on two dimensionless variables: χ, the ratio of evaporation rate to steady-state dermal permeation rate; and the ratio of exposure time to membrane lag time. Simple closed form algebraic equations are presented that closely approximate the complete analytical solutions. Applications of the theory to the dermal risk assessment of pharmaceutical, occupational, and environmental exposures are presented for four example chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Frederick Frasch
- Health Effects Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26505
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48
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Gajjar RM, Kasting GB. Absorption of ethanol, acetone, benzene and 1,2-dichloroethane through human skin in vitro: a test of diffusion model predictions. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 281:109-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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49
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Lehman PA. A simplified approach for estimating skin permeation parameters from in vitro finite dose absorption studies. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:4048-4057. [PMID: 25324199 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Historically, percutaneous absorption permeation parameters have been derived from in vitro infinite dose studies, yet there is uncertainty in their accuracy if the applied vehicle saturates or damages the stratum corneum, or when the permeation parameters are inappropriately derived from cumulative absorption data. An approach is provided for determining penetration parameters from in vitro finite dose data. Key variables, and equations for their derivation, are identified from the literature and provide permeation parameters that use only Tmax , AUC, and AUMC from finite dose data. The equations are tested with computer-generated model data and to actual study data. Derived permeation parameters obtained from the computer model data match those used in generating the simulated finite dose data. Parameters obtained from actual study data reasonably and acceptably model the penetration profile kinetics of the study data. From in vitro finite dose absorption data, three parameters can be obtained: the diffusion transit time (td ), which characterizes the diffusion coefficient, the partition volume (Vm P), which characterizes the partition coefficient, and the permeation coefficient (Kp ). These parameters can be obtained from finite dose data without having to know the length of the diffusion pathway through the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Lehman
- QPS, LLC, Delaware Technology Park, Newark,Delaware 19811.
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50
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Effects of solvent on percutaneous absorption of nonvolatile lipophilic solute. Int J Pharm 2014; 476:266-76. [PMID: 25261711 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the effects of solvents upon percutaneous absorption can improve drug delivery across skin and allow better risk assessment of toxic compound exposure. The objective of the present study was to examine the effects of solvents upon the deposition of a moderately lipophilic solute at a low dose in the stratum corneum (SC) that could influence skin absorption of the solute after topical application. Skin permeation experiments were performed using Franz diffusion cells and human epidermal membrane (HEM). Radiolabeled corticosterone ((3)H-CS) was the model permeant. The solvents used had different evaporation and skin penetration properties that were expected to impact skin deposition of CS and its absorption across skin. The results show no correlation between the rate of absorption of the permeant and the rate of solvent evaporation/penetration with ethanol, hexane, isopropanol, and butanol as the solvent; all of these solvents have fast evaporation rates (complete evaporation in <30 min after application). This suggests no differences in solvent-induced deposition of CS in the SC for the fast-evaporating solvents. The results of these fast-evaporating solvents were different from those of water, propylene glycol, and polyethylene glycol 400, that a relationship between permeant absorption and the rate of solvent evaporation was observed.
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