1
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Sóskuti E, Szilvásy N, Temesszentandrási-Ambrus C, Urbán Z, Csíkvári O, Szabó Z, Kecskeméti G, Pusztai É, Gáborik Z. Applicability of MDR1 Overexpressing Abcb1KO-MDCKII Cell Lines for Investigating In Vitro Species Differences and Brain Penetration Prediction. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:736. [PMID: 38931858 PMCID: PMC11207571 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Implementing the 3R initiative to reduce animal experiments in brain penetration prediction for CNS-targeting drugs requires more predictive in vitro and in silico models. However, animal studies are still indispensable to obtaining brain concentration and determining the prediction performance of in vitro models. To reveal species differences and provide reliable data for IVIVE, in vitro models are required. Systems overexpressing MDR1 and BCRP are widely used to predict BBB penetration, highlighting the impact of the in vitro system on predictive performance. In this study, endogenous Abcb1 knock-out MDCKII cells overexpressing MDR1 of human, mouse, rat or cynomolgus monkey origin were used. Good correlations between ERs of 83 drugs determined in each cell line suggest limited species specificities. All cell lines differentiated CNS-penetrating compounds based on ERs with high efficiency and sensitivity. The correlation between in vivo and predicted Kp,uu,brain was the highest using total ER of human MDR1 and BCRP and optimized scaling factors. MDR1 interactors were tested on all MDR1 orthologs using digoxin and quinidine as substrates. We found several examples of inhibition dependent on either substrate or transporter abundance. In summary, this assay system has the potential for early-stage brain penetration screening. IC50 comparison between orthologs is complex; correlation with transporter abundance data is not necessarily proportional and requires the understanding of modes of transporter inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emőke Sóskuti
- Charles River Laboratories Hungary, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (E.S.); (N.S.); (C.T.-A.); (Z.U.); (O.C.)
- Doctoral School of Semmelweis University, Molecular Medicine Division, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nóra Szilvásy
- Charles River Laboratories Hungary, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (E.S.); (N.S.); (C.T.-A.); (Z.U.); (O.C.)
| | | | - Zoltán Urbán
- Charles River Laboratories Hungary, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (E.S.); (N.S.); (C.T.-A.); (Z.U.); (O.C.)
| | - Olivér Csíkvári
- Charles River Laboratories Hungary, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (E.S.); (N.S.); (C.T.-A.); (Z.U.); (O.C.)
| | - Zoltán Szabó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (Z.S.); (G.K.)
| | - Gábor Kecskeméti
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (Z.S.); (G.K.)
| | - Éva Pusztai
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Process Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Zsuzsanna Gáborik
- Charles River Laboratories Hungary, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (E.S.); (N.S.); (C.T.-A.); (Z.U.); (O.C.)
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2
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Fu K, Chen W, Meng M, Zhao H, Yuan H, Wang Y, Ren Y, Yun Y, Guo D. An allosteric modulator of the adenosine A 1 receptor potentiates the antilipolytic effect in rat adipose tissue. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 951:175777. [PMID: 37182594 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The adenosine A1 receptor plays important roles in tuning free fatty acid (FFA) levels and represents an attractive target for metabolic disorders. Though remarkable progress has been achieved in the exploitation of effective (orthosteric) A1 receptor agonists in modulating aberrant FFA levels, the effect of A1 receptor allosteric modulation on lipid homeostasis is less investigated. Herein we sought to explore the effect of an allosteric modulator on the action of an A1 receptor orthosteric agonist in regulating the lipolytic process in vitro and in vivo. We examined the binding kinetics of a selective A1 receptor agonist 2-chloro-N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CCPA) in the absence or presence of an allosteric modulator (2-amino-4,5-dimethyl-3-thienyl)-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-phenyl]methanone (PD81,723) on rat adipocyte membranes. We also examined the allosteric effects of PD81,723 on mediating the CCPA-induced inhibition of cAMP accumulation, HSL (hormone-sensitive lipase) phosphorylation and FFA production in in vitro and in vivo models. Our results demonstrated that PD81,723 slowed down the dissociation of CCPA from the A1 receptor, which, consequently, potentiated the antilipolytic action of CCPA through downregulating the cAMP/HSL pathway. Our study exemplified the application of A1 receptor allosteric modulators as an alternative for metabolic disease treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kequan Fu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenbing Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingzhu Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haoxing Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yinan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Ren
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Yun
- The Affiliated Suqian First People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 120 Suzhi Road, Suqian, 223800, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Dong Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
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3
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Cox B, Nicolaï J, Williamson B. The role of the efflux transporter, P-glycoprotein, at the blood-brain barrier in drug discovery. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2023; 44:113-126. [PMID: 36198662 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) expresses a high abundance of transporters, particularly P-glycoprotein (P-gp), that regulate endogenous and exogenous molecule uptake and removal of waste. This review discusses key drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic considerations for the efflux transporter P-gp at the BBB in drug discovery and development. We highlight the differences in P-gp expression and protein levels across species but the limited observations of species-specific substrates. Given the impact of age and disease on BBB biology, we summarise the modulation of P-gp for several neurological disorders and ageing and exemplify several disease-specific hurdles or opportunities for drug exposure in the brain. Furthermore, the review includes observations of CNS-related drug-drug interactions due to the inhibition or induction of P-gp at the BBB in animal studies and humans and the need for continued evaluation especially for compounds with a narrow therapeutic window. This review focusses primarily on small molecules but also considers the impact of new chemical entities, particularly beyond Ro5 molecules and their potential to be recognised as P-gp substrates as well as advanced drug delivery systems which offer an alternative approach to achieve and sustain central nervous system exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Cox
- DMPK, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Johan Nicolaï
- DMPK, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
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4
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Talele S, Zhang W, Chen J, Gupta SK, Burgenske DM, Sarkaria JN, Elmquist WF. Central Nervous System Distribution of the Ataxia-Telangiectasia Mutated Kinase Inhibitor AZD1390: Implications for the Treatment of Brain Tumors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2022; 383:91-102. [PMID: 36137710 PMCID: PMC9513858 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.122.001230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective drug delivery to the brain is critical for the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM), an aggressive and invasive primary brain tumor that has a dismal prognosis. Radiation therapy, the mainstay of brain tumor treatment, works by inducing DNA damage. Therefore, inhibiting DNA damage response (DDR) pathways can sensitize tumor cells to radiation and enhance cytotoxicity. AZD1390 is an inhibitor of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated kinase, a critical regulator of DDR. Our in vivo studies in the mouse indicate that delivery of AZD1390 to the central nervous system (CNS) is restricted due to active efflux by P-glycoprotein (P-gp). The free fraction of AZD1390 in brain and spinal cord were found to be low, thereby reducing the partitioning of free drug to these organs. Coadministration of an efflux inhibitor significantly increased CNS exposure of AZD1390. No differences were observed in distribution of AZD1390 within different anatomic regions of CNS, and the functional activity of P-gp and breast cancer resistance protein also remained the same across brain regions. In an intracranial GBM patient-derived xenograft model, AZD1390 accumulation was higher in the tumor core and rim compared with surrounding brain. Despite this heterogenous delivery within tumor-bearing brain, AZD1390 concentrations in normal brain, tumor rim, and tumor core were above in vitro effective radiosensitizing concentrations. These results indicate that despite being a substrate of efflux in the mouse brain, sufficient AZD1390 exposure is anticipated even in regions of normal brain. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Given the invasive nature of glioblastoma (GBM), tumor cells are often protected by an intact blood-brain barrier, requiring the development of brain-penetrant molecules for effective treatment. We show that efflux mediated by P-glycoprotein (P-gp) limits central nervous system (CNS) distribution of AZD1390 and that there are no distributional differences within anatomical regions of CNS. Despite efflux by P-gp, concentrations effective for potent radiosensitization are achieved in GBM tumor-bearing mouse brains, indicating that AZD1390 is an attractive molecule for clinical development of brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surabhi Talele
- Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (S.T., W.Z., W.F.E.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.C., S.K.G., D.M.B., J.N.S.)
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (S.T., W.Z., W.F.E.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.C., S.K.G., D.M.B., J.N.S.)
| | - Jiajia Chen
- Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (S.T., W.Z., W.F.E.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.C., S.K.G., D.M.B., J.N.S.)
| | - Shiv K Gupta
- Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (S.T., W.Z., W.F.E.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.C., S.K.G., D.M.B., J.N.S.)
| | - Danielle M Burgenske
- Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (S.T., W.Z., W.F.E.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.C., S.K.G., D.M.B., J.N.S.)
| | - Jann N Sarkaria
- Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (S.T., W.Z., W.F.E.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.C., S.K.G., D.M.B., J.N.S.)
| | - William F Elmquist
- Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (S.T., W.Z., W.F.E.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.C., S.K.G., D.M.B., J.N.S.)
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5
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Wang AQ, Hagen NR, Padilha EC, Yang M, Shah P, Chen CZ, Huang W, Terse P, Sanderson P, Zheng W, Xu X. Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and In Vitro Properties of GS-441524, a Potential Oral Drug Candidate for COVID-19 Treatment. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:918083. [PMID: 36052127 PMCID: PMC9424906 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.918083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Preclinical pharmacokinetics (PK) and In Vitro ADME properties of GS-441524, a potential oral agent for the treatment of Covid-19, were studied. GS-441524 was stable in vitro in liver microsomes, cytosols, and hepatocytes of mice, rats, monkeys, dogs, and humans. The plasma free fractions of GS-441524 were 62-78% across all studied species. The in vitro transporter study results showed that GS-441524 was a substrate of MDR1, BCRP, CNT3, ENT1, and ENT2; but not a substrate of CNT1, CNT2, and ENT4. GS-441524 had a low to moderate plasma clearance (CLp), ranging from 4.1 mL/min/kg in dogs to 26 mL/min/kg in mice; the steady state volume distribution (Vdss) ranged from 0.9 L/kg in dogs to 2.4 L/kg in mice after IV administration. Urinary excretion appeared to be the major elimination process for GS-441524. Following oral administration, the oral bioavailability was 8.3% in monkeys, 33% in rats, 39% in mice, and 85% in dogs. The PK and ADME properties of GS-441524 support its further development as an oral drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Q. Wang
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xin Xu
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
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6
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Taniguchi K, Suzuki T, Okamura T, Kurita A, Nohara G, Ishii S, Kado S, Takagi A, Tsugane M, Shishido Y. Perifosine, a Bioavailable Alkylphospholipid Akt Inhibitor, Exhibits Antitumor Activity in Murine Models of Cancer Brain Metastasis Through Favorable Tumor Exposure. Front Oncol 2021; 11:754365. [PMID: 34804943 PMCID: PMC8600181 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.754365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic brain tumors are regarded as the most advanced stage of certain types of cancer; however, chemotherapy has played a limited role in the treatment of brain metastases. Here, we established murine models of brain metastasis using cell lines derived from human brain metastatic tumors, and aimed to explore the antitumor efficacy of perifosine, an orally active allosteric Akt inhibitor. We evaluated the effectiveness of perifosine by using it as a single agent in ectopic and orthotopic models created by injecting the DU 145 and NCI-H1915 cell lines into mice. Initially, the injected cells formed distant multifocal lesions in the brains of NCI-H1915 mice, making surgical resection impractical in clinical settings. We determined that perifosine could distribute into the brain and remain localized in that region for a long period. Perifosine significantly prolonged the survival of DU 145 and NCI-H1915 orthotopic brain tumor mice; additionally, complete tumor regression was observed in the NCI-H1915 model. Perifosine also elicited much stronger antitumor responses against subcutaneous NCI-H1915 growth; a similar trend of sensitivity to perifosine was also observed in the orthotopic models. Moreover, the degree of suppression of NCI-H1915 tumor growth was associated with long-term exposure to a high level of perifosine at the tumor site and the resultant blockage of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, a decrease in tumor cell proliferation, and increased apoptosis. The results presented here provide a promising approach for the future treatment of patients with metastatic brain cancers and emphasize the importance of enriching a patient population that has a higher probability of responding to perifosine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomo Suzuki
- Yakult Central Institute, Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomomi Okamura
- Yakult Central Institute, Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akinobu Kurita
- Yakult Central Institute, Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gou Nohara
- Pharmaceutical Research & Development Department, Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Ishii
- Pharmaceutical Research & Development Department, Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoichi Kado
- Yakult Central Institute, Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akimitsu Takagi
- Yakult Central Institute, Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Momomi Tsugane
- Yakult Central Institute, Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Schmidt A, Schmidt A, Markert UR. The road (not) taken - Placental transfer and interspecies differences. Placenta 2021; 115:70-77. [PMID: 34562829 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2021.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Species differences are among the main reasons for the high failure rate of preclinical studies. A better awareness and understanding of these differences might help to improve the outcome of preclinical research. In reproduction, the placenta is the central organ regulating fetal exposure to a substance circulating in the maternal organism. Exact information about placental transfer can help to better estimate the toxic potential of a substance. From an evolutionary point of view, the chorioallantoic placenta is the organ with the highest anatomical diversity among species. Moreover, frequently used animal models in reproduction belong to rodents and lagomorphs, two groups that are characterized by the generation of an additional type of placenta, which is crucial for fetal development, but absent from humans: the inverted yolk sac placenta. Taken together, the translatability of placental transfer studies from laboratory animals to humans is challenging, which is supported by the fact that numerous species-dependent toxic effects are described in literature. Thus, reliable human-relevant data are frequently lacking and the toxic potential of chemicals and pharmaceuticals for humans can hardly be estimated, often resulting in recommendations that medical treatments or exposure to chemicals should be avoided for safety reasons. Although species differences of placental anatomy have been described frequently and the need for human-relevant research models has been emphasized, analyses of substances with species-dependent placental transfer have been performed only sporadically. Here, we present examples for species-specific placental transfer, including that of nanoparticles and pharmaceuticals, and discuss potential underlying mechanisms. With respect to the COVID 19-pandemic it might be of interest that some antiviral drugs are reported to feature species-specific placental transfer. Further, differences in placental structure and antibody transfer may affect placental transfer of ZIKA virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Schmidt
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany.
| | - Astrid Schmidt
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Udo R Markert
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
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8
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Miyake T, Tsutsui H, Haraya K, Tachibana T, Morimoto K, Takehara S, Ayabe M, Kobayashi K, Kazuki Y. Quantitative prediction of P-glycoprotein-mediated drug-drug interactions and intestinal absorption using humanized mice. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:4335-4351. [PMID: 34232502 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE P-glycoprotein (P-gp) exhibits a broad substrate specificity and affects pharmacokinetics, especially intestinal absorption. However, prediction, in vivo, of P-gp-mediated drug-drug interaction (DDI) and non-linear absorption at the preclinical stage, is challenging. Here we evaluate the use of human MDR1 mouse artificial chromosome (hMDR1-MAC) mice carrying human P-gp and lacking their own murine P-gp to quantitatively predict human P-gp-mediated DDI and non-linear absorption. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The P-gp substrates (aliskiren, betrixaban, celiprolol, digoxin, fexofenadine and talinolol) were administered orally to wild-type, Mdr1a/b-knockout (KO) and hMDR1-MAC mice, and their plasma concentrations were measured. We calculated the ratio of area under the curve (AUCR) in mice (AUCMdr1a/b-KO /AUCwild-type or AUCMdr1a/b-KO /AUChMDR1-MAC ) estimated as attributable to complete P-gp inhibition and the human AUCR with and without P-gp inhibitor administration. The correlations of AUCRhuman with AUCRwild-type and AUCRhMDR1-MAC were investigated. For aliskiren, betrixaban and celiprolol, the Km and Vmax values for P-gp in hMDR1-MAC mice and humans were optimized from different dosing studies using GastroPlus. The correlations of Km and Vmax for P-gp between human and hMDR1-MAC mice were investigated. KEY RESULTS A better correlation between AUCRhuman and AUCRhMDR1-MAC (R2 = 0.88) was observed. Moreover, good relationships of Km (R2 = 1.00) and Vmax (R2 = 0.98) for P-gp between humans and hMDR1-MAC mice were observed. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These results suggest that P-gp-mediated DDI and non-linear absorption can be predicted using hMDR1-MAC mice. These mice are a useful in vivo tool for quantitatively predicting P-gp-mediated disposition in drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiji Miyake
- Discovery ADMET Department, Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Japan
| | - Haruka Tsutsui
- Discovery ADMET Department, Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Japan
| | - Kenta Haraya
- Discovery ADMET Department, Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Tachibana
- Discovery ADMET Department, Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Japan
| | - Kayoko Morimoto
- Research and Development Department, Trans Chromosomics, Inc., Yonago, Japan
| | - Shoko Takehara
- Research and Development Department, Trans Chromosomics, Inc., Yonago, Japan
| | - Miho Ayabe
- Discovery Technology Research Department, Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Japan
| | - Kaoru Kobayashi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kazuki
- Division of Genome and Cellular Functions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan.,Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
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9
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García-Varela L, García DV, Kakiuchi T, Ohba H, Nishiyama S, Tago T, Elsinga PH, Tsukada H, Colabufo NA, Dierckx RAJO, van Waarde A, Toyohara J, Boellaard R, Luurtsema G. Pharmacokinetic Modeling of ( R)-[ 11C]verapamil to Measure the P-Glycoprotein Function in Nonhuman Primates. Mol Pharm 2020; 18:416-428. [PMID: 33315404 PMCID: PMC7788571 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c01014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
(R)-[11C]verapamil is a radiotracer
widely used for the evaluation of the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) function
at the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Several studies have evaluated
the pharmacokinetics of (R)-[11C]verapamil
in rats and humans under different conditions. However, to the best
of our knowledge, the pharmacokinetics of (R)-[11C]verapamil have not yet been evaluated in nonhuman primates.
Our study aims to establish (R)-[11C]verapamil
as a reference P-gp tracer for comparison of a newly developed P-gp
positron emission tomography (PET) tracer in a species close to humans.
Therefore, the study assesses the kinetics of (R)-[11C]verapamil and evaluates the effect of scan duration and
P-gp inhibition on estimated pharmacokinetic parameters. Three nonhuman
primates underwent two dynamic 91 min PET scans with arterial blood
sampling, one at baseline and another after inhibition of the P-gp
function. The (R)-[11C]verapamil data
were analyzed using 1-tissue compartment model (1-TCM) and 2-tissue
compartment model fits using plasma-corrected for polar radio-metabolites
or non-corrected for radio-metabolites as an input function and with
various scan durations (10, 20, 30, 60, and 91 min). The preferred
model was chosen according to the Akaike information criterion and
the standard errors (SE %) of the estimated parameters. 1-TCM was
selected as the model of choice to analyze the (R)-[11C]verapamil data at baseline and after inhibition
and for all scan durations tested. The volume of distribution (VT) and the efflux constant k2 estimations were affected by the evaluated scan durations,
whereas the influx constant K1 estimations
remained relatively constant. After P-gp inhibition (tariquidar, 8
mg/kg), in a 91 min scan duration, the whole-brain VT increased significantly up to 208% (p < 0.001) and K1 up to 159% (p < 0.001) compared with baseline scans. The k2 values decreased significantly after P-gp
inhibition in all the scan durations except for the 91 min scans.
This study suggests the use of K1, calculated
with 1-TCM and using short PET scans (10 to 30 min), as a suitable
parameter to measure the P-gp function at the BBB of nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara García-Varela
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001, Groningen 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - David Vállez García
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001, Groningen 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Takeharu Kakiuchi
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics KK, 5000 Hirakuchi, Hamakita, Hamamatsu 434-8601, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohba
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics KK, 5000 Hirakuchi, Hamakita, Hamamatsu 434-8601, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Shingo Nishiyama
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics KK, 5000 Hirakuchi, Hamakita, Hamamatsu 434-8601, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Tago
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Philip H Elsinga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001, Groningen 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Hideo Tsukada
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics KK, 5000 Hirakuchi, Hamakita, Hamamatsu 434-8601, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Nicola A Colabufo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari 70125, Italy.,Biofordrug, Spin-off Università degli Studi di Bari "A. Moro", via Dante 99, Triggiano, Bari 70019, Italy
| | - Rudi A J O Dierckx
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001, Groningen 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Aren van Waarde
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001, Groningen 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Jun Toyohara
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Ronald Boellaard
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001, Groningen 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Luurtsema
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001, Groningen 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
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Shaw RC, Tamagnan GD, Tavares AAS. Rapidly (and Successfully) Translating Novel Brain Radiotracers From Animal Research Into Clinical Use. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:871. [PMID: 33117115 PMCID: PMC7559529 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of preclinical research scanners for in vivo imaging of small animals has added confidence into the multi-step decision-making process of radiotracer discovery and development. Furthermore, it has expanded the utility of imaging techniques available to dissect clinical questions, fostering a cyclic interaction between the clinical and the preclinical worlds. Significant efforts from medicinal chemistry have also made available several high-affinity and selective compounds amenable for radiolabeling, that target different receptors, transporters and enzymes in vivo. This substantially increased the range of applications of molecular imaging using positron emission tomography (PET) or single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). However, the process of developing novel radiotracers for in vivo imaging of the human brain is a multi-step process that has several inherent pitfalls and technical difficulties, which often hampers the successful translation of novel imaging agents from preclinical research into clinical use. In this paper, the process of radiotracer development and its relevance in brain research is discussed; as well as, its pitfalls, technical challenges and future promises. Examples of successful and unsuccessful translation of brain radiotracers will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C. Shaw
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Edinburgh Imaging, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Adriana Alexandre S. Tavares
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Edinburgh Imaging, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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11
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Spieler D, Namendorf C, Namendorf T, von Cube M, Uhr M. Donepezil, a cholinesterase inhibitor used in Alzheimer's disease therapy, is actively exported out of the brain by abcb1ab p-glycoproteins in mice. J Psychiatr Res 2020; 124:29-33. [PMID: 32114029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphisms in the drug transporter gene ABCB1 predict the treatment response of selected antidepressants and limit anticonvulsive medication's effectiveness. The ABCB1 locus encodes the energy-dependent transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) of the blood brain barrier (BBB), which serves as an efflux pump of its substrates in the expressing tissues of vertebrates. One experimental setup to determine a posteriori the P-gp substrate status is the use of the double abcb1ab knock-out (KO) mice model. Since so far, P-gp substrate status of donepezil, a cholinesterase inhibitor wildly used in Alzheimer's disease therapy was inconclusive, we performed subcutanous (s.c.), continuous injections over 11 days in double abcb1ab KO and P-gp competent wildtype (WT) mice. Both in brain and in testis concentrations of donepezil were significantly higher in P-gp deficient mice compared to WT controls (2.39 and 2.24 times respectively). In conclusion, in mice donepezil's brain bioavailability depends on P-gp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Spieler
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Center for Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hauptstraße 8, 79104, Freiburg, Germany; Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Epidemiology, Mental Health Research Unit, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Christian Namendorf
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstraße 2-10, 80804, Munich, Germany.
| | - Tamara Namendorf
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstraße 2-10, 80804, Munich, Germany.
| | - Maja von Cube
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 26, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Manfred Uhr
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstraße 2-10, 80804, Munich, Germany.
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12
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Species differences in liver accumulation and metabolism of nucleotide prodrug sofosbuvir. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 35:334-340. [PMID: 32345577 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2020.04.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sofosbuvir (SOF) is a nucleotide prodrug which has been used as a backbone for the clinical treatment of hepatitis C viral infection. Because sofosbuvir undergoes complex first pass metabolism, including metabolic activation to form its pharmacologically active triphosphate (GS-331007-TP) to inhibit the viral RNA polymerase in the liver, it is difficult to project the human dose for clinical evaluation based on preclinical data. Selecting an appropriate animal model for drug exposure in the target tissue is challenging due to differences in absorption, stability, hepatic uptake, and intracellular activation across species. Efficient liver delivery has been established in human liver following administration in a clinical trial of patients receiving sofosbuvir prior to liver transplantation. Using the clinical liver exposure as a benchmark, we assessed and compared the pharmacokinetic profile in mouse, rat, hamster, dog and monkey. Liver accumulation was also assessed in the PXB mouse model in which the liver is mostly populated with human hepatocytes. At human equivalent dose, the hepatic concentrations of GS-331007-TP in dog and PXB mouse were comparable to those observed in the human livers. In these species, high and sustained levels of GS-331007-TP were observed in both primary hepatocytes in vitro and the liver in vivo.
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13
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Role of P-glycoprotein in the brain disposition of seletalisib: Evaluation of the potential for drug-drug interactions. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 142:105122. [PMID: 31678424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Seletalisib is an orally bioavailable selective inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase delta (PI3Kδ) in clinical development for the treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. The present study investigated the role of P-gp in seletalisib disposition, especially brain distribution, and the associated risks of interactions. Seletalisib was found to be actively transported by rodent and human P-gp in vitro (transfected LLC-PK1 cells; Km of ca. 20 µM), with minimal or no affinity for the other tested transporters. A distribution study in knockout rats (single oral dosing at 750 mg kg-1) showed that P-gp restricts the brain disposition of seletalisib while having minimal effect on its intestinal absorption. Restricted brain penetration was also observed in cynomolgus monkeys (single oral dosing at 30 mg kg-1) using brain microdialysis and cerebrospinal fluid sampling (Kp,uu of 0.09 and 0.24, respectively). These findings opened the question of potential pharmacokinetic interaction between seletalisib and P-gp inhibitors. In vitro, CsA inhibited the active transport of seletalisib with an IC50 of 0.13 µM. In rats, co-administration of high doses of CsA (bolus iv followed by continuous infusion) increased the brain distribution of seletalisib (single oral dosing at 5 mg kg-1). The observed data were found aligned with those predicted by in vitro-in vivo extrapolation. Based on the same extrapolation method combined with literature data, only very few P-gp inhibitors (i.e. CsA, quinine, quinidine) were predicted to increase the brain disposition of seletalisib in the clinical setting (maximal 3-fold changes).
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14
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Miyake T. Estimating Efflux Transporter-Mediated Disposition of Molecules beyond the Rule of Five (bRo5) Using Transporter Gene Knockout Rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 43:384-392. [PMID: 31685755 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Transporter gene knockout models are a practical and widely used tool for pharmacokinetic studies in drug discovery. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp) are major efflux transporters that control absorption and bioavailability, and are important when determining oral drug disposition. To the best of our knowledge, beyond the rule of five (bRo5) molecules launched on the market to date tend to be substrates for efflux transporters. The purpose of this study is to evaluate in vivo the impact of efflux transporters on the oral absorption process and systemic clearance using rats which lack P-gp and/or Bcrp expression. We administered five bRo5 substrates (asunaprevir, cyclosporine, danoprevir, ledipasvir, and simeprevir) intravenously or orally to wild-type and Mdr1a, Bcrp, and Mdr1a/Bcrp knockout rats, calculated the clearance, oral bioavailability, and absorption rate profile of each substrate, and compared the results. Systemic clearance of the substrates in knockout rats changed within approximately ±40% compared to wild-types, suggesting the efflux transporters do not have a significant influence on clearance in rats. On the other hand, the oral absorption of substrates in the knockout rats, especially those lacking Mdr1a, increased greatly-between 2- and 5-fold more than in wild-types. This suggests that rat efflux transporters, especially P-gp, greatly reduce the oral exposure of these substrates. Moreover, results on the absorption rate-time profile suggest that efflux transporters are constantly active during the absorption period in rats. Transporter knockout rats are a useful in vivo tool for estimating the transporter-mediated disposition of bRo5 molecules in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiji Miyake
- Discovery ADMET Dept., Research Div., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
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15
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Rat Kidney Slices for Evaluation of Apical Membrane Transporters in Proximal Tubular Cells. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:2798-2804. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Spieler D, Namendorf C, Namendorf T, Uhr M. abcb1ab p-glycoprotein is involved in the uptake of the novel antidepressant vortioxetine into the brain of mice. J Psychiatr Res 2019; 109:48-51. [PMID: 30476727 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A clinically important and well-studied transporter of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is P-glycoprotein (P-gp), the gene product of ABCB1. Animal studies have shown that brain concentrations of many antidepressants depend on P-gp. However, biochemical properties, which might allow the prediction of pharmacodynamical involvement of P-gp have not yet been identified, hence thorough experimental testing of each novel drug is needed to determine its P-gp substrate status. In the current study, we tested the P-gp substrate status for the antidepressant vortioxetine using double abcb1ab knock-out (KO) mice. Cerebral concentrations of vortioxetine were 2.3 times higher in P-gp deficient mice compared to wildtype (WT) controls. No significant difference was found regarding the concentration of the drug in the plasma and other organs (liver, kidney, spleen) between KO and WT mice. The results of our study provide conclusive in-vivo evidence that in mice vortioxetine's brain bioavailability is P-gp dependent, expanding previous findings on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Spieler
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Hauptstraße 8, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Epidemiology, Mental Health Research Unit, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675 Munich, Germany.
| | - Christian Namendorf
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstraße 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany.
| | - Tamara Namendorf
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstraße 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany.
| | - Manfred Uhr
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstraße 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany.
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17
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Trapa PE, Troutman MD, Lau TY, Wager TT, Maurer TS, Patel NC, West MA, Umland JP, Carlo AA, Feng B, Liras JL. In Vitro–In Vivo Extrapolation of Key Transporter Activity at the Blood–Brain Barrier. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:405-411. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.083279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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18
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Jain S, Grandits M, Ecker GF. Interspecies comparison of putative ligand binding sites of human, rat and mouse P-glycoprotein. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 122:134-143. [PMID: 29936088 PMCID: PMC6422297 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Prior to the clinical phases of testing, safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetic profiles of lead compounds are evaluated in animal studies. These tests are primarily performed in rodents, such as mouse and rats. In order to reduce the number of animal experiments, computational models that predict the outcome of these studies and thus aid in prioritization of preclinical candidates are heavily needed. However, although computational models for human off-target interactions with decent quality are available, they cannot easily be transferred to rodents due to lack of respective data. In this study, we assess the transferability of human P-glycoprotein activity data for development of in silico models to predict in vivo effects in rats and mouse using a structure-based approach. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is an ATP-dependent efflux transporter that transports xenobiotic compounds such as toxins and drugs out of cells and has a broad substrate and inhibitor specificity. Being mostly expressed at barriers, it influences the bioavailability of drugs and thus contributes also to toxicity. Comparison of the binding site interaction profiles of human, rat and mouse P-gp derived from docking studies with a set of common inhibitors suggests that the inhibitors share potentially similar binding modes. These findings encourage the use of in vitro human P-gp data for predicting in vivo effects in rodents and thus contributes to the 3Rs (Replace, Reduce and Refine) of animal experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankalp Jain
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Melanie Grandits
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard F Ecker
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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19
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Volpe DA, Qosa H. Challenges with the precise prediction of ABC-transporter interactions for improved drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2018; 13:697-707. [PMID: 29943645 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1493454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Given that membrane efflux transporters can influence a drug's pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety, identifying potential substrates and inhibitors of these transporters is a critical element in the drug discovery and development process. Additionally, it is important to predict the inhibition potential of new drugs to avoid clinically significant drug interactions. The goal of preclinical studies is to characterize a new drug as a substrate or inhibitor of efflux transporters. Areas covered: This article reviews preclinical systems that are routinely utilized to determine whether a new drug is substrate or inhibitor of efflux transporters including in silico models, in vitro membrane and cell assays, and animal models. Also included is an examination of studies comparing in vitro inhibition data to clinical drug interaction outcomes. Expert opinion: While a number of models are employed to classify a drug as an efflux substrate or inhibitor, there are challenges in predicting clinical drug interactions. Improvements could be made in these predictions through a tier approach to classify new drugs, validation of preclinical assays, and refinement of threshold criteria for clinical interaction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna A Volpe
- a Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research , Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring , MD , USA
| | - Hisham Qosa
- a Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research , Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring , MD , USA
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20
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Modarres HP, Janmaleki M, Novin M, Saliba J, El-Hajj F, RezayatiCharan M, Seyfoori A, Sadabadi H, Vandal M, Nguyen MD, Hasan A, Sanati-Nezhad A. In vitro models and systems for evaluating the dynamics of drug delivery to the healthy and diseased brain. J Control Release 2018; 273:108-130. [PMID: 29378233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a crucial role in maintaining brain homeostasis and transport of drugs to the brain. The conventional animal and Transwell BBB models along with emerging microfluidic-based BBB-on-chip systems have provided fundamental functionalities of the BBB and facilitated the testing of drug delivery to the brain tissue. However, developing biomimetic and predictive BBB models capable of reasonably mimicking essential characteristics of the BBB functions is still a challenge. In addition, detailed analysis of the dynamics of drug delivery to the healthy or diseased brain requires not only biomimetic BBB tissue models but also new systems capable of monitoring the BBB microenvironment and dynamics of barrier function and delivery mechanisms. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in microengineering of BBB models with different functional complexity and mimicking capability of healthy and diseased states. It also discusses new technologies that can make the next generation of biomimetic human BBBs containing integrated biosensors for real-time monitoring the tissue microenvironment and barrier function and correlating it with the dynamics of drug delivery. Such integrated system addresses important brain drug delivery questions related to the treatment of brain diseases. We further discuss how the combination of in vitro BBB systems, computational models and nanotechnology supports for characterization of the dynamics of drug delivery to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Pezeshgi Modarres
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Center for BioEngineering Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Mohsen Janmaleki
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Center for BioEngineering Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Mana Novin
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Center for BioEngineering Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - John Saliba
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Fatima El-Hajj
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Mahdi RezayatiCharan
- Breast Cancer Research Center (BCRC), ACECR, Tehran, Iran; School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Seyfoori
- Breast Cancer Research Center (BCRC), ACECR, Tehran, Iran; School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Sadabadi
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Center for BioEngineering Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Milène Vandal
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Cell Biology and Anatomy, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Minh Dang Nguyen
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Cell Biology and Anatomy, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Anwarul Hasan
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
| | - Amir Sanati-Nezhad
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Center for BioEngineering Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
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21
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Verheijen RB, Yaqub M, Sawicki E, van Tellingen O, Lammertsma AA, Nuijen B, Schellens JHM, Beijnen JH, Huitema ADR, Hendrikse NH, Steeghs N. Molecular Imaging of ABCB1 and ABCG2 Inhibition at the Human Blood-Brain Barrier Using Elacridar and 11C-Erlotinib PET. J Nucl Med 2017; 59:973-979. [PMID: 29175983 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.117.195800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transporters such as ABCB1 and ABCG2 limit the exposure of several anticancer drugs to the brain, leading to suboptimal treatment in the central nervous system. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the ABCB1 and ABCG2 inhibitor elacridar on brain uptake using 11C-erlotinib PET. Methods: Elacridar and cold erlotinib were administered orally to wild-type (WT) and Abcb1a/b;Abcg2 knockout mice. In addition, brain uptake was measured using 11C-erlotinib imaging and ex vivo scintillation counting in knockout and WT mice. Six patients with advanced solid tumors underwent 11C-erlotinib PET scans before and after a 1,000-mg dose of elacridar. 11C-erlotinib brain uptake was quantified by pharmacokinetic modeling using volume of distribution (VT) as the outcome parameter. In addition, 15O-H2O scans to measure cerebral blood flow were acquired before each 11C-erlotinib scan. Results: Brain uptake of 11C-erlotinib was 2.6-fold higher in Abcb1a/b;Abcg2 knockout mice than in WT mice, measured as percentage injected dose per gram of tissue (P = 0.01). In WT mice, the addition of elacridar (at systemic plasma concentrations of ≥200 ng/mL) resulted in an increased brain concentration of erlotinib, without affecting erlotinib plasma concentration. In patients, the VT of 11C-erlotinib did not increase after intake of elacridar (0.213 ± 0.12 vs. 0.205 ± 0.07, P = 0.91). 15O-H2O PET showed no significant changes in cerebral blood flow. Elacridar exposure in patients was 401 ± 154 ng/mL. No increase in VT with increased elacridar plasma exposure was found over the 271-619 ng/mL range. Conclusion: When Abcb1 and Abcg2 were disrupted in mice, brain uptake of 11C-erlotinib increased both at a tracer dose and at a pharmacologic dose. In patients, brain uptake of 11C-erlotinib was not higher after administration of elacridar. The more pronounced role that ABCG2 appears to play at the human blood-brain barrier and the lower potency of elacridar to inhibit ABCG2 may be an explanation of these interspecies differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remy B Verheijen
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maqsood Yaqub
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emilia Sawicki
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Olaf van Tellingen
- Department of Bio-Pharmacology/Mouse Cancer Clinic, The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan A Lammertsma
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan Nuijen
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H M Schellens
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medical Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos H Beijnen
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alwin D R Huitema
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Utrecht University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands; and
| | - N Harry Hendrikse
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Neeltje Steeghs
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medical Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Abstract
Transporters in proximal renal tubules contribute to the disposition of numerous drugs. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms of tubular secretion have been progressively elucidated during the past decades. Organic anions tend to be secreted by the transport proteins OAT1, OAT3 and OATP4C1 on the basolateral side of tubular cells, and multidrug resistance protein (MRP) 2, MRP4, OATP1A2 and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) on the apical side. Organic cations are secreted by organic cation transporter (OCT) 2 on the basolateral side, and multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) proteins MATE1, MATE2/2-K, P-glycoprotein, organic cation and carnitine transporter (OCTN) 1 and OCTN2 on the apical side. Significant drug-drug interactions (DDIs) may affect any of these transporters, altering the clearance and, consequently, the efficacy and/or toxicity of substrate drugs. Interactions at the level of basolateral transporters typically decrease the clearance of the victim drug, causing higher systemic exposure. Interactions at the apical level can also lower drug clearance, but may be associated with higher renal toxicity, due to intracellular accumulation. Whereas the importance of glomerular filtration in drug disposition is largely appreciated among clinicians, DDIs involving renal transporters are less well recognized. This review summarizes current knowledge on the roles, quantitative importance and clinical relevance of these transporters in drug therapy. It proposes an approach based on substrate-inhibitor associations for predicting potential tubular-based DDIs and preventing their adverse consequences. We provide a comprehensive list of known drug interactions with renally-expressed transporters. While many of these interactions have limited clinical consequences, some involving high-risk drugs (e.g. methotrexate) definitely deserve the attention of prescribers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Ivanyuk
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Bugnon 17, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Françoise Livio
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Bugnon 17, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Biollaz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Bugnon 17, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Buclin
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Bugnon 17, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
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23
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Song F, Hu Y, Jiang H, Smith DE. Species Differences in Human and Rodent PEPT2-Mediated Transport of Glycylsarcosine and Cefadroxil in Pichia Pastoris Transformants. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 45:130-136. [PMID: 27836942 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.073320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The proton-coupled oligopeptide transporter PEPT2 (SLC15A2) plays an important role in the disposition of di/tripeptides and peptide-like drugs in kidney and brain. However, unlike PEPT1 (SLC15A1), there is little information about species differences in the transport of PEPT2-mediated substrates. The purpose of this study was to determine whether PEPT2 exhibited a species-dependent uptake of glycylsarcosine (GlySar) and cefadroxil using yeast Pichia pastoris cells expressing cDNA from human, mouse, and rat. In such a system, the functional activity of PEPT2 was evaluated with [3H]GlySar as a function of time, pH, substrate concentration, and specificity, and with [3H]cefadroxil as a function of concentration. We observed that the uptake of GlySar was pH-dependent with an optimal uptake at pH 6.5 for all three species. Moreover, GlySar showed saturable uptake kinetics, with Km values in human (150.6 µM) > mouse (42.8 µM) ≈ rat (36.0 µM). The PEPT2-mediated uptake of GlySar in yeast transformants was specific, being inhibited by di/tripeptides and peptide-like drugs, but not by amino acids and nonsubstrate compounds. Cefadroxil also showed a saturable uptake profile in all three species, with Km values in human (150.8 μM) > mouse (15.6 μM) ≈ rat (11.9 μM). These findings demonstrated that the PEPT2-mediated uptake of GlySar and cefadroxil was specific, species dependent, and saturable. Furthermore, based on the Km values, mice appeared similar to rats but both were less than optimal as animal models in evaluating the renal reabsorption and pharmacokinetics of peptides and peptide-like drugs in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifeng Song
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Y.H., D.E.S.); and Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (F.S., H.J.)
| | - Yongjun Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Y.H., D.E.S.); and Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (F.S., H.J.)
| | - Huidi Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Y.H., D.E.S.); and Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (F.S., H.J.)
| | - David E Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Y.H., D.E.S.); and Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (F.S., H.J.)
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24
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Dolgikh E, Watson IA, Desai PV, Sawada GA, Morton S, Jones TM, Raub TJ. QSAR Model of Unbound Brain-to-Plasma Partition Coefficient, K p,uu,brain: Incorporating P-glycoprotein Efflux as a Variable. J Chem Inf Model 2016; 56:2225-2233. [PMID: 27684523 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.6b00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We report development and prospective validation of a QSAR model of the unbound brain-to-plasma partition coefficient, Kp,uu,brain, based on the in-house data set of ∼1000 compounds. We discuss effects of experimental variability, explore the applicability of both regression and classification approaches, and evaluate a novel, model-within-a-model approach of including P-glycoprotein efflux prediction as an additional variable. When tested on an independent test set of 91 internal compounds, incorporation of P-glycoprotein efflux information significantly improves the model performance resulting in an R2 of 0.53, RMSE of 0.57, Spearman's Rho correlation coefficient of 0.73, and qualitative prediction accuracy of 0.8 (kappa = 0.6). In addition to improving the performance, one of the key advantages of this approach is the larger chemical space coverage provided indirectly through incorporation of the in vitro, higher throughput data set that is 4 times larger than the in vivo data set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Dolgikh
- Global Scientific Informatics, ‡Advanced Analytics, §Computational ADME, ∥IT Informatics and ⊥Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Ian A Watson
- Global Scientific Informatics, ‡Advanced Analytics, §Computational ADME, ∥IT Informatics and ⊥Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Prashant V Desai
- Global Scientific Informatics, ‡Advanced Analytics, §Computational ADME, ∥IT Informatics and ⊥Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Geri A Sawada
- Global Scientific Informatics, ‡Advanced Analytics, §Computational ADME, ∥IT Informatics and ⊥Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Stuart Morton
- Global Scientific Informatics, ‡Advanced Analytics, §Computational ADME, ∥IT Informatics and ⊥Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Timothy M Jones
- Global Scientific Informatics, ‡Advanced Analytics, §Computational ADME, ∥IT Informatics and ⊥Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Thomas J Raub
- Global Scientific Informatics, ‡Advanced Analytics, §Computational ADME, ∥IT Informatics and ⊥Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
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25
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Igawa Y, Fujiwara S, Ohura K, Hirokawa T, Nishizawa Y, Uehara S, Uno Y, Imai T. Differences in Intestinal Hydrolytic Activities between Cynomolgus Monkeys and Humans: Evaluation of Substrate Specificities Using Recombinant Carboxylesterase 2 Isozymes. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:3176-86. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Igawa
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
- Drug
Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Seiya Fujiwara
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Kayoko Ohura
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Hirokawa
- Molecular
Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 2-4-7 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - You Nishizawa
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Shotaro Uehara
- Pharmacokinetics
and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., 16-1
Minami Akasaka, Kainan, Wakayama 642-0017, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Uno
- Pharmacokinetics
and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., 16-1
Minami Akasaka, Kainan, Wakayama 642-0017, Japan
| | - Teruko Imai
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
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Miyata KI, Nakagawa Y, Kimura Y, Ueda K, Akamatsu M. In vitro and in vivo evaluations of the P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux of dibenzoylhydrazines. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 298:40-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Bundgaard C, Eneberg E, Sánchez C. P-glycoprotein differentially affects escitalopram, levomilnacipran, vilazodone and vortioxetine transport at the mouse blood–brain barrier in vivo. Neuropharmacology 2016; 103:104-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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28
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Volpe DA. Transporter assays as useful in vitro tools in drug discovery and development. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2015; 11:91-103. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2016.1101064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donna A. Volpe
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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29
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Quantitative aspects of drug permeation across in vitro and in vivo barriers. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 87:30-46. [PMID: 26493585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of permeation across epithelial and endothelial cell sheets and across cell membranes is determinant for the pharmacokinetics of a drug. In vitro transport experiments with cultured cells or artificial barriers have tremendously improved the predictability of the in vivo behaviour of tested compounds. This article focuses on the parameters and calculation methods that are used to describe permeation quantitatively, with a focus on in vitro experiments and the prediction of intestinal absorption and blood-brain barrier passage. It shows under which in vitro experimental conditions standard calculations are adequate and under which conditions equations should be adapted to the experimental details. The impact of volume differences between donor and receiver compartments, pH gradients, addition of albumin, accumulation in the barrier and unidirectional transport by an efflux transporter on the results is shown in simulations. The article should make researchers aware of experimental factors that affect the outcome of a permeation experiment and how to account for this during data analysis. Finally, strategies to predict the in vivo behaviour of a compound based on the in vitro data are discussed. The goal of the article is to support researchers in choosing experimental conditions and calculation methods that deliver appropriate and reproducible results in permeation studies in vitro.
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30
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Sadiq MW, Uchida Y, Hoshi Y, Tachikawa M, Terasaki T, Hammarlund-Udenaes M. Validation of a P-Glycoprotein (P-gp) Humanized Mouse Model by Integrating Selective Absolute Quantification of Human MDR1, Mouse Mdr1a and Mdr1b Protein Expressions with In Vivo Functional Analysis for Blood-Brain Barrier Transport. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118638. [PMID: 25932627 PMCID: PMC4416786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is essential to establish a useful validation method for newly generated humanized mouse models. The novel approach of combining our established species-specific protein quantification method combined with in vivo functional studies is evaluated to validate a humanized mouse model of P-gp/MDR1 efflux transporter. The P-gp substrates digoxin, verapamil and docetaxel were administered to male FVB Mdr1a/1b(+/+) (FVB WT), FVB Mdr1a/1b(-/-) (Mdr1a/1b(-/-)), C57BL/6 Mdr1a/1b(+/+) (C57BL/6 WT) and humanized C57BL (hMDR1) mice. Brain-to-plasma total concentration ratios (Kp) were measured. Quantitative targeted absolute proteomic (QTAP) analysis was used to selectively quantify the protein expression levels of hMDR1, Mdr1a and Mdr1b in the isolated brain capillaries. The protein expressions of other transporters, receptors and claudin-5 were also quantified. The Kp for digoxin, verapamil, and docetaxel were 20, 30 and 4 times higher in the Mdr1a/1b(-/-) mice than in the FVB WT controls, as expected. The Kp for digoxin, verapamil and docetaxel were 2, 16 and 2-times higher in the hMDR1 compared to the C57BL/6 WT mice. The hMDR1 mice had 63- and 9.1-fold lower expressions of the hMDR1 and Mdr1a proteins than the corresponding expression of Mdr1a in C57BL/6 WT mice, respectively. The protein expression levels of other molecules were almost consistent between C57BL/6 WT and hMDR1 mice. The P-gp function at the BBB in the hMDR1 mice was smaller than that in WT mice due to lower protein expression levels of hMDR1 and Mdr1a. The combination of QTAP and in vivo functional analyses was successfully applied to validate the humanized animal model and evaluates its suitability for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasuo Uchida
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6–3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yutaro Hoshi
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6–3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masanori Tachikawa
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6–3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Terasaki
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6–3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
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31
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Tóth M, Häggkvist J, Varrone A, Finnema SJ, Doorduin J, Tokunaga M, Higuchi M, Gulyás B, Halldin C. ABC transporter-dependent brain uptake of the 5-HT1B receptor radioligand [ (11)C]AZ10419369: a comparative PET study in mouse, rat, and guinea pig. EJNMMI Res 2014; 4:64. [PMID: 26116125 PMCID: PMC4452686 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-014-0064-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We have explored the possibility that the serotonin 1B receptor radioligand [11C]AZ10419369 is a substrate for adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp), Mrp4, and Bcrp, in rodents and whether there is a species difference regarding its blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration. Methods In a series of preclinical positron emission tomography measurements, we have administered [11C]AZ10419369 to mice, rats, and guinea pigs under baseline conditions and, on separate experimental days, after administration of the ABC transporter inhibitor, cyclosporin A (CsA). Results During baseline conditions, the brain uptake was low in mice and rats, but not in guinea pigs. After CsA pretreatment, the peak whole brain uptake values of [11C]AZ10419369 increased by 207% in mice, 94% in rats, and 157% in guinea pigs. Binding potentials (BPND) could not be estimated during baseline conditions in mice and rats. After CsA pretreatment, the highest BPND values were obtained in the striatum and thalamus (BPND ≈ 0.4) in mice, while in rats, the highest binding areas were the striatum, thalamus, hypothalamus, and periaqueductal gray (BPND ≈ 0.5). In guinea pigs, we did not find any significant changes in BPND between baseline and CsA pretreatment, except in the striatum. Conclusions The results indicate that BBB penetration of [11C]AZ10419369 was hindered by ABC transporter activity in mouse, rat, and guinea pig. This study highlights the importance of ABC transporters in the design of preclinical positron emission tomography (PET) studies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13550-014-0064-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Tóth
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden,
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Sjöstedt N, Kortejärvi H, Kidron H, Vellonen KS, Urtti A, Yliperttula M. Challenges of using in vitro data for modeling P-glycoprotein efflux in the blood-brain barrier. Pharm Res 2014; 31:1-19. [PMID: 23797466 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1124-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of central nervous system (CNS) drugs may be limited by their poor ability to cross the bloodbrain barrier (BBB). Transporters, such as p-glycoprotein, may affect the distribution of many drugs into the CNS in conjunction with the restricted paracellular pathway of the BBB. It is therefore important to gain information on unbound drug concentrations in the brain in drug development to ensure sufficient drug exposure from plasma at the target site in the CNS. In vitro methods are routinely used in drug development to study passive permeability and p-glycoprotein efflux of new drugs. This review discusses the challenges in the use of in vitro data as input parameters in physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models of CNS drug disposition of p-glycoprotein substrates. Experience with quinidine demonstrates the variability in in vitro parameters of passive permeability and active pglycoprotein efflux. Further work is needed to generate parameter values that are independent of the model and assay. This is a prerequisite for reliable predictions of drug concentrations in the brain in vivo.
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33
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O'Leary OF, O'Brien FE, O'Connor RM, Cryan JF. Drugs, genes and the blues: Pharmacogenetics of the antidepressant response from mouse to man. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 123:55-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Wilhelm I, Krizbai IA. In vitro models of the blood-brain barrier for the study of drug delivery to the brain. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:1949-63. [PMID: 24641309 DOI: 10.1021/mp500046f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The most important obstacle to the drug delivery into the brain is the presence of the blood-brain barrier, which limits the traffic of substances between the blood and the nervous tissue. Therefore, adequate in vitro models need to be developed in order to characterize the penetration properties of drug candidates into the central nervous system. This review article summarizes the presently used and the most promising in vitro BBB models based on the culture of brain endothelial cells. Robust models can be obtained using primary porcine brain endothelial cells and rodent coculture models, which have low paracellular permeability and express functional efflux transporters, showing good correlation of drug penetration data with in vivo results. Models mimicking the in vivo anatomophysiological complexity of the BBB are also available, including triple coculture (culture of brain endothelial cells in the presence of pericytes and astrocytes), dynamic, and microfluidic models; however, these are not suitable for rapid, high throughput studies. Potent human cell lines would be needed for easily available and reproducible models which avoid interspecies differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imola Wilhelm
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Temesvári krt. 62, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
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35
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Cuperus FJC, Claudel T, Gautherot J, Halilbasic E, Trauner M. The role of canalicular ABC transporters in cholestasis. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:546-60. [PMID: 24474736 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.056358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholestasis, a hallmark feature of hepatobiliary disease, is characterized by the retention of biliary constituents. Some of these constituents, such as bile acids, inflict damage to hepatocytes and bile duct cells. This damage may lead to inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and eventually carcinogenesis, sequelae that aggravate the underlying disease and deteriorate clinical outcome. Canalicular ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, which mediate the excretion of individual bile constituents, play a key role in bile formation and cholestasis. The study of these transporters and their regulatory nuclear receptors has revolutionized our understanding of cholestatic disease. This knowledge has served as a template to develop novel treatment strategies, some of which are currently already undergoing phase III clinical trials. In this review we aim to provide an overview of the structure, function, and regulation of canalicular ABC transporters. In addition, we will focus on the role of these transporters in the pathogenesis and treatment of cholestatic bile duct and liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frans J C Cuperus
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Sike Á, Nagy E, Vedelek B, Pusztai D, Szerémy P, Venetianer A, Boros IM. mRNA levels of related Abcb genes change opposite to each other upon histone deacetylase inhibition in drug-resistant rat hepatoma cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84915. [PMID: 24409311 PMCID: PMC3883685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The multidrug-resistant phenotype of tumor cells is acquired via an increased capability of drug efflux by ABC transporters and causes serious problems in cancer treatment. With the aim to uncover whether changes induced by epigenetic mechanisms in the expression level of drug transporter genes correlates with changes in the drug resistance phenotypes of resistant cells, we studied the expression of drug transporters in rat hepatoma cell lines. We found that of the three major rat ABC transporter genes Abcb1a, Abcb1b and Abcc1 the activity of only Abcb1b increased significantly in colchicine-selected, drug-resistant cells. Increased transporter expression in drug-resistant cells results primarily from transcriptional activation. A change in histone modification at the regulatory regions of the chromosomally adjacent Abcb1a and Abcb1b genes differentially affects the levels of corresponding mRNAs. Transcriptional up- and down-regulation accompany an increase in acetylation levels of histone H3 lysine 9 at the promoter regions of Abcb1b and Abcb1a, respectively. Drug efflux activity, however, does not follow tightly the transcriptional activity of drug transporter genes in hepatoma cells. Our results point out the need for careful analysis of cause-and-effect relationships between changes in histone modification, drug transporter expression and drug resistance phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Sike
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Enikő Nagy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Balázs Vedelek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dávid Pusztai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Anikó Venetianer
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Imre M. Boros
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
- * E-mail:
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Human P-glycoprotein differentially affects antidepressant drug transport: relevance to blood-brain barrier permeability. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 16:2259-72. [PMID: 23931269 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145713000692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacological concept that inhibition of the drug efflux pump P-glycoprotein (P-gp) enhances brain distribution of the antidepressant imipramine in the rat has recently been demonstrated. To determine if these findings are relevant to humans, the present study investigated if imipramine is a transported substrate of human P-gp. Furthermore, additional experiments were carried out to determine if findings in relation to imipramine and human P-gp would apply to other antidepressants from a range of different classes. To this end, bidirectional transport experiments were carried out in the ABCB1-transfected MDCKII-MDR1 cell line. Transported substrates of human P-gp are subjected to net efflux in this system, exhibiting a transport ratio (TR) ≥ 1.5, and directional efflux is attenuated by co-incubation of a P-gp inhibitor. Imipramine was identified as a transported substrate of human P-gp (TR = 1.68, attenuated by P-gp inhibition). However, the antidepressants amitriptyline, duloxetine, fluoxetine and mirtazapine were not transported substrates of human P-gp (TR ≤ 1.16 in all cases). These results offer insight into the role of P-gp in the distribution of antidepressants, revealing that rodent findings pertaining to imipramine may translate to humans. Moreover, the present results highlight that other antidepressants may not be transported substrates of human P-gp.
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O'Brien FE, O'Connor RM, Clarke G, Dinan TG, Griffin BT, Cryan JF. P-glycoprotein inhibition increases the brain distribution and antidepressant-like activity of escitalopram in rodents. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:2209-19. [PMID: 23670590 PMCID: PMC3773671 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the clinical prevalence of the antidepressant escitalopram, over 30% of escitalopram-treated patients fail to respond to treatment. Recent gene association studies have highlighted a potential link between the drug efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and response to escitalopram. The present studies investigated pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between P-gp and escitalopram. In vitro bidirectional transport studies revealed that escitalopram is a transported substrate of human P-gp. Microdialysis-based pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated that administration of the P-gp inhibitor cyclosporin A resulted in increased brain levels of escitalopram without altering plasma escitalopram levels in the rat, thereby showing that P-gp restricts escitalopram transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in vivo. The tail suspension test (TST) was carried out to elucidate the pharmacodynamic impact of P-gp inhibition on escitalopram effect in a mouse model of antidepressant activity. Pre-treatment with the P-gp inhibitor verapamil enhanced the response to escitalopram in the TST. Taken together, these data indicate that P-gp may restrict the BBB transport of escitalopram in humans, potentially resulting in subtherapeutic brain concentrations in certain patients. Moreover, by verifying that increasing escitalopram delivery to the brain by P-gp inhibition results in enhanced antidepressant-like activity, we suggest that adjunctive treatment with a P-gp inhibitor may represent a beneficial approach to augment escitalopram therapy in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fionn E O'Brien
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Center, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,Pharmacodelivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Richard M O'Connor
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Center, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,Department of Psychiatry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Center, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,Department of Psychiatry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Brendan T Griffin
- Pharmacodelivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Center, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Tel: +353 21 420 5426, Fax: +353 21 420 5479, E-mail:
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39
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Hoshi Y, Uchida Y, Tachikawa M, Inoue T, Ohtsuki S, Terasaki T. Quantitative Atlas of Blood–Brain Barrier Transporters, Receptors, and Tight Junction Proteins in Rats and Common Marmoset. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:3343-55. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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40
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Takeuchi T, Jinno F, Ebihara T, Moriya Y, Kadotani R, Tagawa Y, Kondo T, Itoh T, Asahi S. Species differences of organic anion transporters involved in the renal uptake of 4-amino-3-chlorophenyl hydrogen sulfate, a metabolite of resatorvid, between rats and dogs. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2013; 34:236-46. [PMID: 23529922 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies on the metabolic fate of resatorvid (TAK-242) have shown that species differences in the pharmacokinetics of 4-amino-3-chlorophenyl hydrogen sulfate (M-III), a metabolite of TAK-242, between rats and dogs are mainly attributable to the urinary excretion process. In the present study, the renal uptake mechanism of M-III was investigated using kidney slices and Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing rat organic anion transporter 1 (rOat1; Slc22a6) and rOat3 (Slc22a8). The uptake of p-aminohippuric acid (PAH), a substrate for Oats, by kidney slices from rats and dogs increased at 37 °C and M-III inhibited the uptake. The initial uptake clearance of M-III by rat kidney slices was 0.295 and 0.0114 ml/min/g at 37 °C and 4 °C, respectively. The Eadie-Hofstee plot of M-III uptake at 37 °C revealed two-component transport processes with K(m) values being 6.48 and 724 µmol/l. The uptake was inhibited by probenecid (PBC), PAH and benzylpenicillin (PCG). In contrast, in dog kidney slices, the initial uptake clearance of M-III was 8.70 × 10(-3) and 9.00 × 10(-3) ml/min/g at 37 °C and 4 °C, respectively, and the uptake was not inhibited by PBC. Furthermore, rOat1- and rOat3-expressing oocytes mediated M-III uptake and the uptake was inhibited by PAH and PCG, respectively. These results suggest that rOat1 and rOat3 are responsible for the renal uptake of M-III in rats. Moreover, it is speculated that Oat(s) is unable to transport M-III in dogs and that the difference in the substrate recognition of Oat(s) contributes to the species difference in the pharmacokinetics of M-III between rats and dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Takeuchi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan. Takeuchi_
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41
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Kalvass JC, Polli JW, Bourdet DL, Feng B, Huang SM, Liu X, Smith QR, Zhang LK, Zamek-Gliszczynski MJ. Why Clinical Modulation of Efflux Transport at the Human Blood–Brain Barrier Is Unlikely: The ITC Evidence-Based Position. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2013; 94:80-94. [DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2013.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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42
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Deo AK, Theil FP, Nicolas JM. Confounding Parameters in Preclinical Assessment of Blood–Brain Barrier Permeation: An Overview With Emphasis on Species Differences and Effect of Disease States. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:1581-95. [DOI: 10.1021/mp300570z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anand K. Deo
- UCB Pharma S.A., Chemin du Foriest, B-1420 Braine-l’Alleud,
Belgium
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43
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Chu X, Bleasby K, Evers R. Species differences in drug transporters and implications for translating preclinical findings to humans. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012; 9:237-52. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2013.741589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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44
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Hitchcock SA. Structural Modifications that Alter the P-Glycoprotein Efflux Properties of Compounds. J Med Chem 2012; 55:4877-95. [DOI: 10.1021/jm201136z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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45
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Hu Y, Chen X, Smith DE. Species-dependent uptake of glycylsarcosine but not oseltamivir in Pichia pastoris expressing the rat, mouse, and human intestinal peptide transporter PEPT1. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 40:1328-35. [PMID: 22490229 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.044263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether glycylsarcosine (a model dipeptide) and oseltamivir (an antiviral prodrug) exhibited a species-dependent uptake in yeast Pichia pastoris expressing the rat, mouse, and human homologs of PEPT1. Experiments were performed with [(3)H]glycylsarcosine (GlySar) in yeast P. pastoris expressing human, mouse, and rat peptide transporter 1 (PEPT1), in which uptake was examined as a function of time, concentration, potential inhibitors, and the dose-response inhibition of GlySar by oseltamivir. Studies with [(14)C]oseltamivir were also performed under identical experimental conditions. We found that GlySar exhibited saturable uptake in all three species, with K(m) values for human (0.86 mM) > mouse (0.30 mM) > rat (0.16 mM). GlySar uptake in the yeast transformants was specific for peptides (glycylproline) and peptide-like drugs (cefadroxil, cephradine, and valacyclovir), but was unaffected by glycine, l-histidine, cefazolin, cephalothin, cephapirin, acyclovir, 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid, tetraethylammonium, and elacridar. Although oseltamivir caused a dose-dependent inhibition of GlySar uptake [IC(50) values for human (27.4 mM) > rat (18.3 mM) > mouse (10.7 mM)], the clinical relevance of this interaction would be very low in humans. Of importance, oseltamivir was not a substrate for the intestinal PEPT1 transporter in yeast expressing the three mammalian species tested. Instead, the prodrug exhibited nonspecific binding to the yeast vector and PEPT1 transformants. Finally, the mouse appeared to be a better animal model than the rat for exploring the intestinal absorption and pharmacokinetics of peptides and peptide-like drugs in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 4742C Medical Sciences II, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5633, USA
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46
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Bauer M, Zeitlinger M, Karch R, Matzneller P, Stanek J, Jäger W, Böhmdorfer M, Wadsak W, Mitterhauser M, Bankstahl JP, Löscher W, Koepp M, Kuntner C, Müller M, Langer O. Pgp-mediated interaction between (R)-[11C]verapamil and tariquidar at the human blood-brain barrier: a comparison with rat data. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2011; 91:227-33. [PMID: 22166851 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2011.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging we assessed, in vivo, the interaction between a microdose of (R)-[(11)C]verapamil (a P-glycoprotein (Pgp) substrate) and escalating doses of the Pgp inhibitor tariquidar (3, 4, 6, and 8 mg/kg) at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in healthy human subjects. We compared the dose-response relationship of tariquidar in humans with data obtained in rats using a similar methodology. Tariquidar was equipotent in humans and rats in its effect of increasing (R)-[(11)C]verapamil brain uptake (expressed as whole-brain volume of distribution (V(T))), with very similar half-maximum-effect concentrations. Both in humans and in rats, brain V(T) approached plateau levels at plasma tariquidar concentrations >1,000 ng/ml. However, Pgp inhibition in humans led to only a 2.7-fold increase in brain V(T) relative to baseline scans (before administration of tariquidar) as compared with 11.0-fold in rats. The results of this translational study add to the accumulating evidence that there are marked species-dependent differences in Pgp expression and functionality at the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bauer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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47
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Glucocorticoid sensitivity depends on expression levels of glucocorticoid receptors in canine neoplastic mast cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 144:321-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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48
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Bundgaard C, Jensen CJN, Garmer M. Species Comparison of In Vivo P-Glycoprotein-Mediated Brain Efflux Using mdr1a-Deficient Rats and Mice. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 40:461-6. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.043083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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49
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Moons T, de Roo M, Claes S, Dom G. Relationship between P-glycoprotein and second-generation antipsychotics. Pharmacogenomics 2011; 12:1193-211. [PMID: 21843066 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.11.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane transport protein P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is an interesting candidate for individual differences in response to antipsychotics. To present an overview of the current knowledge of P-gp and its interaction with second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs), an internet search for all relevant English original research articles concerning P-gp and SGAs was conducted. Several SGAs are substrates for P-gp in therapeutic concentrations. These include amisulpride, aripiprazole, olanzapine, perospirone, risperidone and paliperidone. Clozapine and quetiapine are not likely to be substrates of P-gp. However, most antipsychotics act as inhibitors of P-gp, and can therefore influence plasma and brain concentrations of other substrates. No information was available for sertindole, ziprasidone or zotepine. Research in animal models demonstrated significant differences in antipsychotic brain concentration and behavior owing to both P-gp knockout and inhibition. Results in patients are less clear, as several external factors have to be accounted for. Patients with polymorphisms which decrease P-gp functionality tend to perform better in clinical settings. There is some variability in the findings concerning adverse effects, and no definitive conclusions can be drawn at this point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Moons
- University Psychiatric Centre, Catholic University Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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50
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Shirasaka Y, Suzuki K, Nakanishi T, Tamai I. Differential Effect of Grapefruit Juice on Intestinal Absorption of Statins Due to Inhibition of Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide and/or P-glycoprotein. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:3843-53. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 04/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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