1
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Cohen JR, Brych SR, Prabhu S, Bi V, Elbaradei A, Tokuda JM, Xiang C, Hokom M, Cui X, Ly C, Amos N, Sun J, Calamba D, Herskovitz J, Capili A, Nourbakhsh K, Merlo A, Carreon J, Wypych J, Narhi LO, Jawa V, Joubert MK. A High Threshold of Biotherapeutic Aggregate Numbers is Needed to Induce an Immunogenic Response In Vitro, In Vivo, and in the Clinic. Pharm Res 2024; 41:651-672. [PMID: 38519817 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03678-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE There is concern that subvisible aggregates in biotherapeutic drug products pose a risk to patient safety. We investigated the threshold of biotherapeutic aggregates needed to induce immunogenic responses. METHODS AND RESULTS Highly aggregated samples were tested in cell-based assays and induced cellular responses in a manner that depended on the number of particles. The threshold of immune activation varied by disease state (cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, allergy), concomitant therapies, and particle number. Compared to healthy donors, disease state patients showed an equal or lower response at the late phase (7 days), suggesting they may not have a higher risk of responding to aggregates. Xeno-het mice were used to assess the threshold of immune activation in vivo. Although highly aggregated samples (~ 1,600,000 particles/mL) induced a weak and transient immunogenic response in mice, a 100-fold dilution of this sample (~ 16,000 particles/mL) did not induce immunogenicity. To confirm this result, subvisible particles (up to ~ 18,000 particles/mL, containing aggregates and silicone oil droplets) produced under representative administration practices (created upon infusion of a drug product through an IV catheter) did not induce a response in cell-based assays or appear to increase the rate of adverse events or immunogenicity during phase 3 clinical trials. CONCLUSION The ability of biotherapeutic aggregates to elicit an immune response in vitro, in vivo, and in the clinic depends on high numbers of particles. This suggests that there is a high threshold for aggregates to induce an immunogenic response which is well beyond that seen in standard biotherapeutic drug products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Cohen
- The Department of Process Development, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA.
| | - Stephen R Brych
- The Department of Process Development, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Siddharth Prabhu
- The Department of Process Development, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Vivian Bi
- The Department of Biosimilars, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Ahmed Elbaradei
- The Department of Process Development, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Joshua M Tokuda
- The Department of Process Development, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Cathie Xiang
- The Department of Process Development, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Martha Hokom
- The Department of Clinical Immunology, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Xiaohong Cui
- The Department of Process Development, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Claudia Ly
- The Department of Process Development, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Nathan Amos
- The Department of Process Development, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Jilin Sun
- Translational Safety and Bioanalytical Sciences, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Dominador Calamba
- Translational Safety and Bioanalytical Sciences, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Jonathan Herskovitz
- The Department of Clinical Immunology, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Allyson Capili
- The Department of Process Development, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Kimya Nourbakhsh
- The Department of Process Development, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Anthony Merlo
- The Department of Process Development, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Julia Carreon
- The Department of Process Development, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Jette Wypych
- The Department of Process Development, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Linda O Narhi
- The Department of Process Development, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Vibha Jawa
- The Department of Clinical Immunology, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
- Department of Pharmacometrics, Disposition & Bioanalysis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA
| | - Marisa K Joubert
- The Department of Process Development, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA.
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2
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Hu Z, Mi W, Ye C, Zhao Y, Cavicchi RE, Hang H, Li H. Global Analysis of Aggregation Profiles of Three Kinds of Immuno-Oncology mAb Drug Products Using Flow Cytometry. Anal Chem 2023; 95:4768-4775. [PMID: 36862732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Accurately quantifying the protein particles in both subvisible (1-100 μm) and submicron (≤1 μm) ranges remains a prominent challenge in the development and manufacturing of protein drugs. Due to the limitation of the sensitivity, resolution, or quantification level of various measurement systems, some instruments may not provide count information, while others can only count particles in a limited size range. Moreover, the reported concentrations of protein particles commonly have significant discrepancies owing to different methodological dynamic ranges and the detection efficiency of these analytical tools. Therefore, it is extremely difficult to accurately and comparably quantify protein particles within the desired size range at one time. To develop an efficient protein aggregation measurement method that can span the entire range of interest, we established, in this study, a single particle-sizing/counting method based on our highly sensitive lab-built flow cytometry (FCM) system. The performance of this method was assessed, and its capability of identifying and counting microspheres between 0.2 and 25 μm was demonstrated. It was also used to characterize and quantify both subvisible and submicron particles in three kinds of top-selling immuno-oncology antibody drugs and their lab-produced counterparts. These assessment and measurement results suggest that there may be a role for an enhanced FCM system as an efficient investigative tool for characterizing and learning the molecular aggregation behavior, stability, or safety risk of protein products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhishang Hu
- National Institute of Metrology, No. 18, Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wei Mi
- National Institute of Metrology, No. 18, Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chen Ye
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Drugs, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Drugs, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Richard E Cavicchi
- Bioprocess Measurements Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Haiying Hang
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Drugs, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- National Institute of Metrology, No. 18, Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
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3
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Chavali SS, Mali SM, Bonn R, Saseendran A, Bennett RP, Smith HC, Fasan R, Wedekind JE. Cyclic peptides with a distinct arginine-fork motif recognize the HIV trans-activation response RNA in vitro and in cells. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101390. [PMID: 34767799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA represents a potential target for new antiviral therapies, which are urgently needed to address public health threats such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We showed previously that the interaction between the viral Tat protein and the HIV-1 trans-activation response (TAR) RNA was blocked by the cyclic peptide TB-CP-6.9a. This peptide was derived from a TAR-binding loop that emerged during lab-evolution of a TAR-binding protein (TBP) family. Here we synthesized and characterized a next-generation, cyclic-peptide library based on the TBP scaffold. We sought to identify conserved RNA-binding interactions, and the influence of cyclization linkers on RNA binding and antiviral activity. A diverse group of cyclization linkers, encompassing disulfide bonds to bicyclic aromatic staples, was used to restrain the cyclic peptide geometry. Thermodynamic profiling revealed specific arginine-rich sequences with low to sub-micromolar affinity driven by enthalpic and entropic contributions. The best compounds exhibited no appreciable off-target binding to related molecules, such as BIV TAR and human 7SK RNAs. A specific arginine-to-lysine change in the highest affinity cyclic peptide reduced TAR binding by 10-fold, suggesting that TBP-derived cyclic peptides use an arginine-fork motif to recognize the TAR major-groove while differentiating the mode of binding from other TAR-targeting molecules. Finally, we showed that HIV infectivity in cell culture was reduced in the presence of cyclic peptides constrained by methylene or naphthalene-based linkers. Our findings provide insight into the molecular determinants required for HIV-1 TAR recognition and antiviral activity. These findings are broadly relevant to the development of antivirals that target RNA molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Shashank Chavali
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics and Center for RNA Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester NY 14642, USA
| | - Sachitanand M Mali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester NY 14627, USA
| | - Rachel Bonn
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics and Center for RNA Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester NY 14642, USA
| | | | | | - Harold C Smith
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics and Center for RNA Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester NY 14642, USA; OyaGen, Inc., Rochester NY 14623, USA
| | - Rudi Fasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester NY 14627, USA
| | - Joseph E Wedekind
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics and Center for RNA Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester NY 14642, USA.
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4
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Pardeshi NN, Ahmadi M, Sierzputowska I, Fogg M, Baker M, Carpenter JF. Subvisible Particles in Solutions of Remicade in Intravenous Saline Activate Immune System Pathways in In Vitro Human Cell Systems. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:2894-2903. [PMID: 33864780 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Among patients that receive Remicade® therapy, more than 20% have adverse infusion related reactions and approximately 50% have immunogenic responses.1-3 Upon characterization of initial Remicade®-IV solution we observed a high concentration of subvisible particles that could inadvertently be delivered to patients. This solution was processed through the IV infusion system, mimicking the typical clinical administration setup - either with or without an in-line filter connected to the IV line. The samples generated thereafter were tested using various in vitro assays for activation of the innate immune system via cytokine release in whole blood and in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cultures, and activation of the Toll like receptors (TLRs). Activation of the adaptive immune system was evaluated by monitoring upregulation of surface receptors on dendritic cells (DCs) and CD4+ T cell proliferation in response to IV solution of Remicade®. Our results indicate that subvisible particles in Remicade®-saline solution have a significant role in activation of the immune system but there are extrinsic factors potentially contributed by the in-line filters or other process parameters that also contribute to immune system activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha N Pardeshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States
| | - Maryam Ahmadi
- Abzena Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Babraham, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | | | - Mark Fogg
- Abzena Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Babraham, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Matthew Baker
- Abzena Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Babraham, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - John F Carpenter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States.
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5
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Immunogenicity Challenges Associated with Subcutaneous Delivery of Therapeutic Proteins. BioDrugs 2021; 35:125-146. [PMID: 33523413 PMCID: PMC7848667 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-020-00465-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The subcutaneous route of administration has provided convenient and non-inferior delivery of therapeutic proteins compared to intravenous infusion, but there is potential for enhanced immunogenicity toward subcutaneously administered proteins in a subset of patients. Unwanted anti-drug antibody response toward proteins or monoclonal antibodies upon repeated administration is shown to impact the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of multiple biologics. Unique immunogenicity challenges of the subcutaneous route have been realized through various preclinical and clinical examples, although subcutaneous delivery has often demonstrated comparable immunogenicity to intravenous administration. Beyond route of administration as a treatment-related factor of immunogenicity, certain product-related risk factors are particularly relevant to subcutaneously administered proteins. This review attempts to provide an overview of the mechanism of immune response toward proteins administered subcutaneously (subcutaneous proteins) and comments on product-related risk factors related to protein structure and stability, dosage form, and aggregation. A two-wave mechanism of antigen presentation in the immune response toward subcutaneous proteins is described, and interaction with dynamic antigen-presenting cells possessing high antigen processing efficiency and migratory activity may drive immunogenicity. Mitigation strategies for immunogenicity are discussed, including those in general use clinically and those currently in development. Mechanistic insights along with consideration of risk factors involved inspire theoretical strategies to provide antigen-specific, long-lasting effects for maintaining the safety and efficacy of therapeutic proteins.
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Rech J, Fradkin A, Krueger A, Kraft C, Paskiet D. Evaluation of Particle Techniques for the Characterization of Subvisible Particles From Elastomeric Closure Components. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:1725-1735. [PMID: 32017902 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Evaluating a particle profile for parenteral drug products is a well-known challenge due to inevitable variability of results with limited accuracy to actual particle levels present in the product, especially in the subvisible particulate (SbVP) range. It is important to understand the appropriate SbVP counting/characterization technology, methodology capability, and the particle source (intrinsic or extrinsic). Elastomeric closures are prevalent in many types of drug product container closure systems and are a known source of particle contribution. These components need to be considered when establishing a drug product particle profile. In this work, we describe available particle extraction methodology and its applicability in the analysis of elastomeric closure components using multiple detection technologies. Optimum sample preparation and analytical techniques were established to evaluate submicron particle and SbVP loads from elastomeric closure components. In addition, the impact of stopper siliconization and polysorbate 80 interaction on the degree of SbVPs in the final drug product was assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Rech
- West Pharmaceutical Services, 530 Herman O. West Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341.
| | | | | | - Crystal Kraft
- West Pharmaceutical Services, 530 Herman O. West Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341
| | - Diane Paskiet
- West Pharmaceutical Services, 530 Herman O. West Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341
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7
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8
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Kijanka G, Bee JS, Korman SA, Wu Y, Roskos LK, Schenerman MA, Slütter B, Jiskoot W. Submicron Size Particles of a Murine Monoclonal Antibody Are More Immunogenic Than Soluble Oligomers or Micron Size Particles Upon Subcutaneous Administration in Mice. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:2847-2859. [PMID: 30003898 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein aggregates are one of the several risk factors for undesired immunogenicity of biopharmaceuticals. However, it remains unclear which features determine whether aggregates will trigger an unwanted immune response. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of aggregates' size on their relative immunogenicity. A monoclonal murine IgG1 was stressed by exposure to low pH and elevated temperature followed by stirring to obtain aggregates widely differing in size. Aggregate fractions enriched in soluble oligomers, submicron size particles and micron size particles were isolated via centrifugation or size-exclusion chromatography and characterized physicochemically. The secondary and tertiary structures of aggregates were altered in a similar way for all the fractions, while no substantial chemical degradation was observed. Development of anti-drug antibodies was measured after subcutaneous administration of each enriched fraction to BALB/c mice. Among all tested fractions, the most immunogenic was the one highly enriched in submicron size particles (∼100-1000 nm). Fractions composed of micron size (>1-100 μm) particles or soluble oligomers (<100 nm) were not immunogenic under the dosing regimen studied in this work. These results show that aggregate size is an important factor for protein immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Kijanka
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jared S Bee
- Analytical Sciences, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Samuel A Korman
- Analytical Sciences, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Yuling Wu
- Clinical Pharmacology and DMPK, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Lorin K Roskos
- Clinical Pharmacology and DMPK, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | | | - Bram Slütter
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Jiskoot
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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9
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Protein Nanoparticles Promote Microparticle Formation in Intravenous Immunoglobulin Solutions During Freeze-Thawing and Agitation Stresses. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:1852-1857. [PMID: 29601840 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the potential roles of nanoparticles (<100 nm) and submicron (100-1000 nm) particles in the formation of microparticles (>1000 nm) in protein formulations under some pharmaceutically relevant stress conditions. Exposure of intravenous immunoglobulin solutions to the interface-associated stresses of freeze-thawing or agitation resulted in relatively large increases in microparticle concentrations, which depended directly on the levels of pre-existing nano- and submicron particles. Thus, agglomeration of nanoparticles and submicron particles appears to play a role in microparticle formation under these stresses. In contrast, increases in microparticle concentrations during quiescent incubation at elevated temperatures were independent of the initial nano- and submicron particle concentrations in solution.
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10
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Latshaw DC, Randolph TW, Hall CK. Aggregation of amphipathic peptides at an aqueous–organic interface using coarse-grained simulations. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2017.1319058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David C. Latshaw
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Theodore W. Randolph
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Carol K. Hall
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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11
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Hamuro L, Kijanka G, Kinderman F, Kropshofer H, Bu DX, Zepeda M, Jawa V. Perspectives on Subcutaneous Route of Administration as an Immunogenicity Risk Factor for Therapeutic Proteins. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2946-2954. [PMID: 28576695 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of therapeutic proteins are being developed for delivery through the subcutaneous (SC) route of administration. Relative to intravenous (IV) administration, the SC route offers more convenience to patients, flexibility in dosing, and potential to reduce health care costs. There is a perception that SC administration can pose a higher immunogenicity risk than IV administration for a given protein. To evaluate whether there is a difference in therapeutic protein immunogenicity associated with administration routes, a more detailed understanding of the interactions with the immune system by each route is needed. Few approved therapeutic proteins have available clinical immunogenicity data sets in the public domain that represent both IV and SC administration routes. This has prevented a direct comparison of the 2 routes of administration across a large sample size. Of the 6 marketed products where SC and IV route-related incidences of anti-drug antibody (ADA) were available, 4 were associated with higher immunogenicity incidence with SC. In other cases, there was no apparent difference between the SC and IV routes. Overall, the ADA incidence was low (<15%) with no impact on safety or efficacy. The challenges associated with identifying specific risk factors unique to SC administration are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lora Hamuro
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543.
| | - Grzegorz Kijanka
- Leiden University, Faculty of Science, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Drug Delivery Technology, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Harald Kropshofer
- F.Hoffman-La Roche Ltd, Pharmaceuticals Division, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - De-Xiu Bu
- Pfizer, PDM Immunogenicity Sciences, Andover, Massachusetts 01810
| | - Monica Zepeda
- Halozyme Therapeutics 11388 Sorrento Valley Road, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Vibha Jawa
- Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, K-15 E-410C, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033
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12
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Fleischman ML, Chung J, Paul EP, Lewus RA. Shipping-Induced Aggregation in Therapeutic Antibodies: Utilization of a Scale-Down Model to Assess Degradation in Monoclonal Antibodies. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:994-1000. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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St. Clair JB, Detanico T, Aviszus K, Kirchenbaum GA, Christie M, Carpenter JF, Wysocki LJ. Immunogenicity of Isogenic IgG in Aggregates and Immune Complexes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170556. [PMID: 28114383 PMCID: PMC5256993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A paradox in monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy is that despite the well-documented tolerogenic properties of deaggregated IgG, most therapeutic IgG mAb induce anti-mAb responses. To analyze CD4 T cell reactions against IgG in various physical states, we developed an adoptive transfer model using CD4+ T cells specific for a Vκ region-derived peptide in the hapten-specific IgG mAb 36–71. We found that heat-aggregated or immune complexes (IC) of mAb 36–71 elicited anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) antibodies, while the deaggregated form was tolerogenic. All 3 forms of mAb 36–71 induced proliferation of cognate CD4+ T cells, but the aggregated and immune complex forms drove more division cycles and induced T follicular helper cells (TFH) development more effectively than did the deaggregated form. These responses occurred despite no adjuvant and no or only trace levels of endotoxin in the preparations. Physical analyses revealed large differences in micron- and nanometer-sized particles between the aggregated and IC forms. These differences may be functionally relevant, as CD4+ T cell proliferation to aggregated, but not IC mAb 36–71, was nearly ablated upon peritoneal injection of B cell-depleting antibody. Our results imply that, in addition to denatured aggregates, immune complexes formed in vivo between therapeutic mAb and their intended targets can be immunogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Benjamin St. Clair
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver CO, United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Thiago Detanico
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver CO, United States of America
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Katja Aviszus
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver CO, United States of America
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Greg A. Kirchenbaum
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Merry Christie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - John F. Carpenter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Lawrence J. Wysocki
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver CO, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Pardeshi NN, Qi W, Dahl K, Caplan L, Carpenter JF. Microparticles and Nanoparticles Delivered in Intravenous Saline and in an Intravenous Solution of a Therapeutic Antibody Product. J Pharm Sci 2016; 106:511-520. [PMID: 27832839 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Intravenous (IV) infusion is used for administration of a large proportion of biologic therapeutics, including most monoclonal antibody products. In this study, we determined the subvisible particle levels in IV solutions and after the solutions were processed with an IV administration setup that mimicked the typical clinical method of administration. IV saline in bags manufactured by both Hospira and Baxter contained 1600-8000 microparticles/mL and 4-73 × 106 nanoparticles/mL in solution. When IV immunoglobulin was diluted into the IV saline, 3700-23,000 microparticles/mL and 18-240 × 106 nanoparticles/mL were detected. During processing of the solution through the IV system, in-line filters removed most microparticles. However, there were still 1-21 × 106 nanoparticles/mL in IV saline and 7-83 × 106 nanoparticles/mL in IV immunoglobulin diluted in saline. Finally, in samples processed through in-line filters, we found relatively large microparticles (20-60 μm) that were composed of protein or polycarbonate. These particles resulted from shedding of polycarbonate and sloughing off of protein films downstream from the filter membrane. Overall, the results document that even with in-line filters in place, high levels of subvisible particles are delivered to patients and there is a need for improved, more effective filters and IV solutions with lower particle levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha N Pardeshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Wei Qi
- Malvern Instruments, Columbia, Maryland 21046
| | - Kevin Dahl
- Malvern Instruments, Columbia, Maryland 21046
| | - Liron Caplan
- Section of Rheumatology, Denver Veterans Affairs Hospital and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - John F Carpenter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045.
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15
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Gallais Y, Szely N, Legrand FX, Leroy A, Pallardy M, Turbica I. Effect of growth hormone and IgG aggregates on dendritic cells activation and T-cells polarization. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 95:306-315. [PMID: 27713394 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Patients treated with therapeutic biological products (BP) frequently develop anti-drug antibodies (ADA) with potential neutralizing capacities leading to loss of clinical response or serious side effects. BP aggregates have been suggested to promote immunogenicity, thus enhancing ADA production. Dendritic cells (DC) are key effectors in T-cell and B-cell fates, and the subsequent generation of immunogenicity. The objective of this work was to determine if BP aggregates can participate to DC maturation and T-cell activation. We compared aggregates from three different proteins: human growth hormone (hGH), Rituximab, a chimeric anti-CD20 antibody and a serum-purified human IgG1. All three proteins underwent a stir stress, generating comparable populations of aggregated particles. Maturation of human monocyte-derived DC (moDC) upon exposure to native BPs or aggregates was evaluated in vitro. Results showed that hGH aggregates induced an increased expression of moDC co-stimulation markers, and augmented levels of IL-6, IL-8, IL-12p40, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4 and CXCL10. Both antibodies aggregates were also able to modify DC phenotype, but cytokine and chemokine productions were seen only with IL-6, IL-8, IL-12p40 and CXCL10. Aggregates-treated moDC enhanced allogenic T-cell proliferation and cytokines production, suggesting Th1 polarization with hGH, and mixed T-cell responses with antibodies aggregates. These results showed that BP aggregates provoked DC maturation, thus driving adaptive T-cell responses and polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Gallais
- INSERM UMR-S 996, University of Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UFR de Pharmacie, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Natacha Szely
- INSERM UMR-S 996, University of Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UFR de Pharmacie, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - François-Xavier Legrand
- CNRS UMR 8612, University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UFR de Pharmacie, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Arnaud Leroy
- Instrul2-biochimie appliquée,University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UFR de Pharmacie, Chatenay-Malabry, France.,Laboratoire de spectroscopie Center of Infection and Immunity of Lille, INSERM U1019, Institut Pasteur de Lille, France
| | - Marc Pallardy
- INSERM UMR-S 996, University of Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UFR de Pharmacie, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Isabelle Turbica
- INSERM UMR-S 996, University of Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UFR de Pharmacie, Chatenay-Malabry, France
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16
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Fichter M, Piradashvili K, Pietrzak-Nguyen A, Pretsch L, Kuhn G, Strand S, Knuf M, Zepp F, Wurm FR, Mailänder V, Landfester K, Gehring S. Polymeric hepatitis C virus non-structural protein 5A nanocapsules induce intrahepatic antigen-specific immune responses. Biomaterials 2016; 108:1-12. [PMID: 27614817 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Targeting antigen combined with adjuvants to hepatic antigen-presenting cells (APCs) is essential for the induction of intrahepatic T cellular immunity controlling and resolving viral infections of the liver. Intravenous injection of antigen-loaded nanoparticles is a promising approach for the delivery of antigens to liver APCs. Accordingly, polymeric nanocapsules (NCs) synthesized exclusively of hepatitis C virus non-structural protein 5A (NS5A) and the adjuvant monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) adsorbed to the nanocapsule surface were developed. Aim of the present study was the evaluation of the in vitro and in vivo behavior of MPLA-functionalized NS5A-NCs regarding the interaction with liver dendritic cells (DCs) and the potential to induce intrahepatic immune responses in a mouse model. Maturation of DCs was significantly increased by application of NS5A+MPLA-NCs compared to non-functionalized NS5A-NCs promoting a vigorous expression of CD40, CD80, CD86 and a strong secretion of the Th1-related cytokine IL-12. NS5A-NCs were preferentially deposited in DCs and Kupffer cells residing in the liver after intravenous administration. Immunization with NS5A-NCs induced intrahepatic antigen-specific CD4(+) T cellular immune responses determined by the secretion of IFNγ and IL-2. Furthermore, supplementation with MPLA induced significant levels of NS5A-specific antibodies. The application of polymeric nanocapsules synthesized exclusively out of antigen avoids the risk of unintended side effects caused by additional carrier substances. Functionalization with adjuvants like MPLA and the efficient targeting to liver-resident APCs inherits the potential for application of antigen nanocapsules in further vaccination approaches against pathogens affecting the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fichter
- Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Keti Piradashvili
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anette Pietrzak-Nguyen
- Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Leah Pretsch
- Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Gabor Kuhn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany; Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Susanne Strand
- III. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Knuf
- Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany; Children's Hospital, Dr. Horst-Schmidt-Kliniken, Ludwig-Erhard-Str. 100, 65199, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Fred Zepp
- Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Frederik R Wurm
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Volker Mailänder
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany; Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stephan Gehring
- Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
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17
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Jiskoot W, Kijanka G, Randolph TW, Carpenter JF, Koulov AV, Mahler HC, Joubert MK, Jawa V, Narhi LO. Mouse Models for Assessing Protein Immunogenicity: Lessons and Challenges. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:1567-1575. [PMID: 27044944 PMCID: PMC4846475 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The success of clinical and commercial therapeutic proteins is rapidly increasing, but their potential immunogenicity is an ongoing concern. Most of the studies that have been conducted over the past few years to examine the importance of various product-related attributes (in particular several types of aggregates and particles) and treatment regimen (such as dose, dosing schedule, and route of administration) in the development of unwanted immune responses have utilized one of a variety of mouse models. In this review, we discuss the utility and drawbacks of different mouse models that have been used for this purpose. Moreover, we summarize the lessons these models have taught us and some of the challenges they present. Finally, we provide recommendations for future research utilizing mouse models to improve our understanding of critical factors that may contribute to protein immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Jiskoot
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, RA Leiden 2300, The Netherlands
| | - Grzegorz Kijanka
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, RA Leiden 2300, The Netherlands
| | - Theodore W Randolph
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado - Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309
| | - John F Carpenter
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Atanas V Koulov
- Pharma Technical Development (Europe) Biologics, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | | | - Marisa K Joubert
- Amgen Inc., Process Development, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Vibha Jawa
- Amgen Inc., Medical Sciences, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Linda O Narhi
- Amgen Inc., Process Development, Thousand Oaks, California 91320.
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18
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Kijanka G, Bee JS, Bishop SM, Que I, Löwik C, Jiskoot W. Fate of Multimeric Oligomers, Submicron, and Micron Size Aggregates of Monoclonal Antibodies Upon Subcutaneous Injection in Mice. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:1693-1704. [PMID: 27044942 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the fate of differently sized protein aggregates upon subcutaneous injection in mice. A murine and a human monoclonal immunoglobulin G 1 (IgG1) antibody were labeled with a fluorescent dye and subjected to stress conditions to create aggregates. Aggregates fractionated by centrifugation or gel permeation chromatography were administered subcutaneously into SKH1 mice. The biodistribution was measured by in vivo fluorescence imaging for up to 1 week post injection. At several time points, mice were sacrificed and selected organs and tissues were collected for ex vivo analysis. Part of injected aggregated IgGs persisted much longer at the injection site than unstressed controls. Aggregate fractions containing submicron (0.1-1 μm) or micron (1-100 μm) particles were retained to a similar extent. Highly fluorescent "hot-spots" were detected 24 h post injection in spleens of mice injected with submicron aggregates of murine IgG. Submicron aggregates of human IgG showed higher accumulation in draining lymph nodes 1 h post injection than unstressed controls or micron size aggregates. For both tested proteins, aggregated fractions seemed to be eliminated from circulation more rapidly than monomeric fractions. The biodistribution of monomers isolated from solutions subjected to stress conditions was similar to that of unstressed control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Kijanka
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jared S Bee
- Analytical Biotechnology Department, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20898
| | - Steven M Bishop
- Formulation Sciences Department, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20898
| | - Ivo Que
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens Löwik
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Jiskoot
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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19
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Moussa EM, Panchal JP, Moorthy BS, Blum JS, Joubert MK, Narhi LO, Topp EM. Immunogenicity of Therapeutic Protein Aggregates. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:417-430. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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20
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Folzer E, Khan TA, Schmidt R, Finkler C, Huwyler J, Mahler HC, Koulov AV. Determination of the Density of Protein Particles Using a Suspended Microchannel Resonator. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:4034-4040. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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21
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Christie M, Peritt D, Torres RM, Randolph TW, Carpenter JF. The Role of Protein Excipient in Driving Antibody Responses to Erythropoietin. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:4041-4055. [PMID: 26375484 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Human serum albumin (HSA) is an excipient present in formulations of several recombinant protein products that are approved for clinical use. We investigated the relative contributions of HSA and HSA particles to the generation of antibody responses against recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) and the excipient HSA itself. Protein samples were characterized before injection for quantities of monomeric proteins, soluble protein aggregates, and nano- and micron-sized particles. rhEPO, containing various concentrations of HSA particles, were injected three times a week for 8 weeks into mice. Hematocrits and the production of anti-rhEPO and anti-HSA antibodies were determined at various time points. Levels of antibodies against rhEPO in mice injected with HSA-containing rhEPO were higher than those in mice treated with HSA-free rhEPO. Mice injected with formulations that contained particles of HSA produced strong anti-HSA antibody responses; whereas these responses were greatly reduced when particle-free formulations were administered. In contrast, anti-rhEPO antibody responses were not affected by the presence of particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merry Christie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - David Peritt
- Global Biologics Research and Development, Hospira, Lake Forest, Illinois 60045
| | - Raul M Torres
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Theodore W Randolph
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
| | - John F Carpenter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045.
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22
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Narhi LO, Corvari V, Ripple DC, Afonina N, Cecchini I, Defelippis MR, Garidel P, Herre A, Koulov AV, Lubiniecki T, Mahler HC, Mangiagalli P, Nesta D, Perez-Ramirez B, Polozova A, Rossi M, Schmidt R, Simler R, Singh S, Spitznagel TM, Weiskopf A, Wuchner K. Subvisible (2-100 μm) Particle Analysis During Biotherapeutic Drug Product Development: Part 1, Considerations and Strategy. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:1899-1908. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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23
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Shomali M, Tanriverdi S, Freitag AJ, Engert J, Winter G, Siedler M, Kaymakcalan Z, Carpenter JF, Randolph TW. Dose levels in particulate-containing formulations impact anti-drug antibody responses to murine monoclonal antibody in mice. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:1610-21. [PMID: 25737325 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dosage levels and particulate contents of therapeutic protein formulations are potential factors that impact immunogenicity of protein therapeutics. Here, we evaluated the effect of dose levels on the immunogenicity of protein particulates formed by adsorbing a murine monoclonal IgG2c/κ antibody (mAb1) onto silicone oil microdroplets, glass, or aluminum hydroxide (Alhydrogel) microparticles. Immune responses to these particulate-containing preparations were compared against responses to solutions of mAb1 that had been ultracentrifuged to minimize particle levels. Formulations containing 5 or 500 μg of adsorbed mAb1 were administered subcutaneously to C57BL/6J or BALB/c mice. Antidrug antibodies (ADAs) were detected using an isotype-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method or a chemiluminescence method. Sera from BALB/c mice showed greater ADA responses to administration of particles at the 5-μg dose level than at the 500-μg dose level. In sera from C57BL/6J mice, ADA levels detected by ELISA were independent of the particle dose levels tested. ADAs were not detected in sera from C57BL/6J mice performing the chemiluminescence technique. In conclusion, mice administered formulations of a murine antibody adsorbed onto silicone oil microdroplets, glass microparticles, or Alhydrogel(®) showed greater ADA responses that those that received particle-free mAb1 preparations, and responses were greater for formulations containing lower doses of antibody. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Maliheh Shomali
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80303
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24
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UV photodegradation of murine growth hormone: chemical analysis and immunogenicity consequences. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2014; 87:395-402. [PMID: 24758742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
During manufacturing, therapeutic proteins may be exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Such exposure is of concern because UV radiation may cause photooxidative damage to proteins, which in turn could lead to physical changes such as aggregation and enhanced immunogenicity. We exposed murine growth hormone (mGH) to controlled doses of UV radiation, and examined the resulting chemical, physical and immunogenic changes in the protein. mGH chemical structure was analyzed by mass spectrometry after UV irradiation. Photooxidation products detected by mass spectrometry included methionine sulfoxide formed at Met[127] and Met[149] residues, and, tentatively assigned by MS/MS analysis, ether cross-links between original Ser[78] and Cys[188], and Cys[206] and Ser[213], and a thioether cross-link between Cys[17] and Cys[78] residues, transformation of Cys[189] into Ala, and various hydrolytic fragments. Physical damage to UV-irradiated mGH was monitored by infrared spectrometry, chromatographic analyses, and particle counting by micro-flow imaging. UV radiation caused mGH to aggregate, forming insoluble microparticles containing mGH with non-native secondary structure. When administered subcutaneously to Balb/c or Nude Balb/c mice, UV-irradiated mGH provoked antibodies that cross-reacted with unmodified mGH in a fashion consistent with a T-cell dependent immune response. In wildtype Balb/c mice, titers for anti-mGH IgG1 antibodies increased with increasing UV radiation doses.
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